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Borrini, Matteo. "Overcoming the chaotic numerology of osteometry. A proposal for a univocal numeric coding system for osteometric measurements of the human skeleton." Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia 152 (November 1, 2022): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/aae-2197.
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Osteometric measurements have a critical role particularly in forensic anthropology. They allow the objective quantification of morphological characteristics when developing the biological profile of unknown skeletons, rather than relying purely on qualitativedescriptions that are often subjective. Various coding systems for anthropometric measurements have been developed across the years and countries. Currently, there is not a shared classification for the most commonly applied measurements in osteometry. For ascientific community becoming ever more global and international, the lack of a common language can create impasses and lead to miscommunications between scientists. The problem could become more relevant in mass fatalities and international scenarios. In order to develop a new communal codification model, some imperfections in traditional classifications have been identified and overcome. The new proposed coding is based on a three-number taxonomy. The three cyphers, separated by a dot (#.#.#), indicate the anatomical area of which the measurement is referred (e.g. cranium, upper limb), the single bone (e.g. humerus) or the topographicregion (e.g. neurocranium) measured, and the specific measurement. The third number, an arithmetic progression that identifies every measurement, has been designed to allow the scientific community to introduce new measurements without scrambling the entire series
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Alim, Afshan Jesmin, Lubna Shirin, and Mohammed Shahjahan Kabir. "Comparison of Osteometric Dimensions of Lower end of Femoral Bone by Side of Femur among Bangladeshi Population." Global Academic Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 06 (2023): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajms.2023.v05i06.001.
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Background: Osteometric dimensions of the femoral bone have significant clinical and anthropological implications. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data on these dimensions specific to the Bangladeshi population. This study aims to fill this research gap by analyzing the osteometric dimensions of the lower end of the femoral bone among a sample set in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in three medical colleges in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 50 dried femurs were collected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Osteometric measurements, including bicondylar width, medial and lateral condylar depths, intercondylar notch width, and intercondylar notch depth, were obtained using digital sliding calipers. Result: The study revealed notable differences in osteometric measurements between right and left femurs. For instance, 39.29% of right femurs had below-average Femoral Bicondylar Width (<65 mm) compared to 13.64% of left femurs. The mean Femur Medial Condylar Width was 31.05 mm with a standard deviation of 1.74 mm. Conclusion: The study provides valuable, region-specific osteometric data that has both clinical and anthropological implications. The findings are particularly important for the preparation of prosthetics and other supporting structures, which can be highly beneficial for both patients and medical practitioners.
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Ram V, Vamshi. "Osteometric Measurements of Intermastoid Distance for Gender Determination." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13, no. 7 (2020): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/13.7/93.
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Alim, Afshan Jesmin, Lubna Shirin, and Mohammed Shahjahan Kabir. "Osteometric Dimension of Lower End of Femoral Bone among Bangladeshi Population." Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 6, no. 11 (2023): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijap.2023.v06i11.001.
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Introduction: The osteometric dimensions of the lower end of the femur have significant clinical implications, particularly in the context of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Accurate measurements are crucial for the design of femoral components in TKA, which can influence surgical outcomes. This study aims to determine the measurements of different variables of the lower end of the femur, including femoral condylar width, intercondylar width and depth, and the depth of the medial and lateral condyles, in a Bangladeshi population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 dried femurs collected from three medical colleges in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Measurements were obtained using digital sliding calipers and were rounded to two decimal places. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Result: Statistical analysis revealed that 56% of the femurs were right-sided and 44% were left-sided. The mean femoral bicondylar width was 69.78 ± 5.38 mm, falling mostly in the "Above Average" range (30%). The mean intercondylar width was 23.77 ± 1.55 mm, with 50% falling in the "Medium" range. Other variables like femur medial condylar width had a mean of 31.05 ± 1.74 mm. Conclusion: Observationally, the study successfully delineates the osteometric dimensions of the lower end of the femur in a Bangladeshi cohort. The statistical results not only fulfill the study's initial aim but also provide a nuanced understanding of the osteometric variations. These findings are instrumental for clinicians in the design and customization of femoral components in TKA, thereby potentially enhancing surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction. The data also lay the groundwork for future research in this area.
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Oraon, S. D., and K. Sandhya. "A study of osteometric measurements of femur in Jharkhand population." Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 66 (August 2017): S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.399.
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Franklin, Daniel, Andrea Cardini, Ambika Flavel, et al. "Concordance of traditional osteometric and volume-rendered MSCT interlandmark cranial measurements." International Journal of Legal Medicine 127, no. 2 (2012): 505–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-012-0772-9.
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Volf, Jiří. "Missing specimens of Equus przewalskii from the collection of the National Museum in Prague (Perissodactyla: Equidae)." Lynx, new series 47, no. 1 (2016): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2016-0008.
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Abstract This paper presents osteometric data on three missing specimens of the Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) from the collection of the National Museum in Prague (75. ♀ Praha 8 “Vlasta”, 120 ♂ Washington 1 “Horymír“, and 92. ♂ Praha 25 “Leo”). The specimens were examined and the measurements taken by the author in the 1960s and 1970s, before they got lost.
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Göldner, Dominik. "Reshaping Foramen Magnum Research. Analyzing foramen magnum variation in modern humans using 2D osteometry and 3D geometric morphometrics – A master thesis summary and research review." Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 44 (July 29, 2023): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/mbgaeu.44.3.
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The foramen magnum (FM) is a notable structure located at the base of the occipital bone in modern humans. It functions as a conduit for essential tissues connecting the brain and spinal cord. The morphology of the FM has been a topic of sustained interest in physical anthropology, bioarchaeology, forensics, and medical science. Numerous studies have empirically examined differences in FM size and shape between sexes within individual populations using traditional osteometric distance measurements and indices, along with visual shape categorizations. While several of these studies identified significant mean differences in FM size between females and males, others did not. Comparisons between populations and studies using landmark-based geometric morphometric approaches, however, remain uncommon. This summary article briefly presents the findings of a master’s thesis that statistically analyzes and compares the two-dimensional osteometric and three-dimensional geometric morphometric variability of the FM between sexes and populations, utilizing original data (n = 98) from four different human groups (Eritrea, Germany, Greece, Japan) as well as published standard linear FM measurements from various populations (n = 9,977). Additionally, it reviews and discusses persistent methodological problems and biases in previous FM research. The study's results indicate that although significant differences between sexes and populations exist, they are minimal and characterized by substantial overlaps among the groups studied. These overlaps diminish the overall effectiveness of FM variables for osteometric identification of sex and ancestry from unidentified human remains in forensic contexts. Nevertheless, minor trends in average differences between populations have been documented and discussed. It is suggested that the variability in FM size, shape, and form in modern humans is likely influenced by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors, which have yet to be fully elucidated.
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Ibrahim, Abdelnasser, Sohayla M. Attalla, Aspalilah Alias, et al. "OSTEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN AND NOTCH IN MALAYSIAN CRANIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 10 (2018): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.26508.
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Objective: A clear knowledge of the location of supraorbital foramen (SOF) is vital for the surgeons, particularly in endoscopic surgery and regional block in crania. The aim of this study was to analyze SOF and notch in skulls of various ancestries.Methods: The anatomical variations of SOF and notch were examined in 100 adults skulls (55 males and 45 females) of the Malay, Chinese, and Indian ancestries by traditional measurement made with the Osirix software. The parameters included distance between supraorbital structure and nasal midline, shape, and transverse diameter of the SOF.Results: It was manifested that bilateral supraorbital notch (SON) was the most prevalent combination in both sexes and ancestries (61%), while combined SON and foramen (11%) were the least prevalent characteristic. The mean distances of supraorbital structure from nasal midline bilaterally in males were slightly greater than females. The horizontal diameter of SOF, notch and their distances from the nasal midline showed no difference between ancestries.Conclusion: This study would serve as a guide for the surgeons when surgery is performed on the scalp. It can help in the precise determination of reference points for supraorbital nerve blockade for the Malaysians. In addition, the variations exhibited in supraorbital measurements inevitably revealed that sex and ancestry should be taken into consideration when choosing samples for anatomical classification of crania.
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Mueller, William. "Anthropometric Health Assessment of Adults." Practicing Anthropology 8, no. 1-2 (1986): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.8.1-2.d3p42028q2256851.
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Anthropometry is the physical measurement of the human body. Historically, physical anthropologists have centered on osteometric and craniometric measurements; in the 19th century, the focus was on skeletal populations. At the beginning of the 20th century, this research focus shifted to the living as scientists such as Henry Bowditch, the medical doctor, and Franz Boas, the anthropologist, used anthropometric measurements of growing children as markers of health status. Scientists recognized that the growth and development process was affected by the environment and thus reflective of the health and well being of the individual and his/her population. Unfortunately, the study of development generally ceases with samples of young adults, who presumably have finished growing. This article deals with anthropometric health assessment in adults. It proposes that adults continue to change throughout their lives, and that the assessment of such changes through anthropometry has promising applications.
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Baygeldi, Saime Betul. "Radiographic Imaging and Osteometric Analysis Os Penis in Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 7, no. 5 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000615.
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The aim of this study was to determine the macroscopic features of the os penis of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), as well as radiographic images and morphometric measurements using a digital electronic caliper. In this study, 4 adult male red fox os penises, which were previously brought dead from nature by students and whose skeletons were exhibited in our anatomy museum, were used. Macroscopic and morphometric measurements were taken and anatomical structures were analysed by radiographic imaging. Os penis is thicker at the proximal end and tapers towards the distal end, terminating in a cartilaginous tip. There are three margins, one dorsal and two ventrolateral to the sulcus urethiralis. The dorsal edge forms a crista on the median of the bone, extending from proximal to distal. The crista becomes shallow at the distal 1/3 of the bone and disappears completely at the cartilaginous end. Sulcus urethralis is found on the ventral side Os penis of the Red Fox measured as, length of the os penis 56.70mm, Distal diameter 2.96mm, Proximal diameter 3.85mm, length of the sulcus urethralis 35.13mm, width of sulcus urethralis 2.95mm, length of the fibrous cartilaginous tissue 5.70, width of the fibrous cartilaginous tissue 1.77mm. As a result, it has been observed that the os penis of the red fox, which is a part of wildlife, is similar to the other members of the team, the dogs, and radiographic images have been combined with new techniques and a literary contribution has been made. Wild animal anatomy has been supported by more detailed examination of these species. It is thought that the data obtained in the study can be used in future morphometric, zoo-archaeological and taxonomic studies.
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Quesada, Javier, Josep Aurell-Garrido, Sergi Gago, Olga Boet, and Eulàlia Garcia-Franquesa. "Measurement errors in 3D models used in osteometric data research with freeware: a test using skulls of the Algerian hedgehog (Atelerix algirus)." Vertebrate Zoology 66, no. 3 (2016): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.66.e31573.
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The use of 3D models is becoming commonplace in both scientific investigation and in more general educational activities; nevertheless, methodologies and their associated software are both relatively expensive to use. As well, measurements of 3D models must be comparable to that of originals if they are to be used in scientific research. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of error in measurements taken from 3D models and from the original skulls of Algerian hedgehogs (Atelerix algirus) using a freeware program. To do so, we measured the repeatability (ri) of four biometric measurements of 14 skulls of this North-African hedgehog species. We generated 3D models of skulls of 14 specimens from the collection in Barcelona Natural History Museum using the NextEngine scanner and free software and a low-price computer. The same observer measured each variable twice for each skull using three different methodologies: (i) measurement of the original; (ii) measurement of 3D models projected onto a screen with no zoom (i.e. replicating the original skull size) and (iii) measurement of 3D models projected onto a screen with the maximum possible zoom. The repeatability within each method (INTRAMETHOD) and between methods (INTERMETHOD: original vs. screen No-zoom; original vs. screen zoom) were tested. The methods per se were either very highly repeatable (ri > 90%) or very repeatable (ri > 0.75), the only exception being a difference in the length of the median palatine on the screen with no zoom (ri: 0.64) due to a single outlier. When comparing digital models, our data suggest that measurements taken from skull borders are more reliable than those in which measurements are taken from sutures due to the differences in the contrast obtained in the finish of the 3D models. Thus, the contrast in 3D models needs to be improved, possibly by means of digital treatment. Our results suggest that the 3D models obtained using the scanner NextEngine and edited using open-access freeware (Meshlab®) are comparable with original specimens and so are a good alternative for museums with fewer financial resources.
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Quesada, Javier, Josep Aurell-Garrido, Sergi Gago, Olga Boet, and Eulàlia Garcia-Franquesa. "Measurement errors in 3D models used in osteometric data research with freeware: a test using skulls of the Algerian hedgehog (Atelerix algirus)." Vertebrate Zoology 66 (December 13, 2016): 411–18. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.66.e31573.
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The use of 3D models is becoming commonplace in both scientific investigation and in more general educational activities; nevertheless, methodologies and their associated software are both relatively expensive to use. As well, measurements of 3D models must be comparable to that of originals if they are to be used in scientific research. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of error in measurements taken from 3D models and from the original skulls of Algerian hedgehogs (Atelerix algirus) using a freeware program. To do so, we measured the repeatability (ri) of four biometric measurements of 14 skulls of this North-African hedgehog species. We generated 3D models of skulls of 14 specimens from the collection in Barcelona Natural History Museum using the NextEngine scanner and free software and a low-price computer. The same observer measured each variable twice for each skull using three different methodologies: (i) measurement of the original; (ii) measurement of 3D models projected onto a screen with no zoom (i.e. replicating the original skull size) and (iii) measurement of 3D models projected onto a screen with the maximum possible zoom. The repeatability within each method (INTRAMETHOD) and between methods (INTERMETHOD: original vs. screen No-zoom; original vs. screen zoom) were tested. The methods per se were either very highly repeatable (ri > 90%) or very repeatable (ri > 0.75), the only exception being a difference in the length of the median palatine on the screen with no zoom (ri: 0.64) due to a single outlier. When comparing digital models, our data suggest that measurements taken from skull borders are more reliable than those in which measurements are taken from sutures due to the differences in the contrast obtained in the finish of the 3D models. Thus, the contrast in 3D models needs to be improved, possibly by means of digital treatment. Our results suggest that the 3D models obtained using the scanner NextEngine and edited using open-access freeware (Meshlab®) are comparable with original specimens and so are a good alternative for museums with fewer financial resources.
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Borrini, Matteo, Piero Mannucci, Satu Valoriani, and GianPaolo Scalia Tomba. "The postmortem fate of osteometric measurements: taphonomic alteration of landmarks and its implication for biological profiling." Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia 153 (November 1, 2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/aae-2340.
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The aim of this research was to identify the measurements that are most frequently retrieved from buried skeletal remains to create the most applicable discriminant functions for osteometric assessments. The study sample was composed of 644 adult skeletons from IV-III BC Italy (Pontecagnano). All burials were in the supine position and individuals were buried either directly in the ground or in large stone coffins. The burial context did not present any environmental conditions that could have a detrimental effect on bonepreservation either in general or differentially between anatomical regions. Due to its complexity, the skull was divided in different regions (two macro areas and five regions, plus the mandible), while the long bones and scapula were examined as anatomical units. The results show that cranial measurements cannot be reliably used for anthropological analyses, as main landmarks are frequently affected by taphonomic factors. Given the higher frequency of their preservation, postcranial measurements are more appropriate for the creation of usable discriminant functions for the construction of biological profiles.
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Núñez Cortés, Yajaira. "The walled city and the dogs: the ritual and domestic role of canis lupus familiaris in Mayapán, Yucatán." Anales de Antropología 56, no. 2 (2022): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iia.24486221e.2022.78057.
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This paper documents the role of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in the domestic and ritual contexts of Mayapán. Mayapán was the last capital of the Postclassic Maya to be located on the Yucatán Peninsula. Dog remains have been recovered from ceremonial, elite, and lower-class contexts in the city. I analyze the distribution of skeletal elements and contexts of deposition in temples, halls, and houses, both in Iztmal Ch’en's monumental center and outlying ceremonial center.This paper presents the results of the identification of dog remains per structure, osteometric analysis, and estimations of weight and age. Counts of the number of identified specimens and the minimum number of individuals are performed, along with Chi-square, Fisher's exact test and principal coordinate analysis, to compare the presence of skeletal elements and the abundance of dog remains in each of the structures. Osteometric data from documented dog breeds, including the Mesoamerican common dog, the hairless dog, the Mayan short-faced dog, the tlalchichi, and the dog-wolf hybrid, are compared with measurements of maximum long bone length and the length and breadth of upper and lower first molars. An allometric formula used mandible height measurements at the middle of the first lower molar to predict body weight in grams. Observations of ossification in each skeletal element and dental eruption were compared to age charts to identify the ages of dogs recovered in Mayapán. This study shows that dogs were an important component of ritual life in Mayapán and were offered at ceremonies or feasts in the Templo Redondo group. It also demonstrates that the use of dogs in burial rituals and their consumption in domestic contexts was not restricted to elites.
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Djorojevic, Mirjana, Concepción Roldán, Miguel Botella, and Inmaculada Alemán. "Sex assessment from the proximal femur in a Spanish population based on three-dimensional computed tomography metric analysis." Vojnosanitetski pregled 76, no. 12 (2019): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp170920031d.
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Background/Aim. The studies published in recent years have shown that the linear measurements on the three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) clinical images of the hip bone, skull or breastbone can serve as a reliable alternative method for sex estimation. In spite of the fact that the proximal femur exhibited high dimorphism when examining the skeletal material, there is still a lack of morphometric studies dealing with the CT imaging of this anatomical region that would confirm the relevance of the previously obtained results. The aim of this study was to validate the reliability and precision of some proximal femur measurements obtained in vivo from the 3D-CT models and to compare the accuracies of our findings with those formerly reported by other relevant research. Methods. A total of 146 CT scans (73 male and 73 females) were selected to take 6 measurements using the traditional osteometric methods. The 3D reconstruction was done at 1mm and 1.25 mm thick slices with OsiriX (v.4.1). The univariate and multivariate discriminant functions (DFs) were formulated for assessing sex. Results. The vertical diameter of neck and the vertical diameter of head were found to contribute the most when considered independently (90.4%?91.8%). When combining these with the other dimensions, the prediction accuracy increased up to 97.3%. The accuracy of CT measurements is in accordance with those obtained in the traditional morphometric studies on the skeletonized femurs of contemporary populations. The 3D-CT approach showed remarkably higher percentage of predictive ability in comparison with the 2D technique. Conclusion. 3D-CT is a suitable tool for the objective quantification of osteological data. The medical scans and measurements on living individuals offer a valuable source of data from which the highly reliable skeletal standards can be developed for estimating sex, even from the fragmented remains. The method proposed here can be highly useful especially in the identification of mass disaster victims when the direct osteometry is difficult to apply and maceration of the remains is not an option.
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Niraj, P., PMS Dangol, and N. Ranjit. "Measurement of length and weight on non-articulated adult humerus in Nepalese corpses." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2, no. 1 (2014): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i1.10550.
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Background: Anthropometry is the science that deals with the measurement of size, weight and proportion of humanbody. Measurements of long bones play an important role in the estimation of stature of individuals in palaeoanthropologyand forensic investigations.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine length and weight of humerus in Nepalese population and tocompare these with the data from other population for use in forensic and archaeological studies.Methods: This is a descriptive study. A total of 200 (100 right, 100 left) humerus bones were included. The Maximumhumerus length (mm) was measured by osteometric board and weight (g) of the humerus was measured by electronicweighing machine.Results: The mean and standard deviation for humerus length and weight of humerus were found to be 308.580±19.169mm and 122.261 g for right humerus and 307.270±16.1301 mm and 118.473 g for left humerus respectively.Conclusion: In conclusion, our measurements on the humerus have demonstrated that the length and weight ofhumerus in Nepalese population is similar to that of other country population values.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i1.10550Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 2, No. 1, Issue 3, Jan.-Mar., 2013, page : 25-27
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Ranaweera, Lanka, Eranda Cabral, D. M. P. V. Dissanayake, and W. S. V. Lakshan. "Estimation of Sex from the Osteometric Measurements of the Femur in a Contemporary Sri Lankan Population." International Journal of Morphology 40, no. 4 (2022): 1009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022022000401009.
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Jurgelėnas, Eugenijus, Sigita Kerzienė, Linas Daugnora, and Daniel Makowiecki. "Morphometric Analysis of the Common Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) Teeth in Lithuania." Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 4 (2025): 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040338.
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Sex identification is often challenging, especially when only skeletal remains are available. While previous research has primarily focused on skull measurements, dental traits have received less attention. This study aimed to measure the upper and lower canines, molars, and tooth rows of raccoon dogs in Lithuania to examine sexual dimorphism and analyze the correlation between different teeth and tooth row measurements. A total of 90 skulls with lower jaws of adult raccoon dogs were examined, including 55 males and 35 females. Osteometric analysis followed standard protocols, with canine measurements adapted using a method tailored to the dentition of carnivorous species. Of all the study measurements, the canine teeth demonstrated the most significant sex differences. The correlation analysis showed a strong correlation (p < 0.001) between the dimensions of the upper molars P4, M1, and M2. The upper tooth rows were strongly correlated (p < 0.001) with the dimensions of the P4 and canines. Lower molar correlations were weaker than upper ones, and lower tooth rows showed less correlation with tooth measurements. These findings indicate that molars and tooth rows are not reliable for sex determination in raccoon dogs. However, the observed sexual dimorphism in canine teeth may offer insights for future zooarchaeological and comparative anatomical studies.
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Supthaveethanakij, Apisara, Pongpon Traithepchanapai, Akarawin Chantakon, and Pagparpat Varrathyarom. "The applications of three-dimensional computed tomography images of the greater sciatic notch for sex determination in forensic anthropology aspect in Thai population." Journal of Associated Medical Sciences 58, no. 2 (2025): 314–21. https://doi.org/10.12982/jams.2025.066.
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Background: The identification of highly decomposed corpses or skeletons remains a significant challenge for forensic medical examiners. The pelvic bone, recognized for its reliability in sex determination, is frequently utilized through visual assessment as an initial step in such cases. However, the subjectivity of this method has prompted research into more accurate and objective approaches than traditional anatomical morphological evaluations. Objective: The research was aimed to identify practical osteometric parameters of the greater sciatic notch, measured using a postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) program, that have significant differences between male and female adults and provide high accuracy for sex determination in the Thai population. In addition, equation with high accuracy for sex determination using discriminant function analysis (DFA) was also developed. Materials and methods: This study analyzed 385 Thai adults aged over 20, whose postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) scans included the hip region with an intact greater sciatic notch. The sample comprised 129 females and 256 males. The analyzed 6 osteometric parameters include two distances: PIIS-IS; the distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) and the ischial spine (IS), PIIS-SP; the distance between PIIS and Separating point (SP), a ratio of PIIS-SP to PIIS-IS (PIIS- SP/PIIS-IS), and three angles: Angle between planes passing PIIS and IS, and PIIS and DP (PIISA); Angle between planes passing PIIS and DP, and IS and DP (GSNA) and Posterior part when the GSNA is divided by DP-SP plane (GNSPA). Discriminant function analysis was used for data evaluation. Results: Three-dimensional measurements of the greater sciatic notch demonstrated high reliability, with intra- and inter-observer ICC values exceeding 0.8 (p<0.05). All five measurements and the ratio achieved over 92% accuracy in multivariate analysis for cross-validated cases. DFA confirmed the suitability of all parameters for inclusion in the discriminant equation, which provided thresholds for sex determination: D<-1.03 indicated male, D>2.04 indicated female, and intermediate values were indeterminate, accounting for 67.73% of population variance. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that all the selected measurements of the greater sciatic notch can effectively differentiate between male and female adults through the application of discriminant function with an overall accuracy of 92%.
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Thuanthong, Toonlanat, and Paiwan Sudwan. "Sex determination in Northern Thai from crania by using computer-aided design software and conventional caliper methods." Asian Biomedicine 12, no. 3 (2019): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0008.
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AbstractBackgroundIdentification of sex from skeletal remains is an essential step in forensic anthropology. The skull is the second choice, after the pelvis, to estimate sex by osteometric methods.ObjectiveTo evaluate the process of identification of sex in Northern Thai from crania by using computer-aided design (AutoCAD) software and conventional caliper methods.MethodsDry skulls of 86 men and 74 women were examined. AutoCAD software and digital calipers were used to measure dimensions. Eleven of the 15 parameters were created for this study.ResultsMen are significantly larger than women in all parameters, except in the nasospinale–prosthion measurement. There were no significant differences in the intraobserver error test and between the AutoCAD and digital caliper measurements. The logistic regression analysis yielded a sex classification accuracy rate of 92.9% in men, 93.4% in women, and 93.1% of overall accuracy for AutoCAD software. When using digital calipers, there was an accuracy rate of 89.3% in men, 94.7% in women, and 91.9% for overall accuracy.ConclusionsAutoCAD software is a reliable method to predict the sex and provide high accuracy in sex determination from crania.
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Sadaf, Salma, Padmalatha K, Giridhar Dasegowda, and Priyanka Prasanna Kumar Belaguthi. "Incidence of Third Trochanter in Human Femora and It’s Morphometry in Indian Population." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 1.3 (2021): 7890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.101.
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Background: The third trochanter is an osseous-cartilaginous-tendinous complex. It is a term used for a prominent oval structure usually confined under the greater trochanter in the superior end of gluteal tuberosity. The third trochanter results from increased pull of the gluteus maximus. The third trochanter gives the muscle better grip, helps to alter the direction of tendon and improves effective function. Purpose of the study: The present study was undertaken to compare the incidence of the third trochanter in human femora with other series and to correlate with its morphometry. Materials and Methods: 56 dry human femurs (28 each of right and left side) of unknown age and sex were obtained from fellow undergraduate students at ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Trochanters with damaged upper ends were excluded from the study. After careful examination two femurs were excluded and the rest were subjected to identification of third trochanter. Results: The incidence of the third trochanter in the present study was 14.28% with the right side predominant (10.71%). The mean length and width were 17.87mm and 7mm respectively. The femurs with the third trochanter were found to have better developed greater trochanter and all the osteometric measurements were found to be higher compared to the ones without. No significant difference was noted in the morphometric indices, as all the osteometric measurements were uniformly increased. Conclusion: This study was performed to increase the understanding of this post-cranial non metric trait on Indian population because of scarcity of information on this variation of human femora. We find the incidence more on the right side indicative of dominant side in most people. The femurs were uniformly bulkier as seen in better built human femurs. Hence, it is a change to meet the functional demands. KEY WORDS: third trochanter, trochanter, femur, morphometry, gluteus maximus, bony projection, non-metric variant, post-cranial.
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Ivanov, V. A., S. D. Gorbunkov, O. V. Lukina, S. A. Karlov, M. V. Malyarevskaya, and A. I. Yaremenko. "The role of the multi-spiral computer tomography in the evaluation of anatomical characteristics of the styloid process of the temporal bone." Morphological newsletter 28, no. 1 (2020): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/mv-mn.2020.28(1):57-61.
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There are a number of publications in the literature that describe osteometric measurements of the styloid process of the temporal bone. Most studies are based on the results of direct measurements of bone preparations of the skulls; however, modern radiation research allows you to get a complete picture of the shape, relative position with other anatomical structures. Obtained results are rare. The purpose of the study was to present the results of measurements of the styloid process of the temporal bone and its relationships with other parts of the stylo-hyoidal complex obtained by analyzing images of multi-spiral computed tomography in patients without pathology of this anatomical zone. The length and width of the process, the distance to the small horn of the hyoid bone, and the height and weight of patients depending on age were measured. It has been established that multi-spiral computed tomography is an accurate method for determining the parameters of the styloid process. No statistically significant relationships between the anatomical parameters of the styloid process, other elements of the stylo-hyoidal complex, gender, height and age of the examined patients were found.
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Manish, Kumar Singh, Kumar Das Rajesh, and Shrestha Sunil. "Determination of Sex on Morphometric Study of Femur Bone in Nepalese Population." International Journal of Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary 3, no. 2 (2024): 209–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12337155.
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Determining the sex of human skeletal remains is vital for building a biological profile of an individual in medico-legal and bioarchaeological studies. The present study was conducted on 64 femur bone (32 male and 32 female). at National Medical College Birgunj, Nepal. Seven measurements of femur were collected. The descriptive statistics were done to find out the significant difference between the femur bone of male and female. The mean values of all the seven parameters were considerably greater in males as compared to females (P<0.001) with univariate analysis. The most dimorphic single metric on the basis of discriminant analysis was maximum length of femur with accuracy 87.1% in females and 61.3% in males. In vertical diameter of head of the femur with accuracy 93.5% in female and 83.9% in male. Epicondyle breadth and mid shaft diameter of femur exhibited 90.3% and 96.8% in female. Whereas Proximal breadth in male femur with accuracy 96.8% in female with accuracy 80.6%. Femur could be used for assessing the gender, in which breath is significantly responsible for large variation in comparison to length.
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Turan, Omer, Muhammed Parlak, Bengu Ozkul, Mucahit Oruc, and Osman Celbis. "Estimating body weight from foot measurements in the Eastern Turkish Population using linear methods and artificial neural networks." Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 13, no. 3 (2024): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2024.05.040.
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In forensic and archaeological contexts, accurately determining an individual's age, sex, height, and weight is essential for the identification of unidentified bodies and dismembered remains. This study assesses the effectiveness of linear regression analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs) in estimating body weight using foot measurements within the Eastern Turkish population. The research was conducted with medical students, including 149 volunteers—76 males and 73 females. Participants' height and weight were recorded using a stadiometer. Foot measurements were taken with a Vernier caliper and an osteometric board. The data were assessed utilizing SPSS 26.0, and ANN models were developed using the Keras library within the Google Colab platform. In terms of height, weight, and foot size, all these values were significantly higher in males than in females. Linear regression methods resulted in a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 11.83 kg for males, 6.23 kg for females, and 9.56 kg for the entire sample. With ANNs, these error values were reduced to 10.13 kg for males, 5.10 kg for females, and 8.07 kg for the entire sample. The analysis shows that ANNs are more adept at handling complex data, leading to improved prediction accuracy.
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Najjar, Latifa A. Al, and Reema A. Al-Eryani. "Analysis of Mental Foramen Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Gender Determination in a Sample of Yemeni Population." Saudi Journal of Oral and Dental Research 10, no. 01 (2025): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjodr.2025.v10i01.006.
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Aim: To analyze the mental foramen dimensions and location for gender determination in a sample of Yemeni population. Methods: This is a retrospective study performed on 420 maxillofacial CBCT scans, 210 males and 210 females with age ranged from 20 to 60- years old. Osteometric analysis of the dimensions, shape and position of the mental foramen was performed. Results: In comparison between males and females, all mental foramen (MF) measurements were statistically significant except at the distance from the superior mental foramen to the alveolar crest. The all measurements of males were higher than females. MF with round shape was the most common between both males and females. The most common location of the MF was presented below the apices of the 2nd premolars. Conclusions: We can be concluded that the vertical and horizontal dimensions the MF and the distance from the lower border of the MF to the lower border of the mandible exhibits gender dimorphism in the Yemeni population. The shape and horizontal position of the MF do not show any difference denoting that they cannot be used for identification of gender.
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Ara, Jubaida Gulshan, Humaira Naushaba, Khalid Mosharof Hossain Khan, Tahmina Begum, Laila Farzana Khan, and Abul Kalam Mohammad Kabir. "Morphometric Study of Posterior Aspect of Distal End of Human Adult Dry Left Humerus." Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 13, no. 1 (2015): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v13i1.70452.
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Context: Humerus is the long bone of upper limb. The aim of this study is to find out valuable normative data of posterior aspect of distal end of human adult dry left humerus that can enrich the anatomists and play an important role to anthropological researchers and forensic experts. It is also important for orthopedic surgeons in surgical reconstruction of distal humeral fracture and correction of congenital and traumatic anomalies.
 Materials and Methods: A cross sectional analytic type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy of Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from July 2011 to Dec 2012. Two hundred left sided humerus were collected from the students of Department of Anatomy of Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka and Dhaka National Medical College, Dhaka. Measurements were taken from posterior aspect of distal end of left humerus by direct physical standard osteometric method and recorded in the metric unit centimeter (cm).
 Result: The result revealed that the male values were higher than female. The measurements were statistically analysed. There were significant difference (p=0.001) between male and female values.
 Bangladesh J. Anat. 2015; 13(1) : 11-15
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Mongillo, Jessica, Giulia Vescovo, and Barbara Bramanti. "Belly fat or bloating? New insights into the physical appearance of St Anthony of Padua." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0260505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260505.
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Over the centuries, iconographic representations of St Anthony of Padua, one of the most revered saints in the Catholic world, have been inspired by literary sources, which described the Saint as either naturally corpulent or with a swollen abdomen due to dropsy (i.e. fluid accumulation in the body cavities). Even recent attempts to reconstruct the face of the Saint have yielded discordant results regarding his outward appearance. To address questions about the real appearance of St Anthony, we applied body mass estimation equations to the osteometric measurements taken in 1981, during the public recognition of the Saint’s skeletal remains. Both the biomechanical and the morphometric approach were employed to solve some intrinsic limitations in the equations for body mass estimation from skeletal remains. The estimated body mass was used to assess the physique of the Saint with the body mass index. The outcomes of this investigation reveal interesting information about the body type of the Saint throughout his lifetime.
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Davis, Simon J. M. "Rabbits and Bergmann’s rule: how cold was Portugal during the last glaciation?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 3 (2019): 526–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz098.
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Abstract Osteometric data from > 450 modern wild rabbits, mostly from Portugal, Spain and France, show an inverse correlation between their size and the temperature of the environment, in accordance with Bergmann’s rule. Similar measurements made on some 1660 rabbit bones from 14 Portuguese late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites indicate that rabbits became considerably smaller at the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary. Thus, rabbit size varies or varied with temperature both today and in the past. A direct temperature–size relationship was assumed, and the regression of modern rabbit bone size on temperature was then used to calibrate the temperature equivalent for the change of size of rabbit bones in the past. The result indicates a Last Glacial Maximum to present-day difference, Δt°, of 7 or 8 °C. An alternative interpretation that does not assume a direct temperature–size relationship would indicate that the environment in Portugal 15 000–30 000 years ago was similar to that in northern France today.
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Dr., Geeta Anasuya. D., M.Vijaianand Dr., Sobana M, and Sheela Grace Jeevamani MS Dr. "Femoral neck anteversion, Neck shaft angle and Greater trochanter thickness - Anthropometric study and their Clinical implications." International Journal of Health & Medical Research 01, no. 05 (2022): 82–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475882.
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Introduction: Proximal femur anthropometric measurements are important to determine the size of the implants especially in joint replacement procedures and fracture fixations. Measurements vary between the populations of various geographical locations. So it is vital to know normal anatomical measurements of proximal femur of our Indian population. Aims and objectives of the study: Our aim of the study was to measure the angle of anteversion of femoral neck, neck shaft angle and thickness of greater trochanter and to correlate them clinically. Materials and methods: We have included 134 femurs for the study from the department of anatomy. Measurements were taken using Goniometer, sliding caliper, digital calipers and osteometric board. Results: Of these 134 femurs, right and left side distribution was 72 (53.7%) and 62 (46.3%) respectively. On right side, mild anteversion was seen in 9 (12.5%) femurs, moderate anteversion in 55 (76.38%) femurs , severe degree in 3 (4.16%) and marked degree of anteversion seen in 5 (6.94%) femurs. On left side, mild anteversion was seen in 9 (14.51%) femurs, moderate anteversion in 50 (80.64%), severe in 2 (3.22%) femurs and marked anteversion was noted in 1 (1.61%) femur. The mean value of neck shaft angle for left femur is more than the right femur. The difference in p-value for greater trochanter thickness was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study would be advantageous in the arena of Orthopedic surgery for various hip pathologies like fracture fixation and joint replacement surgeries regarding selection of appropriate implants, forensic anthropology and also to the anatomists.
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Terzidis, Ioannis, Trifon Totlis, Efthymia Papathanasiou, Aristotelis Sideridis, Konstantinos Vlasis, and Konstantinos Natsis. "Gender and Side-to-Side Differences of Femoral Condyles Morphology: Osteometric Data from 360 Caucasian Dried Femori." Anatomy Research International 2012 (August 30, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/679658.
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The purpose of the present study was to conduct direct measurements in a large sample of dried femori in order to record certain morphometric parameters of the femoral condyles and determine whether there are gender and side differences. Three hundred sixty (Greek) Caucasian dried femori (180 left and 180 right), from 192 males and 168 females, were measured using a digital caliper. The mean age was 67.52 years. The mean bicondylar width of the femur was 8.86 cm ± 0.42 cm in men and 7.85 cm ± 0.30 cm in women (). The relative values for the medial condylar depth were 6.11 cm ± 0.34 cm and 5.59 cm ± 0.29 cm (); for the lateral condylar depth were 6.11 cm ± 0.33 cm and 5.54 cm ± 0.21 cm (); for the intercondylar width were 2.20 cm ± 0.18 cm and 1.87 cm ± 0.10 cm (); for the intercondylar depth were 2.78 cm ± 0.16 cm and 2.37 cm ± 0.12 cm (). No significant side-to-side difference was observed in any parameter. The femoral condyles differences in anatomy between genders might be useful to the design of total knee prostheses. The contralateral healthy side can be safely used for preoperative templating since there were no significant side differences.
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MUTLU, ZIHNI, ALEKSANDER CHRÓSZCZ, DIDAR AYDIN KAYA, et al. "Correlation between long-bone dimensions and body mass in cats." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 81, no. 02 (2025): 6950–2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6950.
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Body mass significantly influences morphology in both humans and animals. The relations between the body mass and osteometric measurements of the skeleton can show adaptive changes in the animal skeleton due to body mass changes. This relationship had previously been analysed in dogs. The lack of such studies in cats encouraged us to investigate this topic. Radiogrammetric measurements were performed in live animals of both sexes (16 females and 20 males) in both dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar and mediolateral projections Morphometric measurements were performed for almost all long bones, e.g. the humerus, the tibia, and the fibula. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 21.0 package. It showed that the body mass affected transverse rather than longitudinal dimensions of the selected long bones. Moreover, the sexual dimorphism identified (except for the pelvis) resulted from two sex-related factors (greatest length/body mass). Step regression analysis and estimation of determination coefficients (R2) proved that transverse dimensions, such as the smallest breadth of diaphysis in the humerus and the greatest breadth of the distal extremity in the femur, were the most suitable dimensions for body mass estimation. Body mass estimation and the calculations of height at withers, can offer a broader insight into the morphology of animals from past centuries and are important in both palaeontology and archaeozoology. Therefore, descriptions of archaeological cat species, also in terms of height at withers and body mass estimations, afford a more meaningful evaluation of their morphological structure across various historical periods.
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Kumar, Abhimanu. "Investigating the relationship between foramen magnum dimensions and cranial morphology in central Indian skulls." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 11, no. 2 (2024): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2024.021.
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The foramen magnum is a critical anatomical landmark at the skull base, facilitating the passage of the brainstem, spinal cord, and associated blood vessels. Its dimensions and shape are known to vary across populations. Cranial morphology, encompassing the overall form and size of the skull, can also exhibit population-specific characteristics. This study aims to explore the potential correlation between foramen magnum size and shape with cranial morphology in a sample of dry human skulls from Central India. A defined sample size of dry 56 human skulls of known Central Indian origin will be obtained. Ethical considerations regarding informed consent will be addressed if applicable. 1. Foramen magnum: Anteroposterior and transverse diameters will be measured using standard osteometric instruments (e.g., calipers). The foramen magnum shape will be categorized based on established criteria (e.g., oval, round, pentagonal). 2. Cranial morphology: Standard cranial measurements will be taken following established protocols to capture overall cranial size and shape (e.g., cranial base length, breadth, cranial vault measurements). The collected data will be subjected to appropriate statistical tests to assess potential correlations between foramen magnum dimensions/shape and cranial morphology.: The analysis revealed the average size and shape of the foramen magnum in the North Indian population sample. The study explored correlations between foramen magnum dimensions (area, index) and cranial measurements. The results shed light on potential variations in foramen magnum morphology and its connection to overall skull form in this specific population group.
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Garate, Enrique, Pablo Andrés Cahiza та María Soledad Gheggi. "Patrones dietarios de camélidos y subsistencia humana en la vertiente oriental de la Sierra de Velasco a través del análisis osteométrico y de isótopos estables (δ13C y δ15N)". Revista del Museo de Antropología 18, № 1 (2025): 111–28. https://doi.org/10.31048/w6j6xg42.
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In order to advance the determination of human subsistence patterns concerning the utilization of camelids and given the absence of direct indicators regarding their exploitation by local village societies, this study focused on osteometric and stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of camelid remains from the eastern slope of the Sierra de Velasco, in the northern region of La Rioja province (Argentina), during the Late Holocene. These combined analyses provided indirect evidence for the interspecific determination of these animals and the economic strategies of ancient local village societies. The elements evaluated were recovered from archaeological sites of various functionalities and situated in different local environments and chronologies. Furthermore, a baseline was established to interpret the isotopic results obtained from faunal samples. The results obtained allowed for the definition of the presence of the llama-guanaco morphotype, although samples were identified that exceeded the measurements corresponding to that group and were associable with llamas. Additionally, two dissimilar trends in the diets of local camelids are observed, indicating differences in the utilization of C3 and C4 plant sources.
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Jerković, Ivan, Željana Bašić, Ivana Kružić, and Šimun Anđelinović. "Sex determination from femora in late antique sample from Eastern Adriatic coast (Salona necropolis)." Anthropological Review 79, no. 1 (2016): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2016-0005.
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Abstract The determination of sex is one of the first steps in anthropological analysis. When skeletal remains are fragmented, the most useful approach is application of osteometric methods. The methods are population specific, and therefore require development of discriminant functions for each population group. The aim of this study was to test sexual dimorphism of femoral measurements and to calculate discriminant functions applicable for sex determination on fragmented skeletal remains on the late antique sample from the Eastern Adriatic coast (2nd-6th century AD). 214 randomly chosen skeletons from the excavation site Solin-Smiljanovac were analyzed. Sex and age were assessed using standard anthropological methods, and skeletons were examined for pathologic and traumatic changes. In the next step, we selected 27 female and 48 male skeletons free of peri- or post-mortem changes that could affect measurements Eight standard femoral measurements were taken. Sexual dimorphism was initially compared using independent sample t test, after which discriminant functions were computed. All femoral measurements showed statistically significant sexual dimorphism (p<0.001). Ten discriminant functions for every part of femur were calculated and obtained classification accuracy of 73.1-91.8%. This study reached relatively high classification, which will improve further analysis of the skeletal remains from the Salona necropolis. Due to similar population structure in the Roman period across the Adriatic coast, the discriminant functions could be applicable for all populations from the same period and area. This study also raised a few methodological questions showing that when creating discriminant functions we should consider not only the accuracy, but also the applicability based on the experience from the anthropology laboratory that considers the state of preservation and frequent pathology.
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Chaudhary, Raju Kumar, Arun Dhakal, Sanjib Kumar Sah, Surya B. Prajuli, Suman Pokhrel, and Santosh Kumar Deo. "Morphometric Evaluation of Dry Humerus Bone in a Medical College of Eastern Nepal." Birat Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 2 (2019): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bjhs.v4i2.25455.
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Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of dry bones are helpful to estimate the stature. It is useful for differentiating unidentified bodies, skeletal remains, surgical procedures and are helpful for anthropologists, anatomists, forensic and surgery.
 Objective: The objective of this study was to find the morphometric measurements of dry Humerus bone available at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital of Eastern Nepal.
 Methodology: A cross- sectional study was conducted from 28th June- 28th July 2019 in the department of Anatomy of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital by taking 59 dry humerus bone. Various parameters such as maximum length, circumference of surgical neck, epicondylar breadth together with position and number of nutrient foramina were measured. Data was collected using osteometric board, vernier caliper and tape. The number, direction and location of nutrient foramina were observed macroscopically by using a fine wire. Ethical clearance was taken from Institutional Review Committee of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital.
 Results: Among 59 dry humerus bone, majority (32) were left humerus. No statistical significant difference was found in morphometric measurements between right and left side of dry Humerus bone. The single nutrient foramen was present in 85.18% and 81.25% of right and left humeri respectively. Double nutrient foramina in 14.81% of right humeri and 15.62% of left humeri. Triple nutrient foramina was only seen in left humeri (3.12%).
 Conclusion: Single nutrient foramen is most common in both sides of humeri. No statistical significant difference was found between right and left humeri in the different parameters such as maximum humeral length (MHL), vertical diameter of superior articular surface (VDSAS), circumference of surgical neck (CSN), circumferences of middle shaft (CMS), epicondylar breath (EB), medial epicondyle to capitulum (ME - C), transverse diameter inferior articular surface (TDIAS), maximum transverse diameter of trochlea (MTDT), anteroposterior diameter of the trochlea (APDT) and position of nutrient foramina (PNF).
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Suma M P, Arfan N K, and Suresh N M. "A morphometric study on variations of nutrient foramen of humerus with its clinical implication." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 9, no. 1 (2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2022.008.
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Nutrient foramen is an opening in the shaft of the humerus, which is the point of entry of nutrient artery that supplies the medullary cavity. It plays an important role in healing of fracture. To determine number, location with respect to the surfaces and the zones, direction of entry, the size and distance of nutrient foramen from distal ends and from the midpoint of humerus, the length of humerus.86 dried bones were taken, measurements of the bone were taken by using digital sliding caliper except the total length of humerus which was measured by using an osteometric board. In this analytical study the data was noted and the statistical analysis was done by using the mean range and standard deviation.The humeri had one foramen in most specimen which were mainly noted on the anteromedial surface and medial border. The mean diameter was 0.814±0.213. The foraminal index had a mean value of 56.835±7.802%. The Landmark index had a mean value of 56.299±7.750%.Our study provides details about the nutrient foramina that will benefit clinicians in surgical procedures, Orthopedic procedures like bone grafting and in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
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Passey, Jigyasa, Suniti R. Mishra, Rahul Singh, K. Sushobhna, Shailendra Singh, and Priyanka Sinha. "Sex determination using mastoid process." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 6 (2015): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12406.
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Objective: Osteometric studies using individual bones have been a topic of interest among researchers. Such researches are a tool for conducting studies related to evolution, demographic profiles and forensic sciences. Skull is important in this regard as it resists adverse environmental conditions over time. The mastoid process can thus be used as a marker of sex as well as ancestry of individuals and populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of mastoid process as a tool for sex determination in unidentified skeleton. Materials and Methods: 70 (44 male and 26 female) complete undamaged skulls of known sex were used for the study. Mastoid length was recorded on the right and left mastoid process in each skull. Measurements were made with a digital vernier caliper. Results: Statistics revealed high significance (p<0.0001) for the mastoid length for sex determination. Conclusion: Reports on the use of mastoid process as a tool for sex estimation in unidentified human skeleton have been reported in different populations. The present study supports this finding among the Indian population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12406 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(6) 2015 93-95
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Jigyasa Passey, Suniti R Mishra, Rahul Singh, K Sushobhna, Shailendra Singh, and Priyanka Sinha. "Sex determination using mastoid process." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 6 (2015): 93–95. https://doi.org/10.71152/ajms.v6i6.3560.
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Objective: Osteometric studies using individual bones have been a topic of interest among researchers. Such researches are a tool for conducting studies related to evolution, demographic profiles and forensic sciences. Skull is important in this regard as it resists adverse environmental conditions over time. The mastoid process can thus be used as a marker of sex as well as ancestry of individuals and populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of mastoid process as a tool for sex determination in unidentified skeleton. Materials and Methods: 70 (44 male and 26 female) complete undamaged skulls of known sex were used for the study. Mastoid length was recorded on the right and left mastoid process in each skull. Measurements were made with a digital vernier caliper. Results: Statistics revealed high significance (p<0.0001) for the mastoid length for sex determination. Conclusion: Reports on the use of mastoid process as a tool for sex estimation in unidentified human skeleton have been reported in different populations. The present study supports this finding among the Indian population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12406 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(6) 2015 93-95
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Rathithya, V., V. Sekizar, RC J Reddy, and T. Sivasankari. "A comparative assessment for gender determination using mandibular linear osteometric measurements and localization of inferior alveolar canal using CBCT: A retrospective study." Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology 35, no. 2 (2023): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_61_23.
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Skrbic, Zdenka, Milos Lukic, Veselin Petricevic, et al. "Effects of light intensity in different stocking densities on tibial measurements and incidence of lesions in broilers." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 35, no. 3 (2019): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1903243s.
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The possibility for use of high light intensity in broiler production management to improve the health of broilers? legs was examined in a study aiming to determine the effect of two levels of light intensity in different stocking densities of broiler chickens. The study was carried out on 1200 Ross 308 broilers according to a random block system with 6 treatments (2 x 3 factorial design) and 4 replicates per treatment. The examined light intensity levels of 150 lx (high light intensity-HLI) and 20 lx (low light intensity-LLI) were applied to 3 stocking densities of broilers: 10, 13 and 15 birds/m2. Scoring of foot pad (FP) and hock burns (HB) was carried out on the 42nd day, on a sample of 240 broilers. Osteometric and biomechanical measurements on tibia were performed after slaughtering and primary processing, on a sample of 72 broilers. The high level intensity of light exerted no significant effect on the development and firmness of the tibia of broilers grown in the densities of 10, 13 and 15 birds/m2. There are indications that in the highest studied stocking density the increased light intensity can improve the individual properties of tibia. The differences in the average assessment of hock burns were concluded to be the result of the stocking density that was observed only in conditions of the increased intensity of light. The average score of foot pad lesions was under the significant main effect of both investigated factors. The differences in the average FP estimation between the light intensity treatments were confirmed in the stocking density of 13 birds/m2.
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Attia, MennattAllah Hassan, Marwa A. Kholief, Nancy M. Zaghloul, et al. "Efficiency of the Adjusted Binary Classification (ABC) Approach in Osteometric Sex Estimation: A Comparative Study of Different Linear Machine Learning Algorithms and Training Sample Sizes." Biology 11, no. 6 (2022): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060917.
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The adjusted binary classification (ABC) approach was proposed to assure that the binary classification model reaches a particular accuracy level. The present study evaluated the ABC for osteometric sex classification using multiple machine learning (ML) techniques: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), boosted generalized linear model (GLMB), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR). We used 13 femoral measurements of 300 individuals from a modern Turkish population sample and split data into two sets: training (n = 240) and testing (n = 60). Then, the five best-performing measurements were selected for training univariate models, while pools of these variables were used for the multivariable models. ML classifier type did not affect the performance of unadjusted models. The accuracy of univariate models was 82–87%, while that of multivariate models was 89–90%. After applying ABC to the crossvalidation set, the accuracy and the positive and negative predictive values for uni- and multivariate models were ≥95%. Sex could be estimated for 28–75% of individuals using univariate models but with an obvious sexing bias, likely caused by different degrees of sexual dimorphism and between-group overlap. However, using multivariate models, we minimized the bias and properly classified 81–87% of individuals. A similar performance was also noted in the testing sample (except for FEB), with accuracies of 96–100%, and a proportion of classified individuals between 30% and 82% in univariate models, and between 90% and 91% in multivariate models. When considering different training sample sizes, we demonstrated that LR was the most sensitive with limited sample sizes (n < 150), while GLMB was the most stable classifier.
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BM, Lakshmi Kantha, Naveen NS, Ronpa Kulkarni, and Veena V. "Regression equation for estimation of total humeral length using measurements of its proximal segments among Indian population." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 05, no. 01 (2016): 015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401583.
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Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to calculate regression equation for the estimation of total length of the humerus using the measurements of its proximal fragments in Indian population. This equation is essential for forensic investigators for estimating the humeral length and also height of individual using humeral length when fragments ofhumerus are available in forensic investigation. Materials and Methods: In the present study 150 (75 left and 75 right) adult, fully ossified, dry and processed humerii were taken to analyze the morphometric details of the humeral segments which were measured using osteometric board and scale. The distance between three different segments namely, from most proximal point in the head to most distal point of the circumference of the head (segment1), from most distal point of the circumference of the head to the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment (segment-2), the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment to the deltoid tuberosity (segment-3) and maximum length of humerus were measured to the nearest millimeter. The association between the humeral segments and maximum humeral length was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and later linear regression was applied considering left and right humerii separately. Results: The regression equation of humerus segments -1, 2 and 3 were MHL Maximum humeral length= 175.05 + [3.58(Hl)], MHL = 185.80 + [2.18(H2)], MHL = 161.44 + [2.18(H3)] on left and MHL = 171.91 + [3.74(Hl)], MHL = 195.54 + [1.95(H2)], MHL = 229.03 + [1.24(H3)] on right side of humerus respectively. This regression equation of Mean total length of humerus using its proximal fragmentary bone length will help for the stature estimation of individual Conclusion: This study helps in forensic, anatomic and archeological fields in order to identify human remains of unknown persons.
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Radochin, Vladimir. "The Paleoanthropological Materials from the Tomb at the Aisleless Church in the “Cave Town” atop of the Plateau of Eski-Kermen." Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, no. XXVIII (December 26, 2023): 337–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2023.28.337-363.
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This article discusses the paleoanthropological materials uncovered by systematic archaeological researches conducted at the ancient town of Eski-Kermen. The excavations uncovered tomb no. 7 in the aisleless church located in residential quarter 2. This church dates from the tenth to thirteenth centuries. The tomb in question, dating from the twelfth to thirteenth century, is located in the north-eastern corner of the narthex, at the depth of 1.8 m down from the rock surface of the floor. It has oval ground-plan, flat floor and ceiling, being cut in the bedrock. There is an arcosolium constructed above the tomb. The bones extracted from the tomb in question corresponded to 57 individuals, with 14 reliably interpreted as males, 11 as females, and three with sex unattributable. Almost a half of the persons (50.8%) buried in the tomb were children. The age of the buried males was 25–50 (average 34.2), of the females 17–43 (average 29). The age of buried children was from one month to 10 years. The research allowed some craniometrics and osteometric measurements. From the analysis of pathological conditions, one tends to assume that the persons buried in the tomb under study probably formed a privileged group that did not experienced extreme stress pressure. Generally, the documented changes in osseous apparatus possibly were typical for mediaeval urban population.
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Yalçın, AKBULUT, Beril KARAKAŞ TANIR Aslı, YARAR Burhan, and SUNAR Mukadder. "Morphometric Analysis and Incidence of Accessory Foramen Transversarium in a Population in Eastern Turkey." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDIES 03, no. 09 (2023): 2075–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8382983.
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The aim of this study is to reveal the incidence and morphometric features of the accessory foramen transversarium in the population in eastern Turkey. In the study, a total of 125 cervical vertebrae of unknown gender and age, located in the Anatomy Department of Ataturk, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım and Kafkas University Medical Faculties, were used and accessory foramen transversarium was detected in 22 (17.6 %) of these cervical vertebrae. In this study, the area, vertical and horizontal diameters of the accessory foramen transversarium were measured for the first time. It was determined that the accessory foramen transversarium with the largest area was in C3-C6 (6.8 mm<sup>2</sup>) and the smallest area was in C7 (1.06 mm<sup>2</sup>). It was determined that the largest vertical diameter was C7 (2.38 mm), the smallest one was C3-C6 (0.91 mm), the largest horizontal diameter (3.66 mm), and the smallest (1.6 mm) were C3-C6. In addition, accessory foramen transversariums were typified. One foramen arcuate was also detected during the examinations. As a result, osteometric measurements of the accessory foramen transversarium were revealed. We think that these data will be an important reference in head and neck surgery, in the clinical approach of a. vertebralis, and in the evaluations of radiologists in the neck region.
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Süleyman, Ercüment Önel, Erdem Baran, İrfan Köse Serkan, Alaşahan Sema, and Ateş Sevinç. "Investigation of the Effects of Different Levels of Dietary Clinoptilolite on Bone Development, Carcass Traits and Some Blood Parameters in Japanese Quails." International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research 5, no. 2 (2022): 94–101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7020586.
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This study was aimed at determining the effects of dietary supplementation with 0%, 3%, 6% and 8% of clinoptilolite on live weight gain, carcass/carcass part traits and some blood and bone parameters in quails. For this purpose, forty 17-day-old Japanese quails (<em>Coturnix coturnix japonica</em>) were randomly assigned to four groups, each of 10 animals. The study groups were established as follows: BC (+0% clinoptilolite), B3C (3% clinoptilolite), B6C (6% clinoptilolite) and B8C (8% clinoptilolite). Live weight measurements were performed until 35 days of age, and after the measurement of the slaughter weight at 38 days of age, all animals were slaughtered. The live weight values measured in Groups B3C and B6C were similar to those of group BC, the control group. Even if slightly different, higher mean initial live weights in the males resulted in final live weights higher than those of the females. It was observed that the feed conversion rate had improved in the groups that received dietary clinoptilolite. The weight of abdominal fat was determined to have decreased with increasing dietary clinoptilolite levels. The weights of the edible visceral organs and abdominal fat were higher in the female quails, compared to the males. The osteometric values of the femur and humerus were higher in the males, compared to the females, in Group B3C. While calcium (Ca-CAL) and magnesium (Mg) levels were lowest in Group B8C, phosphorus (P-FOS) levels were lowest in groups BC and B3C. In result, it is suggested that dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite, up to a level of 6%, would not show any adverse effect on the fattening performance of animals. Thus, clinoptilolite can be used as a feed additive. Furthermore, good quality clinoptilolite supplied at low costs may also aid in preventing feed losses due to wetting, depending on the environmental conditions.
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Henson, Kristy, Paul Constantino, F. Robin O’Keefe, and Greg Popovich. "Three-dimensional scanning and printing techniques to analyze and archive human skeletal remains." Library Hi Tech 37, no. 3 (2019): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-10-2017-0206.
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Purpose The topic of human skeletal analysis is a sensitive subject in North America. Laws and regulations surrounding research of human skeletal material make it difficult to use these remains to characterize various populations. Recent technology has the potential to solve this dilemma. Three-dimensional (3D) scanning creates virtual models of this material, and stores the information, allowing future studies on the material. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach To assess the potential of this methodology, the authors compared processing time, accuracy and costs of computer tomography (CT) scanner to the Artec Eva portable 3D surface scanner. Using both methodologies the authors scanned and 3D printed one adult individual. The authors hypothesize that the Artec Eva will create digital replicas of <5 percent error based on Buikstra and Ubelaker standard osteometric measurements. Error was tested by comparing the measurements of the skeletal material to the Artec data, CT data and 3D printed data. Findings Results show that larger bones recorded by the Artec Eva have <5 percent error of the original specimen while smaller more detailed images have >5 percent error. The CT images are closer to <5 percent accuracy, with few bones still >5 percent error. The Artec Eva scanner is inexpensive in comparison to a CT machine, but takes twice as long to process the Eva’s data. The Artec Eva is sufficient in replication of larger elements, but the CT machine is still a preferable means of skeletal replication, particularly for small elements. Originality/value This research paper is unique because it compares two common forms of digitization, which has not been done. The authors believe this paper would be of value to natural history curators and various researchers.
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Petrova, Kristina A. "The population of the Golden Horde time of the Eastern Black Sea region according to osteometry data (based on the materials of the excavations of the Natukhaevskoye 5 burial ground)." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 4 (November 20, 2023): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2023.4.103-116.
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Introduction. Osteometric data of adult individuals of the anthropological series from the burial ground of the Golden Horde time "Natukhaevskoe 5" are presented for the first time in this work. Based on the standard measurements, patterns of the skeletal constitution of the buried are discussed. As part of this study, we tested the hypothesis about the difference in the morphological appearance of two samples, combined according to the type of funeral rite - stone boxes and burial grounds. Materials and methods. The anthropological collection consists of the remains of 124 adult individuals, including 67 males and 57 females. Measurements of the postcranial skeleton were carried out according to the program of R. Martin (in version by V.P. Alekseev) according to 55 features. The degree of homogeneity of the male and female samples was determined using an intragroup analysis with the method of principal components for 10 features. The Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the statistical significance of differences. Results. The male population was rather tall with a shortened robust humerus and an elongated forearm bones, the lower limbs were long and massive. Among the female group, there is also a tendency to lengthen the lower limbs, relative to the upper ones, mainly due to the lower leg. The conducted intragroup analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences between the two groups, united according to the type of funeral rite, neither among men nor among women. However, a large range of linear size variations was found among men buried in stone boxes. Compared to them, the sample from the ground pit is more homogeneous. A different picture is observed in the female sample, where higher morphological diversity can be traced among those buried in the pits. @ 2023. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license
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Islam, Nazia Binte, Segupta Kishwara, Sharmin Rahman, Afsara Tasnim, and Fatema Ershad. "Morphometry of Dry Ossified Left Human Clavicle." Journal of Ad-din Women's Medical College 12, no. 2 (2025): 11–14. https://doi.org/10.3329/jawmc.v12i2.79231.
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Background: The clavicle is a modified long bone placed horizontally and subcutaneously at the root of the neck. This bone shows high variability in its shape and size; more frequently than other long bones of the human skeleton. It has its peculiarities with ossification; it is the first bone to start ossification. It is one of the bones of the shoulder girdle in humans and in those mammals, who use their hands for pretensions. It plays an important role in sex determination in humans; length, midclavicular circumference, and rhomboid fossa are principal indicators for sex determination. Objective: To provide osteometric data on clavicles in the Bangladeshi population. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional analytical type of study, carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2022 to December 2022. A total of 120 dry ossified left human clavicles were collected from Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Most of the variables were measured with the help of a digital Venire caliper. Results: Out of 120 clavicles 70 were males and 50 were females. The straight length of the clavicle, mid-shaft circumferences, and straight length of the rhomboid fossa were greater in males than females. Conclusion: The clavicle is crucial for determining sex, length, circumference, and rhomboid fossa size which differed significantly between males and females, with males having larger measurements. The Journal of Ad-din Women's Medical College; Vol. 12 (2), July 2024; p 11-14
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Lutfy, Justyn, Alexis Pietak, Shaun D. Mendenhall, and Michael W. Neumeister. "Clinical Application of Mathematical Long Bone Ratios to Calculate Appropriate Donor Limb Lengths in Bilateral Upper Limb Transplantation." HAND 14, no. 4 (2018): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944717753672.
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Background: Limited methods exist to aid in deciding the appropriate donor limb lengths in bilateral upper limb amputees qualifying for vascularized composite allotransplantation. We hypothesized mathematical equations could be created using long bone length ratios, and applied to radiographs, to approximate the patient’s limb length prior to amputation. Methods: A data set of 30 skeletons’ unilateral upper limb long bones measured using osteometric board and calipers was used. Anatomic segment ratios were calculated based on humerus length after multivariate linear regression analysis. For clinical application testing, 5 cadavers’ upper limbs were radiographed. Radiographic bone lengths were then measured along the long axis of each long bone. These measured radiographic lengths were then compared with the predicted bone lengths, generated from the skeleton data set ratios, for each cadaver. Results: The chi-square goodness-of-fit test showed excellent fit ( P < .01) between the predicted and radiographically measured lengths for the 5 cadavers, and interobserver measurements showed no statistical difference. Depending on the cadaver, percent error in total limb length predicted to measure ranged from 0.9% to 2.7%. The variables to multiply an individual humerus length to calculate a given anatomic segment thus proved to be effective. Conclusions: If a bilateral upper limb amputee has 1 intact humerus, ratios to the humerus length can be reliably applied to calculate the preamputation limb length based on the patient’s radiographic humerus length. These formulas are indicated for finding the appropriate limb lengths, and smaller anatomic segments, for donor-recipient matching in upper limb transplantation.