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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ottoman Criminal Legal History'
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Douglas, Heather Anne. "Legal narratives of indigenous existence : crime, law and history /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001751.
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Adak, Ufuk. "The Politics of Punishment, Urbanization, and Izmir Prison in the Late Ottoman Empire." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439309163.
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沈啓誠 and Kai-shing Shum. "A study of harsh officials (ku li) and the legal system in Han China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221609.
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Kennedy, Chloe Jane Sophia. "Criminal law and the Scottish moral tradition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17935.
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This thesis presents an account of the development of Scots criminal law which concentrates on the influence of the Scottish moral tradition, as epitomised by Calvinist theological doctrine and Scottish Enlightenment moral philosophy. It argues that there are several crucial but seldom-acknowledged points of similarity between the Calvinist aim of creating a holy community and key tenets of eighteenth century Scottish moral thought, which rest upon community-oriented conceptions of the nature of morality and society. Both these shared conceptions and the particular ways they are expressed in Calvinist creed and Enlightenment philosophy are shown to have had a bearing on the way that Scots criminal law changed over time. The areas in which this influence is demonstrated are: the scope and principles of the law, i.e. the type of conduct that was punishable and the arguments that were put forward to justify its prohibition; the attribution of criminal responsibility (and non-responsibility); and the importance of mental state. It is argued that in each of these discrete areas changing perspectives on the nature of morality and human agency had a palpable impact on both legal doctrine and practice. When these different areas of the law are viewed as a whole and in historical perspective, the formative force of the Scottish moral tradition becomes clear and its influence can be seen to have extended into the contemporary law. The thesis therefore provides an original interpretation of the history of Scots criminal law by considering its sources and institutions from hitherto unexplored theological and moral perspectives, whilst simultaneously enhancing scholarly appreciation of certain aspects of the contemporary law that appear unusually moralistic. It also makes a broader contribution to socio-historic scholarship and strengthens its position as a recognised and worthwhile discipline by illustrating, using a concrete legal system, how legal history can enhance debates within criminal law theory and vice versa.
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Jordan, John Frederick Dodge. "Legal culture in a turbulent time : law and society in early modern Saxony." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08a01053-87e3-4310-a974-b194f516b692.
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This thesis reconstructs and interprets the evolution of legal culture in the Saxon city of Freiberg in the sixteenth century. It challenges the notion that early modern state institutions were punitive and disciplinary; and instead posits that in Saxony, they were flexible and sought to maintain social harmony. While previous scholarship has favoured a sociological approach, based on the concept of social control, this thesis employs a legal anthropological optic to study the interaction of state institutions and social life holistically. The focus is not just on how state institutions sought to regulate social life, but also on how ordinary people used institutions for their diverse purposes. The goal of this methodological approach, based on Lawrence Friedman’s concept of legal culture, is to assess the relative position and interaction of the people, the judiciary, and the law in early modern Germany. Probing the interactions of the court and the residents of Freiberg reveals that the court was primarily a record-keeper and a mediator. For the former, it logged and transcribed all manner of transactions: peace pacts, loans, and house purchases; and Freibergers readily turned to the court to get a formal record of an obligation. For the latter, the court was rarely a site of punishment, rather it was a place where conflicts were regulated, and bonds forged. At court, Freibergers fostered ties to one another. Neither of these roles, record-keeper or mediator, are ones traditionally ascribed to early modern courts. Only by considering by the culture of a court does either become apparent.
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Henley, Andrew. "Criminal records and the regulation of redemption : a critical history of legal rehabilitation in England and Wales." Thesis, Keele University, 2017. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3779/.
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The collation and use of criminal records by the state has conventionally been regarded as essential for the prevention and detection of crime, the administration of justice and the maximisation of public safety. For instance: the police may check the criminal records of suspects to determine whether they are ‘known offenders’; those working in the judicial sphere may investigate the prior ‘form’ of witnesses and defendants to adduce ‘bad character’ or determine an appropriate sentence; and educational authorities and social services departments may conduct criminal background checks to determine the ‘suitability’ of individuals to work with or foster children. Whilst not disputing that these official functions provided the original justification for the state’s development of criminal record repositories during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this thesis argues that other unofficial and quasi-penological functions are now served in the present by the collation, retention and dissemination of criminal background information. This contention is examined through a critical history of legal rehabilitation in England and Wales as introduced under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974. This legislation determines if, when and under what circumstances a previous criminal record can be deemed ‘relevant’ for a number of purposes. Effectively, it regulates the extent to which a wide range of social actors can permissibly treat people with convictions less favourably than those in society without any criminal background. The thesis argues that legal rehabilitation as a social practice determines the boundaries of redemptive possibility in late-modern society by enacting a discriminatory biopolitics which uses criminal records as a moral apparatus to regulate life chances. Underpinned by neoliberal and authoritarian governmentalities, this biopolitics distinguishes a ‘law-abiding citizenry’ - constructed as deserving of access to social goods - from a ‘denizen class’ of convicted people whose ‘punishment’ is perpetuated through exposure to various exclusionary conducts.
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Mallory, Jeri. "Comparisons of the Soul: A Foucauldian Analysis of Reasonable Doubt." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1409.
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The purpose of this paper is to uncover a new level of thinking regarding the discourse and debate around the standard of reasonable doubt and how it is used in our court rooms. The current argument surrounding the reasonable doubt standard has become circular and reached an impasse. By introducing the lens of social control and using the writings of notable French philosopher Michel Foucault, this paper looks at the origins and development of the reasonable doubt standard and links it with the increasing methods of social control present in punishment as well as evaluating the cultural narrative around its origin and assessing why this standard was permitted to continue to be a cornerstone of the Anglo-American judicial system.
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Myers, Tamara. "Criminal women and bad girls : regulation and punishment in Montreal, 1890-1930." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40209.
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Society's attitudes toward criminal offenders changed dramatically over the nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century the system of handling offenders in Montreal was highly institutionalized and based on sex- and age-specific treatment involving the Catholic Church, civic and legal authorities, and Protestant reform organizations.<br>A thematic study of the relationship of female offenders, concerned organizations, and the criminal justice system at the height of industrial capitalism shows that as the economy expanded and the city grew, there were increasing opportunities for women to break the law. Women's crimes were largely determined by their socio-economic status in Canadian society, often crimes of poverty and survival. The growing potential to commit crime was met with a more organized and institutionalized response and the definition of what was considered wayward female behaviour broadened. The growth of the state over the latter part of the nineteenth century in the form of new and expanded juridical and penal structures resulted in an increase in disciplining the population. For women this meant the use of laws and institutions to punish inappropriate social and sexual behaviour.<br>This thesis explores the gender-specific treatment of female offenders in the new institutions created ostensibly to rescue them: Fullum Street Prison for Women, the Ecole de Reforme, the Girls' Cottage Industrial School, the Juvenile Delinquents' Court, and the female police force. It looks at the construction of "criminal" and "bad" and the flexible usage of certain laws to curb unruly behaviour.
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Diwan, Naazneen S. "Female Legal Subjects And Excused Violence: Male Collective Welfare Through State-Sanctioned Discipline In The Levantine French Mandate And Metropolis." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1222186748.
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Weimer, Gregory K. "Policing Slavery: Order and the Development of Early Nineteenth-Century New Orleans and Salvador." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2192.
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My dissertation explores the development of policing and slavery in two early nineteenth-century Atlantic cities. This project engages regionally distinct histories through an examination of legislative and police records in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Salvador, Bahia. Through these sources, my dissertation holds that the development of the theories and practices that guided “public order” emerged in similar ways in these Atlantic slaveholding cities. Enslaved people and their actions played an integral role in the evolution of “good order” and its policing. Legislators created laws and institutions to police enslaved people and promote order. In these instances, local government policed slavery through the surveilling and arresting of enslaved people. By mid-century, the prerogative of policing slavery created a comprehensive bureaucratic structure that policed many individuals within the community, not just slaves.
In New Orleans and Salvador, slavery was an important part of policing, but not just in the sense we sometimes assume: as a panicked reaction to real or imagined slave rebellions. As the commercial and demographic development of cities created opportunities for enslaved people, local legislation and institutions formed an important part of policing slavery in New Orleans and Salvador. Local government officials—regional and municipal legislators—responded by passing laws that restricted not only where and how enslaved people worked and lived, but also the police that enforced these laws. Police forces, once created, interpreted and applied the laws passed by legislators. They surveilled and arrested individuals, and their actions sometimes triggered further legislative reforms. Thusly, police forces became representations of public well-being, particularly in relation to slavery. By mid-century, new conceptions of public order made the police an accepted part of urban slavery and urban life more generally in New Orleans and Salvador. At the same time, the police surveilled and arrested free people, not just enslaved people, in the name of promoting orderly slavery.
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Belczak, Daniel. ""Blood for Blood Must Fall": Capital Punishment, Imprisonment, and Criminal Law Reform in Antebellum Wisconsin." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1619464665680271.
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Queiroz, Rafael Mafei Rabelo. "A teoria penal de P. J. A. Feuerbach e os juristas brasileiros do século XIX: a construção do direito penal contemporâneo na obra de P. J. A. Feuerbach e sua consolidação entre os penalistas do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2139/tde-11112011-112357/.
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Esta tese de doutoramento cuida do processo histórico de formação teórica do direito penal contemporâneo. Inicialmente, apresenta os conceitos básicos do direito penal na doutrina jurídica e política pré-contemporânea. Em seguida, analisa a formação teórica do direito penal contemporâneo na obra de P. J. A. Feuerbach. Por fim, cuida da formação desse mesmo tipo de direito penal em meio à cultura jurídica brasileira do século XIX.<br>This doctoral thesis handles the historical development of the theoretical formation of contemporary Criminal Law. It starts off with the presentation of basic Criminal Law concepts in pre-conteporary legal and political thinkers. Then, it handles the theoretical formation of contemporary Criminal Law in the works of P. J. A. Feuerbach. Finally, it handles the formation of this same type of Criminal Law within the Brazilian legal culture of the 19th Century.
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Boston, Clarinèr Freeman. "An Historical Perspective of Oregon's and Portland's Political and Social Atmosphere in Relation to the Legal Justice System as it Pertained to Minorities: With Specific Reference to State Laws, City Ordinances, and Arrest and Court Records During the Period -- 1840-1895." PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4992.
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Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately represented in Portland, Oregon's criminal justice system. Laws, legal procedures and practices that excessively target minorities are not new phenomena. This study focused on a history of political and social conditions in Oregon, and subsequently, Portland, from the 1840' s to 1895, that created unjust state laws and city ordinances that adversely impacted Native Americans, African Americans, and Chinese Immigrants. Attention was also given to the Jewish population.
The approach was to examine available arrest and court records from Oregon's and Portland's early beginnings to ascertain what qualitative information records could provide regarding the treatment of minorities by the justice system. As an outgrowth of this observation, it was necessary to obtain an understanding of the legal environment related to arrests and dispositions of adjudications. Finally, a review of the political and social atmosphere during the time period provided a look at the framework that shaped public attitudes and civic actions.
Examination of available arrest records and court records recorded during the period were conducted at the City of Portland's Stanley Paar Archives. Observations were limited to the availability of archive records. Oregon's history, relative legislation, Portland's history and applicable ordinances were studied and extrapolated from valid secondary resources. Political and social conditions were reviewed through newspaper accounts during recorded history from that time period.
Research indicated that Native Americans, African Americans and Chinese Immigrants were: not legally afforded equal access to Oregon land provisions; denied equitable treatment under the law in comparison to their white counterparts; were unjustly targeted for criminal activities by the enactment and enforcement of laws based on racist views; and, negatively used as political ploys to the advantage of candidates seeking public office. Much of this research is akin to actions in many political, legal and justice arenas of the 1990' s, that continue to adversely impact racial/ethnic minorities unfairly. Although members of the Jewish community were not negatively affected by law, they suffered social injustices. However, they were members of the legal and political fiber that shaped civic sentiments and legislative action in both positive and negative ways.
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Frambéry-Iacobone, Alexandre. "La recherche de l'intention en droit pénal contemporain (XIXe-XXe siècles)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0446.
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L'appréhension de l'intention peut nous sembler excessivement simple, de même que sa définition. Nous pourrions dire que l'intention, c'est ce que nous voulons, dans notre for intérieur, sans nécessairement attendre que se produise une extériorisation. Dans cette hypothèse, l'intention est éminemment personnelle, mais également immatérielle, puisqu'elle ne dispose pas d'ancrage dans le monde sensible à ce stade. De la même manière, nous pourrions considérer que l'action intentionnelle correspondrait à un acte déterminé, causé avec une volonté elle aussi déterminée. Ici, l'action sort du for intérieur pour pénétrer le for extérieur. L'entrée dans le monde tangible est d'ailleurs une condition pour que le droit commence à s'intéresser aux intentions, là où la religion - par exemple -, peut se contenter de pensées impures pour passer à l'action. Seulement, une fois que nous avons posé ces éléments, si nous voulons gratter ce vernis pragmatique, la situation se corse : en somme, nous avons tout dit, et rien dit à la fois. En effet, qu'est-ce que la volonté ? Comment prouver l'intention ? Peut-on penser le droit criminel sans intentionnalité ? Voilà quelques questions, parmi d'autres, qui peuvent se poser, à plus forte raison dans un système légaliste. Aussi délicate à appréhender soit-elle, l'intention a pourtant su se lover dans notre législation pénale. Sur le constat d'une absence de définition opérante, qu'elle soit législative, jurisprudentielle ou doctrinale, il peut donc nous sembler intéressant d'adopter une approche historique pour essayer de comprendre et maîtriser les soubassements idéologiques qui ont pu œuvrer pour que s'impose une telle notion. En outre, un travail concret sur la manière dont la justice peut se saisir de la question intentionnelle doit s'imposer, en mobilisant des sources archivistiques, des entretiens avec des professionnels de la justice, ou en analysant les propos doctrinaux sur le sujet, entre autres. Finalement, c'est une fois que nous essayons de comprendre concrètement ce que peut être l'intention que nous constatons son statut éminemment fugace, presque évanescent, et que nous pouvons nous interroger sur la compatibilité de la notion avec la construction concomitante d'un droit pénal soumis à certains principes cardinaux, comme le principe de la légalité criminelle<br>The understanding of intention may seem excessively simple, as may its definition. We could say that intention is what we want, in our innermost being, without necessarily waiting for an externalisation. In this hypothesis, the intention is eminently personal, but also immaterial since it has no anchorage in the sensible world at this stage. In the same way, we could consider that intentional action would correspond to a determined act, caused with a determined will. Here, the action comes out of the inner world to enter the outer world. The entry into the tangible world is, moreover, a condition for the law to begin to take an interest in intentions, whereas religion, for example, can be satisfied with impure thoughts to act. However, once we have laid down these elements, if we want to scrape off this pragmatic veneer, the situation becomes more difficult: in short, we have said everything and nothing at the same time. Indeed, what is the will? How can we prove intention? Can we think of criminal law without intentionality? These are some of the questions that may arise, especially in a legalistic system. However delicate it may be to grasp, intention has nevertheless found its way into our criminal legislation. Given the absence of an operative definition, whether legislative, jurisprudential, or doctrinal, it may therefore seem interesting to adopt a historical approach to try to understand and master the ideological underpinnings that may have worked to impose such a notion. In addition, concrete work on the way in which the justice system can deal with the intentional question must be carried out, by mobilising archival sources, interviews with justice professionals, or by analysing doctrinal statements on the subject, among other things. Finally, it is once we try to understand, concretely, what intention can be, that we note its eminently fleeting, almost evanescent status, and that we can question the compatibility of the notion with the concomitant construction of a criminal law subject to certain cardinal principles, such as the principle of criminal legality
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Black, Jacqueline Anita. "Using the Survey of Inmates of State and Federal Correctional Facilities to Compare Female and Male Inmate Characteristics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/815.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between female and male prison inmates using the Survey of Inmates of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1997. Variables examined included current offense, criminal history, drug use history, victimization history, program participation in the institution, disciplinary infractions in the institution, family history, and interaction with family while in prison. Results indicate that male inmates have worse criminal histories and longer sentences than female inmates. Female inmates have more extensive drug use histories, greater victimization histories, more program participation in the institution, and more criminality in their families of origin than do males. Moreover, males had more numerous disciplinary infractions in the institution and more serious infractions. Females had greater interaction with family while in prison than did males. Implications for future research and correctional practice are discussed.
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Marier, April M., and Alex Alfredo Reyes. "Incarceration and Reintegration: How It Impacts Mental Health." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/26.
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ABSTRACT
Background: Previous criminal justice policies have been non-effective leading to overpopulated prisons and unsuccessful reintegration. There is a lack of effective supportive and/or rehabilitative services resulting in high rates of recidivism and mental health implications. Objective: This study investigated the perceived impact that incarceration and reintegration with little to no supportive and/or rehabilitative services has on the mental health status of an individual. The emphasis was on participant perception and not on professional reports because of underreporting and lack of attention to mental health in the criminal justice system. Methods: Focus groups in the Inland Empire and Coachella Valley were held to gather preliminary data used to develop the survey for this study. The survey was distributed to 88 male and female ex-offenders over the age of 18 who were no longer on probation or parole. Secondary data from United Way 211 and California State Reentry Initiative was collected to report current trends of supportive and/or rehabilitative services. Results: Incarceration was found to negatively impact perceived mental health status, but reintegration was not. Supportive and/or rehabilitative services continue to be rarely offered and accessed, but when accessed, perceived mental health status is better. Supportive and/or rehabilitative services are more readily available. People who are using these services are improving their quality of life, becoming productive members of society, and preventing recidivism. Conclusions: A paradigm shift is currently under way to reduce recidivism by improving supportive and/or rehabilitative services during incarceration and reintegration. Many offenders are receiving services as an alternative to incarceration, recidivism rates are being reduced, and ex-offenders are becoming productive members of society. The field of social work is an integral part of reentry services and should continue advocating for policies and services that support reintegration efforts at the micro and macro level.
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Cameron, Calla. "Grave Breaches: American Military Intervention in the Late Twentieth- Century and the Consequences for International Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1677.
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The duality of the United States’ relationship with international criminal law and human rights atrocities is a fascinating theme that weaves through all of American history, but most distinctly demonstrates the contradictory nature of American foreign policy in the latter half of the 20th century. America is both protector of human rights and perpetrator of human rights atrocities, global police force and aggressor. The Cold War exacerbated the tensions caused by American military dominance. The international political and physical power of the American military allowed the United States to do as it pleased in the 20th century with few consequences, but that power also brought watchfulness from the global community and an expectation that the United States would intervene when rogue states or leaders committed crimes against humanity. The international legal community has expected the United States to act and illegally intervene in some situations, but to pursue policy changes peacefully through diplomatic channels on other occasions.
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Blückert, Johan. "Irländska kvinnor vid the Old Bailey : Synen på irländska kvinnliga förbrytare i London 1674-1900." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5361.
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<p>The Irish immigrants have been an important part of London throughout the centuries. Their presence can be found from the 17<sup>th</sup> century and onwards. Initially occupied as seasonal workers in agrarian fields the Irish later found alternative ways of supporting themselves as the Industrial Revolution transformed the whole of England. Despite their vital importance to the construction of what was to be known as "the modern Babylon" the Irish have been victims of both social prejudice and maltreatment. Some historians have imposed a comparison between the Irish in England and the African slaves in the United States. They have viewed the Irish with the spectacles of modern racism and in their presumptions created an unfair image of the relationship of the British and the Irish as the European equivalent of that of the African slaves and the American slave owners. Not content with superimposing the image of "the racist Englishman" solely on the 19<sup>th</sup> century, scholars such as L. P Curtis and R. N. Lebow have sought to explain any questionable act committed by the British as a sign of xenophobia towards their Celtic neighbours, whether it be Cromwell’s Irish Campaign in 1649 or the lack of British aid during the Great Famine in Ireland in the 1840s.</p><p>This essay sets out to examine how Irish <em>women</em> were perceived at the Old Bailey Session House in London. Women have always received verdicts of a more lenient character than their male counterparts. It is therefore plausible to suppose that, if Cutis and Lebow are correct in their assumptions, Irish women should receive harsher verdicts and a higher frequency of those committed than those acquitted of crimes in comparison with their British counterparts, which simply is not the case.</p>
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Kozak, Andrea Moody. "Die Frauen, Der Strafvollzug, und Der Staat: Incarceration and Ideology in Post-WWII Germany." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/61.
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This thesis explores how the material reality of Germany's women's prisons has been largely determined by their ideological foundations, and by the historical developments that have produced these ideologies. The German women's prison system is complex and imperfect, yet in many ways very progressive. It is the result of the last sixty years of tumultuous German history, and has been uniquely shaped by the capitalist and communist histories of the once-divided state. In its current state, it seems to have incorporated elements of a supposedly “rational” or individualistic conception of humanity as well as one that is relational and interdependent, thus promoting independence while still fostering and supporting care-based familial and social support systems. In this way, it reflects the remarkable development of Germany since the end of the horrific Second World War, providing a window into ideologies of gender, crime, and incarceration as they evolved and eventually merged. Germany serves as an excellent case study of the ways in which prisons are a product of their countries' histories, and is a model for understanding how prisons around the world must be analyzed in the context of their nations' past. Any attempt to compare prison systems across international borders must be centered around the unique contextual development of each country and its prisons.
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Wattellin, Guillaume. "L’élaboration des principes directeurs du droit pénal des mineurs : l’exemple du Nord (XVIe-XIXe siècles)." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL20020.
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Adoptée au lendemain de la Libération par le Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945 établit toute une série de principes qui, encore aujourd’hui, forment le socle du droit pénal des mineurs. Ainsi, la responsabilité progressive par paliers calquée sur l’évolution du discernement, la primauté de l’éducation sur la répression, la mitigation des peines ou encore l’adaptation des procédures, sont autant de règles dérogatoires qui structurent et orientent le traitement juridique de l’enfance coupable. Cet ensemble forme, selon l’expression consacrée, les « principes directeurs » du droit pénal des mineurs. Le recours à une étude historique permet de mieux comprendre la construction progressive du droit pénal des mineurs contemporain<br>The order of February 2nd 1945 which was adopted in the aftermath of the Liberation by the Provisional Government of the French Republic establishes a series of principles which shape the base of juvenal criminal law. Thus the progressive liability in stages modelled on the development of discernment, the superiority of education on repression, the mitigation of sentences, but also the procedure adjustment, are as many derogating rules structuring and guiding the legal treatment of guilty childhood. To use the hallowed phrase, this combination constitutes the « guiding principles » of juvenal criminal law. The submission to a historical study allows a better understanding of the contemporary gradual building up of juvenal criminal law
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McEwan, Joanne. "Negotiating support : crime and women's networks in London and Middlesex, c. 1730-1820." University of Western Australia. History Discipline Group, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0121.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the social and legal dynamics of support as it operated around women charged before the criminal courts in the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century metropolis. It considers the nature and implications of the support made available to, or withheld from, female defendants by individuals to whom they were in some way connected. To this end, it explores the nuances of testimony offered by witnesses and defendants in an attempt to better understand the extent and effect of the support that could be negotiated by and from a range of groups, including family members, fellow household residents, neighbours and wider community members. How narratives were framed in either sympathetic or condemnatory terms was indicative of broader social attitudes and expectations regarding women and crime as well as of women's own relationships to households and neighbourhood. To the extent that this thesis aims to interrogate negotiations of support, it adopts legal narratives as a window through which to gain an insight into the social interactions and mediation of interpersonal relationships by eighteenth-century London women. The printed accounts of trials conducted at the Old Bailey and legal documents from the London and Middlesex Sessions records form the basis of the source material that contributed towards this study. These records provide contemporary narratives in which participants described their involvement in the legal system and articulated their relationships to events and to each other. As a result, they are invaluable for the wealth of qualitative detail they contain. These legal documents have also been complemented by other contemporary sources including newspaper reports and printed pamphlet literature. ... This thesis concludes first that neighbours and fellow household residents were usually in the strongest position to affect the outcome of criminal cases, either by offering assistance or disclosing incriminating information. The importance of household and neighbours rather than kin was closely tied to the domestic context in which many female crimes took place, and the 'insider knowledge' that was gained by living in close proximity to one another. However, if and when women retained links to family and kin who lived within travelling distance, they remained an important source of support. Secondly, the thesis identifies the detection and prosecution of crime as a gendered experience; contemporary social expectations about gender influenced both legal processes and the shaping of witness accounts. Thirdly, in its examination of local responses to female crime, the thesis supports the theory that a notable shift in sentiment towards female nature and legal culpability occurred during this period, which in turn affected the support offered to female defendants. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the paramount importance of witness testimony in articulating the circumstances surrounding female crimes, and the complex negotiations of interpersonal relationships which influenced how this evidence would be contextualised as supportive or not when it was delivered.
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Forlen, Antonin. "La dimension historique de la notion d'ordre public (XVIe-XIXe siècles)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA005.
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Cette thèse étudie la dimension historique de la notion d'ordre public. Celle-ci, bien que très usitée en droit positif, est difficile à définir et à déterminer. L'analyse historique de son émergence et de son développement à partir du XVIe siècle permet de comprendre les grandes caractéristiques et problématiques que soulève son utilisation par les juristes. Afin de restreindre le champ d'investigations autrement inépuisable, le cadre d'étude choisi est l'ordre public dans sa dimension étatique. La notion d'ordre public mise en œuvre par l'État suppose la recherche de la stabilité et de la pacification de la société. Elle combine pour ce faire, d'une part des procédés de police administrative visant à prévenir les troubles à l'ordre avant qu'ils ne surviennent ; et d'autre part des outils de droit pénal visant à l'appréhension et à la punition des infractions brisant l'ordre établi. À travers l'histoire, la notion évolue selon deux axes. D'abord, l'ordre public est conçu comme une notion-cadre, permettant de rassembler un ensemble de techniques et d'outils juridique concourant la protection de la société et des personnes, ensemble qui se développe de manière pragmatique sous l'Ancien Régime. Ensuite, l'ordre public est étudié à travers son rôle de vecteur, stimulant l'intervention de l’État et de ses institutions, les amenant à agir sur la société et à la contrôler pour imposer une série de valeurs comme la garantie de la vie humaine, de la propriété, de la cohésion sociale. La dimension historique de la notion révèle la pérennité remarquable d'un modèle né sous l'Ancien Régime, conservé et perfectionné après la Révolution, qui est toujours de droit positif en ce qui concerne ses caractéristiques essentielles<br>This dissertation deal with the historical dimension of the notion of public order. Public order is often used today but its meaning remains unclear. The study of the birth and evolution of public order, since the 16th century, allows a better understanding of its impacts on modern societies. It shows that public order is a notion used to summarise a vast range of public policies designed to protect society and people. It is also used to control and to drive the society in the way the political power intends.The study argues that the historical model of public order, though created in a pragmatic way in the Ancien Régime, then continued to be valid after the Revolution and is still, up to a point, valid today
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Ashfaq, Muhammad. "The crime of aggression : a critical historical inquiry of the just war tradition." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13671.
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Why has international society been unable to develop political and judicial collective-security arrangements to limit external aggression? The thesis argues that efforts to limit aggression in moral and legal theory have created an unjust order in which great powers have used these theoretical traditions to reinforce their power in the global order. The thesis argues that is not a new development but can be found in one of the oldest traditions of moral reflection on war, the just war tradition. To substantiate this point, the thesis critically surveys the philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, Medieval Christian Renaissance, and early modern theorists of just war and demonstrates that their just war ideas contain assumptions about exclusion, identity and power reflecting their cultural superiority which underlie the practices and theories of the leading states and justifications of their aggressive wars. The thesis connects these moral reflections to the emergence of modern international law and the European pluralist international society of states based on mutual respect for sovereignty and the norm of non-intervention, highlighting how justifications of its colonial aggression against non-Europeans established an unjust solidarist order against them which persists in the post-Cold War era. To conclude it presents suggestions for improvement in the current pluralist international arrangements to address the issue of aggression.
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Auroy, Benoît. "La consommation de l'infraction." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASH001.
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La consommation de l’infraction est une expression très familière à la communauté des juristes, notamment ceux qui s’intéressent aux sciences criminelles. Pourtant, le législateur n’a jamais pris la peine de la définir. Que recouvre exactement cette notion ? Quelle est son utilité ? A priori, la consommation de l’infraction s’oppose à la tentative pour désigner la constitution pleine et entière de l’infraction. Elle ne serait donc pas autre chose que la réunion des éléments constitutifs de l’infraction. Cette opposition séculière entre consommation et tentative n’est pourtant pas absolue, comme l’illustre un arrêt récent de la Cour de cassation où elle affirme qu’une tentative est consommée. La première pourrait donc être l’objet de la seconde. Cette nouvelle lecture de la consommation incite à la réflexion tant cette notion s’avère beaucoup plus incertaine qu’il n’y paraît. Évoquée dans une unique formule au sein du Code pénal, la consommation semble avoir été délaissée par le législateur au profit d’autres expressions, comme la commission de l’infraction. On peut le regretter car son rôle s’avère tout à fait fondamental. En plus de constituer, en principe, le seuil de déclenchement de la répression pénale et d’emporter l’irréversibilité de l’acte, la consommation influe sur le champ d’application de la complicité punissable ou sur la localisation spatiale et temporelle de l’infraction. Elle est aussi déterminante dans la mise en œuvre du principe non bis in idem et dans celle des règles qui président à la résolution des conflits de lois, à la prescription de l’action publique ou encore à la récidive. Face à tous ces enjeux, un nouvel éclairage substantiel de la notion de consommation s’imposait donc. Si l’exemple des droits étrangers pourrait inviter à voir en elle un simple moment dans la vie de l’infraction (précisément celui où elle devient irréversible), une telle présentation doit être écartée. Parce qu’en exprimant la parfaite correspondance entre les faits accomplis par l’agent et le texte d’incrimination, la consommation apparaît comme le trait d’union entre le fait et le droit ; entre les faits et l’infraction qu’ils constituent. Elle incite à voir dans l’infraction non plus seulement un corps composé des faits incriminées (le corpus delicti), mais également la vie qui l’anime. Mais par la consommation, l’infraction ne fait pas que naître. Elle va également exister. Ce faisant, la consommation lui permet d’atteindre sa perfection, son idéal, sa fin : générer la responsabilité pénale de son auteur<br>The offence’s consummation is a term very familiar to the legal community, especially those interested in criminal sciences. However, the legislator has never been bothered to define it. What does this notion precisely mean? What is its usefulness? At first glance, the offence’s consummation is opposed to the attempt to designate the full constitution of the offence. It would thus be nothing other than the gathering of the constituent elements of the offence. This opposition between the consummation and the attempt is nevertheless not absolute, as illustrated by a recent decision of the Cour de cassation, in which it states that an attempt is consummated. The first could be the object of the second. This new reading of the consummation is thought-provoking, since this notion proves to be much more uncertain than it seems. Evoked in a single expression within the Penal Code, the consummation seems to have been abandoned by the legislator in favour of other expressions, such as the offence’s commission. This is to be regretted, as its role proves to be quite fundamental. In addition to constituting, in principle, the threshold for the triggering of penal repression and to cause the irreversibility of the act, the consummation influences the scope of application of punishable complicity or the spatial and temporal location of the offence. It is also a determining factor in the implementation of the non bis in idem principle and in the implementation of the rules determining the resolution of laws’ conflict, the prescription of public action and recidivism. Faced with all these issues, a substantial new light on the notion of consummation was therefore needed. If the example of foreign law could invite us to see it as a simple moment in the life of the offence (precisely when it becomes irreversible), such a presentation must be set aside. Because by expressing the perfect correspondence between the facts and the text of incrimination, the consummation appears as the link between the fact and the law; between the facts and the offence they constitute. It leads us to see in the offence not only a body composed of the incriminated facts (the corpus delicti), but also the life that animates it. But through the consummation, the offence is not only just born. It will also exist. In doing so, the consummation enables it to reach its perfection, its ideal, its aim : to generate the criminal responsibility of its perpetrator
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Salters, Gregory A. "A Phenomenological Exploration of Black Male Law Enforcement Officers' Perspectives of Racial Profiling and Their Law Enforcement Career Exploration and Commitment." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/877.
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This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201).
Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black.
The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals.
Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions.
Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).
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FARMER, Lindsay. "The genius of our law : criminal law, tradition and legal order in Scotland, 1747 to the present." Doctoral thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4620.
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Brooks, A. "Prisoners or servants? : a history of the legal status of Britain’s transported convicts." Thesis, 2016. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/23008/1/Brooks_whole_thesis.pdf.
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The transportation of offenders from Britain between 1717 and 1853 depended upon a legal curiosity. In the administration of a criminal justice system, the private derivative proprietary right of the transportation contractor intruded so as to alter the status of the transported offender. The nature of the contractor’s right, enshrined in the 1717 statute 4 Geo I c. 11, though occasionally considered in the literature, has rarely been the subject of any detailed analysis. This thesis sets out to rectify this omission by examining what the contractor’s ‘property in the services’ of a offender actually meant, why it was such a pivotal part of the processes of transportation, how it was transferred to third parties, and with what result.
The thesis proceeds through three separate inquiries. In the first, the precursors to the 1717 legislation are reviewed so as to understand whether, and to what extent, the legislation of 1717 was modifying existing practice, or whether it was breaking new ground. The second line of inquiry examines the 1717 legislation, its immediate context, and the development of the scheme of transportation it created up until 1775 and the end of transportation to America. It will be demonstrated that the use of the concept of ‘property in the service’ of transported offenders was but one way of managing transportation and contrasts to the approach adopted in contemporary Ireland. The third line of inquiry re-examines the practices of transportation to Australia. Using contemporary legislation, government papers and legal instruments, a previously unrecognised outline of early transportations to New South Wales emerges. The thesis demonstrates that the transfer of the contractor’s proprietary right operated differentially from England, Ireland, and Scotland.
The thesis argues that the nature of the contractor’s right to the service of transported offenders meant different things at different times. In colonial America it was clear that, through the process of ‘sale’, a transported offender became the servant of the transferee. The position in colonial Australia, however, is shown to be much less straightforward than is portrayed in the literature. Prior to 1824, the processes utilised to assign the contractor’s property in the services of transported offenders, while resting on the same legal framework utilised in America, was intended to transform a convict into a servant of the governor. The evidence considered in the thesis demonstrates that this was not always successful, leaving the status of the offender in New South Wales in some doubt. Only after 1824 was it beyond question that a transported convict was, legally, a prisoner serving a custodial sentence.
This thesis enables a better understanding of the processes of transportation, both to colonial America and then to colonial Australia. By examining these processes through the prism of the status of the transported offenders, a more nuanced understanding of the consequences of transportation emerges.
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Chen, Meng Chiao, and 陳孟樵. "The legal history of police use of their weapons:the transition of exemption from criminal liability from self-defense to law enforcement class." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74896262590844519204.
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Holub, Pavel. "Pacovská městská kniha z let 1475-1683." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311311.
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6 Annotation The aim of the thesis is to introduce an urban book of Pacov in term of a diplomatic analysis. This urban book was established from the second half of 15 century to the second half of 17th century. The actual analysis of the registers is introduced by two sub-chapters. The first one is focused on the socio-politico-administrative development of the areas of Pelhřimov and Pacov during the late medieval and early modern period. The environment of Pacov is directly reflected in the section devoted to municipal laws, which aim is to put the content of privileges issued for Pacov to a broader social context. The sub-sections describing the outward signs of the urban book, an analysis of the registers from a diplomatic-content analysis point of view and the urban book in the context of the written production of the municipal office are the central part of the analysis of the urban book of Pacov. The groups sorting of different types of registers is based on the structure of municipal book as Ludmila Sulitková has applied to the urban environment of Brno books in the context of the urban book development in the Middle Ages. This classification is based on the results of a longtime research, whose origin can be associated with Václav Vojtíšek. The main consideration in the discussion of each register...
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Miller, Bradley. "Emptying the Den of Thieves: International Fugitives and the Law in British North America/Canada, 1819-1910." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32772.
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This thesis examines how the law dealt with international fugitives. It focuses on formal extradition and the cross-border abduction of wanted criminals by police officers and other state officials. Debates over extradition and abduction reflected important issues of state power and civil liberty, and were shaped by currents of thought circulating throughout the imperial, Atlantic, and common law worlds. Debates over extradition involved questioning the very basis of international law. They also raised difficult questions about civil liberties and human rights. Throughout this period escaped American slaves and other groups made claims for what we would now call refugee status, and argued that their surrender violated codes of law and ideas of justice that transcended the colonies and even the wider British Empire. Such claims sparked a decades-long debate in North America and Europe over how to codify refugee protections. Ultimately, Britain used its imperial power to force Canada to accept such safeguards. Yet even as the formal extradition system developed, an informal system of police abductions operated in the Canadian-American borderlands. This system defied formal law, but it also manifested sophisticated local ideas about community justice and transnational legal order.
This thesis argues that extradition and abduction must be understood within three overlapping contexts. The first is the ethos of liberal transnationalism that permeated all levels of state officials in British North America/Canada. This view largely prioritised the erosion of domestic barriers to international cooperation over the protection of individual liberty. It was predicated in large part on the idea of a common North American civilization. The second context is Canada’s place in the British Empire. Extradition and abduction highlight both how British North America/Canada often expounded views on legal order radically different from Britain, but also that even after Confederation in 1867 the empire retained real power to shape Canadian policy. The final context is international law and international legal order. Both extradition and abduction were aspects of law on an international and transnational level. As a result, this thesis examines the processes of migration, adoption, and adaptation of international law.
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Tyler, John. "A Pragmatic Standard of Legal Validity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10885.
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American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law.
These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism.
In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method.
This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior.
The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent.
The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will.
Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.
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Sowa, Jan. "Dyscyplina i sądownictwo wojskowe w Koronie w dobie wojen tureckich w drugiej połowie XVII wieku." Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3674.
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Celem niniejszego studium jest zaprezentowanie w maksymalnie szerokim kontekście militarnym, politycznym i prawnym organizacji i funkcjonowania wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w wojsku koronnym, jak również próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak dużą rolę pełniło ono w całościowym systemie utrzymania dyscypliny w armii w dobie wojen polsko-litewskiej Rzeczypospolitej z Imperium Osmańskim w drugiej połowie XVII w. Praca została podzielona na pięć rozdziałów. W pierwszym zaprezentowano krótki rys historyczny rozwoju wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w polsko-litewskiej Rzeczypospolitej i innych państwach europejskich w epoce wczesnonowożytnej, a także system źródeł prawa wojskowego obowiązującego w Koronie w drugiej połowie XVII w. Rozdział drugi przedstawia polityczne uwarunkowania funkcjonowania wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości – wpływ działalności sejmu i sejmików na dyscyplinę, prawo i sądownictwo wojskowe. Kwestie te zostały potraktowane dość obszernie właśnie po to, aby wskazać na społeczny kontekst pracy sądów wojskowych – społeczne oczekiwania wobec sądownictwa wojskowego i nierzadko bardzo krytyczne oceny jego działalności. Kolejne rozdziały opisują organizację i funkcjonowanie poszczególnych sądów wojskowych: rozdział trzeci – niższych sądów wojskowych: sądów chorągiewnych i regimentowych, a także sądów artyleryjskich (które podobnie jak sądy chorągiewne i regimentowe były zwoływane doraźnie), rozdział czwarty – wyższe sądy wojskowe: sądy generalne zaciągu narodowego i cudzoziemskiego, wreszcie rozdział piąty – sądu hetmańskiego i sądów regimentarskich. Całość zamyka podsumowanie i aneks, w którym zamieszczono przykładowe dokumenty związane z działalnością koronnych sądów wojskowych w drugiej połowie XVII w.<br>The purpose of this dissertation is to present the organization and functioning of military justice in the Polish Crown Army in the broadest possible military, political and legal context. It is also an attempt to answer the question what was the role that military judiciary played in the overall system of maintaining military discipline in the time of wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 17th century. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents a short historical overview of the development of military justice in the Commonwealth and other early modern European states, as well as the system of the sources of military law in the Crown of Poland in the second half of the 17th century. The second chapter shows political preconditions of the operation of military justice: the influence of the activity of the sejm and sejmiks on military discipline, law and judiciary. These issues were treated quite extensively in order to expose the social context of the functioning of courts-martial: social expectations of military justice system and often very critical opinions about its activity. Subsequent chapters describe organisation and functioning of individual courts-martial: the third chapter – lower courts-martial: company and regimental courts (sądy chorągiewne, sądy regimentowe) as well as artillery courts (sądy artyleryjskie, which like company and regimental courts were convened on an interim basis); the fourth chapter – higher courts-martial: general courts of domestic and foreign enlistment (wojskowy sąd generalny zaciągu narodowego, wojskowy sąd generalny zaciągu cudzoziemskiego); finally the fifth chapter – the hetman’s court (sąd hetmański) and hetman lieutenant’s courts (sądy regimentarskie). The whole dissertation ends with the summary and the appendix that includes exemplary documents related to the activity of Polish military justice in the second half of the 17th century.