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Journal articles on the topic 'Ottoman Empire and Mamluks'

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Published: 20 February 2023

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1

Hathaway, Jane. "The Military Household in Ottoman Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 1 (1995): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800061572.

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For over 350 years, Egypt was the largest province of the Ottoman Empire, which had captured it from the Mamluk sultanate in 1517. It is well known that the Ottomans retained key Mamluk usages, above all in subprovincial administration, and that a number of the defeated Mamluks who were willing to cooperate with the new regime were allowed to join the Ottoman administration. In consequence, a number of practices of the Mamluk sultanate survived the Ottoman conquest. Critical administrative offices such as those of pilgrimage commander (amīr al-ḥajj), treasurer (daftardār), and deliverer of the
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2

Ryzhenkova, Tamara A. "The Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516–1517 as Described by the Egyptian Historian Ibn Zunbul." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 4 (2021): 569–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.407.

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The author of this article focuses on the 16th century work “The End of the Temporary Dynasty and the Rise to Power of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Egyptian historian Ibn Zunbul Al-Rammal (“History” by Ibn Zunbul) and the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516–1517 described in it. This book is the author’s most significant work. It is written in an artistic style and recounts the defeat of the penultimate Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri in the war with the Ottoman ruler Selim I and the subsequent occupation of Syria and Egypt by the Ottomans. In the work, Ibn Zunbul takes the greatest interest
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3

Oualdi, M'hamed. "MAMLUKS IN OTTOMAN TUNISIA: A CATEGORY CONNECTING STATE AND SOCIAL FORCES." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 3 (2016): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000441.

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AbstractThis essay examines how administrative documents categorized the mamluks who served Ottoman governors of Tunis from the early 18th to the mid-19th century. The categorization of these state slaves-cum-servants illuminates three issues, namely, the relationships between Islamic states and societies, interactions between the Ottoman Empire and its provinces, and forms of military slavery around the globe. Seeing registers, letters, and historical chronicles as spaces of interaction allows us to break free from an a priori definition of mamluks. By exploring how slaves and servants contri
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4

Kovács, Gergő Máté, Péter Rabb, and János Krähling. "The Ottoman Sultan’s Albums at Budapest University of Technology and Economics." Turkish Historical Review 6, no. 2 (2015): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-00602001.

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In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire’s large-scale development was illustrated by the new medium of photography. Different territories of the empire were photographed and Ignác Alpár, a significant architect of Hungarian Historicism, purchased some of these photographs. Alpár’s interest in oriental art derived from the ideology of Turanism believing that a Hungarian national style could be developed with the use of oriental motifs. One of the photographs (‘Tombs of Mamluks, Cairo’) of the collection provides some evidence of this idea. The essay develops the background and evidence fo
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5

Khater, Akram, and Jeffrey Culang. "EDITORIAL FOREWORD." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 2 (2015): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074381500001x.

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This issue opens with two articles that explore “Ottoman Belonging” during two significant moments bookending the Ottoman past. The first of these moments is the Ottoman Empire's incorporation of Arab lands after its defeat of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1515–17; the second is the emergence of Ottoman imperial citizenship in the period between the 1908 Constitutional Revolution and World War I, which precipitated the empire's collapse. Helen Pfeifer's article, “Encounter after the Conquest: Scholarly Gatherings in 16th-Century Ottoman Damascus,” traces the intellectual component of the Ottoman Emp
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6

Piterberg, Gabriel. "The Formation of an Ottoamn Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century." International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, no. 3 (1990): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800034073.

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The conquest of the Mamluk sultanate by the Ottoman Empire brought into confrontation two centers in the history of Islamic civilization. One, Asia Minor and southeast Europe, was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The other, Egypt, had been the core of the Mamluk sultanate for 2½ centuries (1250–1517). Both states were dominated by Turkish-speaking elites based on the institution of military slavery. In both cases this slave-recruited manpower was the backbone of the army, and, to a lesser extent, of the administration.
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7

Smirnov, Valerii. "Migration Processes in Ottoman Egypt in the 16th — 18th Centuries (Some Notes Concerning the Formation of Power Elites)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015334-6.

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The author focused his research on the migration processes in the Nile valley in the 16th — 18th centuries, which had a significant impact on the formation of the political institutions in the largest of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The inclusion of Egypt in the Ottoman imperial space was accompanied by a partial replacement of the former foreign ruling elite of the Mamluk meritocracy with a new one, in many respects similar to it. The balance of internal forces established by the Ottomans was held by the administrative apparatus headed by the Ottoman viceroy, the army corps (ojaq
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8

Pfeifer, Helen. "ENCOUNTER AFTER THE CONQUEST: SCHOLARLY GATHERINGS IN 16TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN DAMASCUS." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 2 (2015): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000021.

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AbstractThis article examines the extensive intellectual and social exchange that resulted from the Ottoman imperial incorporation of Arab lands in the 16th century. In the years immediately after the 1516–17 conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate that brought Egypt, Greater Syria, and the Hijaz under Ottoman rule, Turkish-speaking Ottomans from the central lands (Rumis) found that their political power was not matched by religious and cultural prestige. As the case of Damascus shows, scholarly gatherings calledmajālis(sing.majlis) were key spaces where this initial asymmetry was both acutely felt a
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9

Alshahrani, Sarah M. "What Should We Know About the Origins of International Investment Law?" International Journal of Legal Information 48, no. 3 (2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2020.27.

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AbstractInternational investment law, particularly the global backlash against investment treaties, has evolved recently. This article aims to clarify how international investment law evolved over history, from the early Arab traders in the 7th century to the Ottoman Empire, to understand its hidden aims. It investigates the practice of signing investment treaties, which appear first during the Fatimid Caliphate2 and Mamluk Sultanate3 periods. It then explains when control over foreign investment started to diminish during the Ottoman Empire period.4 Further, it explains the links between the
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10

Tondi, Arianna. "Religione e regionalismo nell’Egitto ottomano attraverso una ricognizione dei generi e dei temi della letteratura religiosa." Quaderni di Studi Arabi 17, no. 1-2 (2022): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667016x-17010006.

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Abstract In this paper we will examine how religious literature in Ottoman Egypt (16th–19th century), in continuity with the production of the Mamluk period, contributed to celebrate the geographical boundary in order to claim the lost centrality of Egypt, at that time a province of the Ottoman Empire. We will focus on genres and themes of this literature, which has intensified a feeling of belonging to the land that has influenced the nationalist thought emerged in the Nahḍa. In particular we will draw attention to Sufi literature, such as ṭabaqāt, manāqib and devotional treatises. These genr
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Firdaus, Yelmi Eri, Elfia Elfia, and Meirison Meirison. "RISE AND FALL OF MAMLUK SULTANATE: The Struggle Against Mongols and Crusaders in Holy War." Al-Adyan: Journal of Religious Studies 1, no. 1 (2020): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/al-adyan.v1i1.1713.

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For 300 years, precisely from 1250 to 1517, the Mamluk Dynasty ruled in Egypt and Syria. Their power ended after the conquest of the Ottoman Turks, who later built a new empire. The writer wants to describe how the slave nation could become a ruler who gained legitimacy from Muslims. Mamluk is a soldier who comes from slaves who have converted to Islam. "The mamluk phenomenon," as David Ayalon called it, was an extremely large and long-lived important politic, which lasted from the 9th century to the 19th century AD. Over time, Mamluk became a robust military caste in various Muslim societies.
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12

Blackburn, Richard. "Shai Har-El, Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman–Mamluk War, 1485–1491, The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage, vol. 4 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995). Pp. 257." International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 4 (1996): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380006390x.

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13

Mahamood, Siti Mashitoh, and Asmak Ab Rahman. "Financing universities through waqf, pious endowment: is it possible?" Humanomics 31, no. 4 (2015): 430–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/h-02-2015-0010.

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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of waqf in financing higher education. Nowadays, higher education is costly and this has prevented students, especially those who are self-financed, from accessing such learning environments. This paper offer an alternative solution to relieve such a situation, namely, through the application of an endowment-based or waqf educational institution. The study suggests a way to establish an endowment university by concentrating the discussion on the concept and principles of its establishment, as well as sharing the experiences o
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14

Venzke, Margaret. "THE CASE OF A DULGADIR-MAMLUK IQTĀ': A RE-ASSESSMENT OF THE DULGADIR PRINCIPALITY AND ITS POSITION WITHIN THE OTTOMAN-MAMLUK RIVALRY." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43, no. 3 (2000): 399–474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852000511349.

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AbstractThe Dulgadir, one of the most successful of the Anatolian Turcoman dynasties, had a long and rocky relationship with the Mamluks, their titular suzerain. Through focus on an iqtā' (military holding) in the northern Syrian heartland that the Mamluks awarded the Dulgadir leadership - the award itself betokening the strength of the Dulgadir and the potential threat that the Mamluks sought to appease - the article goes on to examine the dynamics of the Dulgadir-Mamluk relationship and the part that the Dulgadir played within the Mamluk-Ottoman rivalry, demonstrating that the Dulgadir were
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15

Reindl-Kiel, Hedda. "Ottoman Messages in Kind." Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 24 (June 8, 2022): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13631.

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The article brings the theory into question that emotions in the Ottoman realm centred on love and investigates whether and if, how, emotions played a role in the empire’s diplomatic gift traffic. The gift exchange with the Mamluks and Iran was largely influenced by specific political situations and feelings were mainly acted out in the domestic sphere. There were, however, several items, which as gifts signalled intimate friendship. Yet, the Ottomans utilised only by way of exception as diplomatic gifts. On the diplomatic stage the main function of presents was to convey messages, be it a thr
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16

Holt, P. M. "The Near and Middle East - Shai Har-El: Struggle for domination in the Middle East: the Ottoman-Mamluk war, 1485–91. (The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Politics, Society and Economy, Vol. 4.) xix, 238 pp. Leiden, New York and Köln: E. J. Brill, 1995. Guilders 115, $67.75." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 60, no. 1 (1997): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00029797.

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17

Wigen, Einar. "Ottoman Concepts of Empire." Contributions to the History of Concepts 8, no. 1 (2013): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2013.080103.

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Empire was never an important concept in Ottoman politics. This did not stop Ottoman rulers from laying claim to three titles that may be called imperial: halife, hakan, and kayser. Each of these pertains to different translationes imperii, or claims of descent from different empires: the Caliphate, the steppe empires of the Huns, Turks, and Mongols, and the Roman Empire. Each of the three titles was geared toward a specific audience: Muslims, Turkic nomads, and Greek-Orthodox Christians, respectively. In the nineteenth century a new audience emerged as an important source of political legitim
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18

TUNANDER, OLA. "A New Ottoman Empire?" Security Dialogue 26, no. 4 (1995): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010695026004007.

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19

Hacker, Barton C. "Mounted Archery and Firearms." Vulcan 3, no. 1 (2015): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00301003.

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David Ayalon’s classic and highly influential 1956 study of Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom left some surprising questions unexamined. He attributed Ottoman victory primarily to Ottoman firearms, while Mamluks stubbornly clung to the arms of the mounted archer. But despite the technological underpinnings of his thesis, Ayalon discussed the technology of neither the traditional warfare of mounted archery nor the newfangled warfare of gunpowder weapons. Was Mamluk mounted archery actually inferior to Ottoman firearms? This essay addresses the technical basis both for the mounted arc
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20

Rogers, J. M. "Empire Lines: Clan Careers in the Ottoman Empire." Court Historian 21, no. 1 (2016): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2016.1173397.

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21

L., R. P., and Colin Imber. "The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1481." Journal of the American Oriental Society 113, no. 3 (1993): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/605427.

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22

Mayorek, Yoram. "Herzl and the Ottoman Empire." CEMOTI 28, no. 1 (1999): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cemot.1999.1476.

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MAYOREK, Yoram. "Herzl and the Ottoman Empire." CEMOTI, no. 28 (June 1, 1999): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/cemoti.583.

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24

Fleming, K. E. "The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922." History: Reviews of New Books 29, no. 3 (2001): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2001.10525888.

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25

Catherwood, Christopher, and Warren Dockter. "Understanding British-Ottoman relations at the twilight of the Ottoman empire, 1880–1922: Winston Churchill and the Ottoman empire." Heritage Turkey 3 (December 1, 2013): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18866/biaa2015.063.

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26

Heck, Özge Girit. "Labelling the Ottoman Empire as ‘Turkey’ in the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 3, no. 1 (2015): 107–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.487.

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Through an examination of government, media, and commercial sources published during the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893, this article demonstrates the co-existence of three dominant ideological movements that helped create a unified social identity for the Ottoman Empire against threats of nationalism and imperialism from the Great Western Powers, in specific, the United States, during the late nineteenth century. The three ideologies that found a representation at the World’s Fair were: Ottomanism, Islamism, and Turkism. Firsthand accounts of the Ottoman Empire through these three ideologies re
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Temizer, Abidin. "The Independence Process of Bulgaria and the First Ambassador of the Ottoman Empire to Sofia, Mustafa Asım Bey." Belleten 85, no. 304 (2021): 1073–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2021.1073.

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In this study, the reaction of the Ottoman Empire to the declaration of independence of Bulgaria, the first ambassador of the Ottoman Empire in Bulgaria, Mustafa Asım Bey and his activities are discussed. The study examines the diplomatic activities of the Ottoman Empire against Bulgaria in the period between the autonomy process of Bulgaria and the independence process, the process of recognition of Bulgaria’s independence, the diplomatic relations established with Bulgaria, the biography of Mustafa Asım Bey, the first Ambassador of the Ottoman Empire to Sofia, and his approach to the problem
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28

ELDEM, EDHEM. "Ottoman financial integration with Europe: foreign loans, the Ottoman Bank and the Ottoman public debt." European Review 13, no. 3 (2005): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000554.

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Between 1854 and 1881, the Ottoman Empire went through one of the most critical phases of the history of its relations with European powers. Beginning with the first foreign loan contracted in 1854, this process was initially dominated by a modest level of indebtedness, coupled with sporadic and inconsequential attempts by western powers to impose some control over the viability of the operation. From 1863 on, a second and much more intense phase began, which eventually led to a snowballing effect of accumulated debts. The formal bankruptcy of the Empire in 1875 resulted in the collapse of the
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29

Mikhail, Alan, and Christine M. Philliou. "The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn." Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 4 (2012): 721–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417512000394.

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AbstractAs a polity that existed for over six centuries and that ruled on three continents, the Ottoman Empire is perhaps both the easiest and hardest empire to compare in world history. It is somewhat paradoxical then that the Ottoman Empire has only recently become a focus of students of empires as historical phenomena. This approach to the Ottoman Empire as an empire has succeeded in generating an impressive profusion of scholarship. This article critically assesses this literature within the larger context of what we term the Imperial Turn to explain how comparative perspectives have been
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Qi, Hanxu. "The Devshireme System in the Ottoman Empire." SHS Web of Conferences 148 (2022): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214803029.

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The Ottoman Empire, as a multi-ethnic empire, was first created by the Turks. In the fifteenth century, the Byzantine Empire was destroyed and the Turks made Constantinople their capital. By the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire had grown to its full potential and reached its peak in the seventeenth century, spanning three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa. In order to rule and administer the empire, the Turkish rulers created a number of unique systems and models of administration, such as the Sultanate, the Tima, the Millet and the Demisheme. The Demesme system was a rigorous selection
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31

Karateke, Hakan T. "Historians of the Ottoman Empire: www.ottomanhistorians.com." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 39, no. 2 (2005): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400048094.

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Historians of the Ottoman Empire is an online encyclopedia project whose first articles were recently published. The project aims to provide comprehensive information on the lives and works of Ottoman historians, who spent most, or at least a significant part, of their lives as Ottoman subjects. All articles will be published online as a searchable database and will be available free of charge. Once published, the articles will be kept up-to-date through constant revisions.
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32

Kerr, Stewart, and Ian Germani. "Ottoman Decline: Military Adaptation in the Ottoman Empire, 1683-1699." Journal of Student Research 7, no. 2 (2018): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v7i2.503.

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The Siege of Vienna in 1683 by the Ottoman army marks a key shift in the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The power of the Ottomans had continuously risen since 1453 but the defeat of the Ottoman army at Vienna marked the beginning of Ottoman decline in military and geographical power. The years following the siege forced the Ottomans to fight a united alliance of Austrian, Venician, and Polish armies from Europe. This article follows the events from the siege of Vienna through to the year 1699, when the war following the siege, finally came to an end with the Ottomans seceeding land to al
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33

Duran, Saltuk. "Transportation, Steamships and the Rise of Postal Protectionism in the Ottoman Empire under the Reign of Abdülaziz (r. 1861–1876)." DIYÂR 1, no. 1 (2020): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2625-9842-2020-1-84.

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This paper aims to examine the increasingly protectionist policies of the Ottoman government against the foreign steamship postal services operating between the imperial ports under the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz (r. 1861-1876). This remarkable phenomenon has both local and international dimensions. First of all, rising postal monopoly claims of the Ottoman government against the foreign postal services on its territory are the striking consequences of increasing autonomy of the local steamship networks in the Ottoman Empire. In other words, foreign postal services had lost their utility in the
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34

Cosgun, Melih. "The comparison of the westernization process in ottoman and Russian empires." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (2016): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i2.444.

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The point of origin in the comparison of the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire were not as different from each other unlike the similarities. Both empires has chosen to shape with their own internal dynamics and enclosed social life over the years. In addition, they have taken samples the West as their model for modernization. These Empires have been described as “other” by Western because of “Islam” in Ottoman Empire and “Orthodoxy” in Russian Empire. Similar social patterns, political unrest and modernization moves has been the starting point of the study. The study referred
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Yanık, Lerna K. "Bringing the Empire Back In: The Gradual Discovery of the Ottoman Empire in Turkish Foreign Policy." Die Welt des Islams 56, no. 3-4 (2016): 466–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-05634p09.

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This article traces the emergence of references to the Ottoman Empire in the discourse and practice of Turkish foreign policy since the late 1940s. It argues that present-day emphasis on the Ottoman Empire and its legacy in Turkey has not happened in a vacuum, but rather has been a gradual process that has taken place over decades, helping to justify Turkey’s foreign policy. The article also shows that politicians from different sections of the political spectrum were crucial in reclaiming the Ottoman past in foreign policy. The consequences of this reclamation have been twofold. First, foreig
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Emiralioğlu, Pınar. "The Ottoman Enlightenment: Geography and Politics in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire." Medieval History Journal 22, no. 2 (2019): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945819897449.

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This article investigates the close relationship between geographical knowledge and imperial politics in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through an analysis of an anonymous portolan chart from 1652 and geographical accounts of Katip Çelebi, Ebu Bekir b. Behram el-Dimaşki and Osman b. Abdülmennan, it examines the circulation of ‘geography’ and ‘geographical knowledge’ in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In doing so, it aims to integrate the Ottoman Empire into the recently developing historical treatment of Enlightenment as
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Eraslan, Cezmi. "On the Similarity of Colonialist Policies Implemented Against the Ottoman Empire and the Far East: The Bargains Over Korea After the Shimonoseki Agreement." Belleten 85, no. 304 (2021): 967–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2021.967.

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The industrialized Western powers, seeking free trade, raw materials and market, turned their faces to the underdeveloped states of the Middle and the Far East in the 19th century. First Ottoman Empire, then China and Japan became the targets of this process in a short time. Ottoman Empire was transformed into a semi colony between 1856-1881. After China’s defeat against Japan, the French and British diplomats had discussed repeating the policy which they implemented against Ottoman Empire after the Crimean War in 1853-1856, for China. Colonial effects had begun with trade agreement in Ottoman
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38

Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar. "International law for survival: teaching international law in the late Ottoman Empire (1859–1922)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 78, no. 2 (2014): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x14001037.

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AbstractThis article analyses the teaching of international law in the late Ottoman Empire. It argues that the Ottomans were interested in teaching European international law to equip Ottoman bureaucrats with the skills necessary for evaluating and regulating the complex interrelation between the Ottoman Empire and the European states, to defend the vital interests of the Empire against European legal penetration via extraterritoriality, and to understand the legal basis of the European system of which the Empire had officially been accepted as a part by the European Great Powers since the con
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39

Dumberry, Patrick. "Turkey's International Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts Committed by the Ottoman Empire." Revue générale de droit 42, no. 2 (2014): 561–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1026907ar.

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This paper examines the legal consequences of the commission by the Ottoman Empire of internationally wrongful acts, including acts of genocide, against the Armenian population during World War I. Specifically, the present paper examines the following question: can the modern State of Turkey (which was only officially proclaimed in 1923) be held responsible, under international law, for internationally wrongful acts committed by the Ottoman Empire before its disintegration? This paper first briefly examines whether Turkey should be considered, under international law, as the "continuing" State
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40

Öztan, Ramazan Hakkı. "POINT OF NO RETURN? PROSPECTS OF EMPIRE AFTER THE OTTOMAN DEFEAT IN THE BALKAN WARS (1912–13)." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 1 (2018): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743817000940.

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AbstractIn late 1912, the Ottoman imperial armies suffered a series of quick defeats at the hands of the Balkan League, comprising Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, resulting in significant territorial losses. The Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars (1912–13) often stands at the center of teleological accounts of a neat and linear transition from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic. These teleological readings see the Ottoman defeat as a historical turning point when Ottoman elites turned nationalist, discovered Anatolia, and embraced the Turkish core. This article contends that such appr
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41

AKGÜN, Seçil Karal. "Mormon Missionaries in the Ottoman Empire." Turcica 28 (January 1, 1996): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/turc.28.0.2004350.

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42

PALA, Cenk. "The Agricultural Organization in Ottoman Empire." Ekonomik Yaklasim 7, no. 21 (1996): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ey.10229.

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43

Sonmez, Selami. "The glamor of the Ottoman Empire." International Journal of Academic Research 6, no. 1 (2014): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-1/b.53.

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44

DEVER, Ayhan. "SPORTS LODGES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE." International Journal of Anatolia Sport Sciences 3, no. 6 (2018): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22326/ijiasscience.39.

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45

Dever, Ayhan, Burkay Cevahircioğlu, Ezel Nur Korur, and Burak Büyükgüllü. "Sports Lodges In The Ottoman Empire." International Journal of Anatolia Sport Sciences 3, no. 2 (2018): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/jiasscience.2018.99608.

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46

Kim, Sooyong, and Orit Bashkin. "Revisiting Multilingualism in the Ottoman Empire." Review of Middle East Studies 55, no. 1 (2021): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2021.43.

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Evliya Çelebi (d. after 1685), in his Seyahatname, Book of Travels, completed circa 1683, records a host of languages and dialects spoken within the Ottoman Empire at the time and provides practical word lists in transcription, especially for those less familiar to his Turkophone audience, such as Hungarian in the western borderlands and varieties of Kurdish in the eastern regions. Evliya also remarks of places where he met bilingual speakers. For instance, about the city of Ohrid in the central province of Rumelia, he informs us that, though its people mainly speak Greek or Bulgarian, they co
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47

Aksoy, Berrín. "Translation Activities in the Ottoman Empire." Meta 50, no. 3 (2005): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011606ar.

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Abstract In the Ottomans, translation activities took place without much significance until the 18th century. Due to the dominance of religion and the closed society structure, mostly texts on Islamic civilization and arts from Arabic and Persian were translated in the form of commentaries, explanations and footnotes. The only contribution of translation then may be said to be the promotion of written Ottoman Turkish which was used in Anatolia as well as among the Court circles. With the beginning of Westernization efforts in the 18th and largely in the 19th centuries, translation activities g
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48

Murphey, Rhoads, M. Fuad Köprülü, Gary Leiser, and M. Fuad Koprulu. "The Origins of the Ottoman Empire." Journal of the American Oriental Society 113, no. 4 (1993): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/605820.

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49

Norton, Claire. "Debunking myths of the Ottoman empire." Holy Land Studies 4, no. 1 (2005): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2005.4.1.103.

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50

Ianeva, Svetla. "Provincial Elites in the Ottoman Empire." Journal of Early Modern History 11, no. 6 (2007): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006507783207408.

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