Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oursins – Mœurs et comportement'
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Urriago, Suarez Juan Diego. "Les réponses comportementales de l'oursin Tetrapygus niger face aux étoiles de mer prédatrices Meyenaster gelatinosus et Heliaster helianthus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27963/27963.pdf.
Full textDéry, Florent. "Déterminants intrinsèques et extrinsèques du comportement de vigilance et ses conséquences sur la valeur adaptative des femelles de la chèvre de montagne." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66315.
Full textVigilance allows animals to quickly detect threats from conspecifics and predators to avoid or minimize costly encounters, but it can often limit other fitness-enhancing activities, such that fitness returns are expected when vigilance is properly adjusted. I studied drivers of vigilance and the link between vigilance and fitness in a wild population of individually marked mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) at Caw Ridge (Alberta, Canada). I first investigated the proximate factors influencing vigilance by using focal observations recordedover 12 years. Then I used a joint modelling framework to estimate the latent correlations at the individual level among three vigilance traits and two fitness components. I first hypothesized that vigilance adjustment would either be influenced by predation risk only orby the trade-off between predation risk and daily energetic requirements. My second hypothesis was that offspring vulnerability would drive mother’s vigilance. Finally, I hypothesized that vigilance would favor annual survival of adult females and of their offspring. I observed that females increased vigilance in open forest, when they were notsurrounded by conspecific neighbours, and when the risk of social interactions increased, once accounting for a cofounding effect of surrounding neighbours. Alerts of reproductive females were more frequent and longer than alerts of females without offspring. Mothers also tended to perform longer alerts when their offspring was >10 meters away than at shorter distances. There was no association between vigilance and annual survival of adult females, whereas offspring from mothers that were more often alert and spent more time vigilant survived better. Predation risk and offspring vulnerability were the main mechanisms behind variation in vigilance. My results indicate that vigilance is driven both by predation risk and offspring vulnerability, and that this behavioral tactic likely improved adult female fitness by increasing their offspring’s chances of survival.
Devost, Éric. "Conflit sexuel et polyandrie de la commodité chez une espèce polygynandre : les effets combinés des processus pré- et post- copulatoires sur le succès reproducteur de "Gerris buenoi"." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26725.
Full textIn water striders, postcopulatory processes are documented and sexual conflict over mating rate has been shown. However, their combined effect on reproductive success has seldom been investigated. This study combines genetic parentage analyses and behavioral observations to investigate how pre- and postcopulatory processes influence the reproductive success of Gerris buenoi. Our results show the antagonistic nature of precopulatory fights and an optimal resistance level for females. However, mating rate had no effect on the reproductive success of both sexes. A high mating rate allowing postcopulatory processes to take place and many superfluous copulations likely masked the expected effects of mating rate on reproductive success. Our study confirms that insights on sexual selection forces at work are gained from investigating all episodes in the reproduction cycles of polygynandrous animals.
Pineaux, Maxime. "Échapper au conflit sexuel : le cas de Gerris buenoi." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26782.
Full textIntersexual interactions linked to sexual conflict over mating rate can be highly detrimental to the fitness of female water strider. It is well established that females resist males mating attempts by engaging in costly pre-copulatory struggles. In nature, females often avoid struggling with males by escaping or hiding off the water, but most studies on sexual conflict have focused on struggles. The main objective of this project was to investigate whether escaping and hiding are alternative female resistance means in Gerris buenoi. Regarding males, it is generally accepted that they incur few costs associated with reproductive interactions but recent studies suggest the opposite. A secondary objective was to explore whether males can escape from harsh conditions imposed by male-male competition for access to females. In a first experiment, we simultaneously investigated female and male escape behavior. Probability of females to escape increased with the proportion of males in the population but contrary to predictions heavily harassed females were not escaping more often. As expected, the probability that a female escapes increased with the proportion of males in the population, indicating that escape is an alternative means of resistance to avoid costly conditions imposed by sexual conflict. Contrary to predictions, heavily harassed females were not escaping more often, indicating that they were probably too weak to escape. The probability that a male escapes also increased with the proportion of males, and the males escaping had spent less time mating. These males could be poorly competitive and may have escaped to avoid potential costs imposed by male-male competition. In a second experiment, our results reveal that females differ consistently in their tendency to hide off the water. The tendency to hide was stable over time and across different sexual conflict intensities so that this behaviour can be considered as a consistent phenotype. Importantly, hiding allowed females to lower the harassment they endured, suggesting that this behavioural trait may improve their reproductive success. This project contributes to a better understanding of intersexual interactions in water striders and female resistance means to actually avoid these interactions, an aspect previously neglected in sexual conflict studies.
L'Italien, Léon. "Dynamique des harems chez le renne : Influence de l'âge et du rang social du mâle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27508/27508.pdf.
Full textPigeon, Karine. "Plasticité comportementale de l’ours grizzli (Ursus arctos horribilis) dans un contexte de changements climatiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26065.
Full textThe study of behavioural plasticity aims at understanding the physiological and behavioural responses of individuals to limiting factors. Climate change has the potential to influence the life history of individuals by altering environmental conditions. Thus, studying the mechanistic links between animal behaviour and environmental conditions is necessary to understand the potential impacts of climate change on individuals. The first part of my thesis focuses on the links between environmental conditions, hibernation behaviour, and habitat selection of grizzly bears, a threatened species in Alberta, Canada. The phenology of den entry and exit was driven by sex and reproductive status, food availability in autumn, winter precipitation, and spring temperature. There was no difference in the dimensions and characteristics of dens excavated by male and female grizzly bears, and males and females selected similar landscape attributes to dig their dens. At the broadest scale investigated, grizzly bears avoided wetlands and selected high-elevation dry conifer stands with abundant high-quality spring foods. At the home-range scale and within the den vicinity, grizzly bears selected dense conifer stands associated with little high-quality autumn food and abundant Hedysarum spp. in areas with low road densities. The second part of my thesis focuses on the links between habitat selection and thermoregulation during the active season, and highlights the thermal constraints associated with increasing ambient temperatures on habitat selection patterns. Grizzly bear habitat selection followed a daily and seasonal pattern that was influenced by ambient temperature, with adult males showing a stronger response than females to warm temperatures. With increasing ambient temperatures, male and female grizzly bears increased their selection for open stands with abundant food resources during the coolest periods of the day, and concurrently decreased their selection for these open stands during the warmest periods of the day. My thesis increases our understanding of the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on hibernation behaviour, habitat selection, and thermoregulation constraints of grizzly bears. Ultimately, my results enhance our understanding of the factors regulating the distribution of individuals in time and space; improving our ability to predict the potential impacts of climate change on large mammals.
Desnoyers, Meggie. "Le comportement social de la grande oie des neiges (Chen caerulescens atlantica) : Existe-t-il des associations stables au sein des volées?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28080/28080.pdf.
Full textCharest, Karina, and Karina Charest. "Couts et bénéfices de l'association post-sevrage chez la chèvre de montagne (Oreamnos americanus)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26593.
Full textLes couts et bénéfices des soins parentaux ont été largement démontrés durant la période de lactation et croissance des jeunes, mais rarement après le sevrage. Pour nous permettre de mieux comprendre l’effet de ces soins à plus long terme, nous avons étudié les associations post-sevrage chez une population de chèvres de montagne (Oreamnos americanus) suivie depuis plus de 25 ans. Nous avons évalué l’effet des caractéristiques maternelles et de la taille de population sur l’occurrence et la fréquence des associations post-sevrage et avons étudié les couts potentiels de la reproduction et les bénéfices pour la mère et le juvénile âgé de 1 à 3 ans. Les femelles non reproductrices s’associent plus souvent avec les juvéniles d’un an que les mères reproductrices qui perdent leur chevreau et les mères lactantes, tandis que l’occurrence des associations avec un juvénile de 2 ans est plus élevée pour les femelles que pour les mâles. Un indice d’association élevé avec un juvénile de 2 ans augmente la probabilité qu’une mère ne se reproduise pas l’année suivante. Nous n’avons pas détecté de bénéfices des associations sur la croissance à court terme et la survie des juvéniles associés. Les associations post-sevrage induisent des couts reproductifs pour la mère, qui augmentent avec l’âge du juvénile.
The costs and benefits of parental care have been largely demonstrated during the lactation and offspring growth periods, but rarely after weaning. To better understand the effects of post-weaning parental care, we examined post-weaning associations in a population of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) monitored for > 25 years. We assessed the effect of maternal characteristics and population size on the occurrence and frequency of post-weaning associations and investigated potential reproductive costs and benefits for mothers and juveniles aged 1 to 3 years old. Barren mothers associated more frequently with yearlings than summer yeld mothers, and lactating mothers, whereas the occurrence of associations was higher for 2-year females than 2-year males. A higher association index with 2-year-olds increased the probability that a mother would be barren the following year. We did not detect benefits of associations on the short-term growth and survival of associated juveniles. Post-weaning associations induced reproductive costs for mothers, which exacerbated as associated juveniles aged.
The costs and benefits of parental care have been largely demonstrated during the lactation and offspring growth periods, but rarely after weaning. To better understand the effects of post-weaning parental care, we examined post-weaning associations in a population of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) monitored for > 25 years. We assessed the effect of maternal characteristics and population size on the occurrence and frequency of post-weaning associations and investigated potential reproductive costs and benefits for mothers and juveniles aged 1 to 3 years old. Barren mothers associated more frequently with yearlings than summer yeld mothers, and lactating mothers, whereas the occurrence of associations was higher for 2-year females than 2-year males. A higher association index with 2-year-olds increased the probability that a mother would be barren the following year. We did not detect benefits of associations on the short-term growth and survival of associated juveniles. Post-weaning associations induced reproductive costs for mothers, which exacerbated as associated juveniles aged.
Audet, Marie-Claude. "Effets comportementaux et cognitifs de la phencyclidine (PCP) chez le rat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56386.pdf.
Full textMarchand, David. "Stratégies de ponte et d'alimentation larvaire chez la pyrale de la canneberge, Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/20885/20885.pdf.
Full textIn insect species whose larvae need several hosts to complete their development, larval survival is usually dependent on both the choice of oviposition sites by females and the food searching behaviour of larvae. In this thesis, I studied oviposition behaviour and larval foraging behaviour and their possible impacts on larval fitness in the cranberry fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a species in which each larva must feed on several fruits of the cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos (Ericacae), to complete its development. Firstly, I demonstrated that females, under laboratory conditions, exhibit a significant preference for the largest fruit available when choosing oviposition sites; larvae leaving these maternally selected large fruits were significantly larger than those larvae leaving smaller fruits. In the field, however, this preference based on fruit size was not observed. This lack of preference in nature may be due, in part, to the fact that the oviposition period of A. vaccinii is relatively early during the summer when cranberry fruits are still small and when there is little variation in the size of fruits available. I also found a heterogeneous distribution of hosts in patches of varying fruit densities, and a large variability in fruit production between the two years of my study. The fact that, in any given year, hosts may be rare may be a reason why females accept relatively low-quality hosts (i.e., relatively small fruits). Thus, this study demonstrates a behavioural plasticity in A. vaccinii, females selecting largest fruits only when environmental conditions are good (such as in our laboratory conditions). A second study on larval feeding behaviour demonstrated that green cranberry fruit become red following attacks by A. vaccinii larvae. This host modification (fruit colour) may be a cue used by conspecific larvae to avoid already infested fruits, thus reducing the risk of intraspecific competition. I also showed that A. vaccinii larvae are able to take into account two other factors - fruit size and distance between hosts - in their choice of fruit. Larvae of A. vaccinii show behavioural plasticity when choosing fruit in that they accord a different degree of importance to each factor (fruit size, fruit colour and distance between fruit) depending on the context. This plasticity allows the larvae to maximise foraging efficiency while minimising intraspecific competition and predation risk.
Bernier-Leduc, Marjolaine. "Évaluation de la faune aviaire dans des haies brise-vent intégrant des arbustes porteurs de produits forestiers non ligneux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19255.
Full textLafrance, Judith. "Effet de la hiérarchie sociale sur le comportement alimentaire du porc dans un contexte d'antibiothérapie administrée par l'aliment." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21349.
Full textIn the pig industry, bacterial diseases are usually treated with in-feed antibiotics. Irregular ingestion can decrease treatment efficiency and promote the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social rank on individual feeding patterns in pigs. A total of 108 barrows of 49.5 ± 4.71 kg were housed in groups of 12 pigs distributed into 3 replicates of 3 pens each. The IVOGÒ feeding-stations registered individual feeding data during a 10-day period of medicated feed (chlortetracycline). Two social rank tests were done to determine social ranks in each group. Spearman’s rank correlation tests confirmed inconsistency in social rank determination from one test to the other. Three clusters were established based on feeding data. The number of dominant and subordinate pigs was not significantly different from one cluster to the other. Therefore, no clear relationship could be demonstrated between social ranks and individual feeding patterns.
Harvey, Philippe-Olivier. "L'effet d'une exposition prénatale au mercure méthylé sur le comportement et les fonctions cognitives des souris." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/46421.
Full textGagnon, Lupien Noémie. "Impact du roseau commun (Phragmites australis) sur les assemblages et le comportement des oiseaux dans des marais d'eau douce du sud du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29738/29738.pdf.
Full textGallagher, Anne. "Les effets moteurs, comportementaux et cognitifs d'une exposition prénatale au mercure méthylé, MeHg, chez la souris femelle." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62064.pdf.
Full textCortez, Ghio Sergio. "Caractérisation de l'implication du cortisol dans la reprogrammation du comportement en réponse au stress maternel prénatal chez l'omble de fontaine, "Salvelinus fontinalis"." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26295.
Full textThe maternal environment can influence development. In fish, this phenomenon could be modulated by egg deposition of maternal factors, like cortisol, a stress-response hormone. Increased maternal plasma and egg cortisol levels have been associated with behavioral alterations in offsrping. To discriminate between the effects of cortisol and those from other factors in the behavioral reprogramming due to maternal stress, we have pharmacologically and physically manipulated female brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, during oogenesis. We either left them undisturbed (controls), (1) fed them cortisol through their food or (2) handled them once a week. We also (3) exposed eggs from the control females to cortisol before fertilization. We measured the juveniles’ cognitive abilities and boldness. We found no effects of treatments on behavior.
Parent, Jean-Philippe. "Stabilité de la hiérarchie sociale chez les porcs femelles en croissance et les truies gestantes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28557/28557.pdf.
Full textConflicting results between methods to measure social hierarchy in pigs and between repetitions of these methods could be caused by a lack of stability in the hierarchy. Five methods have been compared for eight groups of eight growing females and eight groups of six pregnant sows: group test with one and two troughs, total trough time in the group test with one and two troughs and dyadic test. Temporal stability was compared for the five methods at weeks 1, 6 and 11 and 5, 9, 13 after mixing for growing females and sows, respectively. A higher concordance between methods and temporal stability was obtained for sows compared to growing females. These results suggest that females have a more stable hierarchy during gestation than during growth.
Beaudoin, Jean-Michel. "Étude comportementale de l'intérêt des porcs à l'engraissement envers des objets d'enrichissement et évaluation de l'utilisation d'une analyse automatisée basée sur des données d'accélérométrie comparativement à l'analyse vidéo." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27943.
Full textMagassa, Ousmane. "Comparaison du comportement de génisses laitières Holstein nourries avec du lactoremplaceur selon la recommandation canadienne ou en ad libitum." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68782.
Full textThe objective of this study was to compare, on commercial farms, the behaviour of Holstein dairy calves fed milk replacer equivalent to the current Canadian recommendation or ad libitum at peak milk replacer intake, during the weaning period and after weaning. To do so, 114 heifers from two commercial dairy farms were randomly assigned to the two milk replacer feeding regimes and were group-housed, fed with an automatic milk replacer from day 7 to day 76 of age (weaning). Accelerometers were used to determine lying time, lying bouts, and bouts duration. Direct visual behavioural observations by an observer (feeding behaviour, drinking behaviour, and lying behaviour) were also assessed discontinuously while redirect behaviour (displacement of one calf by another at the automated milk feeder, and cross-suckling) were observed continuously for two one-hour periods of live observations for each of the three selected periods. Daily lying time increased at the peak of milk replacer intake relative to the other observational periods. Mean bout duration varied between periods and treatments. Lying bouts were more frequent after weaning and under the ad libitum treatment during peak milk replacer intake. Feeding and drinking behaviours were more frequent in the post-weaning period while lying time was higher at the peak milk replacer intake period. There was a tendency for more suckling between calves at postweaning when calves were fed ad libitum. Overall, all behavioral observations remained acceptable for both treatments. Therefore, despite the difference observed, both treatments appeared to be adequate in terms of calf behaviour
Geoffroy, Maxime. "Comportement des aggrégations de morues arctiques (Boreogadus saida) dans le golfe d'Amundsen (mer de Beaufort)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27971/27971.pdf.
Full textBinette, Kéven. "L'impact de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée à haute fréquence sur le substrat moléculaire et le comportement de souris déficitaires en sérotonine." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31589.
Full textRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that is being extensively used in clinical research. For instance, the use of high-frequency (HF) rTMS to treat treatment-resistant major depression (TRD) is approved by Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration, but its neurobiological mechanisms remains unclear. The laboratories of Jean-Martin Beaulieu and Shirley Fecteau reported in the past that a 5-day HF rTMS regimen applied over the frontal cortex of mice induced epigenetic modulations of specific protein levels in a manner similar to those of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In that sense, a protocol using a mice model that suits the TRD condition was created. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) is an enzyme which synthesize serotonin (5-HT) in the adult brain. Mice expressing a mutant form of that enzyme results in ~80 % less 5-HT and leads to anxiety, depressive and compulsive behaviors. This mutation has been found in an elder and teenager group, the former showing TRD and the latter showing obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. The main goal of this project was to assess the epigenetic impact of a 5-day HF rTMS regimen on gene expression and behaviors in Tph2 mutant mice as compared to a sham-rTMS regimen. In the end, no significant differences occurred between the rTMS and sham Tph2 mice in both anxiety and compulsivity behaviors following a 5-day HF rTMS regimen. Unfortunately, the second part of this project, the gene expression assessment, was postponed halfway because of the extensive data analysis not inserting itself within the timescale of this master’s project and other reasons out of our control. Nevertheless, the future analysis of gene expression might, as observed in the past, show significant differences on the molecular level even if no significant behavior modifications were observed.
Villettaz, Robichaud Marianne. "Comportements d'élimination de vaches laitières gardées en stabulation libre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27274/27274.pdf.
Full textMerkle, Jerod. "Déterminants comportementaux de l'expansion de l'aire de répartition d'une population de bisons." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25513.
Full textIn this thesis, I develop a mechanistic understanding of patch-scale foraging behavior and its effects on animal distribution. I build patch selection models to test how past experience, group dynamics, and population density influence an animal’s decision to return to previously visited sites or explore. I parameterized models using an extensive data set on the movements of wild bison (Bison bison) and their expected mean intake rate of digestible energy of meadows within their range. Bison chose previously visited meadows more often than random while taking into account connectivity, distance, profitability, and size of available meadows. The probability of choosing a previously visited meadow also increased: 1) after visiting a meadow with a lower profitability than recent past experience, 2) when other group members also had previously visited the meadow, and 3) with decreasing population density. I also demonstrate that the decisions bison made had adaptive value as they resulted in the use of more profitable meadows than available options. Finally, I illustrate the emergent space use patterns of these behaviors by using simulation and by examining temporal dynamics in the space use of bison. In comparison to random movement, using memory to incorporate past experience into patch choice decisions resulted in restricted population distribution in simulated landscapes. Likewise, for bison, the area of space used by individuals and the population was smaller when individuals more strongly chose previously visited meadows. My findings suggest that site fidelity behavior is a strong evolutionary force shaping animal distribution. I conclude that efforts to forecast animal distribution, including range dynamics, must take into account site fidelity behavior based on an animal’s past experience as well as its interaction with memory, sociality, and density-dependent processes. This study provides a novel link between memory capabilities of animals, foraging ecology, sociality, density-dependence, and animal distribution.
Vigeant-Langlois, Charles. "Mouvements hivernaux de la martre d'Amérique dans une sapinière boréale humide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25086/25086.pdf.
Full textThériault, Véronique. "Évolution des tactiques alternatives chez l'omble de fontaine. Patrons de reproduction, héritabilité et pêche sélective." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24870/24870.pdf.
Full textThe central objective of this thesis was to assess the genetic basis of alternative life-history tactics in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Anadromy, defined as migration to sea before returning to freshwater to spawn, and residency, the completion of the entire life-cycle in freshwater, are two tactics commonly found in sympatry in salmonids. These two life-history forms are considered here as alternative tactics within a conditional strategy and are studied according to the threshold model of quantitative genetics. First, molecular markers and parentage analysis revealed that reproduction frequently occurred between the two forms, and was mediated by the resident males. Moreover, individual reproductive success was linked to body size in females, but not in males, which suggest that smaller males make use of the alternative sneaker reproductive tactic. Second, sib-reconstruction methods coupled to an “animal model” allowed the estimation of a significant heritability for the life-history tactic (between 0.53 and 0.56) and a significant genetic correlation between body size and tactic (-0.52 and -0.61), suggesting a joint evolution of these two traits. Finally, the evolutionary consequences of sportfishery on the evolution of anadromy and residency were assessed with the use of an eco-genetic model. After a hundred years of fishing-induced selection directed toward anadromous fish, the migration reaction norms shifted, resulting in a decrease in the probability of migrating with increasing harvest rate. This change was accompanied by a higher mean age at migration. The proportion of fish adopting the anadromous tactic decreased in the population as harvest rate increased, as did the absolute number of fish found in saltwater. These changes resulted in a lower mean age and size at maturity. This thesis contributes to our understanding of the determinism of alternative phenotypes and stands out because of its realization under completely natural conditions. By highlighting the genetic basis of anadromy and residency, this work suggests that an evolutionary response is expected in face of anthropogenic or natural selective forces, and such consequences are presented through an innovative modeling approach.
Idiata-Mambounga, Daniel. "Fréquentation du parc national de Loango (Gabon) par les éléphants de forêt." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25104/25104.pdf.
Full textGirard, Caroline. "La perception de la forêt mixte par les oiseaux forestiers : une analyse multi-échelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22213/22213.pdf.
Full textThis thesis documents at different spatial scales relationships between mixedwood forest and forest birds. More precisely, its objective is to determine if these birds perceive mixedwood forest as a forest with a unique identity or whether as an ecotone, a contact zone between coniferous boreal and deciduous temperate forests. The first chapter presents a study realized at a regional scale which related bird distribution data from the Breeding Bird Atlases of Quebec and Ontario to land cover data from Landsat satellite imagery. This study modeled the relationship between the presence, within 1551 squares of 100 km2, of 71 forest bird species and the cover proportion of three forest types: coniferous, deciduous and mixedwood forests. The second chapter asks the same question at finer scales. It modeled the occurrence at 57 observation points of 32 bird species with the amount of forest cover (temperate mixedwood, coniferous dominant, and deciduous dominant) present within 50, 100, and 1000 m radius. The third chapter attempts to explain the occurrence of eight bird species in mixedwood forest by their use of trees. The results obtained in the first two chapters show that at many scales several bird species present more important relations with mixedwood forest than with coniferous and deciduous forests. The blackburnian warbler particularly distinguishes itself at multiple scales. The results obtained in chapter 3 indicate that the intrinsic need of coniferous and deciduous trees in equal proportion for singing and foraging activities is not the selection criteria that motivates the occurrence within mixedwood forest of the eight bird species studied at that scale. We conclude that certain bird species do perceive mixedwood forest as a forest that possesses its own characteristics and we point out the importance of considering the distinct nature of that forest in our conservation and management strategies.
Bourque, Julie. "Déterminants comportementaux de la répartition spatiale des oiseaux dans les forêts fragmentées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22611/22611.pdf.
Full textMoreau, Guillaume. "Réponse fonctionnelle dans la sélection d'habitat du caribou forestier en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28843/28843.pdf.
Full textGoldansaz, Seyed Hossein. "Étude comportementale et écologie chimique de la recherche d'un partenaire sexuel chez le puceron de la pomme de terre, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera : Aphididae)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21010/21010.pdf.
Full textIn order to use insect sex pheromones in integrated management programme of pest species, it is essential to have the correct identification of the chemical composition of pheromones and a solid understanding of the reproductive biology for the species in question. In this thesis, I examined the two aspects in the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Homoptera: Aphididae), an agricultural pest of importance worldwide. Virgin female oviparae of the potato aphid release sex pheromone to attract conspecific males. At cooler temperatures females express this behavior at a younger age that at warmer ones. Under all constant temperature regimes in the laboratory there was a significant change in calling behavior as a function of age, with older females calling sooner after the “lights on” signal and spending more time calling. However, under field conditions the age related changes were much less evident due to the effects of low temperatures, high winds and rain on female calling activity. The sex pheromone emitted by calling females of M. euphorbiae was identified as a mixture of two monoterpenoids nepetalactol (I) and nepetalactone (II). The two components were present in a 4:1 ratio in the young females, but this changed with age and older females released a 2:1 ratio. A similar proportion of M. euphorbiae males responded to 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1 synthetic blends and to calling virgin, although the time taken to reach the source was less when conspecific females were used. Males’ behaviour to the calling females was examined in the laboratory and field bioassays. In the laboratory, males detected and oriented themselves to the source but did not fly upwind when exposed to calling females or appropriate lures, and only reached the source if there was a bridge available between the release cage and pheromone source allowing them to walk upwind. Under field conditions female calling, and male walking behavior were observed under variable wind speeds <5m/s, but male flight behavior was inhibited at variable winds >2m/s. In contrast to laboratory results where males only reached the source by walking, nearly 40% of males reaching the source did so by flying. A detailed examination of the wind patterns showed that in the presence of wind males walked towards the source but would take flight and make forward progress when there was a temporary lull in the wind.
Théoret-Gosselin, Rachel. "Effets des soins maternels, du développement moteur et des conditions environnementales sur la survie des jeunes chèvres de montagne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29391/29391.pdf.
Full textBrajon, Sophie. "Perception de l'humain et processus émotionnels et cognitifs chez le porcelet : impact de l'expérience avec l'humain." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26407.
Full textHumans are part of the environment of domestic animals and their impact on animal welfare is largely underestimated. This thesis focused on the human-animal relationship during the post-weaning period in pigs. This period has not been much studied in a context of human-animal relationship, although it is known to be associated with the development of social abilities. The first part of this thesis aimed at understanding some processes involved in the development of the perception of humans by weaned piglets, namely memory, recognition and generalisation. Results showed that weaned piglets are able to form a memory of a familiar human which persists at least 5 weeks. Moreover, piglets adapt their behaviour according to the movements (rough or gentle) of humans towards them. However, the addition of food rewards or physical stress does not amplify their behavioural responses. An unfamiliar handler is not perceived positively. In addition, familiarisation to a passive human is not sufficient to remove the fear of an approaching human, suggesting that piglets form a context-specific memory. Thereafter, it has been shown that piglets can discriminate and recognise familiar humans based on experience, although their reactions depend on numerous factors, including the consistency of the experience and the context of testing. It does not preclude that piglets are able to generalise their behavioural responses to unfamiliar humans and to form a general memory of humans. The second part of the thesis aimed at investigating the impact of the experience with humans on emotional states and cognitive abilities of weaned piglets. It has been demonstrated that the way humans behave with piglets modulates their emotional states. Piglets receiving positive interactions with humans develop a positive emotional state and are more optimistic. Fear of humans appears to be correlated with motivation to explore, a temperament trait helping animals in a learning task. Overall, it has been demonstrated that the nature of the contact given by humans plays a major role in the development of the perception of humans, but also influences emotional states and is linked with motivation of this young domestic animal to learn and adapt to its environment. Key words: weaned piglet, human-animal relationship, welfare, perception of humans, recognition/generalisation, emotional state, cognitive bias, learning.
Fabianek, François. "Sélection de l'habitat diurne des chauves-souris dans un contexte d'aménagements sylvicoles en forêt boréale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26459.
Full textUntil now, the ecology of bats in boreal forest was not studied in Quebec. Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) and northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) roost in trees during summer and might be affected by logging in boreal forest. My first objective was to find in the literature the main variables implicated in roost selection by cavity-roosting bats in North America. My second objective was to find the variables implicated in roost selection by Myotis species in a managed boreal forest. My third objective was to determine the spatial distribution and proportion of potential roosting habitats over the southern part of the Laurentian Highlands. My quantitative synthesis was based on 34 studies performed in North America. Tree diameter appeared to be a key element to consider in roost selection by cavity-roosting bats in North America, especially in Nordic latitudes. I monitored by telemetry 22 male bats captured in various sectors of the Montmorency forest (Quebec, Canada). I compared trees and stands selected by bats to random points to evaluate roost selection. Snags with an intermediate decay stage were mainly selected. Tree diameter and tree height, canopy opening and snag density were the most important variables to consider in the eastern balsam fir (Abies balsamea)-paper birch (Betula papyrifera) forest of Quebec. I used these results to generate roosting habitat suitability maps of Myotis species over the southern part of the Laurentian Highlands. Summits seemed to have a low potential for Myotis species. The balsam fir-white birch forest appeared more suitable for the northern long-eared bat, compared to the little brown bat. Promoting or maintaining large diameter trees and vegetation clusters of 0.1 hectares containing a minimum of 10 snags should preserve roosts of Myotis species in the managed boreal forest of Quebec. Increase the proportion of residual patches of old-growth forest should preserve suitable roosting habitats for Myotis species over the southern part of the Laurentian Highlands.
Vasseur, Elsa. "Développement d'une stratégie d'intervention visant à améliorer le bien-être animal en fermes laitières : par l'encouragement des producteurs à rejoindre des standards progressistes pour l'élevage des veaux et génisses." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26691/26691.pdf.
Full textAllard, Émilie. "Utilisation hivernale des ravages du cerf de Virginie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26636/26636.pdf.
Full textHabitat selection and movements are among the most studied parameters in wildlife ecology since they influence population distribution and its dynamics. Indeed, habitat selection may influence white-tailed deer winter survival. In this study, I showed that the influence of habitat on survival appears to be more important at broad scale, thus indicating its greater potential to influence survival. This demonstrates the importance of adequately managing white-tailed deer yards at a broader scale. Deer also showed a selection for primary roads, an influence that was reflected on movements. They lowered their distance moved when movements were occurring near roads when these were studied at a fine temporal scale. Also, the use of a continuous-time interval for GPS fixes, a novel sampling strategy we used here, demonstrated that no matter the time interval used, white-tailed deer maximize their habitat use while minimizing displacements since they tend to reverse their direction.
Alves, Verônica. "Inside the brain of infected threespine sticklebacks : implication of the myo-inositol pathway in behavioral alterations." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70362.
Full textComplex life cycle parasites can alter the behavior of their intermediate hosts, which often seems to facilitate the parasite transmission to the final host. How parasites achieve this and, more specifically,what is changed in the host brain remains largely uncovered. Here we studied the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), the intermediate host of the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus. While infected, sticklebacks have severe impairments in their antipredator responses. To date, we know that infected sticklebacks have an increase in their IMPA 1 gene brain expression, which encodes the IMPase 1 enzyme, a key step in the myo-inositol synthesis. Interestingly, IMPase 1 and myo-inositol levels are the main targets of lithium treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. Although promising candidates, we do not know if they are directly implicated in behavioral alterations in Schistocephalus-infected fish. Thus, our main objective was to perform a functional analysis of whether an alteration in the cerebral myo-inositol pathway had a direct implication in such alterations. We injected uninfected fish with exogenous myo-inositol (90 mM, n = 20) or with a saline solution (25 ppt, n = 20) to induce the production of endogenous myo-inositol, and exposed infected fish to lithium chloride (12.5 mM, n= 20). Contrary to our expectations, uninfected fish exposed to exogenous or endogenous myo-inositol did not show alterations in their behavior. However, infected fish treated with lithium spent less times wimming close to the surface, traveled a shorter distance, had a higher latency to feed, and spent more time frozen after a predator attack. These results suggest that the myo-inositol pathway might be implicated in the behavioral alterations observed in infected sticklebacks. This thesis contributes to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral alteration in a host due to the presence of a parasite.
Corbani, Aude Catherine. "Évaluation de la reproduction des oiseaux en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30257/30257.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this PhD is to assess the reproductive success of a managed boreal forest songbird community, and to explore its causality. The traditional method to achieve this objective is nest monitoring, but it is laborious in boreal forest where nests are often on the ground or hidden at the top of trees. Alternative methods have already been used in boreal forest to document songbird reproduction without finding nests. They are based on observations of parental behavior (such as food provisioning) or fledglings accompanying their parents. However, these observations suffer from significant detection bias, parents not displaying success indicators all the time. In the three chapters of this thesis, I am interested in two stages of bird reproductive cycle: nesting success (i.e. the presence of young at the nest) and fledging success. The first chapter presents an innovative method to measure nesting success from food provisioning observations taking into account of parental status detection bias. I show that this bias may be significant (detection does not exceed 38%), and that the application of two-state occupancy models (presence/absence) to nesting success (young/no young at nest) is possible and effective. In a second chapter, I apply my analytic method to food provisioning observations collected since 1995 in the study area (Forêt Montmorency, Québec, Canada). I show that nesting decreases during the 17 studied years, in correlation with habitat modifications and meteorological changes over time. Additionally, nesting success is greater in older and more even-aged forests, as well as far from forestry roads and trails. In the third chapter, I show that, in half of the cases where adults are found without fledglings at the end of the reproductive season, they do in fact have fledglings. After accounting for this imperfect detection, I estimate fledging success as 59%, uncorrelated to landscape attributes (stand age and homogeneity). All results in this thesis support the claim that boreal forest represents an important breeding ground for birds in North America. I highlight the importance of detection bias when using alternative methods to nest monitoring in order to measure reproductive success and propose applications of these new tools for atlassing and similar large-scale ornithology initiatives.
Hodson, James. "Sélection d'habitat du lièvre d'Amérique en forêt boréale irrégulière aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27957/27957.pdf.
Full textThis thesis explores how different components of natural and human disturbance regimes shape the distribution of a key boreal forest herbivore, the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). I investigated both broad-scale changes in hare abundance during forest succession and fine-scale responses to heterogeneity created by canopy gap dynamics in old-growth forests. I then evaluated how hare respond to silvicultural treatments designed to maintain the irregular structure of old-growth stands using patterns of density-dependent habitat selection and browse history reconstruction. Snowshoe hare followed a bimodal abundance distribution with stand age, with a pronounced peak in density between 40-50 years post-disturbance followed by a second more subtle increase phase during late-succession. Within old-growth stands, canopy gaps offered areas of higher food availability, but foraging and movement behaviours indicated that hares perceived a greater risk of predation within openings. The structure of old-growth stands thus appears to impose a trade-off between acquiring food and avoiding predation. The response of snowshoe hare to forest harvesting depended on both disturbance intensity and local population density. Preference for uncut forest stands over harvest treatments with >50% tree retention quickly diminished as local populations increased. In contrast, preference for uncut forests over treatments with <20% tree retention became more pronounced with increasing local population density. Similarly, in the first years following harvesting, browse use patterns of white birch (Betula papyrifera) stems in low intensity treatments (>50% retention) remained similar to those in uncut old-growth forest stands, whereas browse use declined rapidly in intensive harvest treatments (<20% retention) over the same period. These findings suggest that silvicultural treatments that conserve old-growth forest structure can also maintain distributions of hare that are characteristic of late-succession. This thesis helps to further our understanding of the links between snowshoe hare distribution and regional disturbance regimes in managed boreal forests.
Coulombe, Marie-Lou. "Effets de la densité de population sur le comportement d'approvisionnement et le budget d'activité du cerf de Virgine (Odocoileus virginianus) à l'Île d'Anticosti." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33252.
Full textWe investigated the influence of population density on movements, activity budgets and space utilization of white-tailed deer in a controlled-density experiment. Movements and activity budgets were generally not greatly affected by density. Seasonal and annual increases in végétation abundance resulted in a réduction in the length of activity bouts because the time required to gather food decreases when végétation becomes more abundant. In unenclosed areas, deer spent less time active at the beginning of the summer and more time resting, likely to process less digestible forage. Deer at high density, contrarily to deer at low density, did not select areas with dense cover. If population density reduces forage availability, we predict that deer will adapt by feeding for longer periods, particularly at the beginning of the summer when forage is more limited. Space utilization in relation to food and cover is affected by population density.
Hamel, Sandra. "Les compromis à court et à long terme associés à la reproduction chez les ongulés femelles : l'exemple de la chèvre de montagne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25657/25657.pdf.
Full textAudet, Marie-Claude. "Anomalies émotionnelles et motivationnelles consécutives à une exposition sous-chronique répétée à la phencyclidine chez le rat : analogies avec la schizophrénie humaine." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24955/24955.pdf.
Full textTherrien, Jean-François. "Allocation des ressources maternelles en fonction de la compétition intraspécifique chez le cerf de Virginie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24034/24034.pdf.
Full textBélanger, Édouard. "Sélection de l'habitat, dynamique de population et utilisation de l'espace du caribou des monts Torngat." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27772.
Full textThe Torngat Mountains caribou herd in northeastern Québec-Labrador is rapidly declining. Few studies have examined the causes of this decline and little is known about the habitat selection, survival and space use of this herd. Using 35 caribou equipped with satellite collars between 2011 and 2015, we evaluated the Torngat Mountains caribou habitat selection at two different spatial and temporal scales, survival, and effect of harvest on future population trends. We also evaluated the Torngat Mountains caribou space use in relationship with its neighbor, the Rivière-George migratory caribou. We found little variation in habitat selection between the two spatial scales studied. However, there was variation in factors limiting habitat selection among different seasons. Habitat selection was primarily driven by resource availability and abundance during winter and pre-calving, by insect avoidance in summer and by the presence of graminoids during the rut. Although predation is known to be the main limiting factor of caribou populations and habitat selection by female caribou during calving, we found no evidence of predator avoidance behavior during this season. Moreover, we showed that the population decline was primarily attributed to low survival of adult females due to subsistence hunting and predation. We also found that the overlap between the two populations has decreased in the last 25 years due to a decline in Rivière-George herd abundance. This could result in decreased genetic exchanges and immigration between herds. Using demographic models, we showed that the Torngat Mountains caribou would rapidly decline if no management actions were taken to increase adult survival.
Turcotte, Yves. "Structure du paysage et écologie comportementale des oiseaux forestiers en hiver." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23015/23015.pdf.
Full textOver the last few decades, many researchers have addressed the impacts of forest loss on forest bird abundance. However, most of these works were conducted during the breeding season. The aim of my research was to document the effects of deforestation on bird populations during winter. Using an experimental approach, I also wanted to assess the effect of behavioral mechanisms potentially affecting population dynamics and spatial distribution of forest birds. Field work was conducted during three winters in Kamouraska County. The structure of 24 landscapes (500-m radius) was described from a satellite image. These landscapes represented a broad gradient of deforestation (forest cover 8–88 %). In half of these landscapes, we provided an unlimited source of food. I evaluated the effects of landscape structure 1) on the spatial distribution of the forest bird community, 2) on the fattening strategies, and 3) the anti-predator behavior of the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Forest integrity (a composite of forest cover and edge density) was positively associated with chickadee abundance and species richness in landscapes that were supplemented. However, in control landscapes, chickadee abundance and species richness tended to decrease with an increase in forest integrity. This suggests that the more forested control landscapes facilitated winter emigration when conditions deteriorated. Conversely in highly deforested and fragmented control landscapes, birds became “gap-locked”. Landscape structure did not affect chickadees’ energetic condition. However, food-supplementation improved it and affected the pattern of daily fattening as well. In the more deforested control landscapes, chickadees showed more willingness and ventured farther into the open despite a likely increase in the risk of predation. However, where ad libitum food was available prior to the experiment, chickadees always remained close to the forest edge, regardless of the level of deforestation.
Sigaud, Marie. "Le bison des prairies entre aire protégée et terres agricoles : causes, conséquences et perspectives de gestion." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34488.
Full textHarvey, Léa. "Les variations spatiales de l'effort d'approvisionnement du bison des plaines soumis à la prédation par le loup gris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29867/29867.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this study was to explain spatial variation in the feeding effort of plains bison. I characterized feeding craters of bison in snow, and I radio-tracked bison and wolves in winter. Bison foraged more intensively in meadows with shallow and light snow, and in the most profitable (digestible energy / handling time) patches available in the landscape. Bison and wolves intensively used the same meadows, a co-occurrence indicating that wolves are ahead in the spatial game they play with bison. Also, bison left more vegetation of higher-than-average profitability in large than in small meadows. This decision is consistent with the notion that bison move frequently to prevent wolves from knowing their location. The assessment of bison foraging in a natural setting reveals how spatial patterns of herbivory emerge in landscapes characterized by multiple levels of heterogeneity.
Auger, Laurence. "Étude d'association pangénomique du trait SMR "Suppressed Mite Reproduction" dans des colonies d'Apis mellifera au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34865.
Full textThe literature generally agrees that ectoparasite Varroa destructor is the most important threat to the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Currently, varroa is controlled primarily by acaricide treatments that present a risk of contamination of hive products and the environment. In some colonies of A. mellifera is a hygienic behavior that reduces varroa mite infestation, VSH "Varroa Sensitive Hygiene", and is associated with a decrease in the reproduction of varroa mites in bee brood, "Supressed Mite Reproduction" (SMR). Identifying the genomic architecture that regulates this resistance to varroa mites would help to accelerate its evolution in all honeybee populations and reduce the damage caused by the parasite. This master’s project aimed to shed light on the relationship between the genome and this quantitative resistance phenotype by a genome-wide association study on a sample of A. mellifera colonies taken from five different sites across Quebec. Genotyping sequencing (GBS) technology has been used to identify thousands of markers on the whole genome scale from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Then the association of the markers with the SMR phenotype was tested with statistical models: the mixed linear model (MLM) and the mixed linear multi-locus model (MLMM) with bioinformatic tools. This project joins other attempts to produce more effective breeding tools for beekeepers to control varroosis.
Lessard, Pierre-Etienne. "Développement du budget d'activité et du comportement de plongée chez le jeune phoque commun (Phoca vitulina) de l'Estuaire du Saint-Laurent au courant de la lactation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25299.
Full textYoung mammals face a trade-off regarding the allocation of maternal energy: to build up body reserves or spend this energy to develop foraging skills. This study examined this conflict by monitoring growth and ontogeny of diving in 33 nursing harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from the St. Lawrence River Estuary. Pups could be discriminated into frequent, intermediate and limited divers. Frequent and intermediate divers spent more time underwater, than limited divers. The daily amount of time dedicated to deeper and longer dives increased for frequent divers, remained unchanged for intermediate divers and decreased for limited divers. Such different aquatic training tactics prior to nutritional independence were also associated with greater growth rates exhibited by frequent and intermediate divers compared to that of limited divers. Higher growth and better diving ability may contribute to improving the probability of first year survival.
De, Bruyn Colin. "Modalités fonctionnelles et évolutives des parasitoses développées par les crabes Pinnotheridae aux dépens des échinides fouisseurs." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209978.
Full textprimitivus exploite deux espèces Spatangidae vivant dans la Mer des Caraïbes, Meoma
ventricosa et Plagiobrissus grandis. Des approches comportementales, démographiques et
génétiques ont été adoptées afin de mettre en lumière le fonctionnement et la biologie de cette
symbiose. Par son comportement alimentaire, le crabe occasionne des lésions tégumentaires
sur ses hôtes. Celles-ci affectent la fitness de M. ventricosa, au travers de son développement
gonadique. Dissodactylus primitivus exploite ses deux espèces hôtes de façon asymétrique. La
reproduction des parasites se déroule sur les deux hôtes, alors que le recrutement ne s’effectue
que sur M. ventricosa. Ce cycle vital asymétrique du crabe serait stabilisé par la qualité et la
rareté de P. grandis. En outre, Le comportement sexuel du crabe sur M. ventricosa répondrait
aux critères de la polygynandrie à femelles mobiles. Selon ce modèle, les mâles et les
femelles se déplacent entre les hôtes à la recherche de partenaires multiples. Lors de ces
déplacements, le crabe s’aiderait de son aptitude à localiser chimiquement ses hôtes.
Néanmoins, ce mécanisme s’avère plastique et pourrait refléter l’asymétrie du cycle vital. En
effet, cette différence n’a pas d’origine génétique, car les crabes vivant au sein du site d’étude constituent la même population quelle que soit l’espèce hôte considérée. Les marqueurs
moléculaires microsatellites mis au point dans ce travail permettront lors de futurs travaux
d’affiner les observations sur les modalités d’accouplement du crabe et d’estimer sa capacité
de dispersion.
This work aimed to highlight the relationships between the host exploitation strategy of an
ectoparasite crustacean and its mating system. The pea crab Dissodactylus primitivus exploits
two Spatangidae species living in the Caribbean Sea, Meoma ventricosa and Plagiobrissus
grandis. Behavioural, demographic and genetic approaches have been conducted to examine
the functioning and biology of this symbiosis. Owing to its feeding behaviour, the crab
wounds the host tegument. The wounds negatively affect M. ventricosa's fitness through its
gonadic development. Dissodactylus primitivus asymmetrically exploits its two host species.
The reproduction of the parasites happens on each host, but the recruitment only takes place
on M. ventricosa. The asymmetrical life cycle would be stabilised par the quality and the
scarcity of P. grandis. The mating system of crabs living on M. ventricosa would correspond
to the Pure-search polygynandry of mobile females criteria. According to this model, the
males and the females practice the host switching behaviour to find several sexual partners.
During these movements, the crab could use its chemodetection ability to locate its hosts.
However, this mechanism is plastic and presumably reflects the asymmetrical life cycle of the
crab. This difference has indeed not a genetic cause because the crabs living inside the
investigated region belong to the same population, whatever the regarded host species. In
future studies, the microsatellites markers developed for this work could be used to test the
mating system of D. primitivus and to estimate its dispersion ability.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bastille-Rousseau, Guillaume. "Stratégies d'approvisionnement d'un omnivore : l'ours noir oriente-t-il sa recherche de nourriture vers les jeunes cervidés?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27076/27076.pdf.
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