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Davvaz, B., and O. Ratnabala Devi. "A Study on Fuzzy Ideals of N-Groups." Algebra 2013 (September 26, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/594636.
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Using the idea of the new sort of fuzzy subnear-ring of a near-ring, fuzzy subgroups, and their generalizations defined by various researchers, we try to introduce the notion of (ϵ,ϵ∨q)-fuzzy ideals of N-groups. These fuzzy ideals are characterized by their level ideals, and some other related properties are investigated.
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Milea, Suzana, Christopher D. Shelley, and Martin H. Weissman. "Arithmetic of arithmetic Coxeter groups." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809537115.
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In the 1990s, J. H. Conway published a combinatorial-geometric method for analyzing integer-valued binary quadratic forms (BQFs). Using a visualization he named the “topograph,” Conway revisited the reduction of BQFs and the solution of quadratic Diophantine equations such as Pell’s equation. It appears that the crux of his method is the coincidence between the arithmetic group PGL2(Z) and the Coxeter group of type (3,∞). There are many arithmetic Coxeter groups, and each may have unforeseen applications to arithmetic. We introduce Conway’s topograph and generalizations to other arithmetic Coxeter groups. This includes a study of “arithmetic flags” and variants of binary quadratic forms.
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WILLIAMS, GERALD. "LARGENESS AND SQ-UNIVERSALITY OF CYCLICALLY PRESENTED GROUPS." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 22, no. 04 (June 2012): 1250035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819671250035x.
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Largeness, SQ-universality, and the existence of free subgroups of rank 2 are measures of the complexity of a finitely presented group. We obtain conditions under which a cyclically presented group possesses one or more of these properties. We apply our results to a class of groups introduced by Prishchepov which contains, amongst others, the various generalizations of Fibonacci groups introduced by Campbell and Robertson.
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Bauer, Kristine, Debasis Sen, and Peter Zvengrowski. "A generalized Goursat lemma." Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications 64, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tmmp-2015-0039.
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Abstract In this note the usual Goursat lemma, which describes subgroups of the direct product of two groups, is generalized to describing subgroups of a direct product A1 × A2 × · · · × An of a finite number of groups. Other possible generalizations are discussed and applications characterizing several types of subgroups are given. Most of these applications are straightforward, while somewhat deeper applications occur in the case of profinite groups, cyclic groups, and the Sylow p-subgroups (including infinite groups that are virtual p-groups).
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Detomi, Eloisa, Marta Morigi, and Pavel Shumyatsky. "Words of Engel type are concise in residually finite groups." Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences 09, no. 02 (August 2019): 1950012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1664360719500127.
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Given a group-word [Formula: see text] and a group [Formula: see text], the verbal subgroup [Formula: see text] is the one generated by all [Formula: see text]-values in [Formula: see text]. The word [Formula: see text] is said to be concise if [Formula: see text] is finite whenever the set of [Formula: see text]-values in [Formula: see text] is finite. In 1960s, Hall asked whether every word is concise but later Ivanov answered this question in the negative. On the other hand, Hall’s question remains wide open in the class of residually finite groups. In the present paper we show that various generalizations of the Engel word are concise in residually finite groups.
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Shum, Michael, Max Kleiman-Weiner, Michael L. Littman, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. "Theory of Minds: Understanding Behavior in Groups through Inverse Planning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016163.
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Human social behavior is structured by relationships. We form teams, groups, tribes, and alliances at all scales of human life. These structures guide multi-agent cooperation and competition, but when we observe others these underlying relationships are typically unobservable and hence must be inferred. Humans make these inferences intuitively and flexibly, often making rapid generalizations about the latent relationships that underlie behavior from just sparse and noisy observations. Rapid and accurate inferences are important for determining who to cooperate with, who to compete with, and how to cooperate in order to compete. Towards the goal of building machine-learning algorithms with human-like social intelligence, we develop a generative model of multiagent action understanding based on a novel representation for these latent relationships called Composable Team Hierarchies (CTH). This representation is grounded in the formalism of stochastic games and multi-agent reinforcement learning. We use CTH as a target for Bayesian inference yielding a new algorithm for understanding behavior in groups that can both infer hidden relationships as well as predict future actions for multiple agents interacting together. Our algorithm rapidly recovers an underlying causal model of how agents relate in spatial stochastic games from just a few observations. The patterns of inference made by this algorithm closely correspond with human judgments and the algorithm makes the same rapid generalizations that people do.
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Mantaci, R., and C. Reutenauerf. "A generalization of solomon’s algebra for hyperoctahedral groups and other wreath products." Communications in Algebra 23, no. 1 (January 1995): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927879508825205.
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Dobrynina, I. V., and E. L. Turenova. "ON ALGORITHMIC SOLVABILITY OF THE PROBLEM OF GENERALIZED CONJUGACY OF SUBGROUPS IN COXETER GROUPS WITH A TREE STRUCTURE." SOFT MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTING 1, no. 2 (2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/2618-9976.2021.02.001.
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The main algorithmic problems of combinatorial group theory posed by M. Den and G. Titze at the beginning of the twentieth century are the problems of word, word conjugacy and of group isomorphism. However, these problems, as follows from the results of P.S. Novikov and S.I. Adyan, turned out to be unsolvable in the class of finitely defined groups. Therefore, algorithmic problems began to be considered in specific classes of groups. The word conjugacy problem allows for two generalizations. On the one hand, we consider the problem of conjugacy of subgroups, that is, the problem of constructing an algorithm that allows for any two finitely generated subgroups to determine whether they are conjugate or not. On the other hand, the problem of generalized conjugacy of words is posed, that is, the problem of constructing an algorithm that allows for any two finite sets of words to determine whether they are conjugated or not. Combining both of these generalizations into one, we obtain the problem of generalized conjugacy of subgroups. Coxeter groups were introduced in the 30s of the last century, and the problems of equality and conjugacy of words are algorithmically solvable in them. To solve other algorithmic problems, various subclasses are distinguished. This is partly due to the unsolvability in Coxeter groups of another important problem – the problem of occurrence, that is, the problem of the existence of an algorithm that allows for any word and any finitely generated subgroup of a certain group to determine whether this word belongs to this subgroup or not. The paper proves the algorithmic solvability of the problem of generalized conjugacy of subgroups in Coxeter groups with a tree structure.
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Bouterse, Leah, and Cara Wall-Scheffler. "Children are not like other loads: a cross-cultural perspective on the influence of burdens and companionship on human walking." PeerJ 6 (September 12, 2018): e5547. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5547.
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A major portion of humans’ activity-based energy expenditure is taken up by locomotion, particularly walking. Walking behaviors have energetic outcomes and as such can be important windows into how populations and groups adjust to different environmental and task constraints. While sex differences in the speed of paired walkers have been established by others, the dynamics of how walkers adjust their speed in more varied groups and in groups containing children remains unexplored. Furthermore, little ecological data exists to illustrate the relationships between walking speed and child-carrying. Here, we aim to determine how culture impacts the effects of group composition and infant-carrying on walking speed. Because the determinants of group dynamics and parental investment are partially cultural, we examine walking behavior in the Northwestern United States and in Central Uganda. Using an observational method, we recorded the speed, load carriage, and group composition of pedestrians in a single naturalistic urban environment within each country. Our data suggest that children are treated fundamentally differently than other loads or the presence of walking partners, and that major speed adjustments are child-dependent. Our data furthermore indicate that Ugandans walk more slowly in groups than when alone, while Americans walk more quickly in groups. Clear distinctions between the groups make large generalizations about walking behavior difficult, and highlight the importance of culturally specific contexts.
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Jorgenson, Jay, Lejla Smajlović, and Holger Then. "Certain aspects of holomorphic function theory on some genus-zero arithmetic groups." LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 19, no. 2 (2016): 360–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s1461157016000425.
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There are a number of fundamental results in the study of holomorphic function theory associated to the discrete group $\operatorname{PSL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$, including the following statements: the ring of holomorphic modular forms is generated by the holomorphic Eisenstein series of weights four and six, denoted by $E_{4}$ and $E_{6}$; the smallest-weight cusp form $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$ has weight twelve and can be written as a polynomial in $E_{4}$ and $E_{6}$; and the Hauptmodul $j$ can be written as a multiple of $E_{4}^{3}$ divided by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$. The goal of the present article is to seek generalizations of these results to some other genus-zero arithmetic groups $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{0}(N)^{+}$ with square-free level $N$, which are related to ‘Monstrous moonshine conjectures’. Certain aspects of our results are generated from extensive computer analysis; as a result, many of the space-consuming results are made available on a publicly accessible web site. However, we do present in this article specific results for certain low-level groups.
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Mistretta, Regina. "Math By the Month: March 2001." Teaching Children Mathematics 7, no. 7 (March 2001): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.7.7.0416.
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The “Math by the Month” activities are designed to appeal directly to students. Students may work on the activities individually, with a partner, or in small groups. No solutions are suggested so that students will look to themselves as the mathematical authority, thereby developing the confidence to validate their work. This month's “March Ahead to Basics” activities focus on students' identifying and using strategies derived from the generalizations and patterns that they discover in explorations using hundreds charts, manipulatives, and other models.
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SALOM, IGOR, and DJORDJE ŠIJAČKI. "SL(n, R) IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND GRAVITY — DECONTRACTION FORMULA AND UNITARY IRREDUCIBLE REPRESENTATIONS." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 25, no. 10 (November 2013): 1343006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x1343006x.
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SL(n, R) and Diff(n, R) groups play a prominent role in various particle physics and gravity theories, notably in chromogravity (that models the IR region of QCD), gauge affine generalizations of general relativity, and pD-branes. Applications of these groups require a knowledge of their features and especially rely on the unitary irreducible representation details. Lie algebra, topology and unitary representation issues of the covering groups of the SL(n, R) and Diff(n, R) groups with respect to their maximal compact SO(n) subgroups are considered. Topological properties determining spinorial representations of these groups are reviewed. An especial attention is paid to the fact that, contrary to other classical Lie algebras, the SL(n, R), n ≥ 3 covering groups are groups of infinite matrices, as are all their spinorial representations. A notion of Lie algebra decontraction, also known as the Gell-Mann formula, that plays a role of an inverse to the Inonu–Wigner contraction, is recalled. Contrary to orthogonal type of algebras, the decontraction formula has a limited validity. The validity domain of this formula for sl(n, R) algebras contracted with respect to their so(n) subalgebras is outlined. A recent generalization of the decontraction formula, that applies to all SL(n, R) covering group representations, as well as an explicit closed expression of all non-compact sl(n, R) operators matrix elements for all representations is presented. A construction of the unitary sl(n, R) representations is discussed within a framework than combines the Harish-Chandra results and a method of fulfilling the unitarity requirements in Hilbert spaces with non-trivial scalar product kernel.
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Agricola, Ilka, and Giulia Dileo. "Generalizations of 3-Sasakian manifolds and skew torsion." Advances in Geometry 20, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 331–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/advgeom-2018-0036.
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AbstractIn the first part, we define and investigate new classes of almost 3-contact metric manifolds, with two guiding ideas in mind: first, what geometric objects are best suited for capturing the key properties of almost 3-contact metric manifolds, and second, the new classes should admit ‘good’ metric connections with skew torsion. In particular, we introduce the Reeb commutator function and the Reeb Killing function, we define the new classes of canonical almost 3-contact metric manifolds and of 3-(α, δ)-Sasaki manifolds (including as special cases 3-Sasaki manifolds, quaternionic Heisenberg groups, and many others) and prove that the latter are hypernormal, thus generalizing a seminal result of Kashiwada. We study their behaviour under a new class of deformations, called 𝓗-homothetic deformations, and prove that they admit an underlying quaternionic contact structure, from which we deduce the Ricci curvature. For example, a 3-(α, δ)-Sasaki manifold is Einstein either if α = δ (the 3-α-Sasaki case) or if δ = (2n + 3)α, where dim M = 4n + 3.In the second part we find these adapted connections. We start with a very general notion of φ-compatible connections, where φ denotes any element of the associated sphere of almost contact structures, and make them unique by a certain extra condition, thus yielding the notion of canonical connection (they exist exactly on canonical manifolds, hence the name). For 3-(α, δ)-Sasaki manifolds, we compute the torsion of this connection explicitly and we prove that it is parallel, we describe the holonomy, the ∇-Ricci curvature, and we show that the metric cone is a HKT-manifold. In dimension 7, we construct a cocalibrated G2-structure inducing the canonical connection and we prove the existence of four generalized Killing spinors.
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Lowie, Wander, Marijn Van Dijk, Huiping Chan, and Marjolijn Verspoor. "Finding the key to successful L2 learning in groups and individuals." Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2017.7.1.7.
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A large body studies into individual differences in second language learning has shown that success in second language learning is strongly affected by a set of relevant learner characteristics ranging from the age of onset to motivation, aptitude, and personality. Most studies have concentrated on a limited number of learner characteristics and have argued for the relative importance of some of these factors. Clearly, some learners are more successful than others, and it is tempting to try to find the factor or combination of factors that can crack the code to success. However, isolating one or several global individual characteristics can only give a partial explanation of success in second language learning. The limitation of this approach is that it only reflects on rather general personality characteristics of learners at one point in time, while both language development and the factors affecting it are instances of complex dynamic processes that develop over time. Factors that have been labelled as “individual differences” as well as the development of proficiency are characterized by nonlinear relationships in the time domain, due to which the rate of success cannot be simply deduced from a combination of factors. Moreover, in complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) literature it has been argued that a generalization about the interaction of variables across individuals is not warranted when we acknowledge that language development is essentially an individual process (Molenaar, 2015). In this paper, the viability of these generalizations is investigated by exploring the L2 development over time for two identical twins in Taiwan who can be expected to be highly similar in all respects, from their environment to their level of English proficiency, to their exposure to English, and to their individual differences. In spite of the striking similarities between these learners, the development of their L2 English over time was very different. Developmental patterns for spoken and written language even showed opposite tendencies. These observations underline the individual nature of the process of second language development.
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Zambrano, Marielis C., Joel J. Pawlak, and Richard A. Venditti. "Effects of chemical and morphological structure on biodegradability of fibers, fabrics, and other polymeric materials." BioResources 15, no. 4 (September 16, 2020): 9786–833. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.zambrano.
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The biodegradability of polymers depends on several factors. However, the most critical aspects are the accessibility of the structure for moisture and enzyme diffusion and the capacity of the microbes in the environment to assimilate the final monomers. The accessibility of the polymer structure to enzymes and water depends primarily on crystallinity, hydrophobicity, and the steric effects of the side groups in the polymer backbone. In general, biologically synthesized polymers are readily biodegradable in natural environments but synthetic polymers are either less biodegradable or degrade very slowly. However, such generalizations should be avoided. To understand the compatibility of biomaterials and the environment, both the disintegration step of the biodegradation process and the assimilation and mineralization of these fragments by microorganisms must be investigated. Mineralization occurs when the oligomers and monomers assimilated within the cells are converted to CO2 and H2O (aerobic), and CO2, CH4, and H2O (anaerobic). Although the disintegration of the polymeric structure limits the biodegradation rate and is most easily detected, the final pieces may accumulate in the environment if they are not fully mineralized. Such accumulation could contribute to an issue with microplastics that may be much more difficult to address than the removal of macroscopic, large polymer-based debris.
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Dennis, Ruth E., and Michael F. Giangreco. "Creating Conversation: Reflections on Cultural Sensitivity in Family Interviewing." Exceptional Children 63, no. 1 (October 1996): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299606300109.
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This study examines culturally sensitive practices in family interviewing and developing individualized education programs. Participants were 14 professionals in the field of special education, who provided their perceptions and reflections on their experiences as members of cultural minority groups in the United States. The article reviews literature relevant to cultural sensitivity and family interviewing, describes the method and findings of the study, and discusses culturally sensitive practices in family interviewing, while avoiding stereotypes and generalizations. Recommendations for professionals include increasing their own knowledge base about other cultures; examining their own cultural biases; providing a family focus; allowing sufficient time for comfortable interviews; and considering time, place, and language needs.
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Cox, Ben, Xiangqian Guo, Rencai Lu, and Kaiming Zhao. "n-Point Virasoro algebras and their modules of densities." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 16, no. 03 (May 26, 2014): 1350047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199713500478.
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In this paper we introduce and study n-point Virasoro algebras, [Formula: see text], which are natural generalizations of the classical Virasoro algebra and have as quotients multipoint genus zero Krichever–Novikov type algebras. We determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the latter two such Lie algebras to be isomorphic. Moreover we determine their automorphisms, their derivation algebras, their universal central extensions, and some other properties. The list of automorphism groups that occur is Cn, Dn, A4, S4 and A5. We also construct a large class of modules which we call modules of densities, and determine necessary and sufficient conditions for them to be irreducible.
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Moen, Courtney. "Kirillov models for distinguished representations." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 116 (December 1989): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000001707.
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In the theory of automorphic forms on covering groups of the general linear group, a central role is played by certain local representations which have unique Whittaker models. A representation with this property is called distinguished. In the case of the 2-sheeted cover of GL2, these representations arise as the the local components of generalizations of the classical θ-function. They have been studied thoroughly in [GPS]. The Weil representation provides these representations with a very nice realization, and the local factors attached to these representations can be computed using this realization. It has been shown [KP] that only in the case of a certain 3-sheeted cover do we find other principal series of covering groups of GL2 which have a unique Whittaker model. It is natural to ask if these distinguished representations also have a realization analgous to the Weil representation.
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Légère, Anne, and Nathalie Samson. "Relative influence of crop rotation, tillage, and weed management on weed associations in spring barley cropping systems." Weed Science 47, no. 1 (February 1999): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090731.
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Generalizations concerning the effects of management practices on weed community dynamics often lack robustness, most likely because of the concomitant effects of agronomic and environmental factors. However, such generalizations, when valid, provide useful grounds for predictions and are thus desirable. This study attempted to evaluate the relative importance of crop rotation, tillage, and weed management as factors affecting weed communities and tested the hypothesis of an association between management practices and weeds from certain life cycle groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) of weed density data from a 4-yr field study conducted on a Kamouraska clay and a Saint-André gravelly sandy loam at La Pocatière QC, Canada, identified groups of weed species, while an analysis of variance (ANOVA) of PCA scores associated these groups with management factors. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of regression coefficients describing time courses of density for each species confirmed treatment effects. Species segregated roughly according to life cycles. Interactions among weed management intensity, tillage, and crop rotation mostly explained species dominance in the various cropping systems. A first group of species, mostly annual dicots, largely dominated in minimum weed management treatments; their relative importance in each rotation varied with their level of susceptibility to postemergence herbicides. A second group included annuals and perennials, whose commonality seemed to be their tolerance to herbicides; these species also had a particular affinity for chisel and no-till treatments. A third group was formed by perennial species, each with a different response to tillage. The tenuous correspondence between commonly used classification schemes and management factors suggests that other aspects of weed biology (e.g., seed size, dispersal, production, germination requirements, and seedbank longevity) should be considered when trying to explain and predict the presence and dominance of certain weed species with regard to management practices.
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Hüning, Matthias. "Semantic niches and analogy in word formation." Languages in Contrast 9, no. 2 (October 22, 2009): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.9.2.01hun.
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Word formation, like other lexical phenomena, seems to be a difficult terrain for contrastive linguistics since it hardly allows for significant and insightful generalizations about the differences between two languages, as has been stated in the literature more than once. This paper investigates one factor leading to morphological differences and contrasts between historically related languages (Dutch and German). It is argued that word formation processes often show semantic fragmentation: in the course of time they develop ‘semantic niches’, i.e. groups of words (subsets of a morphological category) kept together by formal and semantic criteria and extendable via analogy. When looking at word formation from a contrastive point of view, these niches seem to allow for better generalizations in terms of systematic correspondences and differences between two languages than the category as a whole. As a consequence, productivity should not be seen as an absolute notion, but rather as a local and gradual phenomenon. Morphology should not only account for the possibility of coining new words but also for their probability, because language comparison shows that even allegedly equivalent word formation processes often differ with respect to the probability of their use. The paper therefore argues in favour of an analogy approach that takes the existence of semantic niches seriously.
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Ghosh, Debashis, and Song Li. "Unsupervised Outlier Profile Analysis." Cancer Informatics 13s4 (January 2014): CIN.S13969. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cin.s13969.
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In much of the analysis of high-throughput genomic data, “interesting” genes have been selected based on assessment of differential expression between two groups or generalizations thereof. Most of the literature focuses on changes in mean expression or the entire distribution. In this article, we explore the use of C(α) tests, which have been applied in other genomic data settings. Their use for the outlier expression problem, in particular with continuous data, is problematic but nevertheless motivates new statistics that give an unsupervised analog to previously developed outlier profile analysis approaches. Some simulation studies are used to evaluate the proposal. A bivariate extension is described that can accommodate data from two platforms on matched samples. The proposed methods are applied to data from a prostate cancer study.
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Thorseth, May, Siri Granum Carson, and Allen Alvarez. "Respect, trust, care and interconnectedness." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, no. 1 (May 4, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v12i1.2522.
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This open themed issue of Etikk i praksis compiles five diverse papers that overlap at key conceptual intersections around trust, care and responsibilities across national boundaries. Our globalized social environments have become more and more complex, and the information needed to understand society and our moral responsibilities have grown ever more challenging. The ‘fake news’ buzzword, used by various societal actors to cast doubt on political rivals, is shaking the trust needed to be confident about institutional sources of information. The caring attitude that serves to cement social groups and communities seems to be weakening in certain contexts, resulting in individual acts of unimaginable violence that shock us to the core. On the other hand, we are inspired when the same caring attitude mobilizes groups and individuals to reach across national boundaries and aid those who are suffering. In sorting through the generalizations and attempts to categorize the many highly complex social phenomena that occur in our interconnected global realities, we apply careful analysis of both facts and values that facilitate ethical reflection, helping us to make ethical decisions.
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Blunck, Sönke. "Generalized Gaussian estimates and riesz means of Schrödinger groups." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 82, no. 2 (April 2007): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700016001.
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AbstractWe show that generalized Gaussian estimates for selfadjoint semigroups (e-tA)t ∈ R+ on L2 imply Lp boundedness of Riesz means and other regularizations of the Schrödinger group (eitA)t ∈ R. This generalizes results restricted to semigroups with a heat kernel, which are due to Sjöstrand, Alexopoulos and more recently Carron, Coulhon and Ouhabaz. This generalization is crucial for elliptic operators A that are of higher order or have singular lower order terms since, in general, their semigroups fail to have a heat kernel.
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DECK, THOMAS. "HIDA DISTRIBUTIONS ON COMPACT LIE GROUPS." Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 03, no. 03 (September 2000): 337–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219025700000224.
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We show that a nuclear space of analytic functions on K is associated with each compact, connected Lie group K. Its dual space consists of distributions (generalized functions on K) which correspond to the Hida distributions in white noise analysis. We extend Hall's transform to the space of Hida distributions on K. This extension — the S-transform on K — is then used to characterize Hida distributions by holomorphic functions satisfying exponential growth conditions (U-functions). We also give a tensor description of Hida distributions which is induced by the Taylor map on U-functions. Finally we consider the Wiener path group over a complex, connected Lie group. We show that the Taylor map for square integrable holomorphic Wiener functions is not isometric w.r.t. the natural tensor norm. This indicates (besides other arguments) that there might be no generalization of Hida distribution theory for (noncommutative) path groups equipped with Wiener measure.
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Hare, Kathryn E. "Lp-improving measures on compact non-abelian groups." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A. Pure Mathematics and Statistics 46, no. 3 (June 1989): 402–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700030895.
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AbstractA Borel measure μ on a compact group G is called Lp-improving if the operator Tμ: L2(G) → L2(G), defined by Tμ(f) = μ * f, maps into Lp(G) for some P > 2. We characterize Lp-improving measures on compact non-abelian groups by the eigenspaces of the operator Tμ if |Tμ|. This result is a generalization of our recent characterization of Lp-improving measures on compact abelian groups.Two examples of Riesz product-like measures are constructed. In contrast with the abelian case one of these is not Lp-improving, while the other is a non-trivial example of an Lp improving measure.
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Pomplun, Mark. "When Students with Disabilities Participate in Cooperative Groups." Exceptional Children 64, no. 1 (October 1997): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299706400104.
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This study examined the overall performance as well as the amount and nature of participation by students with disabilities in cooperative groups. Regression and discriminant analyses were used to investigate the amount and nature of participation by students with disabilities in cooperative groups used in a state science assessment. The results indicated that most students with disabilities were in groups that functioned like groups with all general education students. However, groups with students with behavioral disorders or students with mental impairments did not interact like the other groups; there was less participation and listening by group members. The discussion stresses the nature of the group task in the generalization of these results.
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McReynolds, D. B. "Geometric Spectra and Commensurability." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 67, no. 1 (January 2013): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2014-003-9.
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AbstractThe work of Reid, Chinburg–Hamilton–Long–Reid, Prasad–Rapinchuk, and the author with Reid have demonstrated that geodesics or totally geodesic submanifolds can sometimes be used to determine the commensurability class of an arithmetic manifold. The main results of this article show that generalizations of these results to other arithmetic manifolds will require a wide range of data. Specifically, we prove that certain incommensurable arithmetic manifolds arising from the semisimple Lie groups of the form (SL(d, R)) r(SL(d, C))s have the same commensurability classes of totally geodesic submanifolds coming from a fixed field. This construction is algebraic and shows the failure of determining, in general, a central simple algebra from subalgebras over a fixed field. This, in turn, can be viewed in terms of forms of SLd and the failure of determining the form via certain classes of algebraic subgroups.
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Grecianu, Andrei-Paul, Alexei V. Kvaschuk, Alexei G. Myasnikov, and Denis E. Serbin. "Groups acting on hyperbolic Λ-metric spaces." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 25, no. 06 (September 2015): 977–1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196715500289.
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In this paper we study group actions on hyperbolic Λ-metric spaces, where Λ is an ordered abelian group. Λ-metric spaces were first introduced by Morgan and Shalen in their study of hyperbolic structures and then Chiswell, following Gromov's ideas, introduced the notion of hyperbolicity for such spaces. Only the case of 0-hyperbolic Λ-metric spaces (that is, Λ-trees) was systematically studied, while the theory of general hyperbolic Λ-metric spaces was not developed at all. Hence, one of the goals of the present paper was to fill this gap and translate basic notions and results from the theory of group actions on hyperbolic (in the usual sense) spaces to the case of Λ-metric spaces for an arbitrary Λ. The other goal was to show some principal difficulties which arise in this generalization and the ways to deal with them.
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Alam, Uzma, Chaz Hyseni, Rebecca E. Symula, Corey Brelsfoard, Yineng Wu, Oleg Kruglov, Jingwen Wang, et al. "Implications of Microfauna-Host Interactions for Trypanosome Transmission Dynamics in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 13 (April 27, 2012): 4627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00806-12.
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ABSTRACTTsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are vectors for African trypanosomes (Euglenozoa: kinetoplastida), protozoan parasites that cause African trypanosomiasis in humans (HAT) and nagana in livestock. In addition to trypanosomes, two symbiotic bacteria (Wigglesworthia glossinidiaandSodalis glossinidius) and two parasitic microbes,Wolbachiaand a salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), have been described in tsetse. Here we determined the prevalence of and coinfection dynamics betweenWolbachia, trypanosomes, and SGHV inGlossina fuscipes fuscipesin Uganda over a large geographical scale spanning the range of host genetic and spatial diversity. Using a multivariate analysis approach, we uncovered complex coinfection dynamics between the pathogens and statistically significant associations between host genetic groups and pathogen prevalence. It is important to note that these coinfection dynamics and associations with the host were not apparent by univariate analysis. These associations between host genotype and pathogen are particularly evident forWolbachiaand SGHV where host groups are inversely correlated forWolbachiaand SGHV prevalence. On the other hand, trypanosome infection prevalence is more complex and covaries with the presence of the other two pathogens, highlighting the importance of examining multiple pathogens simultaneously before making generalizations about infection and spatial patterns. It is imperative to note that these novel findings would have been missed if we had employed the standard univariate analysis used in previous studies. Our results are discussed in the context of disease epidemiology and vector control.
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Chattopadhyay, Rajat, and Chitta Ranjan Mahata. "A Fundamental Study to Observe Correlation at Molecular Level between Bio-Samples of Patients and Indicated Homoeopathic Medicines." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i3.818.
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Background: ‘Like cures like’ is the principle that is followed in homoeopathy. Substances which cause disorder in healthy individuals are used as medicines to treat similar patterns of disorder in sick persons. This article aims to find out whether any similarity picture exists at molecular level also that can make a selection of medicines based on scientifically measurable parameters.
Method: It consisted of getting frequency domain signatures for the dielectric functions of (i) bio-fluids (blood serums) of six arthritis patients and (ii) medicines selected for them on the basis of macroscopic similarity. Then, they were compared to find existence/absence of similarity between them.
Results: Medicines administered to the six patients were Rhus tox 200cH, Thuja 30cH, Medorrhinum 200cH. The dielectric loss at resonance for the bio-fluids of the patients and the medicines are given in the body of the article.
Conclusion: It was observed that the patients who had beneficial results with their medicines have a similarity (resonance frequency matching) in spectral signatures of the two groups of substances i.e. bio-fluids (blood serum) of patients and the indicated remedies. This similarity was not evident in the cases where medicines failed to benefit the patients. These results are explorative and enthusiastic, but as the research is limited only to patients with arthritis, generalization could not be drawn. Further work with more rigor is required to establish the facts and apply generalizations to other disease condition. In future, this might be a new tool to integrate the fundamental research with clinical applications in homeopathy.
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Green, Jon, and Sean McElwee. "The Differential Effects of Economic Conditions and Racial Attitudes in the Election of Donald Trump." Perspectives on Politics 17, no. 02 (October 29, 2018): 358–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592718003365.
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Debates over the extent to which racial attitudes and economic distress explain voting behavior in the 2016 election have tended to be limited in scope, focusing on the extent to which each factor explains white voters’ two-party vote choice. This limited scope obscures important ways in which these factors could have been related to voting behavior among other racial sub-groups of the electorate, as well as participation in the two-party contest in the first place. Using the vote-validated 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey, merged with economic data at the ZIP code and county levels, we find that racial attitudes strongly explain two-party vote choice among white voters—in line with a growing body of literature. However, we also find that local economic distress was strongly associated with non-voting among people of color, complicating direct comparisons between racial and economic explanations of the 2016 election and cautioning against generalizations regarding causal emphasis.
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CLAUWENS, FRANS. "THE ALGEBRA OF RACK AND QUANDLE COHOMOLOGY." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 20, no. 11 (November 2011): 1487–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216511010073.
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This paper presents the first complete calculation of the cohomology of any nontrivial quandle, establishing that this cohomology exhibits a very rich and interesting algebraic structure. Rack and quandle cohomology have been applied in recent years to attack a number of problems in the theory of knots and their generalizations like virtual knots and higher-dimensional knots. An example of this is estimating the minimal number of triple points of surface knots [E. Hatakenaka, An estimate of the triple point numbers of surface knots by quandle cocycle invariants, Topology Appl139(1–3) (2004) 129–144.]. The theoretical importance of rack cohomology is exemplified by a theorem [R. Fenn, C. Rourke and B. Sanderson, James bundles and applications, Proc. London Math. Soc. (3)89(1) (2004) 217–240] identifying the homotopy groups of a rack space with a group of bordism classes of high-dimensional knots. There are also relations with other fields, like the study of solutions of the Yang–Baxter equations.
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Evseeva, Natalia, and Iker Salaberri. "Grammaticalization of nouns meaning “head” into reflexive markers: A cross-linguistic study." Linguistic Typology 22, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 385–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0014.
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Abstract Studies on the grammaticalization of body-part nouns into reflexives have often formulated cross-linguistic generalizations, but have mostly failed to provide detailed analyses of similar developments attested in unrelated languages. As a consequence, valuable insights have sometimes been overlooked. The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, it identifies a higher number of languages using “head”-reflexives than previous accounts. On the other hand, its purpose is to analyze the diachronic evolution of nouns denoting “head” into reflexive markers in three unrelated language groups (Basque, Berber and Kartvelian) and to show how “head”-reflexives synchronically and diachronically interact with secondary reflexivization strategies, such as detransitivization. The results suggest that the areal factor has a considerable impact on the emergence of “head”-reflexives; they also show that none of the languages analyzed reflects all grammaticalization stages put forward in the literature. Accordingly, it is argued that the grammaticalization stages are optional, and that the correlation between formal and semantic change is not obligatory.
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Gibbs, Raymond W. "The individual in the scientific study of literature." Future of Scientific Studies in Literature 1, no. 1 (May 23, 2011): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.1.1.10gib.
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The scientific study of literature raises a number of critical issues on the best methods to explore how people create, interpreted and are affected by literature and other media. One approach that is widely employed in psychology is to assess the behaviors of groups of individuals in some task, and from there infer underlying cognitive structures and processes that are the likely causal basis for the observed literary behaviors. Adopting this approach allows scholars to make broad scientific generalizations about the ways that people, most generally, interact with literature. But many scientific methods fail to account for individual differences in literary interactions, and as importantly, the unique individual character of literary experience. I explore this concern in the context of some of my own previous work on conceptual metaphor theory in reading poetry, and advocate a scientific approach to literary experience, based on dynamical, self-organizational theory, that may provide the conceptual tools for proper analysis of the individual in the scientific study of literature.
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DOOLEY, A. H., and V. YA GOLODETS. "The geometric dimension of an equivalence relation and finite extensions of countable groups." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 29, no. 6 (March 2, 2009): 1789–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014338570800093x.
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AbstractWe say that the geometric dimension of a countable group G is equal to n if any free Borel action of G on a standard Borel probability space (X,μ), induces an equivalence relation of geometric dimension n on (X,μ) in the sense of Gaboriau. Let ℬ be the set of all finitely generated amenable groups all of whose subgroups are also finitely generated, and let 𝒜 be the subset of ℬ consisting of finite groups, torsion-free groups and their finite extensions. In this paper we study finite free products K of groups in 𝒜. The geometric dimension of any such group K is one: we prove that also geom-dim(Gf(K))=1 for any finite extension Gf(K) of K, applying the results of Stallings on finite extensions of free product groups, together with the results of Gaboriau and others in orbit equivalence theory. Using results of Karrass, Pietrowski and Solitar we extend these results to finite extensions of free groups. We also give generalizations and applications of these results to groups with geometric dimension greater than one. We construct a family of finitely generated groups {Kn}n∈ℕ,n>1, such that geom-dim(Kn)=n and geom-dim(Gf(Kn))=n for any finite extension Gf(Kn) of Kn. In particular, this construction allows us to produce, for each integer n>1, a family of groups {K(s,n)}s∈ℕ of geometric dimension n, such that any finite extension of K(s,n) also has geometric dimension n, but the finite extensions Gf(K(s,n)) are non-isomorphic, if s≠s′.
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Larkin, Mikhail, Olexandr Dudorov, Yuliia Pyrozhkova, Kateryna Dudorova, and Alina Biryukova. "Investigation of Crimes Committed By Members of Youth Informal Groups." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.32.
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The deterioration of the criminal situation in Ukraine makes it necessary to intensify the work of law enforcement agencies to combat crime. In particular, there is a need to improve the investigation methods of certain types of crimes. This category of crimes includes crimes committed by members of youth informal groups.The object of the study was public relations in the field of investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups. As a result of the study, the features of proposing a version of the involvement of members of a youth informal group in criminal activity are considered. Initial investigative (search) actions are determined, which serve as the basis for verifying the indicated version. When working on the article, special literature was analyzed devoted to the study of various aspects of the activities of youth informal groups, criminal associations, the fight against crime, the investigation of group crimes, etc.In addition, such scientific methods as observation, analysis, synthesis, and generalization were used. The authors used a combination of methods of scientific knowledge, which together allowed them to achieve the stated results of the study. Among other, the methods of analysis, synthesis, extrapolation, generalization method were used.The empirical basis of the study was the materials of the investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups and associations.
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Mytiai, I. S., and A. V. Matsyura. "Geometrical standards in shapes of avian eggs." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 264–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_78.
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<p>The original technique of description of avian eggs on the basis of the geometry of asymmetrical oval (ovoid) is suggested. Specific properties of this figure allow to create a system of 80 basic ovoid standards, each given an appropriate name, digital and letter coding, and distinct quantitative characteristics. Combining infundibular zones (blunt poles) of basic ovoids in pairs gives 80 standards of symmetric pseudo-ovoids, 44 of which are found in birds. The same procedure applied to different ovoids produces 375 standards of asymmetrical pseudo-ovoids. This totality can be divided into six groups. Use of such system of standards enables us to identify real shapes of avian eggs, to analyze relation of morphometric parameters to incubatory properties of eggs, and also to carry out comparisons and generalizations of other authors’ data. Each standard is quantitatively characterized by means of indexes (namely, indices of infundibular, cloacal, and lateral zones; index of asymmetry, elongation index, complementarity index, interporal index, arc radiuses, length and diameter).</p>
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David, Steven R. "Internal War: Causes and Cures." World Politics 49, no. 4 (July 1997): 552–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100008054.
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Since the end of the cold war internal conflicts have received unprecedented attention. Of special interest has been the effort of neorealists to employ an approach traditionally used to explain interstate conflict to make internal war understandable. While neorealism has been useful in explaining the behavior of groups in anarchic conditions, it is inadequate in explaining internal wars occurring in states that retain a strong government and that stem from motives other than power and security. Neorealism also does little to explain how anarchy is created in the first place and what can be done to restore central control. Another approach offers “bad leaders” as a proximate cause of internal war. There is much to this explanation, but more work needs to be done in understanding just what makes leaders “bad” and whether leaders have the latitude to be “good.” Finally, the diverse nature of internal wars has frustrated efforts to develop an overall means of settling them. At a point in which armed conflict has become almost exclusively an internal affair, useful generalizations for causes and cures remain elusive.
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Finlayson, Marcia, Lisa Lix, Gregory S. Finlayson, and Terry Fong. "Trends in the Utilization of Specific Health Care Services among Older Manitobans: 1985 to 2000." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 24, S1 (2005): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0046.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines 16-year trends in the utilization of hospital and physician services by Manitobans aged 75 and more, using data from the Manitoba Population Health Research Data Repository. Trends are examined across five measures of hospital services (separations, short-stay days, long-stay days, cataract surgeries, and hip/knee replacements) and two measures of physician care (overall visit rate, and proportion having seven or more visits). Results show changes in the utilization of these services among older adults living in Manitoba over time, with the extent of change varying with the service under consideration, age, and location of residence. Previously large utilization differentials are shown to be shrinking; for example, cataract surgery rates across regions and physician visit rates by age. For other services, such as the rates of hip or knee replacement surgery, the differences across regions are increasing. Findings indicate that global generalizations about the impact of older adults on the health care system are subject to question, as regional differences and differences between age groups (75–84, 85+) can be significant.
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Chawla, Deepak. "Stability of Alphas and Betas over Bull and Bear Markets: An Empirical Examination." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 7, no. 2 (July 2003): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290300700205.
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This paper examines the influence of bull and bear markets on the stability of alpha and beta for the single index market model. The data for the study is collected for the period March 01, 1996 to March 31, 2001. The data pertains to the adjusted daily closing prices of 74 scrips that form a part of BSE-100 index. Two definitions of bull and bear markets are used. The analysis is carried out by estimating dummy variable regression, conducting a joint test (F-test) on alphas and betas, test for correlation coefficient and the paired t-test. The results indicate that alpha varies over both definitions of bull and bear market conditions whereas beta varies for one definition and is stable for the other. The variability of beta also dependents upon specific industry groups. However, one should take large samples from each industry group to draw any generalizations. The implications of the results for a portfolio manager are explained. It is also observed that the stability of alpha and beta depends upon the choice of bull and bear market conditions.
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Juško-Štekele, Angelika. "PRESENTATIONS OF AGLONA’S PILGRIM GROUPS: AUDIO-VISUAL CODES." Via Latgalica, no. 8 (March 2, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2016.8.2232.
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The article „Pilgrimage to Aglona: Audio-Visual Codes” is dedicated to Aglona pilgrimage, which is considered a significant element of intangible cultural heritage of Latvia. The importance of this tradition has been acknowledged by its vitality: in spite of the historical complexities, the tradition of Aglona ritual pilgrimage has survived for more than a century and in due course has strengthened its value in practice and social memory of the community. At the same time it is not a rigid value based in the past; instead it exists on its own and develops according to the dialectical patterns of ritual.The aim of the article is to investigate the most significant audio-visual codes featured in Aglona pilgrimage, by revealing the most distinctive expressions of identity among pilgrims and by highlighting the diachronic development of audio-visually perceptible attributes relevant to the pilgrimage. The subject of the research is a specific part of the pilgrimage ritual – presentations of pilgrim groups on Assumption Day of the Virgin Mary into Heaven on August 14, which are staged during the holy mass dedicated to pilgrims and youth. Typologically presentations staged by pilgrim groups are being viewed as a closure phase (postliminal rite) of a transition ritual (liminal rite).The article examines 93 presentations prepared by pilgrim groups in 2014, 2015 and 2016. For data acquisition an on-site observation was applied, which falls under the definition of the sensory anthropological meaning (Howes 2003:54). Analysis of presentations staged by pilgrims was conducted by means of structurally semiotic approach that allows defining the specific symbolic language of the pilgrimage while displaying sensory perceptible ritual codes of the pilgrimage – visual and audial codes, i.e. the visual attributes of pilgrim groups and verbally musical representations with their characteristic performative and reproduction elements.The visual code of pilgrimage refers to various aspects of social identity. The affiliation to religious identity has been presented by such religious symbols as cross, flags belonging to various congregations, religious movements or separate Christian communities, tablets with images of pilgrimage patrons and visualisations of the intent of participation in pilgrimage; locally patriotic identity has been attested by the flag of the country, region, municipality or city. The research confirms that religious symbols (especially cross) and the related ceremonies are becoming more modest, whereas locally patriotic representations are expanding, thus marking the geographical circumference of the pilgrimage and confirming Aglona as a sanctuary of international significance. The clothing of participants reflects either their professional identity (National Armed Forces, clergymen, nuns) or affiliation to a specific interest group (European Guides).The audial codes are explored within the repertoires of pilgrim presentations, appearing in the form of performance and reproduction. Metonymically, the audial codes in pilgrim presentations contain the most essential functions related to the ritual in general and demonstrate such inherent features of the postmodern culture as interplay of the traditional and the innovative. The traditional values have been represented by sacred symbols and topics, but the innovative by artistic performance techniques: method of exact dating, typological generalizations directed towards community identity generation, stylization of texts drawn from other cultural areas (folklore, pop culture). The verbal codes of pilgrim groups in turn manifest ambivalence that is inherent to the pilgrimage ritual in general and marks not only the text, but also a the dialogue among generations and values. The audio-visual codes being organically embedded in the symbolic system of pilgrimage ritual language reveal multi-layered dialogue on cultural values, which is present within the ritual at subject, text and action level.
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KRUPIŃSKI, KRZYSZTOF, ANAND PILLAY, and SŁAWOMIR SOLECKI. "BOREL EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS AND LASCAR STRONG TYPES." Journal of Mathematical Logic 13, no. 02 (October 31, 2013): 1350008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219061313500086.
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The "space" of Lascar strong types, on some sort and relative to a given complete theory T, is in general not a compact Hausdorff topological space. We have at least three (modest) aims in this paper. The first is to show that spaces of Lascar strong types, as well as other related spaces and objects such as the Lascar group Gal L(T) of T, have well-defined Borel cardinalities (in the sense of the theory of complexity of Borel equivalence relations). The second is to compute the Borel cardinalities of the known examples as well as of some new examples that we give. The third is to explore notions of definable map, embedding, and isomorphism, between these and related quotient objects. We also make some conjectures, the main one being roughly "smooth if and only if trivial". The possibility of a descriptive set-theoretic account of the complexity of spaces of Lascar strong types was touched on in the paper [E. Casanovas, D. Lascar, A. Pillay and M. Ziegler, Galois groups of first order theories, J. Math. Logic1 (2001) 305–319], where the first example of a "non-G-compact theory" was given. The motivation for writing this paper is partly the discovery of new examples via definable groups, in [A. Conversano and A. Pillay, Connected components of definable groups and o-minimality I, Adv. Math.231 (2012) 605–623; Connected components of definable groups and o-minimality II, to appear in Ann. Pure Appl. Logic] and the generalizations in [J. Gismatullin and K. Krupiński, On model-theoretic connected components in some group extensions, preprint (2012), arXiv:1201.5221v1].
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Larkin, Mikhail, Alina Biryukova, Tamara Makarenko, Natalia Ivanova, and Artur Fedchyniak. "Typical Mistakes during Investigation of Crimes Committed by Youth Informal Groups Members." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial (October 25, 2020): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.38e.26.
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The main objective of the study is to identify errors made by investigators and other persons authorized to investigate crimes during the process of investigating crimes committed by representatives of informal juvenile criminal groups. Problems related to the failure to present a version of the participation of members of an informal group of young people in crime have been identified. Some aspects of misuse of special knowledge were also considered. During the work, the scientific literature dedicated to the fight against crime, investigation of collective crimes, informal youth groups (associations, movements, etc.) was also analyzed. In addition, a set of different scientific methods was used, such as analysis method, synthesis method, extrapolation method, generalization method. Among the most relevant conclusions it stands out that the problem of juvenile delinquency is becoming general every year, a typical phenomenon not only in Ukraine, but also in other countries in the world; consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new interdisciplinary methods to combat this phenomenon and to understand its multidimensional causes and consequences.
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Fichter, Klaus, and Jens Clausen. "Diffusion Dynamics of Sustainable Innovation - Insights on Diffusion Patterns Based on the Analysis of 100 Sustainable Product and Service Innovations." Journal of Innovation Management 4, no. 2 (August 9, 2016): 30–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_004.002_0004.
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There is a growing consensus about the urgent necessity to green the economy and to decouple economic growth from environmental pressure. Against this background, the article explores three questions: (1) What are key factors influencing diffusion dynamics of sustainable product and service innovations? (2) To what extent do diffusion processes of sustainable product and service innovations differ from each other, and can different groups of diffusion processes be identified? (3) Which factors, actors, and institutional settings are characteristic of different groups of diffusion processes? While diffusion research on sustainable innovation so far has been limited to case studies with just one or a small number of cases or has been focused on individual sectors, the empirical data presented here cover a large number of cases from a broad variety of product fields. This allows for generalizations as well as relevant insights and conclusions for sustainability, environmental and innovation policies. The empirical investigation of 100 sustainable product and service innovations revealed that diffusion processes of sustainable innovations differ substantially: The cluster analysis showed that five groups of sustainable innovations can be differentiated which differ significantly in terms of the factors influencing the diffusion process. The empirical results thus both support the assumption that different types of diffusion paths do in fact exist and also permit characterization of the various types of diffusion paths. The evolutionary concept of diffusion paths develops significant explanatory power on the basis of which faster or slower cases of diffusion and the success or failure of sustainable innovations can be better understood.
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Kim, Djun Maximilian, and Dale Rolfsen. "An Ordering for Groups of Pure Braids and Fibre-Type Hyperplane Arrangements." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 55, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 822–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2003-034-2.
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AbstractWe define a total ordering of the pure braid groups which is invariant under multiplication on both sides. This ordering is natural in several respects. Moreover, it well-orders the pure braids which are positive in the sense of Garside. The ordering is defined using a combination of Artin's combing technique and the Magnus expansion of free groups, and is explicit and algorithmic.By contrast, the full braid groups (on 3 or more strings) can be ordered in such a way as to be invariant on one side or the other, but not both simultaneously. Finally, we remark that the same type of ordering can be applied to the fundamental groups of certain complex hyperplane arrangements, a direct generalization of the pure braid groups.
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Batista, Marcos R. D., Fabiana Uno, Rafael D. Chaves, Rosana Tidon, Carlos A. Rosa, and Louis B. Klaczko. "Differential attraction of drosophilids to banana baits inoculated withSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandHanseniaspora uvarumwithin a Neotropical forest remnant." PeerJ 5 (March 9, 2017): e3063. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3063.
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BackgroundYeasts are a necessary requisite in the diet of mostDrosophilaspecies that, in turn, may vector their dispersal in natural environments. Differential attractiveness experiments and the isolation of yeasts consumed byDrosophilamay be informative for characterizing this association.Hanseniaspora uvarumis among the most common yeast species isolated fromDrosophilacrops, with high attractiveness to drosophilids.Saccharomyces cerevisiaehas been widely used to collect flies, and it allows broad sampling of almost all localDrosophilaspecies. Pronounced differences in the field concerningDrosophilaattractivity to baits seeded with these yeast species have been previously reported. However, few explicit generalizations have been set. Since late fifties, no field experiments ofDrosophilaattractivity were carried out in the Neotropical region, which is facing shifts in abiotic and biotic factors. Our objective is to characterize preference behavior that mediates the interaction in the wild among NeotropicalDrosophilaspecies and yeasts associated with them. We want to set a broad generalization about drosophilids attracted to these yeasts. Here we present the results of a differential attractiveness experiment we carried out in a natural Atlantic Rainforest fragment to assess the preferences ofDrosophilaspecies groups to baits inoculated withH. uvarumandS. cerevisiae.MethodsBoth yeast species were cultured in GYMP broth and separately poured in autoclaved mashed banana that was left fermenting. In the field, we collected drosophilids over five arrays of three different baits: non-inoculated autoclaved banana and banana inoculated with each yeast. In the laboratory the drosophilids were sorted to five sets according to their external morphology and/or genitalia:tripunctata;guarani;willistoni;exotic; and the remaining flies pooled inothers.Results and ConclusionsUninoculated banana baits attracted virtually no flies. We found significant departures from random distribution over the other two baits (1:1 proportion) for all sets, except the pooledothers. Flies of the setswillistoniandexoticpreferredH.uvarumoverS.cerevisiae,while the remaining sets were more attracted toS.cerevisiae. Previously, various authors reported similar patterns in attraction experiments withS.cerevisiaeandH.uvarum. It is also noteworthy that both yeast species have been isolated from natural substrates and crops ofDrosophilaspecies. Taken together, these results suggest that the preferences amongDrosophilaspecies groups may be reflecting deep and stable relations with yeast species in natural environments. They can be summarized as: forest dwelling species from subgenusDrosophila(such astripunctataandguaranigroups) are attracted to banana baits seeded withS.cerevisiae; while exotic (asD. melanogaster) and subgenusSophophoraspecies are preferentially attracted to baits seeded withH.uvarum.
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Choudhury, Anindo, and Terry A. Dick. "Patterns and determinants of helminth communities in the Acipenseridae (Actinopterygii: Chondrostei), with special reference to the lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-189.
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Patterns, processes, and some hypotheses regarding the structure of helminth communities in freshwater fishes have been investigated using sturgeons (Acipenseridae), a widely distributed group of basal actinopterygian fishes. Analyses at the infracommunity and component-community levels for one species, Acipenser fulvescens, indicated occasionally dense, but isolationist, gut helminth communities with moderate species richness and a high degree of predictability conferred by host-specific helminths that dominated the communities. Largely predictable helminth communities are also characteristic of acipenserids from Siberian and Ponto-Caspian drainages and basins. Although host specificity was the major determinant of helminth community diversity in most acipenserids, exceptions were found in sturgeons of the Aral Sea drainages, where non-host-specific parasites dominated the helminth communities. Gut complexity and evolutionary age were both found to be poor predictors of community richness in sturgeons and other basal actinopterygians. The stochastic component of the gut helminth fauna is determined by shared trophic category and sympatry with other major benthivorous fishes, mainly benthic coregonines in Holarctic drainages and benthic ostariophysans (e.g., cypriniforms) elsewhere. Although some predictions of "evolutionarily mature" communities are partially fulfilled, the authors of this study caution that owing to differences in the biology and history of individual species and groups and the diversity of fishes in general, broad generalizations about the factors shaping fish parasite communities will be difficult to make.
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Bakkum, Amanda, J. Maxwell Donelan, and Daniel S. Marigold. "Challenging balance during sensorimotor adaptation increases generalization." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00687.2019.
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From reaching to walking, real-life experience suggests that people can generalize between motor behaviors. One possible explanation for this generalization is that real-life behaviors often challenge our balance. We propose that the exacerbated body motions associated with balance-challenged whole body movements increase the value to the nervous system of using a comprehensive internal model to control the task. Because it is less customized to a specific task, a more comprehensive model is also a more generalizable model. Here we tested the hypothesis that challenging balance during adaptation would increase generalization of a newly learned internal model. We encouraged participants to learn a new internal model using prism lenses that created a new visuomotor mapping. Four groups of participants adapted to prisms while performing either a standing-based reaching or precision walking task, with or without a manipulation that challenged balance. To assess generalization after the adaptation phase, participants performed a single trial of each of the other groups’ tasks without prisms. We found that both the reaching and walking balance-challenged groups showed significantly greater generalization to the equivalent, nonadapted task than the balance-unchallenged groups. Additionally, we found some evidence that all groups generalized across tasks, for example, from walking to reaching and vice versa, regardless of balance manipulation. Overall, our results demonstrate that challenging balance increases the degree to which a newly learned internal model generalizes to untrained movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Real-life experience indicates that people can generalize between motor behaviors. Here we show that challenging balance during the learning of a new internal model increases the degree of generalization to untrained movements for both reaching and walking tasks. These results suggest that the effects of challenging balance are not specific to the task but instead apply to motor learning more broadly.
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Fermo, Jaciana Luzia, Maria Alice Schnaider, Adelaide Hercília Pescatori Silva, and Carla Forte Maiolino Molento. "Only When It Feels Good: Specific Cat Vocalizations Other Than Meowing." Animals 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110878.
Full textAbstract:
Our objective was to identify and characterize the types of vocalization other than meowing (VOM) in two contexts, a pleasant and an aversive situation, and to study the effect of the sex of the animal. A total of 74 cats (32 tom cats and 42 queens) living in the city of Curitiba, Brazil, participated in the study; in total, 68 (29 tom cats and 39 queens) were divided into two groups according to the stimulus they were exposed to: either a pleasant situation (PS), when they were offered a snack, or an aversive situation (AS), with the simulation of a car transport event. The other six animals (three tom cats and three queens) participated in both situations. Only the PS group presented VOM; of the 40 PS animals, 14 presented VOM, mostly acknowledgment or trill and squeak. No correlation was observed between vocalization and cat sex (p = 0.08; Pearson’s Chi-Square). Results show that VOM is exclusively associated with positive situations, suggesting that these vocalizations may be relevant for understanding the valence of cat emotional state. Further studies are warranted to advance knowledge on other VOMs and on the generalization of our findings to other situations.
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Reilly, Kevin J., and Chelsea Pettibone. "Vowel generalization and its relation to adaptation during perturbations of auditory feedback." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 2925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00702.2016.
Full textAbstract:
Repeated perturbations of auditory feedback during vowel production elicit changes not only in the production of the perturbed vowel (adaptation) but also in the production of nearby vowels that were not perturbed (generalization). The finding that adaptation generalizes to other, nonperturbed vowels suggests that sensorimotor representations for vowels are not independent; instead, the goals for producing any one vowel may depend in part on the goals for other vowels. The present study investigated the dependence or independence of vowel representations by evaluating adaptation and generalization in two groups of speakers exposed to auditory perturbations of their first formant (F1) during different vowels. The speakers in both groups who adapted to the perturbation exhibited generalization in two nonperturbed vowels that were produced under masking noise. Correlation testing was performed to evaluate the relations between adaptation and generalization as well as between the generalization in the two nonperturbed vowels. These tests identified significant coupling between the F1 changes of adjacent vowels but not nonadjacent vowels. The pattern of correlation findings indicates that generalization was due in part to feedforward representations that are partly shared across adjacent vowels, possibly to maintain their acoustic contrast. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Speech adaptations to alterations, or perturbations, of auditory feedback have provided important insights into sensorimotor representations underlying speech. One finding from these studies that is yet to be accounted for is vowel generalization, which describes the effects of repeated perturbations to one vowel on the production of other vowels that were not perturbed. The present study used correlation testing to quantify the effects of changes in a perturbed vowel on neighboring (i.e., similar) nonperturbed vowels. The results identified significant correlations between the changes of adjacent, but not nonadjacent, vowel pairs. This finding suggests that generalization is partly a response to adaptation and not solely due to the auditory perturbation.