Academic literature on the topic 'Ottoman'

La ville d'Antioche fut parmi les villes qui aspiraient une prédominance à la culture, à l'éloquence, à l'enseignement, à l'art mais aussi à l'artisanat et au commerce. Un lieu privilégié de la rencontre avec le reste du monde hellénique et, en même temps, la porte de l'Asie profonde, une ville puissante du Proche-Orient, une base administrative et militaire de premier ordre.Le but est de décrire une ville ottomane formée de quelques quartiers, sa campagne, sa population hétérogène qui vivent essentiellement de l'agriculture, de l'artisanat et du commerce. Une situation décrite dans les registres ottomans conçus au départ pour recenser les foyers fiscaux, les lieux habités, les activités de la population et la production locale, afin de fixer les impôts à récolter. Ce travail est renforcé par des récits de voyage qui décrivent une situation différente, mélancolique et nostalgique à la fois. L'intérêt est de peindre un tableau de la ville tout en essayant de comprendre sa viabilité dans l'espace ottoman. Associés aux sources ottomanes, les textes des voyageurs sont précieux pour un rapprochement des éléments essentiels de l'histoire de la ville.Enfin, pour mieux comprendre la situation de la ville à l'époque ottomane, survoler l'époque mamelouk nous est indispensable. Nous avons ajouté un chapitre sur la chute de la Principauté latine d'Antioche, la division administrative de la Syrie du Nord, la description de la ville par les chroniques et récits de voyage, les bouleversements et la situation générale sous les Mamelouks. Ce chapitre sert de guide afin de tracer un tableau fidèle et jeter la lumière sur une foule de points demeurés obscurs<br>The city of Antioch was among the cities that aspired to a predominance culture, eloquence, education, art, but also crafts and trade. A privileged place of encounter with the rest of the Hellenic world, and at the same time, the door of deep Asia, a powerful city of the Middle East, administrative and military order first base.Meanwhile, this work is enhanced by travel stories that describe a different, melancholic and nostalgic at the same time position. The advantage of this formula is to paint a picture of the city while trying to understand the viability of the Ottoman space. Associated with the Ottoman sources, the texts of travelers are valuable for a reconciliation of the essential elements of the history of the city.In this thesis, the goal is not to show again the saga of the metropolis, but to describe an Ottoman town consisted of a few neighborhoods, countryside, its heterogeneous population that lives mainly on agriculture, crafts and trade. A situation described in the Ottoman records originally designed to identify tax households, populated places, the activities of the local population and production, to set taxes to collect.Finally, to better understand the situation of the city in the Ottoman era, fly over the previous period, the Mamluk era, is indispensable. That is why we have added a chapter on the fall of the Latin Principality of Antioch, the administrative division of the northern Syria, the description of the city and tales from travel disruption and the general situation in the Mamluks. This chapter, we consider it useful and interesting to our thesis serves as a guide to draw a fair and shed light on a host of issues remained unclear

This dissertation explores British perceptions of and discourses on the ‘Ottomans’ in the mid-nineteenth century, which have been largely overlooked in the existing literature. It approaches the question through three case studies analysing the construction of the perceptions through a discourse-analytic framework. This thesis is divided into two main parts, with the first part providing essential background information for the three case studies which make up the second part. Chapter 1 (Introduction) sets out the research question and the methodology. Chapter 2 looks at the development of Anglo-Ottoman relations from the beginning until the nineteenth century, identifying important stages in these relations which in turn impacted upon British perceptions. These early British perceptions are traced in Chapter 3, indentifying a range of perceptions none of which achieve a dominant position in the British public discourse on the Ottoman Empire and the Ottomans. Part 2 constitutes the core of the dissertation. Chapter 4 focuses on Britain and the Ottoman Empire in the 1860s and 1870s, analysing the wider setting which forms the background to the case studies. Chapter 5 examines the Lebanon Crisis of 1860 tracing the formation of two discourses on the Ottomans in Britain: the sick-man discourse and the integrity discourse, which competed for dominance in the public debate. Chapter 6 examines the Cretan Crisis of 1866, which showed the continued use of these two discourses, with the sick-man discourse finding more support but not yet dominating the debate. This changes during the Bulgarian Atrocities Campaign of 1876, which is explored in Chapter 7. During this crisis, the sick-man discourse undergoes both a radicalisation and popularisation following the graphic coverage in the British press of the atrocities committed in the Balkans which is picked up by politicians who feel the need to respond to pressure from the streets. The Conclusion sums up the main findings of the dissertation and discusses how far the nineteenth-century constructions of the Ottomans as the ‘other’ in Britain remain relevant in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, when the Muslims take the place of the Ottomans as the ‘other’.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Histoire--Paris 4, 1997. Titre de soutenance : Entre innovation et tradition, une lecture du réformisme ottoman à travers l'outil militaire, du congrès de Berlin à la Première guerre mondiale, 1878-1909.<br>Bibliogr. p. 323-379. Notes bibliogr. Glossaire. Index.

The main topic of this study is determining the role of the Young Ottomans in mentality transformation in the Ottoman Empire from the traditional one to a modern one. Their proposals aim to change three patterns of the Ottoman state and society. The relation between state and the individual is the first issue. They tried to create an Ottoman citizenry, enhanced with freedom and political rights, from a reaya. In the second step they imagined a modern society. Their proposals, which imply a secular system, aim to secure the people from the yoke of the tradition and some religious bonds. Nationalism is also important for the abolition of the traditional stratification of the Ottoman society. As a last point, the individual, himself, is tried to be changed into an active, enthusiastic, this-worldly, and rational being. However what is interesting is that while their main concern had been the survival of the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic order, their proposals had the potential to undermine these very institutions. This study will try to find the traces of these contradictions and the beginning of a mental transformation.

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Selanik became one of most modernised and dynamic regions of the Ottoman Empire. With its tightly knit marketing networks and extensive railway systems, relatively well-developed financial markets, fluid land market, modem factories, burgeoning urban areas and port-cities, Selanik had clearly become one of the leading commercial regions of the entire eastern Mediterranean basin by the turn of the twentieth century. Two primary forces underlay the process of economic modernisation in the region, namely the capitalist world economy and the reform efforts of the Ottoman government. Enhanced integration with the world economy brought new opportunities and helped bolster economic modernisation in the region. The reform efforts and infrastructure investments of the Ottoman state also contributed to the moment of commercialisation and modernisation. Notwithstanding the impressive dynamism and apparent modernisation of the regional economy, serious processes of retardation and backwardness also surfaced rather strongly during the same period. Ironically, the very same forces that generated much dynamism in the regional economy also prepared the structural ground for retardation and backwardness. More specifically, the growing moment of commercialisation and enhanced integration with the world capitalist economy created serious dislocations in the agrarian economy and prepared ground for economic retardation. Likewise, the organisational, fiscal and diplomatic weakness of the Ottoman government undermined the existing potential for economic development and growth. Thus, a dual economic structure emerged whereby facets of "modernity" and growth meshed with those of economic retardation and backwardness. The socioeconomic tensions and contradictions building up in this process prepared the structural background to the dissolution and eventual collapse of the Ottoman rule in the Balkans. In other words, the sporadic fits of modernity and growth could not be sustained, given the overwhelming dominance of European economic interests and the apparent weakness of the Ottoman state. The conflict ridden transformation process simply erupted in uprising, revolution and war.