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Journal articles on the topic 'Osteoderms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Cherepanov, G. O., D. A. Gordeev, D. A. Melnikov, and N. B. Ananjeva. "Histological and computed tomography study of osteoderm regeneration in the skink lizard Eurylepis taeniolata Blyth, 1854 (Scincidae, Squamata)." Current Studies in Herpetology 23, no. 3/4 (2023): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1814-6090-2023-23-3-4-124-128.

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Skink lizards have an unusual complex osteoderm, which consists of several bone elements – osteodermitis. We have carried out the first histological and computer microtomographic study of the structure of the original and regenerating complex osteoderms of skink lizards using Eurylepis taeniolata as an object. The topography of osteoderms in the integument of the original region of the tail and its regenerated part was studied. The fundamental similarity of the morphology and microstructure of the original and regenerated osteoderms was showed. A description of the development of the microstru

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2

Norman, David B. "Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190, no. 1 (2020): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz085.

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Abstract Cranial exostoses (areas of periosteal ornamentation) are present on the external surfaces of the skull and mandible of Scelidosaurus harrisonii. True osteoderms have also been identified on the skull, forming a ‘brow-ridge’ of three supraorbital bones, dished plates that are attached to the lateral surface of the postorbitals and a pair of larger, horn-shaped structures that project from the posterodorsal surface of the occiput. Postcranial osteoderms form an extensive series of oval-based, ridged osteoderms that extend backward across the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the neck and

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3

Inacio Veenstra, Linda Lissethe, and Chris Broeckhoven. "Revisiting the thermoregulation hypothesis of osteoderms: a study of the crocodilian Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Crocodilia: Alligatoridae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 4 (2022): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blac001.

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Abstract The functional significance of osteoderms—ossified bony structures in the dermis—has been a topic of discussion for many years in biological sciences. Although a protective function has received significant attention in the past, evidence is accumulating that osteoderms might play an important role during physiological activities, specifically thermoregulation. Previous studies have shown that, in crocodilians, the temperature of the skin overlying the osteoderms differs from that of the non-ossified skin during basking. The direction of these differences, however, appears to vary amo

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4

Cherepanov, Gennady O., Dmitry A. Gordeev, Daniel A. Melnikov, and Natalia B. Ananjeva. "Osteoderm Development during the Regeneration Process in Eurylepis taeniolata Blyth, 1854 (Scincidae, Sauria, Squamata)." Journal of Developmental Biology 11, no. 2 (2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb11020022.

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Osteoderms are bony structures that develop within the dermal layer of the skin in vertebrates and are very often found in different lizard families. Lizard osteoderms are diverse in topography, morphology, and microstructure. Of particular interest are the compound osteoderms of skinks, which are a complex of several bone elements known as osteodermites. We present new data on the development and regeneration of compound osteoderms based on the results of a histological and Computed Microtomography (micro-CT) study of a scincid lizard: Eurylepis taeniolata. The specimens studied are stored in

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5

Dalla Vecchia, Fabio Marco. "Heteropelta boboi n. gen., n. sp. an armored archosauriform (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) from the Middle Triassic of Italy." PeerJ 9 (November 15, 2021): e12468. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12468.

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Heteropelta boboi is a new archosauriform reptile from the upper Anisian of northeastern Italy represented by a fragment of dorsal armor with a row of neural arches of the dorsal vertebrae. The dorsal armor of the new taxon is composed of two columns of paramedian osteoderms and at least six columns of lateral osteoderms. Unlike other armored archosaurs, the osteoderms are imbricated with the posterior osteoderm overlapping the anterior one. The low neural arches bear small neural spines and long postzygapophyses. The osteoderms of the lateral columns increase in size and change in shape from

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6

Mallison, H. "Osteoderm distribution has low impact on the centre of mass of stegosaurs." Fossil Record 17, no. 1 (2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-33-2014.

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Abstract. It has been hypothesized that the pronounced differences of stegosaur humeral shapes, with large forms having more slender and small forms having more robust humeri, may be explained by a difference in relative centre of mass (COM) placement caused by differing distributions of osteoderms. To test this hypothesis, digital 3-D models of the bones and osteoderms of the Tanzanian stegosaur Kentrosaurus aethiopicus and of the North American stegosaur Stegosaurus armatus were used to create a 3-D computer-aided design life reconstruction. On these models osteoderm placement was varied dra

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7

Brown, Caleb M. "An exceptionally preserved armored dinosaur reveals the morphology and allometry of osteoderms and their horny epidermal coverings." PeerJ 5 (November 29, 2017): e4066. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4066.

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Although the evolution and function of “exaggerated” bony projections in ornithischian dinosaurs has been subject to significant debate recently, our understanding of the structure and morphology of their epidermal keratinized coverings is greatly limited. The holotype ofBorealopelta, a new nodosaurid ankylosaur, preserves osteoderms and extensive epidermal structures (dark organic residues), in anatomic position across the entire precaudal length. Contrasting previous specimens, organic epiosteodermal scales, often in the form of horn-like (keratinous) sheaths, cap and exaggerate nearly all o

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8

Keeble, Emily, and Michael J. Benton. "Three-dimensional tomographic study of dermal armour from the tail of the Triassic aetosaur Stagonolepis robertsoni." Scottish Journal of Geology 56, no. 1 (2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sjg2019-026.

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The aetosaur Stagonolepis robertsoni was the first reptile to be named from the Late Triassic Lossiemouth Sandstone Formation of Morayshire. Its characteristic rectangular armour plates have been reported in isolation and in association with skeletal remains. Here we present for the first time a three-dimensional reconstruction of the armour plates around the tail in association with caudal vertebrae and a chevron, to give direct evidence of the body outline. The caudal vertebral column was surrounded by eight bony osteoderms, paired paramedian dorsal and ventral plates, and a pair of lateral

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9

Heckert, Andrew B., Nicholas C. Fraser, and Vincent P. Schneider. "A new species ofCoahomasuchus(Archosauria, Aetosauria) from the Upper Triassic Pekin Formation, Deep River Basin, North Carolina." Journal of Paleontology 91, no. 1 (2016): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.130.

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AbstractWe describe a new species of the aetosaurCoahomasuchus,C.chathamensis, based on an incomplete, but largely articulated, anterior portion of a skeleton recovered from a quarry in the Upper Triassic Pekin Formation of Chatham County, North Carolina. This is only the second documented occurrence ofCoahomasuchus, with the other being the holotype ofC.kahleorumHeckert and Lucas, 1999 from the Upper Triassic Colorado City Formation of Texas. Although much of the specimen is the same size as the holotype ofC.kahleorum, the dorsal paramedian osteoderms of the North Carolina taxon are considera

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Kiladze, A. B., and O. F. Chernova. "Lateral osteoderms of the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 3 (2019): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_715.

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The article shows morphometry of large and small lateral osteoderms on the Nile crocodile body, which forms into arc-like lines. Length of large lateral osteoderms is 2.52 times greater than small lateral osteoderms, width of large lateral osteoderms is 2.20 times greater than small lateral osteoderms, and area of large lateral osteoderms is 5.59 times greater than small lateral osteoderms. Configuration index (length to width ratio) is similar in large (2.03 ± 0.06) and small (1.92 ± 0.17) lateral osteoderms, but scale range of this factor is less significant in large lateral osteoderms (1.67

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Clarac, François, Florent Goussard, Vivian de Buffrénil, and Vittorio Sansalone. "The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis." Paleobiology 45, no. 1 (2019): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.48.

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AbstractThis paper aims at assessing the influence of the bone ornamentation and, specifically, the associated loss of bone mass on the mechanical response of the crocodylomorph osteoderms. To this end, we have performed three-dimensional (3D) modeling and a finite element analysis on a sample that includes both extant dry bones and well-preserved fossils tracing back to the Late Triassic. We simulated an external attack under various angles on the apical surface of each osteoderm and further repeated the simulation on an equivalent set of smoothed 3D-modeled osteoderms. The comparative result

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12

MOURA, JORGE FELIPE, FLÁVIO GÓIS, FERNANDO CARLOS GALLIARI, and MARCELO ADORNA FERNANDES. "A new and most complete pampathere (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Quaternary of Bahia, Brazil." Zootaxa 4661, no. 3 (2019): 401–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4661.3.1.

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Pampatheriidae is a group of South American native cingulates recorded from the Middle Miocene to the Early Holocene. These animals arrived in North America during the Great American Biotic Interchange. During the Quaternary, at least three genera existed: Tonnicinctus Góis, González Ruiz, Scillato-Yané and Soibelzon, Pampatherium Gervais and Ameghino, and Holmesina Simpson. They are differentiated mainly by craniodental and osteodermal characters. In this paper, we describe a new species of Holmesina from Bahia state, Brazil. Two well-preserved specimens possessing osteoderms associated with

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13

Sander, P. Martin, and Paul W. Wellnitz. "A phytosaur osteoderm from a late middle Rhaetian bone bed of Bonenburg (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany): Implications for phytosaur extinction." Fossil Record 27, no. 1 (2024): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.e114601.

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Although there are problematic earliest Jurassic records, phytosaurs are thought to have become extinct during the Rhaetian. A newly-discovered left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm from a clay pit in Bonenburg, Kreis Höxter, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, is the youngest, well-dated phytosaur record. This osteoderm was found in a bone bed (Bone Bed 2) in the Contorta Beds of the Rhaetian Exter Formation. Palynology constrains the age of Bone Bed 2 to the late middle Rhaetian (ca. 203.5 million years ago). The Bonenburg osteoderm cannot be assigned to any named species. It most closely resembl

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14

Sander, P. Martin, and Paul W. Wellnitz. "A phytosaur osteoderm from a late middle Rhaetian bone bed of Bonenburg (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany): Implications for phytosaur extinction." Fossil Record 27, no. 1 (2024): 147–58. https://doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.114601.

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Although there are problematic earliest Jurassic records, phytosaurs are thought to have become extinct during the Rhaetian. A newly-discovered left paramedian phytosaur osteoderm from a clay pit in Bonenburg, Kreis Höxter, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, is the youngest, well-dated phytosaur record. This osteoderm was found in a bone bed (Bone Bed 2) in the Contorta Beds of the Rhaetian Exter Formation. Palynology constrains the age of Bone Bed 2 to the late middle Rhaetian (ca. 203.5 million years ago). The Bonenburg osteoderm cannot be assigned to any named species. It most closely resembl

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15

Golubev, V. K., M. A. Naumcheva, and E. I. Boyarinova. "Postcranial Osteoderms of Late Permian Pareiasaurs from Eastern Europe – I. Chronology of Localities." Paleontologičeskij žurnal, no. 3 (December 11, 2024): 82–93. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0031031x24030098.

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To clarify the chronological sequence of East European localities of late Permian pareiasaurian osteoderms, a stratigraphic analysis of the osteoderm-bearing strata was carried out. Thirty localities have been dated with maximum accuracy, which characterize eight successive stratigraphic levels – the Vanyushonkian, Syominian and Kichugian beds of the Putyatinian Regional Stage (Upper Severodvinian), Chizhian and Rovdinian beds of the Bykovian Regional Stage (Lower Vyatkian), Aristovian and Gorokhovetsian beds of the Nefyodovian Regional Stage (Upper Vyatkian), and Lagernian beds of the Zhukovi

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16

Boyarinova, E. I., and V. K. Golubev. "A New Pareiasaur (Parareptilia) from the Lower Vyatkian (Upper Permian) of Orenburg Region, Russia." Палеонтологический журнал, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0031031x23060028.

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A new genus and species, Senectosaurus karamzini gen. et sp. nov. was described based on remains of the postcranial skeleton of a large adult pareiasaur from the Lower Vyatkian of Preobrazhenka-2 locality (Orenburg Region). The new pareiasaur is characterized by large postcranial osteoderms of the platform type. Osteoderms are flattened, with flat ventral and slightly convex dorsal surfaces, with one to three contact facets from a toothed or scaly suture connection with neighboring osteoderms, without dorsal elevation and surrounding fossae circumcinctae and with numerous large fossae on the d

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17

Molnar, Julia L., Stephanie E. Pierce, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, Alan H. Turner, and John R. Hutchinson. "Morphological and functional changes in the vertebral column with increasing aquatic adaptation in crocodylomorphs." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 11 (2015): 150439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150439.

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The lineage leading to modern Crocodylia has undergone dramatic evolutionary changes in morphology, ecology and locomotion over the past 200+ Myr. These functional innovations may be explained in part by morphological changes in the axial skeleton, which is an integral part of the vertebrate locomotor system. Our objective was to estimate changes in osteological range of motion (RoM) and intervertebral joint stiffness of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae with increasing aquatic adaptation in crocodylomorphs. Using three-dimensional virtual models and morphometrics, we compared the modern crocodile

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18

Mohler, Benjamin F., Andrew T. McDonald, and Douglas G. Wolfe. "First remains of the enormous alligatoroid Deinosuchus from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation, New Mexico." PeerJ 9 (April 21, 2021): e11302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11302.

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The neosuchian Deinosuchus is known from numerous localities throughout the Campanian of North America, from New Jersey to Montana (USA) and as far south as Coahuila (Mexico). Here we describe six osteoderms, two vertebrae, and a partial tooth discovered in the Menefee Formation of New Mexico and assign them to Deinosuchus sp., representing one of the earliest occurrences of this genus on the Laramidian subcontinent, and among the earliest known occurrences of this large alligatoroid in all of North America. The osteoderms are morphologically distinct in their inflated construction, with deep

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19

Herrera, Claudia, Graciela Esteban, Daniel Alfredo Garcia-Lopez, et al. "New Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Upper Lumbrera Formation (Bartonian, middle Eocene), Salta Province, Argentina." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 24, no. 3 (2021): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2021.3.05.

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We describe isolated remains of a Paleogene cingulate from El Simbolar locality, Upper Lumbrera Formation (Bartonian), southern Salta Province, northwestern Argentina. The material consists of numerous fixed, movable, and caudal sheath osteoderms. The specimen has large-sized osteoderms, with a lageniform main figure, as in Utaetus buccatus, U. laxus, U. argos, ?U. deustus, Punatherium catamarcensis, and the basal euphractin Archaeutatus. The combination of morphological characters, in addition to its large size, allows us to recognize a new species of “Utaetini” for the Paleogene of northwest

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Zhao, Zhongning, Lucas Thibedi, Mphalile Mokone, and Neil Heideman. "A morphometric exploration of the taxonomic utility of scale osteoderms in southern African fossorial skinks (Acontinae, Acontias)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 101, no. 3 (2025): 1163–75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.101.138671.

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This study investigates the morphometric variation of osteoderms across species and populations within the genus Acontias, especially in the A. meleagris species complex. Using both univariate and multivariate analyses, we evaluated whether size-independent osteoderm morphometrics could effectively differentiate taxa, particularly where minimal genetic divergence is present (i.e., cases where morphologically diagnosable species show little genetic separation). Univariate analysis revealed some significant morphometric variation across osteoderm regions, with sub-regions C and D showing the hig

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Arbour, Victoria M., Michael E. Burns, and Philip J. Currie. "A review of pelvic shield morphology in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)." Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 2 (2011): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-071.1.

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The pelvic shield of ankylosaurian dinosaurs refers to an area of osteoderms lacking differentiated transverse bands over the pelvic region and it is used as a diagnostic character for various ankylosaur groups. The pelvic shield character varies across ankylosaur taxa but is typically coded as a binary character or is excluded from phylogenetic analyses, which obscures evolutionary trends and relationships. This study investigates for the first time pelvic shield morphology in a stratigraphic and geographic context. This paper comprehensively reviews pelvic shield morphology with firsthand ob

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Žaloudková, Blanka, Petr Koudelka, Petra Frýdlová, Mykhailo Drozdenko, Jan Šleichrt, and Daniel Kytýř. "Design of the testing procedure for investigation of Eryx conicus dermal armour characteristics." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 48 (October 14, 2024): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2024.48.0061.

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The aim of this work is to develop an experimental method suitable for the mechanical testing of highly non-standard biological samples such as snake skin with osteoderms. The objective of the method is to determine, whether the osteoderms provide a protective function for the animal in its natural environment. For this purpose, a simulation of rodents biting the skin based on uni-axial compressive loading using a synthetic tooth as a penetrator was developed with an emphasis on integration with X-ray scanners to facilitate in-situ testing. To identify and characterise the structure of snake s

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23

Downing, Kevin F., and Richard S. White. "The cingulates (Xenarthra) of Leisey Shell Pit 1A (Irvingtonian), Hillsborough County Florida." Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 37, no. 12 (1995): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.58782/flmnh.eepo7502.

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The late early Irvingtonian Leisey Shell Pit local fauna provides a superb record of the diversity of shelled edentates in the southeastern United States during the early Pleistocene. Among the four species of cingulates recognized in the Leisey Shell Pit local fauna, two, the dasypodid, Dasypus bellus, and the pampathere, Holmesina floridanus, are well represented in other Pleistocene fossil localities in Florida. Fossil material of D. bellus and H. floridanus, chiefly osteoderms at Leisey 1A, is indistinguishable from comparable material at other Irvingtonian Florida localities except for mo

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Broeckhoven, Chris, Yousri El Adak, Cang Hui, Raoul Van Damme, and Theodore Stankowich. "On dangerous ground: the evolution of body armour in cordyline lizards." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (2018): 20180513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0513.

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Animal body armour is often considered an adaptation that protects prey against predatory attacks, yet comparative studies that link the diversification of these allegedly protective coverings to differential predation risk or pressure are scarce. Here, we examine the evolution of body armour, including spines and osteoderms, in Cordylinae, a radiation of southern African lizards. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we attempt to identify the ecological and environmental correlates of body armour that may hint at the selective pressures responsible for defensive trait diversification. Our

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TOMASSINI, RODRIGO L., M. DOLORES MARIN-MONFORT, SARA GARCÍA-MORATO, et al. "ARMADILLO OSTEODERMS ALTERED BY DIGESTION AND HOW TAPHONOMY CAN HELP TAXONOMY." PALAIOS 38, no. 1 (2023): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2022.040.

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ABSTRACT Diverse modifications of the original morphological features occur throughout the taphonomic history of osteological remains, which may lead in erroneous interpretations about the formation of an accumulation as well as taxonomic misidentifications. Here, we present a neo-taphonomic study in order to analyze and interpret the modifications generated by digestion on osteoderms of the armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus obtained from scats produced by Puma concolor. Results reveal intense breakage and modifications of the articular and broken edges, dorsal surface, bone tissues, and ornament

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Matthias, Angela E., Lorrie A. McWhinney, and Kenneth Carpenter. "Pathological pitting in ankylosaur (Dinosauria) osteoderms." International Journal of Paleopathology 13 (June 2016): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2016.02.006.

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Ferreira, José D., Martín Zamorano, and Ana Maria Ribeiro. "On the fossil Remains of Panochthus Burmeister, 1866 (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 1 (2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140012.

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The genus Panochthus represents the last lineage of "Panochthini" recorded in the Pleistocene. This genus has a wide latitudinal distribution in South America, and in Brazil it occurs in the southern and northeastern regions. In this paper we describe new material (isolated osteoderms and caudal tube fragments) assigned to Panochthus from the state of Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil) and discuss some taxonomic issues related to Panochthus tuberculatus and Panochthus greslebini based on this material . The occurrence of P. greslebini is the first for outside the Brazilian Intertropical Regio

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Zamorano, Martín. "Sobre la posición filogenética de un ejemplar particular de Panochthus (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae): análisis basado exclusivamente en caracteres de la coraza dorsal." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 26, no. 1 (2023): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2023.1.05.

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On the phylogenetic position of a particular specimen of Panochthus (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae): an analysis based exclusively on characteristics of the dorsal carapace. The monophyly of Xenarthra is supported by morphological and molecular characters, ancient DNA and collagen. Phylogenetic work also supports the idea of a common ancestor for the Cingulata; Glyptodontidae is considered a natural group too; this also occurs with the genus Panochthus, which includes eight species. The phylogenetic relationships of a peculiar specimen UATF-V s/n, assigned to Panochthus sp. were examined through a

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Cherepanov, Gennady O. "The Origin of the Bony Shell of Turtles as a Unique Evolutionary Model in Reptiles." Russian Journal of Herpetology 4, no. 2 (2011): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-2-155-162.

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Generally, the bony armor of reptiles consists of separate osteoderms which develop in the dermis independently from the internal skeleton. Such a dermal armor is characteristic of ancient pareiasaurs that are closely related to Testudines. On the basis of this fact it has been assumed that the turtle shell is built up as the fusion of the osteoderms with some elements of the internal skeleton. However, this concept is not confirmed by morphogenetic data. During turtle ontogeny the reduction of the trunk myomeres leads to sinking of the vertebrae and ribs into the dermis. The neural and costal

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Cicimurri, David J., James L. Knight, Jean M. Self-Trail, and Sandy M. Ebersole. "Late Paleocene glyptosaur (Reptilia: Anguidae) osteoderms from South Carolina, USA." Journal of Paleontology 90, no. 1 (2016): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.16.

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AbstractHeavily tuberculated glyptosaur osteoderms were collected in an active limestone quarry in northern Berkeley County, South Carolina. The osteoderms are part of a highly diverse late Paleocene vertebrate assemblage that consists of marine, terrestrial, fluvial, and/or brackish water taxa, including chondrichthyan and osteichthyan fish, turtles (chelonioid, trionychid, pelomedusid, emydid), crocodilians, palaeopheid snakes, and a mammal. Calcareous nannofossils indicate that the fossiliferous deposit accumulated within subzone NP9a of the Thanetian Stage (late Paleocene, upper part of Cl

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Kuzmin, I. T., P. P. Skutschas, O. I. Grigorieva, and S. A. Krasnolutskii. "Goniopholidid crocodylomorph from the Middle Jurassic Berezovsk Quarry locality (Western Siberia, Russia)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 317, no. 4 (2013): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.4.452.

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Excavations and sediment screenwashing at the Middle Jurassic Berezovsk Quarry locality in Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia, yielded rare isolated teeth, osteoderms and fragments of cranial bones of crocodyliforms. All these remains were referred to Goniopholididae indet. on the basis of the following combination of features: a relatively narrow and long snout, contribution of splenials to the mandibular symphysis, dermal sculpturing consists of almost circular and slightly elongated oval pits, polygonal ventral osteoderms, and conical teeth with strongly striated crowns with weakly developed uns

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Bauer, Aaron M., and Anthony P. Russell. "Supraorbital ossifications in geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (1989): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-098.

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Two types of supraorbital ossifications occur in members of the family Gekkonidae. True osteoderms, embedded within the dermis, overlie the orbital region in Tarentola and Geckonia. In Teratoscincus and Aristelliger, small bones in a supraorbital position, for which the term parafrontal bones or ossa parafrontalia is suggested, are found within the brillar fringe. These elements lie beneath the dermis in the plane of the frontal bone, and differ from osteoderms in their irregular shape and lack of correspondence with overlying epidermal scales. Parafrontal bones have been derived independently

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Parker, William G. "Redescription ofCalyptosuchus(Stagonolepis)wellesi(Archosauria: Pseudosuchia: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of the Southwestern United States with a discussion of genera in vertebrate paleontology." PeerJ 6 (February 2, 2018): e4291. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4291.

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Calyptosuchus wellesiis a medium-sized desmatosuchian aetosaur common in Adamanian (early to middle Norian) age rocks from the Chinle Formation and Dockum Group of the Western United States. Known chiefly from osteoderms, this taxon has never been fully described and non-osteoderm material assigned toCalyptosuchushas been done so based on questionable criteria. Mapping of aetosaurian elements from thePlaceriasQuarry allows for the recognition of associated material providing support for referrals of non-osteoderm material. Furthermore, another previously undescribed specimen from the Chinle Fo

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Marinho, Thiago Da Silva, Luiz Carlos Borges Ribeiro, and Ismar De Souza Carvalho. "Morfologia de osteodermos de crocodilomorfos do Sítio Paleontológico de Peirópolis (Bacia Bauru, Cretáceo Superior)." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 29, no. 2 (2006): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2006_2_44-53.

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Osteoderms are dermal bony plates situated over the epiderm and covered by queratin layer. Until now are recognized at the Paleontological Site of Peirópolis three distinct crocodylomorph species, the Peirosauridae Peirosaurus termini Price, 1955 and Uberabasuchus terrificus Carvalho; Ribeiro & Ávilla, 2004 and the Trematochampsidae Itasuchus jesuinoi Price, 1955. The peirosaurids have nostrils frontally positioned within the skull and are regarded as terrestrial crocodylomorphs. The trematochampsids differently from the peirosaurids have the nostrils positioned at the dorsal portion of th

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Puértolas-Pascual, E., and O. Mateus. "A three-dimensional skeleton of Goniopholididae from the Late Jurassic of Portugal: implications for the Crocodylomorpha bracing system." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 2 (2019): 521–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz102.

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Abstract We here describe an articulated partial skeleton of a small neosuchian crocodylomorph from the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Portugal). The skeleton corresponds to the posterior region of the trunk and consists of dorsal, ventral and limb osteoderms, dorsal vertebrae, thoracic ribs and part of the left hindlimb. The paravertebral armour is composed of two rows of paired osteoderms with the lateral margins ventrally deflected and an anterior process for a ‘peg and groove’ articulation. We also compare its dermal armour with that of several Jurassic and Cretaceous neosuchian crocod

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Chen, Irene H., Wen Yang, and Marc A. Meyers. "Alligator osteoderms: Mechanical behavior and hierarchical structure." Materials Science and Engineering: C 35 (February 2014): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.11.024.

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Montefeltro, Felipe C. "The osteoderms of baurusuchid crocodyliforms (Mesoeucrocodylia, Notosuchia)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39, no. 2 (2019): e1594242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1594242.

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Hill, Robert V. "Comparative anatomy and histology of xenarthran osteoderms." Journal of Morphology 267, no. 12 (2006): 1441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10490.

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McDonald, Andrew T., and Douglas G. Wolfe. "A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico." PeerJ 6 (August 24, 2018): e5435. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5435.

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Nodosauridae is a clade of armored dinosaurs with a rich fossil record and long history of study in North America. Nodosaurid fossils have been collected throughout the western United States and Canada. Here, we report three new nodosaurid specimens from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Allison Member of the Menefee Formation, San Juan Basin, northwestern New Mexico. The three specimens belong to a new genus and species,Invictarx zephyri, characterized by a unique combination of features pertaining to the morphology of the osteoderms. Among the three specimens there are representative ce

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Kean, Kim J., Davide Foffa, Michela M. Johnson, Mark T. Young, Gert Greitens, and Stephen L. Brusatte. "First and most northern occurrence of a thalattosuchian crocodylomorph from the Jurassic of the Isle of Skye, Scotland." Scottish Journal of Geology 57, no. 1 (2020): sjg2020–013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sjg2020-013.

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The Jurassic was a key interval for the evolution of dinosaurs, crocodylomorphs and many other vertebrate groups. In recent years, new vertebrate fossils have emerged from the Early–Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye, Scotland; however, much more is known about Skye's dinosaur fauna than its crocodylomorphs. Here we report new crocodylomorph material collected from Jurassic marine deposits at Prince Charlie's Cave on the NE coast of Skye. The specimen is a small cobble containing postcranial elements from an individual that is considerably larger in size than previous crocodylomorphs describe

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McDonald, H. Gregory. "An Overview of the Presence of Osteoderms in Sloths: Implications for Osteoderms as a Plesiomorphic Character of the Xenarthra." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25, no. 4 (2017): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9415-8.

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Schwarz-Wings, D., N. Klein, C. Neumann, and U. Resch. "A new partial skeleton of Alligatorellus (Crocodyliformes) associated with echinoids from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) lithographic limestone of Kelheim, S-Germany." Fossil Record 14, no. 2 (2011): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-14-195-2011.

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A slab from the Late Jurassic (Early Tithonian) lithographic limestone exhibiting skeletal material of an atoposaurid crocodyliform associated with four echinoids from the vicinity of Kelheim (S-Germany) is described. The atoposaurid is represented by a row of dorsal paravertebral osteoderms, caudal osteoderms, a caudal vertebra and haemapophyses, dorsal ribs, and parts of the right fore- and hindlimb. Some of the bones have been prepared out of the slab and most of them are preserved three-dimensionally, which is in contrast to the general much flattened preservation of atoposaurid skeletons.

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Carrano, Matthew T., and Michael D. D’Emic. "Osteoderms of the titanosaur sauropod dinosaurAlamosaurus sanjuanensisGilmore, 1922." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35, no. 1 (2015): e901334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.901334.

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LI, CHUN, DA-YONG JIANG, LONG CHENG, XIAO-CHUN WU, and OLIVIER RIEPPEL. "A new species of Largocephalosaurus (Diapsida: Saurosphargidae), with implications for the morphological diversity and phylogeny of the group." Geological Magazine 151, no. 1 (2013): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681300023x.

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AbstractLargocephalosaurus polycarpon Cheng et al. 2012a was erected after the study of the skull and some parts of a skeleton and considered to be an eosauropterygian. Here we describe a new species of the genus, Largocephalosaurus qianensis, based on three specimens. The new species provides many anatomical details which were described only briefly or not at all in the type species, and clearly indicates that Largocephalosaurus is a saurosphargid. It differs from the type species mainly in having three premaxillary teeth, a very short retroarticular process, a large pineal foramen, two sacra

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Tucker, Anton D. "Validation of skeletochronology to determine age of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni)." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 4 (1997): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96113.

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Age was estimated for wild Australian freshwater crocodiles from skeletochronology of growth marks in postoccipital osteoderms. Growth marks were distinct and counted reliably in unstained calcified thin sections (60–80 µm) viewed by Nomarski interference microscopy. The periodicity of growth marks was validated directly from crocodiles of known age (up to 19 years) and from individuals sampled sequentially in different seasons. Growth marks comprised annuli deposited in winter and zones deposited in summer. Errors in age estimation for small crocodiles resulted from difficulty in assigning th

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Nicholls, Elizabeth L., Donald B. Brinkman, and Xiao-Chun Wu. "A new archosaur from the Upper Triassic Pardonet Formation of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 10 (1998): 1134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-065.

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Sikannisuchus huskyi, a new genus and species of archosaur, is described from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Pardonet Formation of northeastern British Columbia. It has a broad, flat skull, and may have reached 4 m in length. It is referred to the Archosauria on the basis of a lateral mandibular fenestra, laterally compressed serrated teeth, elongate transverse processes, neural spine table, osteoderms, and thecodont dentition. It is autapomorphic in that the postfrontal enters the border of both the orbit and the supratemporal fenestra, and it has a large prefrontal that contacts both the nasal

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Coria, Rodolfo A., and Luis M. Chiappe. "Embryonic skin from Late Cretaceous Sauropods (Dinosauria) of Auca Mahuevo, Patagonia, Argentina." Journal of Paleontology 81, no. 6 (2007): 1528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/05-150.1.

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We describe the integumentary anatomy of titanosaur sauropod embryos from the Auca Mahuevo nesting site. Natural (calcitic) casts of the skin show the non-imbricating, tuberculate scales (i.e., tubercles) typical of other non-avian dinosaurs. However, a variety of scale patterns previously unknown for the skin of these animals is reported. The observed integumentary patterns include ground tubercles, large and elongated tubercles, parallel rows of large tubercles, tubercles in rosette-like and flower-like arrangements, and in striate-like rows. Ground tubercles and rosette-like patterns resemb

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Mead, Jim I., Blaine W. Schubert, Steven C. Wallace, and Sandra L. Swift. "Helodermatid lizard from the Mio-Pliocene oak-hickory forest of Tennessee, eastern USA, and a review of monstersaurian osteoderms." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57, no. 1 (2011): 111–21. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0083.

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Mead, Jim I., Schubert, Blaine W., Wallace, Steven C., Swift, Sandra L. (2012): Helodermatid lizard from the Mio-Pliocene oak-hickory forest of Tennessee, eastern USA, and a review of monstersaurian osteoderms. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (1): 111-121, DOI: 10.4202/app.2010.0083, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0083

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Anderson Maisano, Jessica, Christopher J. Bell, Jacques A. Gauthier, and Timothy Rowe. "The Osteoderms and Palpebral in Lanthanotus borneensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha)." Journal of Herpetology 36, no. 4 (2002): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0678:toapil]2.0.co;2.

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Maisano, Jessica Anderson, Christopher J. Bell, Jacques A. Gauthier, and Timothy Rowe. "The Osteoderms and Palpebral in Lanthanotus borneensis (Squamata: Anguimorpha)." Journal of Herpetology 36, no. 4 (2002): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565940.

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