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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ottoman empire in WWI'
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1
Arslan, Ozan. "Les faits et les buts de guerre ottomans sur le front caucasien pendant la première guerre mondiale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30102.
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Ce travail analyse la diplomatie ouverte et secrète menée par la Sublime Porte ainsi que la conduite de guerre du Haut Commandement ottoman sur le front caucasien entre 1914 et 1918 à la lumière des sources primaires comme les archives diplomatiques et militaires et les témoignages des hommes d’Etat et militaires de l’ère de la Grande Guerre, et, refuse le mythe que l’idéologie de panturquisme a déterminé les buts de guerre de la Sublime Porte sur le front caucasien pendant la Grande Guerre. Il vise à montrer qu’au lieu de l’idéalisme d’un nationalisme expansionniste c’était le pragmatisme d’une realpolitik, formulé selon les « intérêts de sécurité » de l’Etat ottoman, qui caractérisait la politique caucasienne de la Sublime Porte pendant la Première Guerre mondialeThis dissertation analyzes the Sublime Porte’s open and secret wartime diplomacy as well as the Ottoman High Command’s conduct of war on the Caucasian front during the period of 1914-18 in the light of primary sources such as the diplomatic and military archives and memoirs of statesmen and military commanders of the era. It refuses the myth which maintains that a Panturkist ideology determined the Ottoman war aims on the Caucasian front during WWI. It argues that it was the pragmatism of a Realpolitik formulated according to the “security interests” of the Ottoman state, rather than the idealism of an expansionist nationalism, which characterized the Ottoman policies toward the Caucasus during WWI
2
Dangoor, Jonathan. ""No need to exaggerate" : - the 1914 Ottoman Jihad declaration in genocide historiography." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Hugo Valentin-centrum, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324712.
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3
Heinzelmann, Tobias. "Heiliger Kampf oder Landesverteidigung ? : die Diskussion um die Einführung der allgemeinen Militärpflicht im Osmanischen Reich 1826-1856 /." Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39234189d.
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4
Moreau, Odile. "L'Empire ottoman à l'âge des réformes : les hommes et les idées du "Nouvel ordre" militaire, 1826-1914 /." Istanbul (Turquie) : Paris : Institut français d'études anatoliennes ; Maisonneuve & Larose, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41004386z.
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Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Histoire--Paris 4, 1997. Titre de soutenance : Entre innovation et tradition, une lecture du réformisme ottoman à travers l'outil militaire, du congrès de Berlin à la Première guerre mondiale, 1878-1909.Bibliogr. p. 323-379. Notes bibliogr. Glossaire. Index.
5
Kocak, A. "The Ottoman Empire and archaeological digs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525625.
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6
Papp, Sándor. "Die Verleihungs-, Bekräftigungs- und Vertragsurkunden der Osmanen für Ungarn und Siebenbürgen : eine quellenkritische Untersuchung /." Wien : Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb413026666.
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7
Pistor-Hatam, Anja. "Iran und die Reformbewegung im Osmanischen Reich : Persische Staatsmänner, Reisende und Oppositionelle unter dem Einfluss der Tanẓīmāt /." Berlin : K. Schwarz, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366782752.
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8
Schwarz, Klaus Römer Claudia. "Osmanische Sultansurkunden : Untersuchungen zur Einstellung und Besoldung osmanischer Militärs in der Zeit Murāds III. /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37037667k.
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Texte remanié de: Habilitationsschift--Geisteswissenschaftliche Fakultät--Universität Wien, 1988. Titre de soutenance : Osmanische Sultansurkunden aus der Zeit Murāds III.Contient les fac-similés de documents en turc ottoman et leur trad. allemande. Bibliogr. p. 238-251. Index.
9
Prätor, Sabine. "Der arabische Faktor in der jungtürkischen Politik : eine Studie zum osmanischen Parlament der II. Konstitution /." Berlin : K. Schwarz, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356149520.
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10
Ternon, Yves. "Empire ottoman : le déclin, la chute, l'effacement /." [Paris] : le Félin : M. de Maule, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400532463.
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11
Farooqi, Naimur Rahman. "Mughal-Ottoman relations : a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748 /." Delhi : Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39042050g.
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12
Nam, Mehmet. "La crise de la fin de l'empire Ottoman : Le combat politique et religieux de Mustafa Sabri." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0011.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la fin de l'ère ottomane. Elle étudie notamment les propositions des islamistes pour sortir l'Etat de la crise politique régnante ainsi que les querelles politiques qui sévirent lors des différentes étapes de la fondation de la république. Il y est question de la lutte entre la modernisation et l'esprit conservateur. Afin de mieux comprendre le point de vue des islamistes conservateurs défendant la tradition et le califat ainsi que cela des modernistes dont l'aboutissement fut la fondation de la république, nous avons choisi d'analyser ces avis et ces combats à travers la perspective sabrienne, Mustafa Sabri ayant été d'abord leader d'un parti d'opposition puis cheikh ul-islam. L'association des débats d'aujourd'hui à ceux d'autrefois: le califat, la séparation de la religion et de l'État (laïcité), le nationalisme, la place de la femme, le culte en langue nationale, permet, nous semble-t-il, de contribuer à l'élaboration de solution les concernant puisqu'ils perdurent jusqu'à nos joursThe broad object of this study is to examine the end of the Ottoman Era. It pays close attention to the Islamists' proposals to pull the State out of the prevailing political crisis and it also follows the fierce political debates that emerged during the different steps leading to the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. This study brings to light the conflict between modernization and conservatism. In order to have a better understanding ot the views expressed by, on the one hand, the conservative islamists defending tradition and the calliphate, and on the otherhand, the modernists whose goal was the foundation of the Republic, this study was conducted with a Sabrian perspective-Mustafa Sabri being first a leader of an opposition party and then a Cheih ul islam. The paralell drawn between today's debates and those occuring then (the calliphate, the separation between religion and State (laïcité), nationalism, women's place in society, the prayer in national language) seems to allow for the élaboration of solutions concerning these issues, since they still exist today
13
Zeren, Baris. "The Formation of Constitutional Rule : the Politics of Ottomanism between de jure and de facto (1908-1913)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0056.
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La présente thèse vise à étudier le fonctionnement et les résultats d'une expérience constitutionnelle orientée pour surmonter "l'ancien régime" et pour former une identité nationale ottomane par les promesses de l’état de droit et du respect des procédures parlementaires. À cet égard, l’étude se concentre sur une série des pratiques administratives et législatives au début de l'époque de Meşrutiyet entre les années 1908 et 1913.La thèse observe les processus de la promulgation et l’application des lois critiques pour créer une unification nationale, notamment la loi martiale et la loi de la conscription militaire des non-musulmanes ottomanes surtout en relation avec les réseaux politiques des Bulgares Macédoniens et Helléniques. En traçant le développement des tensions autour de ces lois à Istanbul et en Roumélie, la thèse expose les déviations dans l’interprétation de Kanun-i Esasi par les représentants des divers factions sociopolitiques, l’hétérogénéité dans les attitudes des acteurs locaux et centraux et le rôle déterminant des rivalités locales dans la formation d’un corpus juridique en particulier et une souveraineté constitutionnelle en généralThe dissertation examines the functioning of Ottoman constitutional rule born in 1908 which aimed at forming a new body politic, an Ottoman nation, on the sociopolitical structure inherited from the "old regime.” As this Ottomanism, which was officially and publicly referred as "the unity of elements" (ittihad-ı anasır), was closely related with the promise of parliamentarianism and the rule of constitutional norms, the dissertation focuses on the legislative and administrative practices starting in Spring 1909 until the outbreak of the Balkan Wars. To this end, the study follows the enactment and application phases of certain critical laws in creating such a national unification — the martial law and the law on the conscription of non-Muslims to the Ottoman army — with specific emphasis on Macedonian-Bulgarian and Hellenist political networks. Tracing the development of tensions and strategies among official and civil political actors in Istanbul and Rumelia evolving around these laws, the dissertation demonstrates deviations in the interpretation of the Kanun-ı Esasi by various representatives of sociopolitical factions, the heterogeneity of attitudes of central and local political actors, and the effective role of local struggles in the development of constitutional sovereignty
14
Şahin, Gürsoy. "İngiliz seyehatnamelerinde Osmanlı toplumu ve Türk imajı /." İstanbul : Gökkubbe, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41390598x.
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15
Sancar, Selin H. "The security of women in the Ottoman Empire." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0019/MQ55005.pdf.
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16
Odams, Helen Jean Rachel. "British perceptions of the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1908." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e71bd343-edf5-419f-b769-65460065d044.
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The title of this thesis is 'British Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1908). The thesis explores the 'cultural dimension1 of relations between the Ottoman Empire and Britain in this period, involving an examination of ideas about and representations of Ottoman society and its peoples. The overall aim is to stress the importance of these representations in in influencing and affecting relations between Britain and the Ottoman Empire. Nineteenth-century writings about the Ottoman Empire produce strong images of Ottoman society and steroetypes of the Turkish and Christian populations. These images are reconstructed and their significance examined. The approach is contextual and perceptions are analysed in the historical, material and cultural framework of late Victorian Britain. Descriptions of Ottoman society are treated as representations of that complex reality, with varying degrees of accuracy and inaccuracy, reflecting or distorting conditions in the Empire. In addition the relationship between older ideas and ideas developing at a new historical conjuncture of late nineteenth-century imperialism are considered important factors in determining the overall image of the Ottoman Empire in the late Victorian mind. In these ways the conclusion stresses the importance of, and the relationship between ideas about the Ottoman Empire, and the concrete factors of inter-state relations of which they are part. As such the subject contributes to an understanding of the multi-dimensional nature of nineteenth-century relations between a weak and strong state in the International system, and the degree to which culture and ideas are informed by these relationships of power. The study contributes to a greater understanding of the Eastern question and sheds light on many of the ideas that have come to influence modern historiography about the Ottoman past and the appreciation of Ottoman and European diplomatic history.
17
Cram, Robert Gordon. "German interests in the Ottoman Empire, 1878-1885." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327010.
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18
Tabet, Alfred Roubier Paul. "La preuve testimoniale en droit ottoman." Lyon : Université Lyon3, 2006. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/1990/tabet_a.
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19
Bulut, Mehmet. "Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the early modern period 1571-1699 /." Hilversum : Verloren, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388145263.
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20
Guillemarre-Acet, Dorothée. "L' Allemagne, l'Empire ottoman et la Turquie républicaine : relations politiques et liens culturels (1908-1933)." Paris, INALCO, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAL0008.
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21
Asir, Seven. "The Mentalities Of." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1147826/index.pdf.
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This study is an attempt to challenge the conventional decline-irrationality literature in the Ottoman historiography. Conventional view presented a way of thinking that is unfavorable to the rational economic behavior as the explanatory factor for the so-called decline of Ottoman Empire. Using an explicitly comparative approach, main aim of the study is to account for the specific trajectory of the Ottoman transformation without recourse to the conventional view. Juxtaposing the Ottoman and Western experience, the traditional explanation runs through the specific trajectory of Ottoman transformation in terms of its mental inferiority with respect to the so-called Western rationale. In contradistinction, this study aims to demonstrate that the Ottoman and Spanish experiences can be analyzed within the same comparative framework without an eye to such factors as &lsquoirrationality&rsquo
.
22
Reinkowski, Maurus. "Die Dinge der Ordnung : eine vergleichende Untersuchung über die osmanische Reformpolitik im 19. Jahrhundert /." München : R. Oldenbourg, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40201315x.
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23
Cilingir, Sedat. "Lloyd George And The Dissolution Of The Ottoman Empire." Phd thesis, METU, 2000. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608237/index.pdf.
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David Lloyd George, who was the Prime Minister during the period of 1916-1922, served in the British Parliament almost half-century. This thesis focuses on his foreign policy concerning the Ottoman Empire during his Premiership.
Lloyd George intruded himself into almost every aspect of the &lsquoTurkish Question&rsquo
during and after the World War I, and was at the &lsquo
centre&rsquo
in determining the fate of the Ottoman Empire. Although, the effect of &lsquo
forces&rsquo
of economics and social elements have replaced the &lsquo
Great Man&rsquo
theory of history, as it is in this case, Lloyd George&rsquo
s role in the dissolution of the Empire can not be truly abandoned. In the episode of &lsquo
building&rsquo
a new Europe and the dissolution of the Empire, Lloyd George worked closely with other actors such as
Clemenceau, Wilson and on domestic platform, Balfour, Curzon and Churchill who all shared the very similar views. Lloyd George, starting from a modest and humble Welsh background, made his way in politics to the top, through his ability and persistent determination and earned rightfully to be remembered as the &lsquo
man who won the war&rsquo
and as the founder of modern welfare state. His determination to &lsquo
finish&rsquo
the Ottoman Empire is often attributed to his devotion to Greece rather than to his personality and imperialistic approach
on the other hand, the British State&rsquo
s role in decision making process in this issue is overlooked. This study, attempts to establish the roles of Lloyd George and the British State during the attempts for the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and exemplifies the formation and implementation of the policies towards the Ottoman Empire, an end carried out whether due to Lloyd George or otherwise. This study traces in detail the evolution of Lloyd George&rsquo
s and the British State&rsquo
s policies in regard to the Ottoman Empire, and is based primarily on original research conducted in private and governmental documentary collections in England.
24
Illich, Niles Stefan. "German imperialism in the ottoman empire: a comparative study." Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85842.
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The conventional understanding of German expansion abroad, between
unification (1871) and the First World War (1914), is that Germany established colonies
in Africa, the Pacific Islands, and to a lesser degree in China. This colonialism began in
1884 with the recognition of German Southwest Africa. This dissertation challenges
these conventionally accepted notions about German expansion abroad. The challenge
presented by this dissertation is a claim that German expansionism included imperial
activity in the Ottoman Empire. Although the Germans did not develop colonies in the
Ottoman Empire, German activity in the Middle East conformed closely to the
established model for imperialism in the Ottoman Empire; the British established this
model in the 1840s. By considering the economic, political, military, educational, and
cultural activities of the Germans in the Ottoman Empire it is evident that the Ottoman
Empire must be considered in the historiography of German expansionism.
When expanding into the Ottoman Empire the Germans followed the model
established by the British. Although deeply involved in the Ottoman Empire, German
activity was not militaristic or even aggressive. Indeed, the Germans asserted themselves less successfully than the British or the French. Thus, this German expansion into the
Ottoman Empire simultaneously addresses the question of German exceptionalism.
25
Yildizeli, Fahriye Begum. "W.E. Gladstone and British policy towards the Ottoman Empire." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/25455.
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Beyond being an international question of the status of the Ottoman Empire, it was The Eastern Question that determined the course of diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire throughout the nineteenth century. Lord Palmerston’s policy of preserving Ottoman territorial integrity (with domestic reforms), and guarding Ottoman independence against the Russian threat provided a close relationship with the Ottoman Empire based on mutual trust and friendship. Gladstone’s keen interest in the condition of Christian subjects of the Porte permeated every aspect of his long life. In arguing for Gladstone’s consistent attitude towards the Ottoman Empire on behalf of Christian subjects of the Porte since his early life, this thesis emphasizes the need to re-examine the degree of Gladstone’s passionate involvement in Eastern affairs which contributed significantly to the dynamics of British foreign policy. It argues that the political, humanitarian and ideological role that Gladstone played was far greater throughout his life than has previously been acknowledged. Given the inflammatory rhetoric that he employed in ‘Bulgarian Horrors’ pamphlet, the reasons for Gladstone’s indignation over Turkish administration as well as his attitude towards Islam demands attention. However, there is a clear distinction between Ottoman centric and Europe-centric historiography as to Gladstone’s engagement with Ottoman affairs. Yet, very few studies have analysed Gladstone’s central role in shaping of British policymaking towards the Porte. By placing Gladstone’s attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire at the core of the research, this study seeks to reassess the impact of Gladstone’s background and the key events for his concern with the civil rights and religious liberty of the Christian minorities of the Porte. It further explores whether Gladstone altered the historic British policy of maintaining Ottoman territorial integrity. An analysis is made, therefore, of Gladstone’s humanitarian perspectives and the ‘Concert of Europe’ approach by examining what he said and did in respect to Anglo-Ottoman relations throughout his long life.
26
Koç, Yunus. "La fixation par écrit des lois ottomanes et le rôle des codes de lois : étude accompagnée de l'édition du manuscrit de Munich (XVe-XVIe siècles)." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010670.
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L'objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier un recueil de lois inédit dans la perspective de suivre l'évolution et l'application du droit ottoman du milieu du XVe siècle jusqu'à la deuxième moitié du XVIe siècle. Notre étude comprend deux parties : la première est surtout consacrée à une étude théorique. Apres la présentation des recherches consacrées à la législation ottomane, nous avons énuméré dans le premier chapitre les sources que nous avons examinées dans le cadre de notre travail. Certains éléments importants concernant la base du droit coutumier et l'évolution des codes, ainsi que leur rôle dans le système administratif et juridique ottoman, ont été étudiés dans le deuxième chapitre. Dans le même chapitre nous avons analysé les fondements de la législation ottomane et son évolution jusqu'a la deuxième moitié du XVIe siècle. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons comparé les quatre recueils de lois, dont deux inédits, en les classant par sujets. La structure des codes étudiés, les divergences et convergences entre les recueils ainsi que l'application des codes ont été places dans le même chapitre. Puis nous nous sommes interrogés sur la validité de ces lois ottomanes tant dans l'espace que dans le temps et, sur les modes et procédures concernant l'abolition et la transformation de ces lois. La deuxième partie de notre étude contient quelques remarques concernant les principes de notre édition, une transcription comparée du manuscrit de Munich et une traduction française du code en question. Quelques notes complémentaires contenant l'application des codes et des exemples vivants tirés des registres judiciaires et cadastraux ont été ajoutés à la traduction du code. Nous avons également mis un glossaire précédant l'annexe qui contient la photocopie du manuscrit de MunichThis study analyses an unpublished general kanunname or law code within the framework of the development and application of ottoman system of legislation in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The study consists of two parts. The first part introduces a framework for the study while the second analyses the kanunname in question. In the first chapter the sources are introduced, together with a literature survey. The second chapter looks at the foundations of ottoman sultanic law (Orf), and examines the origins and the development of kanunname tradition as well as the legislative institution within the context of ottoman administrative and legal system. The contents of the several copies of the kanunname under investigation are presented and the problems deriving from their application are dealt with in the third chapter. Here, four different copies, two of which are already published, are compared and the validity of these kanunnames according to the locality and the time period to which they belonged is examined. The question of their modification and eventual abandonment is also investigated in this chapter. The second part of the study contains the transcription and French translation of the Munich copy of the kanunname. The transcription is done in comparison with some other similar law codes of the same period. In the footnotes of the translation are given extracts from Sicils and Tahrir registers relating to the application of the kanunnames. A glossary and the photocopy of the main kanunname are also appended
27
Özgören, Kinli irem. "Analyse figurationnelle des fêtes impériales et des divertissements des élites ottomanes (XVIe-XIXe siècles)." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010291.
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Cette thèse tente de mettre en évidence la possibilité de comprendre les dynamiques du changement des sensibilités au sein des élites ottomanes en se référant à la méthodologie de la théorie de la Société de Cour et du Processus de Civilisation de Norbert Elias. Dans cette perspective, l'outillage théorique éliasien nous a permis de porter une attention particulière à l'étude des dynamiques spécifiques de la cour ottomane en tant qu'organe représentatif des structures sociales de la stratégie impériale. Ainsi, avons-nous centré notre recherche sur le changement de fonction des fêtes impériales suite aux réformes politiques, économiques et administratives au XIXe siècle. Vu sous cet angle, nous avons étudié la dimension spatiale des festivités ainsi que la nature des dépenses somptuaires des fêtes et des rites festifs. Après avoir analysé la cour ottomane comme un centre de développement pour les codes sociaux, nous avons focalisé notre analyse socio-historique sur le modèle du Processus de Civilisation afin d'étudier la transformation des dynamiques représentatives de la société ottomane. Notre objectif visait à remettre en question le rapport entre la structure sociale et psychique de la société ottomane et le processus de la consolidation de l'autorité centrale de l'Empire. Inspirée par la réflexion éliasienne, cette thèse propose d'évaluer les changements de mœurs des élites tout au long du processus socio-historique de la bureaucratisation de l'Etat ottoman.
28
Oualdi, M'hamed. "Serviteurs et maîtres : les mamelouks des beys de Tunis du XVII siècle aux années 1880." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010602.
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A travers le cas des mamelouks placés au service des gouverneurs de la province ottomane de Tunis, cette thèse vise à dépasser la catégorie par trop générale d’ « esc1aves» et à lui préférer une analyse par degrés de dépendance. En suivant ces serviteurs sur près de trois siècles, nous avons aussi cherche a comprendre des variations d'usage de ces mamelouks entre promotion d'une politique patrimoniale et mise a distance des sujets de la régence de Tunis, entre les beys et leurs parents, entre les princes et les sujets, entre la milice turque et les troupes autochtones. Dans un dernier temps, les mamelouks nous ont servi a envisager le temps des réformes administratives et militaires des années 1830-1860, par les voies jusque Ià peu empruntées de la dépersonnalisation, de la filiation ou de la faveur. Nous avons tenté de lier mise en place du fonctionnariat et fin des phénomènes de dépendance servile pour envisager au final et de façon paradoxale, la prépondérance et la dissolution du corps mamelouk.
29
Dumas, Juliette. "Les perles de nacre du sultanat : les princesses ottomanes (mi-XVe - mi-XVIIIe siècle)." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0049.
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Les perles de nacre du sultanat. Les princesses ottomanes (mi-XVe -mi-XVIIIe siècle) Au cours de la seconde moitié du XVe siècle, émerge progressivement une catégorie sociale atypique, composée exclusivement des descendantes des sultans: les sultânân, les princesses ottomanes. Tout au long de la période étudiée, cette catégorie se structure, définit sa hiérarchie interne et ses relations avec les autres. La spécificité des princesses ottomanes réside dans leur double identité: femmes royales d'une part, membres de l'élite ottomane de l'autre. Incapable de résoudre cette tension identitaire, les sultânân demeurent une catégorie sociale avortée, dont les membres sont aisément instrumentalisés. La dynastie ne se priva pas de le faire, que ce fut au niveau des stratégies matrimoniales ou du discours cérémoniel; afin d'exalter la suprématie de sa lignée. Dans le domaine politique, les princesses jouèrent un rôle considérable dans l'élaboration d'une structure du pouvoir de type clientéliste. Discrète, leur action fut pourtant constante; le vaste cadre de la famille délimitait le canevas de leurs interventions, dans des domaines aussi variés que la diplomatie, l'attribution des offices, et l'ingérence dans les affaires gouvernementales. Enfin, l'action philanthropique des princesses leur permit de s'imposer en fondatrices accomplies, liant intimement, autour de leur personne, la fondation d'une œuvre pieuse, un vakf, et celle d'un lignageThe mother-of-pearls of the sultanate. The Ottoman Princesses (mi-15th to mid-18th century) During the second half of the 15th century, an atypical social category gradually emerges, exclusively composed of female descendants of the sultans: the sultânân, or Ottoman princesses. Throughout the period under study, this category defines itself, its intern hierarchy and its relations with others. The specificity of Ottoman princesses lies in their dual identity: royal women on the one hand, members of the Ottoman elite on the other. Unable to solve this identity-related tension, the sultânân failed as a social category, which members have easily been taken into advantage. The dynasty used to so concerning matrimonial strategies as well as through ceremonial discourse, in order to exalt the preeminence of its lineage. In the political field, the Ottoman princesses played a key role in structuring political strategies through factions. Discreet, their actions have been continual; the broad frame of family has defined their area of participation within various domains such as diplomacy, the granting office, and interference in governmental affairs. Eventually, the princesses’ philanthropic action allowed them to assert themselves as fulfilled founders, who were intimately able to tie around their person the establishment of a pious foundation, a vakf, and of a lineage
30
Khairallah, Samir. "La France et la question arabe de l'Empire ottoman, K. T. KHAIRALLAH et son temps (1882-1930)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0022.
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Le but de cette thèse consiste, à partir de l'étude d'une personnalité majeure de la crise, K. T. Khairallah, en une analyse et un essai de compréhension de la situation instable du Moyen Orient arabe, dépendant de l'Empire Ottoman à partir du tournant du XXe siècle jusqu'à l'établissement et la stabilisation des mandats anglais et français. Ceci après un bref retour sur l'histoire afin de situer l'intervention historique des puissances européennes et particulièrement de la France, au Liban. La France, selon l'article 22 de la constitution de la Société des Nations, a reçu un mandat sur la Syrie et le Liban sans que les revendications autochtones aient été prises en compte. Les éléments essentiels de cette étude consistent en un regroupement, le classement et surtout l'analyse, replacée dans son contexte contemporain politique, économique, social et culturel, des archives privées du journaliste et homme politique libanais K. T. Khairallah, rédacteur au quotidien parisien "Le Temps" entre 1911 et 1930 et chargé des questions concernant la Méditerranée orientale. Ses archives privées, la collection complète de ses articles parus tant dans "Le Temps" que dans diverses publications contemporaines sont complétées par les oeuvres qu'il a rédigées et publiées ainsi que par certains éléments de sa correspondance. K. T. Khairallah a été, sans discontinuité, l'homme qui a porté sur la place publique, dans la presse et au sein des milieux gouvernementaux et diplomatiques les questions de la réforme de l'Empire Ottoman et de la question arabe en particulier. Toutes ses actions et toute son œuvre ont été commandées par la conviction de la possibilité d'un Moyen Orient (Grande Syrie), d'abord au sein d'un Empire Ottoman réformé puis dans une conjonction de communautés et collectivités qui coexistent et s'acceptent, à condition de réussir à appliquer l'unité dans la diversité. Le second but de cette recherche a consisté à donner toute sa place et à faire ressortir toute l'importance, dans l'Histoire du Liban, d'une personnalité tout à la fois considérable et méconnue, dont seuls quelques historiens et érudits mesurent le rôle historique. L'expérience d'un K. T.Khairallah, comme expert et intermédiaire entre les intérêts d'une Grande Puissance et les aspirations nationales d'un peuple, aide à comprendre la complexité d'une réalité à la fois durable et changeanteStarting with the study of a major figure in the incoming crisis, K.T. Khairallah, the aim of this thesis is an analysis and an attempt to understand the unstable situation in the Arab Middle East, dependent on the Ottoman Empire as from the turn of the twentieth century up to the establishment and stabilization of the English and French mandates. This is the core of the study after a brief review of history in order to remind the historical intervention of European powers, especially France, in Lebanon.According to the article 22 of the League of Nations constitution, France received a mandate over Syria and Lebanon without taking into account the native claims and rights.The main components of this study consist in collecting, classifiy and analysing (set in its contemporary, political, economic, social and cultural context), the private archives of the Lebanese journalist and politician K. T. Khairallah editorialist , writing in the Paris daily newspaper “Le Temps” between 1911 and 1931, andwhere he was in charge of the Eastern Mediterranean problems. His archives, the wholecollection of his articles published by “Le Temps” as well as in various contemporary publications have been completed by the works he wrote and published and by the analysis of important items of his correspondence.K. T. Khairallah never ceased to bring the issues of the Ottoman Empire reform and the Arab question in particular into the public arena, the press and governmental and diplomatic circles.All his actions and publications were driven by his conviction that a Middle East Nation (Greater Syria) was possible, first in a reformed Ottoman Empire, then in a conjunction of local communities coexisting and accepting each other, provided that they successfully implement unity in diversity.The second goal of this research is to explain and highlight the importance of a personality, both eminent and unrecognized, whose valuable part in the History ofLebanon is assessed by only a few historians and scholars.K. T. Khairallah’s experience, as an expert and as an intermediary between the interests of a Great Power and the national aspirations of a people, may help to understand the complexity of a reality that is both lasting and changing
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Bouquet, Olivier. "Les pachas du sultan : essai prosopographique sur les agents supérieurs de l'Etat ottoman (1839-1909)." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0151.
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En leur qualité de hauts dignitaires dotés des grades supérieurs de l'administration civile et militaire, les pachas sont répertoriés dans les registres de personnel constitués sous le règne d'Abdülhamid II (1876-1909). L'explooitation sérielle d'un échantillon de près de trois cents notices biographiques tirées de ces registres permet la mise en oeuvre d'une prosopographie selon trois directions successives : une étude des caractéristiques principales des pachas qui délimitent plus ou moins un groupe de statut ; une analyse de la socialisation ottomane qui aborde les individus comme les produits d'une fabrique sociale, scolaire et linguistique ; une reconstitution des âges de la vie, au travers des pratiques administratives et des modalités de la carrière. Au terme de l'enquête, il apparaît que les pachas participent autant au maintien de l'esprit des institutions ottomanes comme serviteurs du sultan qu'à la promotion et à l'application des réformes comme administrateurs de l'EmpireThe Ottoman pashas were registered as high ranking civil and military officials in the personnel recordds created during Abdülhamid II's rule (1876-1909). The serial examination of a sample of nearly three hundred biographies attempts to establish a prosopography along three tracks : first, an analysis of the main features of the pashas delineating more or less a status group ; second, a study of ottoman socialization adressing individuals as created by a social, educational and linguistic environment; third, a reconstruction of successive stages of their lives, through administrative procedures and career patterns. It emerges from the investigation that the pashas contributed both to perserving the ethic of the Ottoman institutions as the Sultan's servants and to reform as imperial administrators
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Bourmaud, Philippe. ""Ya doktor" : devenir médecin et exercer son art en "Terre sainte", une expérience du pluralisme médical dans l'Empire ottoman finissant (1871-1918)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10111.
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Le Proche-Orient connaît dans les années 1870 une croissance massive de la pratique de la médecine occidentale. Il en résulte une situation durable de pluralisme médical et de confrontation professionnelle. Les médecins formés à l'occidentale font face à la compétition des praticiens de la médecine arabe traditionnelle, ainsi qu'à la méfiance et à la résistance culturelle des patients. L'Etat ottoman favorise cependant la médecine occidentale contre la médecine arabe, en promulguant en 1861 un texte contraignant les médecins à obtenir un diplôme d'une école de médecine à l'occidentale. Le texte fait sentir ses effets dans l'ensemble syrien et notamment en "Terre sainte" à partir de 1871, lorsque des écoles de médecine sous influence étrangère commencent à délivrer des diplômes à leurs étudiants. Les médecins diplômés en viennent à former un groupe social spécifique, qui se distingue dans le paysage médical local par son profil de carrière et par l'autorité scientifique.
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Amine, Mohamed. "Commerce extérieur et commerçants d'Alger à la fin de l'époque ottomane (1792-1830)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX10038.
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Cette recherche a pour objectif, l'etude de la situation socio-economique de la ville d'alger a la veille de 1830. Trois themes importants ont attire notre attention: premierement, le commerce exterieur d'alger avec ses differents axes d'orientation (l'europe, le proche orient "machrek", le maghreb. . ), ce que nous avons intitule: geographie des echanges. Dans son commerce avec ces trois poles, l'europe vient en tete, suivie du machrek et enfin du maghreb. Deuxiemement, les techniques et les pratiques de ce commerce, tels que la diversite des monnaies et poids et mesures en cours, les certificats de nolis, l'utilisation de signes de reconnaissance, les differents types d'associations commerciales etc. Des techniques et des pratiques que l'on retrouve dans d'autres places de commerce en mediterranee comme marseille, livourne, tunis, sfax, alexandrie etc. . Troisiemement, les commercants en tant qu'acteurs de ce comerce. Ces derniers se divisent en trois groupes d'importance inegale. Les musulmans qui apres avoir ete en marge du commerce de leur ville avec le monde exterieur, s'y imposent a la veille de 1830; les juifs qui apres avoir ete les maitres de ce commerce grace au soutien des deys avec lesquels ils etaient lies d'interet ont, a partir de 1805, perdu ce soutien, mais tout en gardant une partie de leur force commerciale. Et enfin les europeens, dont les francais viennent en tete, qui occuperent une place. .The aim of this research work is to make a study of the social-economic situation of the town of algiers at the eve of 1830, and this from algerian and french archives. We have focused on three important themes: firstly, the external trade of algiers with its different dierctions (europe, near east "mashriq", maghrib), which bears the litle: the geography of exchange. In its trade with these three poles, europe comes in the first place followed by the mashriq and finally the maghrib. Secondly, the trade techniques and practices, such as the diversity of currencies and weight and measures in use, charter certificate, the use of recognition signs, the different types of trading establishments etc. As well as techniques and practices found in other trading places of the mediterraneen, such as marseilles, livorno, tunis, sfax, alexandria. . Thirdly, the traders as trade actors. They are divided into three groups of unequal importance. The muslims who, after having played a marginal role in the trade of their town with the out side worls, have imposed themselves at the eve of 1830. The jews who, after having been leaders of this trade thanks of the help of the deys with whom they had relations of personal interest, have lost this backing as from 1805, but still held part of their commercial force. Finaly, the europeans, headed by. .
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Gunes, Eroglu Munevver. "Armenians In The Ottoman Empire According To Ikdam 1914-1918." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/1047430/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire according to the news of Ikdam during the period from 1914 to 1918. The social, economic, religious, political, cultural and educational lives of the Armenians will be examined in the light of the news of Ikdam during the World War I. In this thesis the effects of nationalism on the Armenians and the reasons of the emergence of the Armenian nationalism will be pointed out too. Because Armenian nationalism that started in the last quarter of the 19th century and continued until the 20th century caused problems between the Ottoman Empire and the Armenians. By the light of the Ikdam’
s news, the way towards the relocation process, also the relocation process itself and its results will be explained as well.
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Erdem, Y. Hakan. "Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its demise, 1800-1909." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335656.
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Yasamee, Feroze Abdullah Khan. "The Ottoman Empire and the European great powers 1884-1887." Thesis, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510115.
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Çeliktemel-Thomen, Özde. "Cinema contested : regulation of cinema in the late Ottoman Empire." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10051014/.
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Cinema Contested explores cinema regulations of the late Ottoman Empire (1890s- 1920s). The dissertation uses Ottoman Turkish, French, Turkish, and U.S. archival sources to delineate the intentions of regulators, the practises and the impact of regulation on cinema’s development across the sprawling Ottoman Empire. From the late nineteenth century, nationalist uprisings weakened the political authority of Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876-1909). In the early twentieth century, oppositional political groups pressed for constitutional government, which led to a political reformation. During the final years of the Empire, the turbulent conditions of World War I (1914-1918) created territorial and demographic transformations. Films were initially exhibited in this complex context, principally by foreign itinerant exhibitors, and quickly thereafter by Ottoman merchants. Regulation followed quickly, shaped by the concerns of the political and elite classes in relation to education, Islamic morality, and politics. These regulations also addressed the material operations of cinema, including safety, zoning, and licensing procedures. Cinema came under regulatory scrutiny as did printed media and public entertainments vis-à-vis its political function. Yet, the authorities’ lax enforcement practises created a complex and ambiguous system. Ottoman legislators drafted a number of regulations over film exhibition, production and circulation. Multiple government agencies, at the central and local levels, endeavoured to control exhibition practises and venues. Regulations targeted specific audiences, notably children and women, who were seen as the ‘future of the state’ and ‘bearers of the nation’. Discourses and practises of the Ottoman dominant class became particularly visible in the attempts to limit cinemagoing, ban certain films, or promote educational and ‘harmless’ productions for ‘vulnerable’ audiences. This process was not simply repressive, but also helped shape how cinema would develop in the region. The dissertation provides a detailed historical analysis of the primary sources in order to reconstruct the multifaceted landscape of cinema regulations in this tumultuous region and period.
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Hanedar, Avni Onder. "Three essays on the economy of the late Ottoman Empire." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605176.
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This thesis consists of three empirical papers on the Ottoman economy. In the first chapter, I examine whether wars and boycotts were negatively associated with how the Ottoman Empire traded with 21 trading partners from 1879 to 1913. The results of my study provide no evidence that how the Ottoman Empire traded with its trading partners was affected by boycotts. The findings also provide weak evidence that a war year resulted in a decrease in Ottoman foreign trade. I interpret this finding to mean that wars damaged trade routes and markets, which led to lower profitability on trade through increasing transaction costs and risks for merchants, and as a result, the Ottoman foreign trade decreased. In the second chapter, I estimate the effect of railroads on economic growth in the Ottoman Empire. I examine whether access to railroads in a judicial district changed the size of the population in that judicial district for the years 1893 and 1914. The empirical results indicate some evidence for a positive effect of access to railroads on population in the respective judicial districts. I conclude that access to railroads induced economic growth in the Ottoman Empire, which led to expansion in the affected areas. In the third chapter, I study how the profits of Imperial Ottoman Bank branches were affected by the number of foreign bank branches operating in the Ottoman Empire from 1895 to 1914. There is no empirical evidence that foreign bank branches in a market led to lower profits for Imperial Ottoman Bank branches in these areas. This result is valid even when large numbers of foreign bank branches were present. My interpretation is that the positive effect of foreign banks on efficiency cancelled out the negative effect of foreign banks on profits.
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Aymes, Marc. "L' accent de la province : une histoire des réformes ottomanes à Chypre au XIXe siècle." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX10042.
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A partir d'archives conservées à Istanbul, Londres, Nicosie ou Paris, la recherche entreprise ici a pour enjeu de s'interroger sur ce que la perspective d'une "province" - Chypre, en l'occurence - apporte à l'histoire des réformes (ou Tanẓīmāt) appliquées ou tentées dans l'Empire Ottoman au XIXe siècle. Il apparaît que nous devons rendre compte de processus spécifiques d'écriture et de lecture - d'un accent de la province. D'où la nécessité de déchiffrer les réformes "à la lettre" en étudiant les formules et formalités qui marquent leur empreinte sur le papier. L'instauration de modèles administratifs standardisés n'exclut cependant pas la reconduction d'une singularité provinciale : il faut aussi faire la part du dépaysement, des improvisations dont sont affectées les archives des réformes en province. S'ensuit une approche qui se démarque des récits composés à l'échelle des grands empires : ce que nous pourrions appeler une histoire provinciale du monde ottoman.
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Yasamee, F. A. K. "Ottoman diplomacy : Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers 1878-1888 /." Istanbul : Isis press, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370331181.
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Demirci, Sevtap. "The Lausanne Conference : the evolution of Turkish and British diplomatic strategies, 1922-1923." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1493/.
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By the end of the First World War the Ottoman Empire had been defeated and was in a state of disintegration. The Mudros Armistice which ended the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies in October 1918 was the final stage of this process; the Treaty of Sevres which followed the Armistice confirmed it. However, the National Independence Movement which emerged in Anatolia from the ruins of the Empire rejected the proposed peace terms and set itself up as an alternative government based at Ankara. It drew up the National Pact which set out the desiderata of the Nationalists, and it won a decisive victory over the Greeks who landed in Anatolia in 1919. This military victory made a peace conference imperative and enabled the Turks to negotiate peace terms with the Allies on an equal footing. The peace treaty which was signed at Lausanne on July 24, 1923 finalised the Turkish Peace Settlement, putting an end to the centuries-old Eastern Question. The object of this dissertation is to examine the motives and strategies of Britain and Turkey at the Lausanne Conference in their efforts to obtain the peace terms best suited to their interests. The focus throughout is on the factors influencing the attitude of the delegations, the instructions they received from their respective foreign ministries and the formulation of their strategies. The thesis consists of six chapters. The introductory chapter presents a brief account of events prior to the Conference. Chapter II deals with the historical background by giving a summary of the political and military events leading up to the Conference. Chapter III gives an account of the strategies of Britain and Turkey and aims to assess the respective strength and weakness of the two parties prior to the Conference. Chapter IV examines the negotiations between Britain and Turkey during the first phase of the Conference. The central axis of this examination is the Turco- British strategy which shows the critical shift in the policy of the Turks following their realisation that peace could not be made unless they came to terms with Britain. Chapter V investigates the events following the breakdown of the Conference to the re-opening with the second phase. It covers the measures taken by both sides to be in a stronger position vis-a-vis each other in preparation for the second phase of the negotiations. Chapter VI discusses the negotiations and the final settlement, concentrating mainly on the strategies of both sides in the second phase of the Conference.
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Gülsoy, Ufuk. "Hicaz demiryolu /." İstanbul : Eren, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37076606z.
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Bouquet, Olivier. "Les pachas du sultan : essai sur les agents supérieurs de l'État ottoman, 1839-1909 /." Paris ; Louvain ; Dudley : Ma. : Peeters, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41175433h.
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Bölükbaşı, Ömer Faruk. "Tezyid-i varidat ve tenkih-i masarifat : II. Abdülhamid döneminde mali idare /." İstanbul : Osmanlı bankası, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41307227d.
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Yüksek lisans tezi--Yakınçağ tarihi--Istanbul--Marmara üniversitesi, 2003. Titre de soutenance : Sultan II. Abdülhamid döneminde maliye komisyonları ve faaliyetleri (1876-1909).Bibliogr. p. 135-139.
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Yinanc̜, Refet. "Dulkadir beyliği /." Ankara : Türk tarih kurumu, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb357134171.
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Ozel, Oktay. "Changes in settlement patterns, population and society in rural Anatolia : a case study of Amasya (1576-1642)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1993. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528848.
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This study is intended to serve as a fresh look at one of the significant aspects of Ottoman history through a case study of the North-Central Anatolian district (kaza) of Amasya at the turn of the seventeenth century: the changes in the rural structure of Anatolia during a period of turbulence, generally known as the period of the Celali rebellions. The research is mainly based on quantitative data contained in two existing Ottoman tax registers of different types (one mufassal tahrir defteri and one detailed 'avariz defteri), dating respectively from 1576 and 1642. The study examines the situation in three related aspects, namely settlement patterns, population structure and the composition of society in rural Amasya. Through a comparative analysis of the two tax registers, it underlines the changes observed in these three fields between 1576 and 1642. The first point that emerges from the survey is that the settled rural population in the kaza of Amasya appears to have increased significantly (almost two fold) between the 1520s and 1576, and that there was a great number of landless peasant households in the villages, as well as unmarried males in 1576. Secondly, most of the villages seem to have been situated in the lowland plains at this date. Thirdly, rural society consisted overwhelmingly of peasants working on lands of varying sizes, over which they had the hereditary usufruct rights as tenants. Living usually in the country, a significant number of notables, most of whom had pre-Ottoman connections, and timariots together excercised their rights of taxation over the peasantry. By 1642, it appears that this picture had undergone major changes: both the number of inhabited villages and their tax-paying adult male populations in the kaza dropped drastically (by 38.70 and 78.67 % respectively). While some "new" villages appeared in different localities, the remaining villages had become half-deserted. Most of disappeared/deserted villages seem to have been the smaller ones which had possibly been located in lowlands. The number of recorded bachelors in the remaining villages in 1642 constituted less than 10 per cent of the 1576 figure. There also appeared a significant number of (about 7% of total rural population) migrant groups/individuals (biruniyan or "outsiders") in villages; furthermore, we find similar number of militarymen (askeris) settled in the villages, and engaging in agriculture on their farms (ciftliks). It becomes apparent that many peasants moved to these ciftliks, probably for security reasons, while many others who had previously fled from their lands, returned to find their lands occupied by these askeris. The situation of the revenue-holding notables and timariots of the region, on the other hand, seriously dete riorated during this period. From a detailed survey of the socio-political developments of the period in the region, mainly based on the records of outgoing imperial decrees (miihimmes) and the Sharia Court registers (sicils) of Amasya, it becomes clear that these significant changes in the rural structure and society of the kaza between 1576 and 1642 were primarily the result of an unprecedented level of human-made catastrophes that took place during the large-scale Celali depredation of the period, and that these were accompanied by frequent occurrences of natural disasters. Therefore, the changes in the rural structure and society of the kaza of Amasya that emerge from the comparative analysis of the two tax registers represent firstly, the extent of the ruin of the countryside, and secondly, the extent of the erosion of the tax base of the Ottoman government in the region during this turbulent period.
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Sebastian, Peter Mario Luciano. "Turkish prosopography in the Diarii of Marino Sanuto 1496-1517/902-923." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318393.
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Mak, Lanver. "The British community in occupied Cairo, 1882-1922." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29227/.
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Though officially ruled by the Ottoman Entire, Egypt was under British occupation between 1882 and 1922. Most studies about the British in Egypt during this time focus on the political and administrative activities of British officials based on government documents or their memoirs and biographies. This thesis focuses on various aspects of the British community in Cairo based on sources that have been previously overlooked such as census records, certain private papers, and business, newspaper, military and missionary archives. At the outset, this discussion introduces demographic data on the British community to establish its size, residential location and context among other foreign communities and the wider Egyptian society. Then it deliberates on the occasional ambiguous boundaries that identified members of the community from non-members as well as the symbols and institutions that united the community. Ensuing chapters on the community's socio-occupational diversity and criminal activities suggest that the British community in Cairo was not homogeneous. The community consisted of not only law-abiding upper middle class officials but of an assortment of businessmen, missionaries, and working-class maids and labourers; some of whom were involved in crimes and misdemeanours. The analysis concludes by investigating the diversity of reactions of Cairo's Britons to the challenge of World War I and the subsequent revolutionary period of 1919-1922. Due to time and space constraints, the discussion concentrates on the British community in Cairo, since for the most part, more Britons resided in Cairo than Alexandria. However, where appropriate to the thesis' key themes, data on the British in Alexandria will be included.
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Poumarède, Géraud. "Venise, la france et le Levant (vers 1520-vers 1720)." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040241.
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Ce travail aborde les relations entre les souveraineté occidentales et l'Empire Ottoman durant les premiers siècles de la période moderne (XVIe-XVIIe siècles), à travers l'exemple plus particulier de Venise et de la France. Il s'organise autour de trois axes principaux qui correspondent à trois strates possibles de lecture et d'interprétation. Il s'agit tout d'abord d'étudier la perception de la menace turque du côté européen et les réponses qui lui sont apportées, en soulignant le déclin des idées de croisade et la banalisation de la guerre contre les Turcs. Dans un deuxième temps, je suis efforcé d 'éclairer les relations diplomatiques qui unissent Venise et la France à la Porte Ottomane, en soulignant toute l'importance que revêtent aux yeux de la première les problèmes de la paix et de la guerre et en montrant au contraire que ces liens se construisent pour la seconde autour d'une alliance de revers pérenne et durable contre les Habsbourg. Le troisième volet de cette recherche évoque les réseaux français et vénitiens en Méditerranée orientale. L'architecture complexe de la présence vénitienne qui articule les possessions territoriales du Stato da mar, les implantations consulaires dans l'Empire Ottoman et la résidence d'un ambassadeur ou bayle à Constantinople doit être comparée aux structures plus souples mises en place par la France sous la forme d'une toile de consulats toujours plus nombreux et toujours mieux soumis à l'autorité du pouvoir royal, afin d'expliquer le déclin qui affecte la première et révéler au contraire le dynamisme des secondes. Cette mise en perspective de deux histoires parallèles débouche finalement sur une réflexion conclusive consacrée aux rivalités qui opposent les puissances occidentales en Méditerranée orientale. L'analyse du cérémonial en vigueur à la Porte, l'étude des querelles suscitées par la protection des Lieux saints, des Chrétiens d'Orient et des missions catholiques ou encore l'évocation de la compétition commerciale dévoilent les principaux enjeux d'une lutte pour la prééminence en OrientThis thesis deals with the relations between Western powers and the Ottoman empire during the first centuries of the Early Modern period (16th-17th centuries), notably with the examples of Venice and France. It is organizes around three poles which correspond to three possible levels of understanding and interpretation. The first question examined is that of the perception of the Turkish menace to European coasts and the responses that were brought to bear upon it, underlining the decline of the idea of Crusade and the common-place nature of war against the Turks. Secondly, the study sheds light on the diplomatic relations which united Venice and France with the Sultan's Gate, thus emphasizing the importance that Venice attached to problems of war and peace and showing, in contrast, that these links built by France were undertaken to construct a durable reverse alliance against the Habsburg Empire. The third part of this research evokes French and Venitian networks in the Eastern Mediterranean. The complex architecture of Venitian presence which organized the territorial possessions of the Stato da Mar, its consular implantations in the Ottoman Empire and the residence of an ambassador or "bayle" in Constantinople should be compared o the more flexible structures adopted by the French in the form of a web of consulates ever more numerous and ever more subjected to royal authority. Thus may be explained the decline of the former and revealed the dynamics quality of the second. Putting in perspective these two parallel histories leads to a final series of reflections on the rivalries that opposed Western powers in the Eastern Mediterranean. The analysis of the ceremonial in vigour at the Gate, the study of quarrels provoked by the protection of Holy places, Oriental Christians and Catholic missions or raising the question of commercial competition reveal the principal stakes in the struggle for pre-eminence in the East
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Moroni, Anastasia-Ileana. "Une nation impériale : construire une communauté politique ottomane moderne au lendemain de la révolution de 1908." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0023.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse examine la transformation de l’ordre politique ottoman qui suit la révolution jeune turque de 1908. S’appuyant en particulier sur des documents des Archives du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères de la France (AMAE), elle réévalue d’abord la révolution qui inaugure la « Seconde Ère Constitutionnelle » en juillet 1908. Ensuite, en considérant également des journaux de langue ottomane et française, mais surtout en analysant en profondeur les Actes du Parlement ottoman pour l’année 1908-09, elle présente les principaux enjeux du régime constitutionnel et les réponses données à ceux-ci par les élites issues de la révolution. La révolution ayant bouleversé l’ordre politique ottoman, les députés, se posant en représentants d’une nation ottomane, revendiquent le transfert de la légitimité du sultan-souverain à la nation souveraine. Il s’agit alors de définir cette nation – dans un empire multiethnique – et d’établir les règles selon lesquelles seront définis ses intérêts généraux. Sur ces sujets, on constate aussi bien des divergences que des convergences d’opinion parmi les députés. Dans une large mesure, leurs idées se forment au fur et à mesure qu’ils se trouvent face à des événements imprévus. La thèse conclut que la souveraineté de la nation est consacrée, mais cette dernière est définie dans la lignée des traditions impériales, en « nation impériale » : les élites trouvent que l’implication active de l’ensemble du peuple – qu’ils jugent ignorant – et l’ébranlement possible de l’équilibre fragile entre groupes ethno-religieux seraient contraires à la raison d’État et mettraient en danger l’intégrité de l’EmpireThis thesis examines the transformation of the Ottoman political order in the aftermath of the 1908 Young Turk revolution. First, through bibliography and documents from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France (AMAE), I seek to re-evaluate the revolution that inaugurates the “Second Constitutional Era” in July 1908. Then, using again the AMAE as well as Ottoman and French language newspapers, but mostly analyzing in depth the minutes of the Ottoman Parliament from 1908-09, I present the main issues that the constitutional régime had to face, and the answers given by the élites who emerged thanks to the revolution. As the revolution had upset the Ottoman political order, deputies posing as representatives of an Ottoman nation demanded that legitimacy be transferred from the sultan-sovereign to the sovereign nation. But they also were challenged to define this nation – in a multi-ethnic empire – and set the rules according to which its general interests could be defined. On these issues, I observe that there are both agreements and disagreements among deputies; to a large extent, their views formed gradually, as they encountered unpredicted events. The thesis concludes that, in the end, the sovereignty of the nation was consolidated, but the nation was defined along the lines of Ottoman imperial traditions, as an “imperial nation. ” Elites found that the active implication of the totality of the people – whom they believed to be ignorant– and the possible upset of the fragile balance that existed among ethno-religious groups would be contrary to the raison d’état and would endanger the Empire’s integrity