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1

Nečas, Petr, and Kathrin Rudolph. "Incidental Case of Ornithophagy in an Adult Malagasy Giant Chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae)." Archaius 2, no. 1 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14879343.

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Incidental Case of Ornithophagy in an Adult Malagasy Giant Chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) A rare case of ornithophagy in Malagasy Giant Chameleon,<em> Furcifer oustaleti,</em> on a Blue Tit (<em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>) is reported and discussed. <strong>Key words: </strong>Chameleons, ornithophagy, <em>Furcifer oustaleti</em>, <em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>
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2

Oros, J., P. Castro, A. Torrent, et al. "Immunohistochemical detection of microfilariae of Foleyella species in an Oustalet's chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti)." Veterinary Record 150, no. 1 (2002): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.150.1.20.

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3

Smith, Dustin, Joy Vinci, Christopher V. Anderson, Jennifer Ketterlin Eckles, Frank Ridgley, and Frank J. Mazzotti. "Observations on Nesting and Clutch Size inFurcifer oustaleti(Oustalet's Chameleon) in South Florida." Southeastern Naturalist 15, sp8 (2016): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.015.sp808.

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4

McAllister, Chris T. "A new species of Choleoeimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Oustalet\'s chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae)." Folia Parasitologica 59, no. 1 (2012): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2012.002.

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5

Gillette, Christopher R., Kenneth L. Krysko, Joseph A. Wasilewski, et al. "Oustalet’s Chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard 1894) (Chamaeleonidae), a Non-indigenous Species Newly Established in Florida." Reptiles & Amphibians 17, no. 4 (2010): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v17i4.16135.

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6

Eckhardt, Falk, Cornelia Kraus, and Peter M. Kappeler. "Life histories, demographies and population dynamics of three sympatric chameleon species (Furcifer spp.) from western Madagascar." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 1 (2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181039.

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Abstract The life histories and population dynamics of chameleons remain poorly known, most likely due to practical challenges related to their cryptic nature. However, several studies have indicated that some of these reptiles have unusually brief life histories. Specifically, one Madagascan chameleon (Furcifer labordi) was found to have an annual life cycle characterized by population-wide survival of the austral winter in the egg stage; a unique life history among tetrapods. In this study, we compare the life history of F. labordi with two locally sympatric congeners (F. cf. nicosiai and F. oustaleti) in Kirindy forest, western Madagascar, to determine how these species adjust their life histories to a highly seasonal and unpredictable climate. We found differences in lifespan, timing of hatching, growth rates, survival, reproductive rates, adult body size, and roosting heights among all three species. Moreover, two species exhibited relatively short lifespans: 6-9 months in F. labordi and 16-18 months in F. cf. nicosiai. In contrast, F. oustaleti is perennial and large-sized juveniles and adults aestivate during the dry season, but survival rates of adults seemed relatively low. Strikingly, the annual cohort of F. labordi was already adult when hatchlings of F. oustaleti and subsequently F. cf. nicosiai emerged. Our study suggests the co-existence of three different life histories with seasonal adjustment that might be related to the partitioning of overall food availability and contributes valuable life history data on enigmatic chameleon species.
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7

WAINWRIGHT, PETER C., DAVID M. KRAKLAU, and ALBERT F. BENNETT. "Kinematics of Tongue Projection in Chamaeleo Oustaleti." Journal of Experimental Biology 159, no. 1 (1991): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.159.1.109.

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The kinematics of prey capture by the chamaeleonid lizard Chamaeleo oustaleti were studied using high-speed cinematography. Three feeding sequences from each of two individuals were analyzed for strike distances of 20 and 35 cm, at 30°C. Ten distances and angles were measured from sequential frames beginning approximately 0.5 s prior to tongue projection and continuing for about 1.0 s. Sixteen additional variables, documenting maximum excursions and the timing of events, were calculated from the kinematic profiles. Quantified descriptions of head, hyoid and tongue movements are presented. Previously unrecognized rapid protraction of the hyobranchial skeleton simultaneously with the onset of tongue projection was documented and it is proposed that this assists the accelerator muscle in powering tongue projection. Acceleration of the tongue occurred in about 20ms, reaching a maximum acceleration of 486 m s−2 and maximum velocity of 5.8m s−1 in 35 cm strikes. Deceleration of the tongue usually began within 5 ms before prey contract and the direction of tongue movement was reversed within 10 ms of prey contact. Retraction of the tongue, caused by shortening of the retractor muscles, reached a maximum velocity of 2.99 ms−1 and was complete 330 ms after prey contact. Projection distance influences many aspects of prey capture kinematics, particularly projection time, tongue retraction time and the extent of gape and head movements during tongue retraction, all of which are smaller in shorter feedings. Though several features of the chameleon strike have apparently been retained from lizards not capable of ballistic tongue projection, key differences are documented. Unlike members of a related family, the Agamidae, C. oustaleti uses no body lunge during prey capture, exhibits gape reduction during tongue projection and strongly depresses the head and jaws during tongue retraction. Note: Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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8

Sharpe, R. Bowdler. "3. A Note on Strix oustaleti, Hartlaub." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 50, no. 2 (2009): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1882.tb06627.x.

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9

Gonzaga, Luiz Pedreira, Charles Ozanick, Vítor Q. de Piacentini, and Carlos Eduardo Carvalho. "First description of the nest and notes on parental care of Oustalet’s Tyrannulet, Phylloscartes oustaleti (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae)." Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 24, no. 4 (2016): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544366.

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10

Krysko, Kenneth L., Christopher R. Gillette, Rebecca M. Reichart, et al. "Preliminary Dietary Analysis for the Non-indigenous Oustalet’s Chameleon, Furcifer oustaleti (Mocquard 1894) (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae), in Southern Florida." Reptiles & Amphibians 19, no. 4 (2012): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v19i4.13926.

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11

Chesser, R. Terry. "Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of the South American Ovenbird Genus Cinclodes." Auk 121, no. 3 (2004): 752–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.3.752.

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Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cinclodes, a group of South American furnariids, were studied using complete sequences of the mitochondrial genes COII and ND3. The 13 species of Cinclodes formed a monophyletic group consisting of three major lineages: (1) the southeastern Brazilian isolate C. pabsti, which was sister to the rest of the genus; (2) a clade of five primarily Patagonian or central Argentine highlands species; and (3) a clade of seven primarily north-central Andean or Pacific species. Biogeographic structure in the Patagonian-Andean taxa was consistent with the deep Patagonian and north-central Andean division previously noted in the similarly distributed genus Muscisaxicola. Evolutionary relationships among Cinclodes species were partially consistent with expectations based on plumage, behavior, and ecology. The phenotypically distinctive C. antarcticus was found to be sister to the widespread C. fuscus in the primarily Patagonian-Argentine clade, and the distinctive C. palliatus to be sister to C. atacamensis in the high Andean-Pacific clade. The central Argentine isolates C. comechingonus and C. olrogi formed a clade with C. oustaleti (olrogi sister to oustaleti, and comechingonus sister to those two) within the Patagonian-Argentine clade. The Pacific marine specialists C. nigrofumosus and C. taczanowskii were sisters within the Andean-Pacific clade and were distantly related to the southern maritime species C. antarcticus. Thus, marine ecological specialization apparently evolved twice within Cinclodes; behavioral and ecological data also support the nonhomology of the two character states. The two exclusively Pacific species were positionally apomorphic within the Andean-Pacific clade; ancestral area analysis indicated that the high Andes were the most likely area of origin for this clade, and that the Pacific coast was occupied secondarily.
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12

Takahashi, Hiroo. "Fruit Feeding Behavior of a Chameleon Furcifer oustaleti: Comparison with Insect Foraging Tactics." Journal of Herpetology 42, no. 4 (2008): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/07-102r2.1.

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13

Florio, Antonia M., and Christopher J. Raxworthy. "A Phylogeographic Assessment of the Malagasy Giant Chameleons (Furcifer verrucosus and Furcifer oustaleti)." PLOS ONE 11, no. 6 (2016): e0154144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154144.

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14

Soazandry, Mathilde, Bertrand Razafimahatratra, Christian Randrianantoandro, Richard Jenkins, and Jonah Ratsimbazafy. "Habitat use by chameleons in a deciduous forest in western Madagascar." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 1 (2010): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810790457812.

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AbstractInformation on the distribution and abundance of chameleons in Madagascar is required to develop conservation plans that integrate protected area management and sustainable use. We surveyed chameleons in eight sites in deciduous forest in Menabe, western Madagascar. Brookesia brygooi was the most frequently detected species, with a population density of 35 ha–1. Furcifer species were less common, with calculated densities of 7.2 ha–1 (F. labordi), 3.0 ha–1 (Furcifer sp.) and 1.3 ha–1 (F. oustaleti). Chameleon abundance varied according to altitude (B. brygooi) and no clear effect from logging was detected (all species). A lack of information on chameleon diurnal habitat requirements impedes a fuller assessment of the extent to which these species are tolerant to forest degradation. There were interspecific differences in the height of nocturnal perches and additional studies are needed to determine whether these are related to diurnal resource partitioning. Furcifer labordi and Furcifer sp. are of conservation concern because they are restricted to native forests in western Madagascar.
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15

Hahn, Ingo, Uwe Römer, and Roberto P. Schlatter. "First Description of Nesting Ecology of the Endemic Grey-Flanked CinclodesCinclodes oustaleti baeckstroemiifrom the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile." Acta Ornithologica 40, no. 2 (2005): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/068.040.0202.

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16

Machado, Caio Graco. "As espécies-núcleo dos bandos mistos de aves da mata atlântica da Serra de Paranapiacaba, no sudeste brasileiro." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 2, no. 1/2 (2002): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb8241.

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Este estudo investigou a estrutura dos bandos mistos de aves em uma área de Mata Atlântica no alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram realizadas doze visitas mensais, de abril de 1990 a março de 1991, com 36 horas de campo em cada. Em cada contato com bandos mistos registrava-se a composição específica, a distribuição específica dentro do bando e na vegetação, o tamanho dos bandos (em número de indivíduos) e dados sobre comportamento das espécies integrantes. Cinco espécies mais típicas observadas nos bandos foram analisadas quanto à função de espécie-núcleo: Basileuterus culicivorus (Licht., 1830), Philydor rufus (Vieillot, 1818), Phylloscartes oustaleti (Sclater, 1887), Hylophilus poicilotis (Temminck, 1822) e Orthogonys chloricterus (Vieillot, 1819). Nenhuma delas adequou-se totalmente aos parâmetros que classificam as espécies-núcleo. Por outro lado, bandos mistos onde duas ou mais destas espécies estavam presentes eram significativamente maiores que os bandos onde estas ocorriam sozinhas ou não ocorriam. Assim, a força coesiva dos bandos mistos desta área da Mata Atlântica parece não advir de uma ou duas espécies-núcleo típicas, mas de um conjunto de espécies que atua como elemento formador e de manutenção dos bandos mistos.
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17

Gussoni, Carlos Otávio Araujo, Arthur Monteiro Gomes, Daniel Fernandes Perrella, et al. "New information on the breeding biology of fifteen Brazilian bird species." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 18, no. 1 (2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v18i1.843.

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Although birds are a well-studied group, the breeding biology of many species is still poorly known, especially in the Neotropical region. This lack of knowledge implies the absence of subsidies for conservation, lack of more reliable data for phylogenetic reconstruction, and for studying the effects of environmental change on these species. In view of this scenario we collected information on the reproduction of 15 bird species in 16 Brazilian locations from February 2003 to December 2021. This article presents new data on the nests, eggs, juveniles/nestlings and/or breeding behavior of Veniliornis spilogaster (Picidae), Philydor atricapillus (Furnariidae), Myiobius barbatus (Onychorhynchidae), Tityra semifasciata (Tityridae), Phylloscartes paulista (Rhynchocyclidae), Phylloscartes oustaleti (Rhynchocyclidae), Elaenia obscura sordida (Tyrannidae), Tyrannus albogularis (Tyrannidae), Cnemotriccus fuscatus (Tyrannidae), Icterus pyrrhopterus (Icteridae), Nemosia pileata caerulea (Thraupidae), Trichothraupis melanops (Thraupidae), Thlypopsis sordida (Thraupidae), Cyanophonia cyanocephala (Fringillidae) and Chlorophonia cyanea roraimae (Fringillidae). We include new data on parental care for six species, descriptions of nests for eight species, and new information on nest building behavior for five species. This data is of special interest for the management of these species and their habitats and for the reconstruction of their phylogenetic relationships.
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18

Hahn, Ingo. "Bioacoustic characteristics and populations numbers of endemic Ciclodes oustaleti baeckstroemii (Aves: Furnariidae) Lönnberg, 1921 of Alejandro Selkirk Island, Chile." Bonner zoologische Beiträge : Herausgeber: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 55 (June 12, 2004): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13425553.

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19

Hahn, Ingo. "Bioacoustic characteristics and populations numbers of endemic Ciclodes oustaleti baeckstroemii (Aves: Furnariidae) Lönnberg, 1921 of Alejandro Selkirk Island, Chile." Bonner zoologische Beiträge : Herausgeber: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 55 (June 7, 2004): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13425553.

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20

Hahn, Ingo. "Bioacoustic characteristics and populations numbers of endemic Ciclodes oustaleti baeckstroemii (Aves: Furnariidae) Lönnberg, 1921 of Alejandro Selkirk Island, Chile." Bonner zoologische Beiträge : Herausgeber: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 55 (June 19, 2004): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13425553.

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21

Andriamandimbiarisoa, Laza, Christopher Raxworthy, Kristopher Karsten, and Stanley Fox. "Population densities and conservation assessments for three species of chameleons in the Toliara region of south-western Madagascar." Amphibia-Reptilia 30, no. 3 (2009): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853809788795254.

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AbstractMadagascar is a high conservation priority. Rainforests receive most of the focus, but the dry deciduous and spiny forests of south-western Madagascar house many endemics, are under high deforestation pressure, and remain largely unprotected. Charismatic vertebrates, like chameleons, face a secondary threat: harvesting for the commercial pet trade. Six chameleons inhabit the arid southwest near Toliara: Furcifer antimena, F. belalandaensis, F. labordi, F. lateralis, F. oustaleti, and F. verrucosus. We measured population densities of three of those species. Furcifer verrucosus has a large distribution, was dense (97.7 ha–1; 95% CI = 60.2-158.6), and inhabited forests and anthropogenic habitats. Furcifer labordi was much less dense (30.8 ha–1; 13.4-70.9), has a restricted range, and has a unique life history that makes it susceptible to perturbations from deforestation or illegal harvesting. Furcifer antimena was the least dense (17.0 ha–1; 9.3-30.9) and has an even smaller distribution range. We lack density data for F. lateralis, but this species was abundant in anthropogenic habitats. Within their respective ranges, there are currently no protected areas for F. antimena and only few for F. labordi; these two species are far less abundant than the more widely spread F. verrucosus. We recommend that high conservation priority be focused on F. antimena and the southern populations of F. labordi due to their restricted distributions, susceptibility to extirpation, lower population densities, and lack of formal protection. Establishing protected areas in the Ranobe region and north of the Fiherenana River, in the Belalanda region, would help protect important populations of these vulnerable species.
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22

SCHNEIDER, MARTIN. "About the authorship of Heterophasia desgodinsi (Aves, Passeriformes)." Bionomina 39, no. 1 (2024): 18–20. https://doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.39.1.3.

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The black-headed sibia (Aves, Passeriformes, Leiothrichidae) was first described in the year 1877 as Sibia desgodinsi. The author of the article (Oustalet 1877) was Jean Frédéric Émile Oustalet (1844‒1905). Most subsequent works mentioned only Oustalet as author: for example Deigan et al. (1964: 418), Dickinson &amp; Christidis (2014: 546), Clements et al. (2024), Gill et al. (2024) and Lepage (2024). Exception are Saunders (1879: 38), who used the authorship E. Oustalet &amp; A. David, Rothschild (1926: 271), Riley (1926: 31), who placed the bird into Leioptila Blyth, 1847 (Blyth 1847: 449) as Leioptila desgodinsi, and Robinson &amp; Kloss (1919: 586), who placed it into Malacias Cabanis, 1851 (Cabanis 1851:113) as Malacias desgodinsi.
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23

Gillespie, Grant D. "Hybridization, Introgression, and Morphometric Differentiation between Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Grey Duck (Anas superciliosa) in Otago, New Zealand." Auk 102, no. 3 (1985): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/102.3.459.

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Abstract Small numbers of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were introduced into New Zealand from Great Britain and North America over 100 years ago. Both sexes have undergone differentiation in size and plumage characters as a consequence of hybridization with the indigenous Grey Duck (A. superciliosa). Pure forms of both species, as documented by early descriptions, appear to be disappearing, particularly the Grey Duck. In Otago, the Mallard and Grey Duck are introgressively hybridizing, and the majority of intergrades are Mallard-like in appearance. Separation of Mallards, hybrid birds, and Grey Ducks was achieved using a stepwise cluster analysis of mensural characters. The observed morphometric differentiation was not continuous throughout the Otago population, and a total of 5 discontinuities (groups of morphologically similar birds) were distinguished: male Mallards, female Mallards, Grey Ducks, and 2 groups of hybrid birds. The use of bivariate scattergrams of skull length and eye-lens weight provided the most useful illustration of the distinctions among Mallard, hybrid, and Grey Duck populations. As a consequence of hybridization, two morphologically distinct hybrid populations have been produced: one resembles the Grey Duck and the other the Mallard. This situation is discussed in relation to the two hybrid forms of the Marianas Mallard (A. oustaleti). The Mallard was so successful in newly created agricultural habitat that by 1958 this species constituted 53% of the Mallard-Grey Duck population. Prior to 1958 the observed hybrid frequency was less than 3% and the reduction in the proportion of the Grey Duck most probably was the result of habitat reduction. In 1977 the Mallard comprised 82% of the Mallard-Grey Duck population, and there was concern over the number of pure Grey Ducks remaining in Otago. By 1981-1982 levels of hybridization, based on plumage analysis, had reached 51%, and the proportion of pure Grey Ducks had dropped to 4.5%, which is below the level suggested for the maintenance of a species. In the absence of reproductive isolation or antihybridization mechanisms between these two species, the Mallard and hybrid populations represent a potential threat to the conservation of the New Zealand Grey Duck.
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LEI, LUJIA, XINGZHI CHU, BILAL DIK, FASHENG ZOU, HAITAO WANG, and DANIEL R. GUSTAFSSON. "Four new species of Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae) from Chinese babblers (Passeriformes: Leiothrichidae, Paradoxornithidae, Timaliidae)." Zootaxa 4878, no. 1 (2020): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4878.1.4.

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Four new species of amblyceran chewing lice of the genus Myrsidea Waterston, 1915 are described from hosts of the babbler families Leiothrichidae, Paradoxornithidae and Timaliidae in China. They are: Myrsidea attenuata n. sp. from Garrulax maesi maesi (Oustalet, 1890), Myrsidea zhangae n. sp. from Ianthocincla berthemyi (Oustalet, 1876), Myrsidea liopari n. sp. from Lioparus chrysotis amoenus (Mayr, 1941) and L. chrysotis swinhoii (Verreaux, 1871), and Myrsidea suthorae n. sp. from Suthora verreauxi verreauxi Sharpe, 1883. A checklist of host-louse associations for identified and unidentified Myrsidea species known from babblers is provided.
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Gustafsson, Daniel R., Tomas Najer, Fasheng Zou, and Sarah E. Bush. "The ischnoceran chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) of bulbuls (Aves: Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae), with descriptions of 18 new species." European Journal of Taxonomy 800 (March 9, 2022): 1–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.800.1683.

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The ischnoceran chewing lice known from bulbuls are discussed and revised, and 18 new species are described. These are: Brueelia celer sp. nov. from Pycnonotus cafer bengalensis Blyth, 1845 and Pycnonotus cafer primrosei Deignan, 1949; Brueelia colindalei sp. nov. from Hemixos castanonotus canipennis Seebohm, 1890; Brueelia doisuthepensis sp. nov. from Alophoixus ochraceus ochraceus (Moore, 1858); Brueelia galeata sp. nov. from Alophoixus pallidus henrici (Oustalet, 1896); Brueelia hermetica sp. nov. from Pycnonotus barbatus layardi Gurney, 1879; Brueelia leiae sp. nov. from Alophoixus flaveolus burmanicus (Oates, 1899); Brueelia robertrankini sp. nov. from Pycnonotus jocosus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pycnonotus jocosus pattani Deignan, 1948; Brueelia yunnanensis sp. nov. from Ixos mcclellandii similis (Rothschild, 1921); Guimaraesiella brunneomarginata sp. nov. from Pycnonotus goiaver samarensis Rand &amp; Rabor, 1960 and Pycnonotus goiaver personatus Hume, 1873; Guimaraesiella caligogularis sp. nov. from Pycnonotus plumosus plumosus Blyth, 1845 and Alophoixus bres tephrogenys (Jardine &amp; Selby, 1833); Guimaraesiella cinnamomea sp. nov. from Iole propinqua propinqua (Oustalet, 1903) and Iole viridescens cinnamomeoventris Baker, 1917; Guimaraesiella ixi sp. nov. from Ixos mcclellandii peracensis (Hartert &amp; Butler, 1898); Guimaraesiella lorica sp. nov. from Hypsipetes leucocephalus nigerrimus Gould, 1863; Guimaraesiella mayoensis sp. nov. from Hypsipetes everetti everetti (Tweeddale, 1877); Guimaraesiella phlaoalopha sp. nov. from Alophoixus pallidus henrici (Oustalet, 1896); Philopteroides holosternus sp. nov. from Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli, 1786); Philopteroides longiclypeatus sp. nov. from Hypsipetes everretti samarensis Rand &amp; Rabor, 1959; Philopteroides haerixos sp. nov. from Ixos mcclellandii holtii (Swinhoe, 1861) and Alophoixus pallidus henrici (Oustalet, 1896). The following new host records are provided: Hemixos castanonotus canipennis Seebohm, 1890, for Guimaraesiella flavala (Najer &amp; Sychra in Najer et al., 2012); Pycnonotus blanfordi conradi (Finsch in Finsch &amp; Conrad, 1873) for Philopteroides cucphuongensis Mey, 2004. Philopterus cucphuongensis is tentatively redescribed and illustrated based on specimens from a non-type host species. The species descriptions of the following species are amended slightly, based on re-examinations of type specimens: Brueelia alophoixi Sychra in Sychra et al., 2009; Guimaraesiella cucphuongensis (Najer &amp; Sychra in Najer et al., 2012); Guimaraesiella flavala (Najer &amp; Sychra in Najer et al., 2012). We propose to move Philopterus hiyodori Uchida, 1949, to the genus Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938. The species Sturnidoecus acutifrons (Uchida, 1949) and Penenirmus guldum (Ansari, 1955) are considered species inquirenda. An updated checklist of ischnoceran lice known from bulbuls is provided, as well as a key to all ischnoceran species known from bulbuls.
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GUSTAFSSON, DANIEL R., CHUNPO TIAN, MENGJIAO REN, ZHIXIAO LIU, XIAOPING YU, and FASHENG ZOU. "Four new species of Guimaraesiella (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Brueelia-complex) from China." Zootaxa 5060, no. 3 (2021): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.3.2.

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Four new species of Guimaraesiella Eichler, 1949 are described and illustrated based on specimens collected in South China. They are: Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) citreisoma new species ex Leiothrix lutea kwangtungensis Whistler, 1943 (Leiothrichidae); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) corrugata new species ex Alcippe hueti hueti David, 1874 (Leiothrichidae); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) petilorica new species ex Alcippe nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837) (Leiothrichidae); and Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) yuhinae new species from Yuhina flavicollis rouxi (Oustalet, 1896) (Zosteropidae); this is the first species of the Brueelia-complex recorded from a member of the Zosteropidae.&#x0D;
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NAJER, TOMAS, OLDRICH SYCHRA, NGUYEN MANH HUNG, MIROSLAV CAPEK, PETR PODZEMNY, and IVAN LITERAK. "New species and new records of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) from bulbuls (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) in Vietnam." Zootaxa 3357, no. 1 (2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3357.1.3.

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Seven species of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) were found on five species of bulbuls (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae)in northern Vietnam. Three new species of the genera Brueelia and Philopteroides are described; they and their type hostsare: Brueelia flavala ex Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845 B. cucphuongensis ex Pycnonotus finlaysoni Strickland, 1844 andPhilopteroides flavala ex Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845. First records of chewing lice from Hemixos castanonotus Swin-hoe, 1870 and Iole propinqua (Oustalet, 1903), and a new host record for Myrsidea ochracei and Sturnidoecus sp. are also included.
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SKARTVEIT, JOHN, and ANDRÉ NEL. "Revision of fossil Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera) from French Oligocene deposits." Zootaxa 4225, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4225.1.1.

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All available material of fossil Bibionidae from French Oligocene localities, including the German locality of Kleinkembs right next to the border with France, is revised, and the species redescribed. Several publications (notably Heer 1856, Oustalet 1870 and Théobald 1937) have dealt with this material but there is a large degree of duplication leading to numerous synonyms. In addition, many of the named species have been assigned to the wrong genus. We have found seven species of Penthetria, eleven species of Plecia, seven species of Bibio and a single species of Dilophus in the material of previously named species. Three new species, Penthetria luberonica sp. n., Bibio aquaesextiae sp. n. and Bibiodes provincialis sp. n. are described from French Oligocene localities. The following new combinations are proposed: Penthetria claripennis (Théobald, 1937), Penthetria gigantea (Théobald, 1937), Penthetria graciliventris (Théobald, 1937), Penthetria longiventris (Théobald, 1937), Penthetria nervisinuata (Théobald, 1937), Penthetria subterranea (Théobald, 1937), Plecia morio (Heer, 1849), Bibio major (Oustalet, 1870), Dilophus luteipennis (Théobald, 1937). Many of the species occur from several outcrops, and distinctive faunas can be recognized from Early Oligocene (e.g., Célas and Monteils), Middle Oligocene (e.g., Céreste and Bois d’Asson) and Late Oligocene (e.g. Aix-en-Provence and the German outcrop of Rott). The late Oligocene localities also share some species with the Early Miocene locality of Radoboj, Croatia, but none with the younger locality of Öhningen, Southern Germany. For a number of named species, the type material is poorly preserved and cannot be recognized at the species level, these are commented on and assigned to the lowest taxonomical level to which they can be identified with certainty. The type materials of a number of species appear to be lost; these are placed to genera to the extent that this is possible from the original descriptions and illustrations. Bibio nigripennis Théobald, 1937, nec Brunetti, 1913 is a primary junior homonym and the name must be replaced. The species is moved to the genus Plecia and renamed Plecia theobaldi nom.n.
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29

Mey, Eberhard. "Chewing lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) of Bruijn’s Brush-turkey Aepypodius bruijnii (Aves, Galliformes, Megapodiidae) from New Guinea." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 63, no. 2 (2013): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.63.2.313-323.

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Nach dem Autor vorliegendem noch sehr lückenhaften und zumeist von alten Museumsbälgen stammenden Material werden die folgenden auf dem Braunbrusttalegalla Aepypodius bruijnii (Oustalet, 1880) nachgewiesenen Federlinge beschrieben: die Amblyceren Kelerimenopon aepypodi Price &amp; Emerson, 1966 sensu lato und Talegalligogus wilhelmi waigeuensis n. ssp. und die Ischnoceren Megathellipeurus mumesensis n. sp., „Oxylipeurus“ aepypodius Clay, 1938, Talegallipeurus tenuis Mey, 1983, Weehalia hakalphilus n. sp. und Homocerus sp. Diese Arten weisen auf enge verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen ihrer Wirtsgattungen Aepypodius und Talegalla, denen Alcetura ferner steht. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Aepypodius arfakianus und A. bruijnii wird die hospitale Verbreitung aller bisher auf Großfußhühnern (Megapodiidae) festgestellten amblyzeren und ischnozeren Federlingsgattungen zur Übersicht gebracht.Stichwörter Aepypodius bruijnii, Amblycera, Ischnocera, new species &amp; subspecies, parasitophyletic studies, Waigeo.Nomenklatorische Handlungenmumesensis Mey, 2013 (Megathellipeurus), spec. nov.waigeuensis Mey, 2013 (Talegalligogus wilhelmi), sspec. nov.hakalphila Mey, 2013 (Weehalia), spec. nov.
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30

Abriham, Tolera, Afework Bekele, and Mesele Yihune. "Diurnal activity time budget of Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi, Oustalet 1882) in a protected savannah area." Heliyon 10, no. 4 (2024): e26117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26117.

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31

Hahn, Ingo, Uwe Römer, and PABLO Vergara. "Conserving Chile's most critically endangered bird species: First data on foraging, feeding, and food items of the Másafuera Rayadito (Aves: Furnariidae)." Vertebrate Zoology 60 (December 13, 2010): 233–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.60.e31034.

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First data of foraging, feeding, and food items of Aphrastura masafuerae from Alejandro Selkirk Island, Chile are presented. Brood-caring Másafuera Rayaditos 1) forage mostly inside dense vegetation below the protective cover, 2) leave the vegetation only for a short duration to fl y from the nest site to the foraging destination and to stop on a rock before entering the nest hole to control surroundings, 3) minimize energetic costs by foraging mainly hill-parallel, 4) use a 3 – 4 ha home range by visiting distance zone in different frequency, 5) transport nestling faeces off the nest hole but do not hide them from predators, and 6) feed their nestlings with arthropod prey, mainly small butterfl y larvae, in which there are nice-differentiated from sympatric Másafuera Cinclodes. More detailed studies on the breeding ecology and foraging are needed implement management plans and avoid extinction of this badly known island endemic.
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32

GUSTAFSSON, DANIEL R., DALE H. CLAYTON, and SARAH E. BUSH. "Twelve new species of Guimaraesiella (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from “babblers” (Passeriformes: Leiothrichidae, Pellorneidae, Timaliidae) with a description of a new subgenus and a key to its species." Zootaxa 4543, no. 4 (2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4543.4.1.

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The chewing louse subgenus Cicchinella new subgenus is erected and described for species of Guimaraesiella Eichler, 1949, parasitizing Old World babblers (Leiothrichidae, Pellorneidae, Timaliidae). The subgenus is divided into three species groups based on chaetotaxy, head and genitalia of both sexes. Two species are redescribed: Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) sehri (Ansari, 1955) from Trochalopteron lineatum lineatum (Vigors, 1831) and T. lineatum setafer (Hodgson, 1836), and Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) avinus (Ansari, 1956) from Trochalopteron subunicolor subunicolor Blyth, 1843. In addition, 12 new species are described and illustrated: Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) falcifrons n. sp. from Actinodura cyanouroptera sordidior (Sharpe, 1888); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) iuga n. sp. from Alcippe peracensis peracensis Sharpe, 1887; Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) gombakensis n. sp. from Turdinus abbotti abbotti (Blyth, 1845); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) mcgrewi n. sp. from Alcippe morrisonia Swinhoe, 1863; Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) tenella n. sp. from Cyanoderma ruficeps davidi (Oustalet, 1899); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) retusa n. sp. from Trochalopteron milnei sinianum Stresemann, 1930; Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) philiproundi n. sp. from Trochalopteron melanostigma schistaceum (Deignan, 1938) and Trochalopteron peninsulae Sharpe, 1887; Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) hannesundinae n. sp. from Heterophasia picaoides wrayi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1910); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) pallidobrunneis n. sp. from Heterophasia melanoleuca melanoleuca (Blyth, 1859); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) hampuslybecki n. sp. from Heterophasia auricularis (Swinhoe, 1864); Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) scottvillai n. sp. from Liocichla steerii Swinhoe, 1877 and Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) ambusta n. sp. from Leiothrix argentauris rubrogularis Kinnear, 1925. A key to identify the species of Cicchinella, and both a checklist and a host-louse list of the species of Cicchinella known from the Old World babblers are provided.
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33

Negesa, Tolera Abirham, Afework Bekele Simegn, and Mesele Yihune Tamene. "Trends of Land Cover Change and Conservation Challenges of Grevy’s Zebra (Equus grevyi, Oustalet 1882) in Hallaydeghe Asebot Proposed National Park, Southeast Ethiopia." International Journal of Zoology 2024 (February 10, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/2010558.

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Large parts of biodiversity in protected areas (PAs) and their ecosystem services have been deteriorated due to land cover change over time. To reverse these effects, analysis of land cover change is essential. One of the protected areas, Hallaydeghe Asebot Proposed National Park (HAPNP), was assumed its land cover change and was undergone from one habitat type to others during the last three decades. As a result, wildlife species particularly Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) in HAPNP are facing conservation challenges. Here, we aimed to examine the land cover changes of HAPNP for the period of 1990–2021 and assess Grevy’s zebra conservation challenges so as to improve the protection of the park and conservation of the species. Landsat images for the years 1990, 2006, and 2021 were generated to analyze land cover change of the study area. In addition, ground control points and information from elder and knowledgeable informants were collected to substantiate the result. Household survey, key informant interviews, and field observation checklist were utilized to collect data on conservation challenges. To generate land cover change maps, the satellite image for each period was classified using supervised classification. Content analysis was used to analyze conservation challenges of the species. The findings of this study revealed that 12.2% of grassland cover lost from 1990 to 2021 (i.e., an estimated annual average loss 0.4%). The remaining grassland cover in the HAPNP was aggregated in a small land area. On the other hand, the size of bushland increased by 26.4% during the same year (i.e., an estimated annual average gain 0.9%). These findings have implications for conservation and management of grazers. Major drivers for conservation challenges of Grevy’s zebra were habitat degradation, unintegrated development, and poor law enforcement practices. Grassland restoration program and species conservation challenges’ intervention strategy should be designed and implemented to safeguard the natural habitat and the species that occur in the HAPNP.
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34

Matus, Ricardo, Luis Burgos, Santiago Imberti, et al. "Primer registro de nido de Perdiz Austral ( Tinamotis ingoufi Oustalet 1890) en Chile. Nuevas observaciones sobre su hábitat, dieta y reproducción en la región de Magallanes." Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 45, no. 3 (2017): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-686x2017000300081.

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35

Saddari, Fauriza J., Yennyriza T. Abduraup, Adzmer A. Juaini, et al. "New sighting and conservation implications of the endemic Sulu Boobook <Ninox reyi> Oustalet, 1880 at Bolobok Rock Shelter, a key archaeological site in the Sulu Archipelago, southern Philippines." Journal of Threatened Taxa 17, no. 3 (2025): 26753–56. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9052.17.3.26753-26756.

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We report a new sighting of the vulnerable and endemic Sulu Boobook Ninox reyi at Bolobok Rock Shelter, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, on 10 July 2023. This observation expands the species’ known range and suggests possible adaptation to limestone karst habitats, indicating a broader ecological niche than previously documented. Further surveys are necessary to establish the species’ long-term presence, reproductive activity, and population status in the area. Given Bolobok Rock Shelter’s dual significance as both a cultural heritage site and a potential critical habitat for Ninox reyi, we emphasize the need for continued monitoring &amp; conservation efforts to safeguard both the species and its environment.Keywords:
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36

Fukuyama, Ryobu, Wataru Noyori, Shuichiro Tagane, Shouta Iyoda, and Hiroki Sato. "Frugivory by Three Species of Lizards in Madagascar: Implication for Their Ecological Roles as Seed Dispersers." Biotropica 57, no. 4 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.70052.

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ABSTRACTAnimal‐mediated seed dispersal, particularly endozoochory, is an important ecological process for numerous plant species. Although most research on endozoochory has focused on birds and mammals, some lizards are also known to consume fruits and play a significant role in seed dispersal. However, lizards remain overlooked as frugivores and seed dispersers. To clarify the role of lizards as seed dispersers in forest ecosystems, we conducted behavioral observations and fecal analyses on three diurnal lizard species: Furcifer oustaleti, Oplurus cuvieri, and Zonosaurus laticaudatus in a tropical dry forest in Ankarafantsika National Park, northwestern Madagascar during the wet seasons from 2022 to 2024 (2 years). We also conducted germination trials on seeds defecated by F. oustaleti and O. cuvieri. We captured 89, 254, and 38 individuals of the three lizard species, and 24.7 %, 20.1 %, and 15.8 % of the individuals had seeds in their feces, respectively. Behavioral observations and fecal analyses revealed that F. oustaleti, O. cuvieri, and Z. laticaudatus consumed fruits from 8, 18, and 8 plant species, respectively. For individuals with seeds in their feces, the mean number of defecated seeds per individual was 27.2 (range: 1–300), and we confirmed that some of these species had substantial germination rates (&gt; 50%). Moreover, lizards tended to consume different plant species compared to the Common Brown Lemur (Eulemur fulvus), a principal seed disperser in this forest. These lizards may therefore play important roles as seed dispersers, and their contribution to forest regeneration in Madagascar should be considered.
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37

Maddox, Max, Karissa Beloyan, Natalie M. Claunch, and Steve A. Johnson. "Florida's Nonnative Herpetofauna: Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus), Oustalet’s Chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti), and Panther Chameleon (Furcifer pardalis)." EDIS 2022, no. 6 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-uw501-2022.

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38

Veiga, Jorge. "Albinismo de un ejemplar de Remolinera Andina (Cinclodes oustaleti)." Nuestras Aves, no. 41 (July 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.56178/na.vi41.964.

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39

Klimovičová, Miroslava, Radoslav Smoľák, Peter Njoroge, and Martin Hromada. "A new species and new host records of the quill mites (Acari: Syringophilidae) associated with sunbirds (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae)." Acta Parasitologica 59, no. 2 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-014-0233-3.

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AbstractNeoaulonastus cinnyris sp. nov. (Acari: Prostigmata: Syringophilidae) parasitising Cinnyris mediocris (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from Tanzania is described. Additionally, Picobia oritis Skoracki et al. 2009 was recorded on four new hosts belonging to the family Nectariniidae from Ethiopian region: Cinnyris oustaleti (Bocage) from Angola, Cinnyris venustus (Shaw) from West Somalia, Cinnyris talatala Smith from Botswana and Zambia and Cinnyris erythrocercus (Hartlaub) from Uganda. All known quill mite species from family Nectariniidae are summarized in table.
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40

Rovatsos, Michail, Sofia Mazzoleni, Barbora Augstenová, et al. "Heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes sharing gene content with mammalian XX/XY are conserved in Madagascan chameleons of the genus Furcifer." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55431-9.

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AbstractChameleons are well-known lizards with unique morphology and physiology, but their sex determination has remained poorly studied. Madagascan chameleons of the genus Furcifer have cytogenetically distinct Z and W sex chromosomes and occasionally Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W multiple neo-sex chromosomes. To identify the gene content of their sex chromosomes, we microdissected and sequenced the sex chromosomes of F. oustaleti (ZZ/ZW) and F. pardalis (Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W). In addition, we sequenced the genomes of a male and a female of F. lateralis (ZZ/ZW) and F. pardalis and performed a comparative coverage analysis between the sexes. Despite the notable heteromorphy and distinctiveness in heterochromatin content, the Z and W sex chromosomes share approximately 90% of their gene content. This finding demonstrates poor correlation of the degree of differentiation of sex chromosomes at the cytogenetic and gene level. The test of homology based on the comparison of gene copy number variation revealed that female heterogamety with differentiated sex chromosomes remained stable in the genus Furcifer for at least 20 million years. These chameleons co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes the same genomic region as viviparous mammals, lacertids and geckos of the genus Paroedura, which makes these groups excellent model for studies of convergent and divergent evolution of sex chromosomes.
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Navarrete, Lucas, Nico Lübcker, Felipe Alvarez, et al. "A multi-isotope approach reveals seasonal variation in the reliance on marine resources, production of metabolic water, and ingestion of seawater by two species of coastal passerine to maintain water balance." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 11 (February 15, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1120271.

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Tracing how free-ranging organisms interact with their environment to maintain water balance is a difficult topic to study for logistical and methodological reasons. We use a novel combination of triple-oxygen stable isotope analyses of water extracted from plasma (δ16O, δ17O, δ18O) and bulk tissue carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes of feathers and blood to estimate the proportional contribution of marine resources, seawater, and metabolic water used by two species of unique songbirds (genus Cinclodes) to maintain their water balance in a seasonal coastal environment. We also assessed the physiological adjustments that these birds use to maintain their water balance. In agreement with previous work on these species, δ13C and δ15N data show that the coastal resident and invertivore C. nigrofumosus consumes a diet rich in marine resources, while the diet of migratory C. oustaleti shifts seasonally between marine (winter) to freshwater aquatic resources (summer). Triple-oxygen isotope analysis (Δ17O) of blood plasma, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and total evaporative water loss (TEWL) revealed that ~25% of the body water pool of both species originated from metabolic water, while the rest originated from a mix of seawater and fresh water. Δ17O measurements suggest that the contribution of metabolic water tends to increase in summer in C. nigrofumosus, which is coupled with a significant increase in BMR and TEWL. The two species had similar BMR and TEWL during the austral winter when they occur sympatrically in coastal environments. We also found a positive and significant association between the use of marine resources as measured by δ13C and δ15N values and the estimated δ18O values of ingested (pre-formed) water in both species, which indicates that Cinclodes do not directly drink seawater but rather passively ingest when consuming marine invertebrates. Finally, results obtained from physiological parameters and the isotope-based estimates of marine (food and water) resource use are consistent, supporting the use of the triple-oxygen isotopes to quantify the contribution of water sources to the total water balance of free-ranging birds.
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42

Denys, Christiane, Cécile Callou, and Benoît Mellier. "The contribution of Edouard-Louis Trouessart to mammalogy." mammalia 76, no. 4 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13480416.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Edouard-Louis Trouessart (1842–1927) is one of the major figures of European mammalogy. He began his career in medical studies and completed his thesis of medicine in 1870 in Poitiers. In conjunction with his medical work, he was a naturalist and regularly frequented the Natural History Museum of Angers, where he eventually served as director from 1882 to 1885. Subsequently, he worked in the Museum of Natural History in Paris and became professor in 1906 upon the death of Emile Oustalet. He served as head of the Mammals and Birds section between 1906 and 1926, following Etienne and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Henri Milne-Edwards, and Emile Oustalet. During his career, he published 266 scientific and popular articles and named about 30 new species to science. Among his major works were a book on the fauna of France (1884), the fauna of European mammals (1910), the European Birds catalogue (1912), and a book devoted to biogeography. His Catalogue of Modern and Fossil Mammals (1885), reedited three times, was considered one of the first references for mammalian classification and an early precursor of Simpson, McKenna and Bell (Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level), and Wilson and Reeder (Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference). Trouessart was a systematist, and he made taxonomic classification his main aim. His impressive work at the interface between biology, palaeontology, and biogeography at the beginning of the 20th century is worthy of recognition.
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43

Denys, Christiane, Cécile Callou, and Benoît Mellier. "The contribution of Edouard-Louis Trouessart to mammalogy." mammalia 76, no. 4 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13480416.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Edouard-Louis Trouessart (1842–1927) is one of the major figures of European mammalogy. He began his career in medical studies and completed his thesis of medicine in 1870 in Poitiers. In conjunction with his medical work, he was a naturalist and regularly frequented the Natural History Museum of Angers, where he eventually served as director from 1882 to 1885. Subsequently, he worked in the Museum of Natural History in Paris and became professor in 1906 upon the death of Emile Oustalet. He served as head of the Mammals and Birds section between 1906 and 1926, following Etienne and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Henri Milne-Edwards, and Emile Oustalet. During his career, he published 266 scientific and popular articles and named about 30 new species to science. Among his major works were a book on the fauna of France (1884), the fauna of European mammals (1910), the European Birds catalogue (1912), and a book devoted to biogeography. His Catalogue of Modern and Fossil Mammals (1885), reedited three times, was considered one of the first references for mammalian classification and an early precursor of Simpson, McKenna and Bell (Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level), and Wilson and Reeder (Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference). Trouessart was a systematist, and he made taxonomic classification his main aim. His impressive work at the interface between biology, palaeontology, and biogeography at the beginning of the 20th century is worthy of recognition.
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