Academic literature on the topic 'Other extended objects (e.g., branes)'

Recently, Padmanabhan has discussed that the expansion of the cosmic space is due to the difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface and the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region. Now, a natural question arises that how these degrees of freedom emerged from nothing? We try to address this issue in a new theory which is more complete than M-theory and reduces to it with some limitations. In M-theory, there is no stable object like stable M3-branes that our universe is formed on it and for this reason cannot help us to explain cosmological events. In this research, we propose a new theory, named G-theory which could be the mother of M-theory and superstring theory. In G-theory, at the beginning, two types of G0-branes, one with positive energy and one with negative energy are produced from nothing in 14 dimensions. Then, these branes are compactified on three circles via two different ways (symmetrically and anti-symmetrically), and two bosonic and fermionic parts of action for M0-branes are produced. By joining M0-branes, supersymmetric Mp-branes are created which contain the equal number of degrees of freedom for fermions and bosons. Our universe is constructed on one of Mp-branes and other Mp-brane and extra energy play the role of bulk. By dissolving extra energy which is produced by compacting actions of Gp-branes, into our universe, the number of degrees of freedom on it and also its scale factor increase and universe expands. We test G-theory with observations and find that the magnitude of the slow-roll parameters and the tensor-to-scalar ratio in this model are very much smaller than one which are in agreement with predictions of experimental data. Finally, we consider the origin of the extended theories of gravity in G-theory and show that these theories could be anomaly free.

We show that it is possible to formulate string theory as a “Galileon string theory”. The Galileon field [Formula: see text] enters in the definition of the integration measure in the action. Following the methods of the modified measure string theory, we find that the final equations are again those of the sigma-model. Moreover, the string tension appears again as an additional dynamical degree of freedom. At the same time, the theory satisfies all requirements of the Galileon higher derivative theory at the action level while the equations of motion are still of the second-order. A Galileon symmetry is displayed explicitly in the conformal string worldsheet frame. Also, we define the Galileon gauge transformations. Generalizations to branes with other modified measures are discussed.

Purpose Twin-wire welding-based additive manufacturing (TWAM) is a unique process which uses gas metal arc welding (GMAW)-based twin-wire weld-deposition to create functionally gradient materials (FGMs). Presented study aims to focus on creating metallic objects with a hardness gradient using GMAW of twin-wire weld deposition setup. Design/methodology/approach By using dissimilar filler wires in twin-wire weld-deposition, it is possible to create metallic objects with varying hardness. This is made possible by individually controlling the proportion of each filler wire used. ER70S-6 and ER110S-G are the two filler wires used for the study; the former has lower hardness than the latter. In the current study, methodology and various experiments carried out to identify the suitable process parameters at a given location for a desired variation of hardness have been presented. A predictive model for obtaining the wire speed of the filler wires required for a desired value of hardness was also created. Subsequently, sample parts with gradient in various directions have been fabricated. Findings For dissimilar twin-wire weld-deposition used here, it is observed that the resultant hardness is in the volumetric proportion of the hardness of the individual filler wires. This aids the fabrication of FGMs using arc based weld-deposition with localized control of hardness, achieved through the control of the ratio of wire speeds of the individual filler wires. Four sample parts were fabricated to demonstrate the concept of realizing FGMs through TWAM. The fabricated parts showed good match with the desired hardness variation. Research limitations/implications This paper successfully presents the capability of TWAM for creating gradient metallic objects with varying hardness. Although developed using ER70S-6 and ER110S-G filler wire combination, the methodology can be extended for other filler wire combinations too for creating FGMs Originality/value GMAW-based twin-wire welding for additive manufacturing is a novel process which uses dissimilar filler wires for creating FGMs. This paper describes methodology of the same followed by illustration of parts created with bi-directional hardness gradient.

We numerically investigate the impact on the two-body range of several Newtonian and non-Newtonian dynamical effects for some Earth-planet (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) pairs, in view of the expected cm-level accuracy in some future planned or proposed interplanetary ranging operations. The general relativistic gravitomagnetic Lense–Thirring effect should be modeled and solved for in future accurate ranging tests of Newtonian and post-Newtonian gravity, because it falls within their measurability domain. It could a priori "imprint" the determination of some of the target parameters of the tests considered. Moreover, the ring of the minor asteroids, Ceres, Pallas, Vesta (and also many other asteroids if Mars is considered) and the trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) act as sources of nonnegligible systematic uncertainty on the larger gravitoelectric post-Newtonian signals from which it is intended to determine the parameters γ and β of the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism with very high precision (several orders of magnitude better than the current 10-4–10-5levels). Also, other putative, nonconventional gravitational effects, like a violation of the strong equivalence principle (SEP), a secular variation of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G, and the Pioneer anomaly, are considered. The presence of a hypothetical, distant planetary-sized body X could be detectable with future high-accuracy planetary ranging. Our analysis can, in principle, be extended to future interplanetary ranging scenarios in which one or more spacecrafts in heliocentric orbits are involved. The impact of fitting the initial conditions, and of the noise in the observations, on the actual detectability of the dynamical signatures investigated, which may be partly absorbed in the estimation process, should be quantitatively addressed in further studies.

Aims. We present a statistical analysis of different characteristics of ringed spiral galaxies with the aim of assessing the effects of rings on disk galaxy properties. Methods. We built a catalog of ringed galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14 (SDSS-DR14). Via visual inspection of SDSS images, we classified the face-on spiral galaxies brighter than g < 16.0 mag into galaxies with: an inner ring, an outer ring, a nuclear ring, both an inner and an outer ring, and a pseudo-ring. In addition to rings, we recorded morphological types and the existence of bars, lenses, and galaxy pair companions with or without interaction. With the goal of providing an appropriate quantification of the influence of rings on galaxy properties, we also constructed a suitable control sample of non-ringed galaxies with similar redshift, magnitude, morphology, and local density environment distributions to those of ringed ones. Results. We found 1868 ringed galaxies, accounting for 22% of the full sample of spiral galaxies. In addition, within galaxies with ringed structures, 46% have an inner ring, 10% an outer ring, 20% both an inner and an outer ring, 6% a nuclear ring, and 18% a partial ring. Moreover, 64% of the ringed galaxies present bars. We also found that ringed galaxies have both a lower efficiency of star formation activity and older stellar populations (as derived with the Dn(4000) spectral index) with respect to non-ringed disk objects from the control sample. Moreover, there is a significant excess of ringed galaxies with red colors. These effects are more important for ringed galaxies that have inner rings and bars with respect to their counterparts that have some other types of rings and are non-barred. The color-magnitude and color-color diagrams show that ringed galaxies are mostly concentrated in the red region, while non-ringed spiral objects are more extended to the blue zone. Galaxies with ringed structures present an excess of high metallicity values compared to non-ringed ones, which show a 12 + Log(O/H) distribution toward lower values. These findings seem to indicate that rings are peculiar structures that produce an accelerating galactic evolution, strongly altering the physical properties of their host galaxies.

We present the data release 14 Quasar catalog (DR14Q) from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV). This catalog includes all SDSS-IV/eBOSS objects that were spectroscopically targeted as quasar candidates and that are confirmed as quasars via a new automated procedure combined with a partial visual inspection of spectra, have luminosities Mi [z = 2] < −20.5 (in a Λ CDM cosmology with H0 = 70 km s−1 Mpc−1, Ω M =0.3, and Ω Λ = 0.7), and either display at least one emission line with a full width at half maximum larger than 500 km s−1 or, if not, have interesting/complex absorption features. The catalog also includes previously spectroscopically-confirmed quasars from SDSS-I, II, and III. The catalog contains 526 356 quasars (144 046 are new discoveries since the beginning of SDSS-IV) detected over 9376 deg2 (2044 deg2 having new spectroscopic data available) with robust identification and redshift measured by a combination of principal component eigenspectra. The catalog is estimated to have about 0.5% contamination. Redshifts are provided for the Mg II emission line. The catalog identifies 21 877 broad absorption line quasars and lists their characteristics. For each object, the catalog presents five-band (u, g, r, i, z) CCD-based photometry with typical accuracy of 0.03 mag. The catalog also contains X-ray, ultraviolet, near-infrared, and radio emission properties of the quasars, when available, from other large-area surveys. The calibrated digital spectra, covering the wavelength region 3610–10 140 Å at a spectral resolution in the range 1300 < R < 2500, can be retrieved from the SDSS Science Archiver Server.

Introduction. As the foreign experience of many countries of the world shows, a fairly common practice in determination of the road works cost is the use of works cost evaluation method with the help of designed and constructed objects on the roads. Actually, for the preliminary evaluation of the road works cost on the early stages of design in Ukraine the method of evaluation of objects-analogues by using a comparative approach becomes more common. The comparative approach is one of the main scientific methods, which by comparison determines common and different characteristics, parameters in the process of objects studying, etc.Problem Statement. The research of the construction industry problems, in particular the determination of construction and designing works cost became the main topic of works of many scientists, in particular Berkuta A. V., Khaikin G. M., Kolesnikov O. V. and others. In general, the scientists raised questions of the construction works cost at different stages of project development, because the obtaining of such information gives an opportunity to perform economic evaluation of new projects and determine the effectiveness of the design solutions. The need for rapid cost information obtaining at the initial stages of project development is also particularly important, as this information serves as a benchmark for cost projections for the implementation of new objects. These factors are a prerequisite for the need to create a database of objects-analogues.Scientific justification of any process has a great importance in selection of the most effective ways for its realization. Economic science is facing new targets and objectives, the solution of which contributes to its development. An important task in this case is to implement and maintain the achievements of scientific and technological progress of the investment process. When developing a new investment project of new construction or reconstruction of a motor road a significant load falls on the pre- Збірник наукових праць «ДОРОГИ І МОСТИ» www.dorogimosti.org.uaISSN 2524-0994. Dorogi i mosti, 2021. Issue 23ЕКОНОМІКА. МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ19investment stage, which lays the foundation for the future facility and the success of its implementation. The pre-investment stage includes the development and approval of project documentation, which contains a feasibility study (drawings, explanation reports) and other needed documents. This stage is extremely important, because the development of the project is an important component in the overall implementation of the object and connects science with the construction process. The efficiency of future investments, the estimated cost of construction of the investment object and the terms of its implementation depend on the quality of the technological justification and the level of design solutions.The information and analytical system on the designed and constructed objects-analogues allows the customer to perform a preliminary evaluation of the road works cost at the early stages of designing. It is the study of the basic parameters and conditions that are essential prior to the beginning of the construction and that precede the implementation of construction solutions and identify a system of key indicators (economical, structural, technical) to compare the built object with the object, which is under construction. Indicators and criteria defined for the comparison of road objects, which are designed with the completed objects, make it possible to receive extended information and analyze it in the environment of the information and analytical system, which is based on the method of analog determination of the cost of road objects.Purpose. The purpose of this study is to analyze the information and analytical system for constructed and designed objects - analogues on public roads for prompt obtaining the information on technical, structural, economic indicators for preliminary evaluation by the customer of works cost within the documentation at early stages of designing.Materials and methods. The necessity of considering this topic is based on the application of one of the priority approaches to the cost evaluation - comparative, which determines the cost of the evaluated object by taking into account availability or lack of certain characteristics by this object in comparison with similar objects. The implementation of such comparative approach is possible when the needed information is available on the indicators of objects-analogous that are compared with the designed object. The comparative approach of evaluation involves carrying out a wide range of procedures with the validation of features (elements) of the comparison of the evaluated object and the objects-analogues; determination of quantitative dependencies of the parameters used for evaluation, adjustment of values of the investigated indicators and determination of summary results. During comparative evaluation of the objects a very important aspect is the validation of values (parameters) by which the comparison of road works objects is carried out.Results. Determination and analysis of the main criteria that affect the cost of construction and data collection on designed and constructed facilities on public roads, design documentation of which is agreed and approved in the prescribed manner, became the basis for creating of information and analytical system. Information and analytical system use makes it possible to determine the preliminary road works cost at the pre-investment stage of the project. This information shows the investor an approximate amount of investment required for road works on public roads and transport facilities on them.Conclusions. The method of comparative approach is one of the possible in the process of formation of the road works market cost as by both the customer and the contractor. The basis of the information and analytical system is the method of analog comparison based on a comparative approach. The comparative approach is applied by the analysis and comparison of technical and economic indicators of objects-analogues (identical or similar objects of construction), and therefore its application allows to receive real road works market cost. The use of this method is effective for determination of value of the object at the early stages of development of investment projects (feasibility study developed on the basis of initial data for linear objects of engineering and transport infrastructure, which require detailed rationale of relevant decisions and determination of options and feasibility of the object construction).Keywords:information and analytical system, road works, object - analogue

Context. Globular clusters (GCs) are recognised as important tools for understanding the formation and evolution of the Milky Way (MW) because they are the oldest objects in our Galaxy. Unfortunately, the known sample in our MW is still incomplete, especially towards the innermost regions, because of the high differential reddening, extinction, and stellar crowding. Therefore, the discovery of new GC candidates and the confirmation of their true nature are crucial for the census of the MW GC system. Aims. Our main goal is to confirm the physical nature of two GC candidates: Patchick 99 and TBJ 3. Both are located towards the Galactic bulge. We use public data in the near-infrared(IR) passband from the VISTA Variables in the Via Láctea Survey (VVV), the VVV eXtended Survey, and the Two Micron All Sky Survey along with deep optical data from the Gaia Mission DR 2 in order to estimate their main astrophysical parameters, such as reddening and extinction, distance, total luminosity, mean cluster proper motions, size, metallicity, and age. Methods. We investigated both candidates at different wavelengths, allowing us to discard TBJ3 as a possible GC. We use near-IR (Ks vs. (J − Ks)) and optical (G vs. (BP − RP)) colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) in order to analyse Patchick 99. First, we decontaminated CMDs, following a statistical procedure, as well as selecting only stars which have similar proper motions (PMs) and are situated within 3′ of the centre. Mean PMs were measured from Gaia DR 2 data. Reddening and extinction were derived by adopting optical and near-IR reddening maps, and were used to estimate the distance modulus and the heliocentric distance. Metallicity and age were evaluated by fitting theoretical stellar isochrones. Results. Reddening and extinction values for Patchick 99 are E(J − Ks) = (0.12 ± 0.02) mag and AKs = (0.09 ± 0.01) mag from the VVV data, whereas we calculate E(BP − RP) = (0.21 ± 0.03) mag and AG = (0.68 ± 0.08) mag from Gaia DR 2 data. We use those values and the magnitude of the RC to estimate the distance, finding good agreement between the near-IR and optical measurements. In fact, we obtain (m − M)0 = (14.02 ± 0.01) mag, equivalent to a distance D = (6.4 ± 0.2) kpc in near-IR and (m − M)0 = (14.23 ± 0.1) mag and so D = (7.0 ± 0.2) kpc in optical. In addition, we derive the metallicity and age for Patchick 99 using our distance and extinction values and fitting PARSEC isochrones. We find [Fe/H]=(−0.2 ± 0.2) dex and t = (10 ± 2) Gyr. The mean PMs for Patchick 99 are μα = ( − 2.98 ± 1.74) mas yr−1 and μδ = ( − 5.49 ± 2.02) mas yr−1 using the Gaia DR 2 data. These are consistent with the bulge kinematics. We also calculate the total luminosity of our cluster and confirm that it is a low-luminosity GC, with MKs = ( − 7.0 ± 0.6) mag. The radius estimation is performed building the radial density profile and we find its angular radius rP99 ∼ 10′. We also recognise seven RR Lyrae star members within 8.2 arcmin from the Patchick 99 centre, but only three of them have PMs matching the mean GC PM, confirming the distance found by other methods. Conclusions. We find that TBJ 3 shows mid-IR emissions that are not present in GCs. We therefore discard TBJ 3 as a GC candidate and focus our work on Patchick 99. We conclude that Patchick 99 is an old metal-rich GC situated in the Galactic bulge. TBJ 3 is a background galaxy.

The aim of this paper was to identify which psycholinguistic variables are better predictors of performance for healthy participants in a picture naming task and in a picture categorization task. A correlation analysis and a Path analysis were carried out. The correlation analysis showed that naming accuracy and naming latency are significant and positively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables, whereas they are negatively correlated with H index. Reaction times in the categorization task were negatively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables and positively correlated with visual complexity variable. The Path analysis showed that subjective lexical frequency and H index are the better predictors for picture naming task. In picture categorization task, for reaction times, the better predictor variables were subjective lexical frequency, conceptual familiarity and visual complexity. 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Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). 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