Relevant bibliographies by topics / Outbreak

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Outbreak'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Outbreak"

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Morrison, Laura T. R., Benjamin Anderson, Alice Brower, et al. "Macroeconomic impact of Ebola outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa and potential mitigation of GDP loss with prophylactic Ebola vaccination programs." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0283721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283721.

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Introduction Decisions about prevention of and response to Ebola outbreaks require an understanding of the macroeconomic implications of these interventions. Prophylactic vaccines hold promise to mitigate the negative economic impacts of infectious disease outbreaks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between outbreak size and economic impact among countries with recorded Ebola outbreaks and to quantify the hypothetical benefits of prophylactic Ebola vaccination interventions in these outbreaks. Methods The synthetic control method was used to estimate the causal impacts of Ebola outbreaks on per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of five countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have previously experienced Ebola outbreaks between 2000 and 2016, where no vaccines were deployed. Using illustrative assumptions about vaccine coverage, efficacy, and protective immunity, the potential economic benefits of prophylactic Ebola vaccination were estimated using the number of cases in an outbreak as a key indicator. Results The impact of Ebola outbreaks on the macroeconomy of the selected countries led to a decline in GDP of up to 36%, which was greatest in the third year after the onset of each outbreak and increased exponentially with the size of outbreak (i.e., number of reported cases). Over three years, the aggregate loss estimated for Sierra Leone from its 2014–2016 outbreak is estimated at 16.1 billion International$. Prophylactic vaccination could have prevented up to 89% of an outbreak’s negative impact on GDP, reducing the outbreak’s impact to as little as 1.6% of GDP lost. Conclusion This study supports the case that macroeconomic returns are associated with prophylactic Ebola vaccination. Our findings support recommendations for prophylactic Ebola vaccination as a core component of prevention and response measures for global health security.
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Heinzerling, Amy, Alyssa Nguyen, Matt Frederick, et al. "Workplaces Most Affected by COVID-19 Outbreaks in California, January 2020–August 2021." American Journal of Public Health 112, no. 8 (2022): 1180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306862.

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Objectives. To describe which industries have the highest burden of COVID-19 outbreaks in California. Methods. We assigned US census industry codes to COVID-19 outbreaks reported to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) from January 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021, and determined numbers of outbreaks, numbers of outbreak-associated cases, and outbreak incidence levels by industry. We determined characteristics of outbreak-associated cases using individual case data linked to COVID-19 outbreaks. Results. Local health departments reported 19 893 COVID-19 outbreaks and 300 379 outbreak-associated cases to CDPH. The most outbreaks (47.8%) and outbreak-associated cases (54.8%) occurred in the health care and social assistance sector, where outbreak incidence levels were highest in skilled nursing facilities and residential care facilities (1306 and 544 outbreaks per 1000 establishments, respectively). High proportions of outbreaks also occurred in the retail trade (8.6%) and manufacturing (7.9%) sectors. Demographics of outbreak-associated cases varied across industries. Conclusions. Certain California industries, particularly in the health care, manufacturing, and retail sectors, have experienced a high burden of COVID-19 outbreaks during the pandemic. Public Health Implications. Tracking COVID-19 outbreaks by industry may help target prevention efforts, including workforce vaccination. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(8):1180–1190. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306862 )
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GARNER, DANISHA, and SOPHIA KATHARIOU. "Fresh Produce–Associated Listeriosis Outbreaks, Sources of Concern, Teachable Moments, and Insights." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 2 (2016): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-387.

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ABSTRACT Foodborne transmission of Listeria monocytogenes was first demonstrated through the investigation of the 1981 Maritime Provinces outbreak involving coleslaw. In the following two decades, most listeriosis outbreaks involved foods of animal origin, e.g., deli meats, hot dogs, and soft cheeses. L. monocytogenes serotype 4b, especially epidemic clones I, II, and Ia, were frequently implicated in these outbreaks. However, since 2008 several outbreaks have been linked to diverse types of fresh produce: sprouts, celery, cantaloupe, stone fruit, and apples. The 2011 cantaloupe-associated outbreak was one of the deadliest foodborne outbreaks in recent U.S. history. This review discusses produce-related outbreaks of listeriosis with a focus on special trends, unusual findings, and potential paradigm shifts. With the exception of sprouts, implicated produce types were novel, and outbreaks were one-time events. Several involved serotype 1/2a, and in the 2011 cantaloupe-associated outbreak, serotype 1/2b was for the first time conclusively linked to a common-source outbreak of invasive listeriosis. Also in this outbreak, for the first time multiple strains were implicated in a common-source outbreak. In 2014, deployment of whole genome sequencing as part of outbreak investigation validated this technique as a pivotal tool for outbreak detection and speedy resolution. In spite of the unusual attributes of produce-related outbreaks, in all but one of the investigated cases (the possible exception being the coleslaw outbreak) contamination was traced to the same sources as those for outbreaks associated with other vehicles (e.g., deli meats), i.e., the processing environment and equipment. The public health impact of farm-level contamination remains uncharacterized. This review highlights knowledge gaps regarding virulence and other potentially unique attributes of produce outbreak strains, the potential for novel fresh produce items to become unexpectedly implicated in outbreaks, and the key role of good control strategies in the processing environment.
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Risebro, Helen L., Miguel F. Doria, Yvonne Andersson, et al. "Fault tree analysis of the causes of waterborne outbreaks." Journal of Water and Health 5, S1 (2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.136.

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Prevention and containment of outbreaks requires examination of the contribution and interrelation of outbreak causative events. An outbreak fault tree was developed and applied to 61 enteric outbreaks related to public drinking water supplies in the EU. A mean of 3.25 causative events per outbreak were identified; each event was assigned a score based on percentage contribution per outbreak. Source and treatment system causative events often occurred concurrently (in 34 outbreaks). Distribution system causative events occurred less frequently (19 outbreaks) but were often solitary events contributing heavily towards the outbreak (a mean % score of 87.42). Livestock and rainfall in the catchment with no/inadequate filtration of water sources contributed concurrently to 11 of 31 Cryptosporidium outbreaks. Of the 23 protozoan outbreaks experiencing at least one treatment causative event, 90% of these events were filtration deficiencies; by contrast, for bacterial, viral, gastroenteritis and mixed pathogen outbreaks, 75% of treatment events were disinfection deficiencies. Roughly equal numbers of groundwater and surface water outbreaks experienced at least one treatment causative event (18 and 17 outbreaks, respectively). Retrospective analysis of multiple outbreaks of enteric disease can be used to inform outbreak investigations, facilitate corrective measures, and further develop multi-barrier approaches.
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ANDERSSON, T., P. BJELKMAR, A. HULTH, J. LINDH, S. STENMARK, and M. WIDERSTRÖM. "Syndromic surveillance for local outbreak detection and awareness: evaluating outbreak signals of acute gastroenteritis in telephone triage, web-based queries and over-the-counter pharmacy sales." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 2 (2013): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001088.

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SUMMARYFor the purpose of developing a national system for outbreak surveillance, local outbreak signals were compared in three sources of syndromic data – telephone triage of acute gastroenteritis, web queries about symptoms of gastrointestinal illness, and over-the-counter (OTC) pharmacy sales of antidiarrhoeal medication. The data sources were compared against nine known waterborne and foodborne outbreaks in Sweden in 2007–2011. Outbreak signals were identified for the four largest outbreaks in the telephone triage data and the two largest outbreaks in the data on OTC sales of antidiarrhoeal medication. No signals could be identified in the data on web queries. The signal magnitude for the fourth largest outbreak indicated a tenfold larger outbreak than officially reported, supporting the use of telephone triage data for situational awareness. For the two largest outbreaks, telephone triage data on adult diarrhoea provided outbreak signals at an early stage, weeks and months in advance, respectively, potentially serving the purpose of early event detection. In conclusion, telephone triage data provided the most promising source for surveillance of point-source outbreaks.
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Manning, G., B. Duim, T. Wassenaar, J. A. Wagenaar, A. Ridley, and D. G. Newell. "Evidence for a Genetically Stable Strain ofCampylobacter jejuni." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 3 (2001): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.3.1185-1189.2001.

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ABSTRACT The genetic stability of selected epidemiologically linked strains of Campylobacter jejuni during outbreak situations was investigated by using subtyping techniques. Strains isolated from geographically related chicken flock outbreaks in 1998 and from a human outbreak in 1981 were investigated. There was little similarity in the strains obtained from the different chicken flock outbreaks; however, the strains from each of three chicken outbreaks, including strains isolated from various environments, were identical as determined byfla typing, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which confirmed the genetic stability of these strains during the short time courses of chicken flock outbreaks. The human outbreak samples were compared with strain 81116, which originated from the same outbreak but has since undergone innumerable laboratory passages. Two main AFLP profiles were recognized from this outbreak, which confirmed the serotyping results obtained at the time of the outbreak. The major type isolated from this outbreak (serotype P6:L6) was exemplified by strain 81116. Despite the long existence of strain 81116 as a laboratory strain, the AFLP profile of this strain was identical to the profiles of all the other historical P6:L6 strains from the outbreak, indicating that the genotype has remained stable for almost 20 years. Interestingly, the AFLP profiles of the P6:L6 group of strains from the human outbreak and the strains from one of the recent chicken outbreaks were also identical. This similarity suggests that some clones ofC. jejuni remain genetically stable in completely different environments over long periods of time and considerable geographical distances.
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BROWN, L. G., E. R. HOOVER, C. A. SELMAN, E. W. COLEMAN, and H. SCHURZ ROGERS. "Outbreak characteristics associated with identification of contributing factors to foodborne illness outbreaks." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 11 (2017): 2254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817001406.

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SUMMARYInformation on the factors that cause or amplify foodborne illness outbreaks (contributing factors), such as ill workers or cross-contamination of food by workers, is critical to outbreak prevention. However, only about half of foodborne illness outbreaks reported to the United States’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have an identified contributing factor, and data on outbreak characteristics that promote contributing factor identification are limited. To address these gaps, we analyzed data from 297 single-setting outbreaks reported to CDC's new outbreak surveillance system, which collects data from the environmental health component of outbreak investigations (often called environmental assessments), to identify outbreak characteristics associated with contributing factor identification. These analyses showed that outbreak contributing factors were more often identified when an outbreak etiologic agent had been identified, when the outbreak establishment prepared all meals on location and served more than 150 meals a day, when investigators contacted the establishment to schedule the environmental assessment within a day of the establishment being linked with an outbreak, and when multiple establishment visits were made to complete the environmental assessment. These findings suggest that contributing factor identification is influenced by multiple outbreak characteristics, and that timely and comprehensive environmental assessments are important to contributing factor identification. They also highlight the need for strong environmental health and food safety programs that have the capacity to complete such environmental assessments during outbreak investigations.
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GEORGE, D. B., and A. R. MANGES. "A systematic review of outbreak and non-outbreak studies of extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia colicausing community-acquired infections." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 12 (2010): 1679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001639.

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SUMMARYA systematic review of outbreak and non-outbreak studies of infections caused by extraintestinal pathogenicEscherichia coli(ExPEC) was conducted. This review examines the epidemiology, seasonality, source or mode of transmission, and temporal changes, based onE. coliserogroup, in ExPEC causing sporadicvs. outbreak-associated infections. Twelve outbreak and 28 non-outbreak studies were identified. The existence of ExPEC outbreaks was well supported. Three of four outbreak reports indicated peak periods during the winter months. Serogroups associated with outbreak infections ranged from 1% to 26% (average 11·4%)vs. (range 1–15%, average 3·5%) for serogroups associated with sporadic infections; the distribution of serogroups also differed for outbreak and non-outbreak infections. Study authors indicated that the outbreaks may have resulted from foodborne transmission, but direct evidence was unavailable. This review provides evidence that the epidemiology of endemicvs. epidemic ExPEC infections differs; however, study reporting quality limited epidemiological inferences.
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Patterson, Kaitlin, Erin McGill, Demy Dam, Anna Bellos, Cameron Mark Coulby, and Rachel McCormick. "Characterising COVID-19 school and childcare outbreaks in Canada in 2021: a surveillance study." BMJ Public Health 2, no. 1 (2024): e000248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000248.

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BackgroundIn January 2021, the Public Health Agency of Canada launched the Canadian COVID-19 Outbreak Surveillance System to monitor outbreaks by setting. Schools and childcare centres were identified as settings of interest, as children play a key role in the transmission chain of other respiratory illnesses. This paper describes outbreak trends observed in school and childcare settings from January to December 2021 when many public health measures were in place.MethodsSchool and childcare outbreak data from five jurisdictions were included, representing 76% of the total Canadian population. Epidemiological curves were generated, trends in outbreak settings and cases’ age distribution over time were examined and descriptive statistics on outbreak size were calculated.ResultsIn 2021, most school and childcare outbreaks were in primary schools (42%). Severity was low in school and childcare settings (0.40% of outbreak cases hospitalised, <0.01% of outbreak cases deceased). Most school and childcare outbreaks reported fewer than 10 cases per outbreak. During the start of the 2021–2022 school year (September 2021), there were fewer outbreaks in secondary schools and fewer cases among those aged 12+ years compared with January–June of 2021.ConclusionDuring the study period, there was no observed association between an increase in school and childcare outbreaks and an increase in incidence rates in community case data. Children remain a population of interest for SARS-CoV-2; however, severity in paediatric populations remained low throughout 2021 and the risk of transmission in Canadian schools was low.
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Inkster, T., P. Wright, H. Kane, E. Paterson, S. Dodd, and J. Slorach. "Successive outbreaks of Group A streptococcus (GAS) in care of the elderly settings; lessons learned." Journal of Infection Prevention 13, no. 2 (2011): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177411428367.

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Group A streptococcal (GAS) outbreaks in care of the elderly settings are rare. We describe two successive outbreaks involving care of the elderly patients. The first outbreak involved 18 patients and the second involved six patients and two healthcare workers. We describe the difficulties encountered controlling GAS outbreaks in care of the elderly settings and how the lessons learned from the first outbreak influenced management of the second incident. Stringent infection control measures including isolation until completion of treatment and re-screening for evidence of eradication were required to bring outbreak one under control. These measures were adopted early in outbreak two and we suspect that these measures and the rapid identification of carriers brought this second outbreak under control quickly.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Outbreak"

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Verstraete, Claire. "Plagiarism : the cultural outbreak." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8226.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>The aim of this study is a conceptual and theoretical exploration of literary plagiarism. Chapter One traces various definitions of plagiarism and contrasts plagiarism with copyright infringement. It is argued that plagiarism is a social construct which cannot be defined solely in terms of textual features and must be contextualised. Authorial intention and reader reception play a key role in the discourse of plagiarism, since both reveal the prevailing contemporary textual ethics underlying textual production. The literature review in Chapter Two analyses the ways in which plagiarism has been interpreted in the last fifty years contrasting essentialist definitions of plagiarism with postmodern theories of plagiarism as a discourse of power. Plagiarism is contextualised within modern and postmodern aesthetics. In Chapter Three, the discourse of authorship as a stable and unified category is destabilised and challenged. What counts as plagiarism is argued to be inseparable from changing valorisations of authorship. Paradigms of authorship are then contrasted to illustrate how textual values change from one era to another, affecting dominant representations of authorship and plagiarism. Originality is explored as the pivotal construct on which the Romantic model of individual authorship depends - the model in which our current views of plagiarism have their origin. The plagiarist or 'nonauthor' is commonly viewed as everything the author is not: a copyist, unoriginal and immoral. Chapter Four analyses this construction of the plagiarist in the context of a South African case study in which Stephen Watson, Head of Department of English at the University of Cape Town, accused writer Antjie Krog of plagiarism. An analysis is made of the debate which ensued in a South African online journal, as well as of the press documentation surrounding the case. An interview was also conducted with Watson once the debate subsided. The conclusion reached from this study affirms that plagiarism is not an easily definable phenomenon since it depends on cultural notions that are in flux. Social, economic and technological changes also bring to bear on the literary institution, models of authorship and the consequent treatment of plagiarism. By enlarging the range of motivations for textual practices traditionally labelled as plagiarism, this thesis argues for a new conception of plagiarism, one that engages various discourse participants and contexts.
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Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak. "Molecular epidemiology of mycoplasma mastitis outbreak." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/v_punyapornwithaya_042110.pdf.

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Meesumrarn, Thiraphat. "Simulation of Dengue Outbreak in Thailand." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248484/.

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The dengue virus has become widespread worldwide in recent decades. It has no specific treatment and affects more than 40% of the entire population in the world. In Thailand, dengue has been a health concern for more than half a century. The highest number of cases in one year was 174,285 in 1987, leading to 1,007 deaths. In the present day, dengue is distributed throughout the entire country. Therefore, dengue has become a major challenge for public health in terms of both prevention and control of outbreaks. Different methodologies and ways of dealing with dengue outbreaks have been put forward by researchers. Computational models and simulations play an important role, as they have the ability to help researchers and officers in public health gain a greater understanding of the virus's epidemic activities. In this context, this dissertation presents a new framework, Modified Agent-Based Modeling (mABM), a hybrid platform between a mathematical model and a computational model, to simulate a dengue outbreak in human and mosquito populations. This framework improves on the realism of former models by utilizing the reported data from several Thai government organizations, such as the Thai Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), the National Statistical Office, and others. Additionally, its implementation takes into account the geography of Thailand, as well as synthetic mosquito and synthetic human populations. mABM can be used to represent human behavior in a large population across variant distances by specifying demographic factors and assigning mobility patterns for weekdays, weekends, and holidays for the synthetic human population. The mosquito dynamic population model (MDP), which is a component of the mABM framework, is used for representing the synthetic mosquito population dynamic and their ecology by integrating the regional model to capture the effect of dengue outbreak. The two synthetic populations can be linked to each other for the purpose of presenting their interactions, and the Local Stochastic Contact Model for Dengue (LSCM-DEN) is utilized. For validation, the number of cases from the experiment is compared to reported cases from the Thailand Vector Borne Disease Bureau for the selected years. This framework facilitates model configuration for sensitivity analysis by changing parameters, such as travel routes and seasonal temperatures. The effects of these parameters were studied and analyzed for an improved understanding of dengue outbreak dynamics.
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Abdullahi, Tassallah Amina. "Predicting diarrhoea outbreak with climate change." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33615.

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Climate change is expected to exacerbate diarrhoea outbreak in South Africa, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the region. In this study, we modelled the impacts of climate change on diarrhoea with machine learning methods. We applied two deep learning techniques, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long-short term memory networks (LSTMs); and a support vector machine to predict daily diarrhoea cases over the different South African provinces by incorporating climate information. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) was used to generate synthetic data which was used to augment the available dataset. Furthermore, relevance estimation and value calibration (REVAC) was used to tune the parameters of the machine learning algorithms to optimize the accuracy of their predictions. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to investigate the contribution of the different climate factors to the diarrhoea prediction model. The results of the study showed that all three ML methods were appropriate for predicting daily diarrhoea cases with respect to the selected climate variables in each South African province. The ML methods were all able to yield low and similar RMSE. However, the level of accuracy for each model varied across different experiments, with the deep learning models outperforming the SVM model. Among the deep learning techniques, the CNN model performed best when only real-world dataset was used, while the LSTM model outperformed the other models when the real dataset was augmented with synthetic data. Across the provinces, the accuracy of all three ML algorithms improved by at least 30% when data augmentation was implemented. In addition, REVAC improved the accuracy of the CNN model by more than 12% in KwaZulu Natal province. However, the percentage increase in accuracy of the LSTM model was less than 4% in Western Cape province when REVAC was used. Our sensitivity analysis revealed that the most influential climate variables to be considered when predicting outbreak of diarrhoea in South Africa are precipitation, humidity, evaporation and temperature conditions. The result of this study is important for the development of an early warning system for diarrhoea outbreak over South Africa.
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Rickenbach, Christina. "School Nurses' Role During Disease Outbreak." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9055.

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Background and Purpose: School nurses have the critical task of overseeing the health and wellness of school-aged students. Utah is 1 of 17 states which allow parents to exempt their children from vaccines. The most common parental reason for exempting children from vaccines is personal choice. With the number of students without vaccinations on the rise, school nurses are tasked with responsibilities related to the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, few studies have explored the role of school nurses in managing a disease outbreak. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to 1) explore the responsibilities of Utah school nurses during a disease outbreak; 2) review disease outbreak training for Utah school nurses; 3) identify groups with which the Utah school nurse would collaborate during a disease outbreak; and 4) identify Utah school nurse concerns while attempting to manage a disease outbreak. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was used with a semi-structured interview guide for focus groups (3 focus groups, 24 total participants) of Utah school nurses. Qualitative analysis of content and themes was utilized. Results: School nurses' responses revealed their collaborative role and cited strong teamwork with the local health department; lack of standardized disease outbreak training; high student-to-nurse ratios; and concerns with communication with parents and community. Thematic descriptions with illustrative quotes are presented as well as perceived challenges and barriers Utah school nurses faced during a disease outbreak. Conclusion: Utah school nurses face barriers that prevent them from working effectively during a disease outbreak. Most barriers are due to communication difficulties and lack of training for school nurses. Findings of this study have implications for standardized training, funding to decrease the high nurse-to-student ratio and for further education in the community to raise awareness of outbreak guidelines.
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Ukkestad, Christian Michael. "The Benefits of Animal Traceability Systems on a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3879.

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In recent decades, a number of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks have occurred in countries that had been FMD-free for many years. The last FMD outbreak in the United States occurred in 1929 and the country contains a naïve livestock population, meaning it is susceptible to an outbreak. In the event of an FMD outbreak in the United States, the speed at which the source and contacts between livestock can be identified impacts both the implementation and effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The purpose of this thesis was to analyze the impact of higher levels of animal traceability on the immediate welfare losses resulting from an FMD outbreak originating in Utah. An epidemiological model was used to simulate the spread of the disease throughout the livestock population of Utah and estimate a mean number of animals depopulated over 1000 iterations for low, medium and high levels of trace intensity. This number of animals depopulated was then used to create supply shocks in an equilibrium displacement model. This model revealed the welfare losses across four marketing levels for beef, three for pork and two for pork. The research contained in this thesis determined that the adoption of a high intensity trace system can prevent immediate welfare losses of between $131 and $190 million for the United States beef industry, including $49 million to the Utah fed cattle, feeder cattle and market hog marketing levels
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Kunz, Andrew Ryan. "The massive tornado outbreak of May 2003." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4264.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (December 13, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Higgins, Kathryn Mary. "An exploration of a new heroin outbreak." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485067.

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Using case study methodology this research examines a new heroin . outbreak in one location in Northern Ireland, the town of Ballymena, Co Antrim. The scene for the research is set with a chronological description of the development of heroin use within Northern Ireland generally and the location of Ballymena in particular, with reference to unfolding trends in local drug policy. Analysis of local newspaper coverage of the heroin . outbreak highlights t!le important role played by the media in raising the profile of the emerging heroin problem in the location. The research illustrates that the development of a heroin outbreak within any location is highly complex. An important finding to emerge is that an interaction between past and present, and individual and structural level factors appear pivotal to its understanding. A central product of the historical conditions in NI was a lack of awareness about heroin among perspns initiating and professionals within the addiction services. When set against the back~rop of rapid developments occurring in the more contemporary drug market this knowledge deficit .assisted the progress of the heroin outbreak. Lack of capacity within the existing support services to cope with the initial introduction of heroin to the locality was illustrated by the data. Difficulties in expanding treatment options to include harm reduction, is also highlighted. The very direct implications of the Northern Ireland conflict and overall legacy of violence are highlighted with reference to the paramilitary violence against the heroin-using community in the location. Finally, the utility of findings derived from the study are presented with respect to their contribution to drug policy, practice and research.
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Vessal, Mani. "A spongiform encephalopathy outbreak, anthropophagy or not?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ48417.pdf.

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Neighbor, Rebecca, Claire Gleadhill, and Kacie Denton. "Viral Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Outbreak in Rural Belize." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/196.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this project are to review current literature regarding conjunctivitis including the pathogens that cause conjunctivitis, how to diagnose and differentiate between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, and the different modalities to treating the disease with limited resources in rural communities. Then examine an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in rural Belize in October of 2017. This includes examining data collected by ETSU Family Medicine Department during health outreach clinics regarding diagnosis made, treatment provided, and comparing this information to a survey collected about social determinants of health. Finally, discuss the importance of disseminating public health education regarding how to limit the spread of contagious infections to a rural population with limited health literacy and access to resources. METHODS: In October of 2017 East Tennessee State University (ETSU) Quillen College of Medicine medical students, primary care physicians, and residents traveled to rural Belize to provide free primary care. The clinics consisted of seeing patients at both an established clinic in Roaring Creek, Belize and at remote health clinics in even more rural locations. Many of the patients who presented to the clinics had similar complaints of itchy, red, and productive eyes. Quantitative data was recorded from patient charts regarding their presenting symptoms, diagnosis, and the treatment. The data was organized utilizing microsoft excel and evaluated using SPSS and measures of central tendency. Qualitative data was also collected from interactions with patients and newspaper articles published in Belize about the conjunctivitis outbreak. RESULTS: The results showed that a total of 431 patients received care and 52% of them were diagnosed with conjunctivitis. 46.9% of the patients were determined to have viral conjunctivitis, while 2.8% of them had bacterial conjunctivitis. It was discovered that many patients utilized one reusable cloth to wipe their children's eyes repeatedly thus spreading the disease across and throughout the rural communities. It was found through careful conversations with patients that they were putting urine and breast milk into their eyes in hopes that it would help their pink eye. The Belize Ministry of Health Reported that there were 5,343 cases of pink eye countrywide, with a viral strain being more predominant than bacterial. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, extremely contagious diseases like conjunctivitis are dangerous in rural developing countries because of lack of education about hygiene and limited resources necessary to contain such diseases. While medication is not effective for viral conjunctivitis, it can have devastating consequences (e.g blindness) if a superinfection is not caught early in the course. Education can be the best medicine especially in cases of viral diseases. Patients were also provided with resources to wash their hands often, sterilized water to flush their eyes, and single use towels. A lesson on conjunctivitis, its complications, and how to prevent the spread of the disease was aired on public television. This reports provides examples of both practice creative ways to spread health literacy in rural populations with limited access to resources.
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Books on the topic "Outbreak"

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Anderson, Rodney P. Outbreak. ASM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816322.

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Robin, Cook. Outbreak. Putnam, 1987.

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Robin, Cook. Outbreak. Putnam, 1987.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Outbreak. Worldwide, 2003.

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Robin, Cook. Outbreak. Chivers, 1988.

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Robin, Cook. Outbreak. Berkley Publishing, 1988.

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Robin, Cook. Outbreak. Guild Publishing, 1987.

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Robin, Cook. Outbreak. Putnam, 1987.

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Robin, Cook. Outbreak. Macmillan, 1987.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Outbreak. Jove Books, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Outbreak"

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Heppner, John B., John B. Heppner, Minos E. Tzanakakis, et al. "Outbreak." In Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1905.

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"5. Making Salad Safe Again." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0005.

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"6. Bean Counting." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0006.

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"3. Canned Foods under Pressure." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0003.

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"9. Food for Thought." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0009.

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"4. Building a Better Burger." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0004.

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"2. The Gospel of Clean Milk." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0002.

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"7. From Fork to Farm." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0007.

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"1. Trouble in the Fields." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0001.

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"8. Recipes for Reform." In Outbreak. University of Chicago Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0008.

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Conference papers on the topic "Outbreak"

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Moll, Richard D. "Worldwide Outbreaks of Legionella Pneumophila since 1999: Causes, Responses, and Lessons Learned." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07436.

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Abstract Major outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease have occurred since 1999, 31 years after the first recorded major outbreak in 1976, in Philadelphia, PA. This has occurred, in spite of the accumulation of a large body of knowledge about Legionella, and a plethora of government regulations and guidelines designed to reduce transmission of the disease. The paper will examine the causes of, and responses to, some of the major outbreaks of the last seven years. Lessons learned from this study could prove helpful in minimizing the number and severity of future outbreaks.
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Wattamwar, Aniket, Sampson Akwafuo, and Vritik Mistry. "Data-Driven Real-Time Surveillance System for Tracking Disease Outbreaks: A Case Study of Lassa Fever Outbreak." In 2024 IEEE 12th International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichi61247.2024.00051.

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Panda, Sanjaya Kumar, Sumaiyya Anwar, and Shashank Racharla. "Pandemic Outbreak Analysis Using Machine Learning Techniques." In 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt61001.2024.10724776.

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Ahmed, Wasim, and Peter A. Bath. "Understanding reactions to swine flu, Ebola, and the Zika virus using Twitter data: an outlook for future infectious disease outbreaks." In The 18th international symposium on health information management research. Linnaeus University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/ishimr.2020.04.

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Infectious disease outbreaks are a serious public health threat which can disrupt world economies. This paper presents an in-depth qualitative analysis of n=15,415 tweets that relate to the peak of three major infectious diseases: the swine flu outbreak of 2009, the Ebola outbreak of 2014, and the Zika outbreak of 2016. Tweets were analysed using thematic analysis and a number of themes and sub-themes were identified. The results were brought together in an abstraction phase and the commonalities between the cases were studied. A notable similarity which emerged was the rate at which Twitter users expressed intense fear and panic akin to that of the phenomena of “moral panic” and the “outbreak narrative”. Our study also discusses the utility of using Twitter data for in-depth qualitative research as compared to traditional interview-methods. Our study is the largest in-depth analysis of tweets on infectious diseases and could inform public health strategies for future outbreaks such as the coronavirus outbreak.
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Nurfadilah H, Siti, and Riris Andono Ahmad. "Rubella Outbreak in School Age Children in Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.20.

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ABSTRACT Background: On 24 November 2015, public health center Kokap 2 reported an outbreak of suspected measles in the village of Hargowilis. In Kokap District, outbreaks of suspected measles have never occurred in school-age children in the last three years. This study aims to ascertain the suspected measles outbreaks and identify risk factors, sources, and transmission routes. Subjects and Method: This was a matched case control study conducted from November 2015 to January 2016, in Hargowilis Village, Central java. A Sample of 21 who has the main clinical symptoms suspected of measles such as: fever, rash and followed by one of the symptoms of cough, flu, and red eyes (cases) and classmates who did not have case-like symptoms (control) were selected by snowball sampling. The data were analyzed using McNemar’s test and logistic regression. Results: Five out of ten sera tested were positive for rubella. There were 21 total cases. None of the pregnant women was a rubella case. Most of the patients were male (61.90%) with ages ranging from 5 to 11 years (71.43%) and were served at the public health center (80.95%). The case index is a student who travels in the District of Wates. The highest number of cases was at week 46 of 2015 (9 cases). Bivariate analysis showed that contact history (OR = 0.14; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.39; p = &lt;0.001) and age (OR = 0.06; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.24; p = &lt;0.001) were risk factors for this Rubella outbreak. Conclusion: There has been an outbreak of rubella in the village of Hargowilis, Yogyakarta. Public health centers are recommended to provide information to the public about rubella. Health workers need to take all blood serum cases to confirm outbreak. Public health centers are suggested to strengthen the surveillance system for measles and rubella. Keywords: Rubella, risk factors, Public health center, outbreaks Correspondence: Siti Nurfadilah H. Center for Health Policy and Management (PKM) Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Email: siti.nurfadilah.h@mail.ugm.ac.id. Mobile: 085255987009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.20
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Tithi, Saima Sultana, and Mohammad Shabbir Hasan. "Modeling ebola outbreak." In BCB '15: ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Biomedicine. ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2808719.2811458.

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Park, Sean, Iqbal Gondal, Joarder Kamruzzaman, and Jon Oliver. "Generative Malware Outbreak Detection." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icit.2019.8754939.

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Nikil, CH V. S. S., Hemlata Dalmia, and G. Janaki Rama Pavan Kumar. "Covid-19 Outbreak Analysis." In 2020 International Conference on Smart Technologies in Computing, Electrical and Electronics (ICSTCEE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icstcee49637.2020.9276790.

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Ghita, Mezzour, Mannane khadija, Benhadou Siham, Benhadou Mariam, and Medromi Hicham. "Digitalization against the new outbreak." In 2020 Fourth World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems Security and Sustainablity (WorldS4). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/worlds450073.2020.9210333.

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AbaOud, Mohammed. "Predicting the COVID-19 Outbreak." In 2022 International Interdisciplinary Conference on Mathematics, Engineering and Science (MESIICON). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mesiicon55227.2022.10093268.

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Reports on the topic "Outbreak"

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Scofield, Thomas C., Elizabeth Walter, and Samuel J. Livingstone. Epidemic Outbreak Surveillance (EOS). Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada483621.

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Candrilli, Sean D., and Samantha Kurosky. The Response to and Cost of Meningococcal Disease Outbreaks in University Campus Settings: A Case Study in Oregon, United States. RTI Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rr.0034.1910.

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Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a contagious bacterial infection that can occur sporadically in healthy individuals. Symptoms are typically similar to other common diseases, which can result in delayed diagnosis and treatment until patients are critically ill. In the United States, IMD outbreaks are rare and unpredictable. During an outbreak, rapidly marshalling the personnel and monetary resources to respond is paramount to controlling disease spread. If a community lacks necessary resources for a quick and efficient outbreak response, the resulting economic cost can be overwhelming. We developed a conceptual framework of activities implemented by universities, health departments, and community partners when responding to university-based IMD outbreaks. Next, cost data collected from public sources and interviews were applied to the conceptual framework to estimate the economic cost, both direct and indirect, of a university-based IMD outbreak. We used data from two recent university outbreaks in Oregon as case studies. Findings indicate a university-based IMD outbreak response relies on coordination between health care providers/insurers, university staff, media, government, and volunteers, along with many other community members. The estimated economic cost was $12.3 million, inclusive of the cost of vaccines ($7.35 million). Much of the total cost was attributable to wrongful death and indirect costs (e.g., productivity loss resulting from death). Understanding the breadth of activities and the economic cost of such a response may inform budgeting for future outbreak preparedness and development of alternative strategies to prevent and/or control IMD.
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Macdonald, Robert. Cross-Border Dynamics Between Burundi and Tanzania in the Context of Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks, 2025. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2025.012.

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This brief summarises key considerations regarding cross-border dynamics between the Republic of Burundi and the United Republic of Tanzania in the context of viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) outbreaks in Tanzania and the Republic of Uganda. On 13 January 2025, the World Health Organization reported a suspected outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Kagera Region of north-west Tanzania.1 On 20 January 2025, the government of Tanzania officially declared an outbreak.2 As of 26 February 2025, there have been 10 deaths from two confirmed and eight probable cases in Kagera’s Biharamulo and Muleba Districts. This is the second MVD outbreak in Kagera Region. In 2023, there were eight confirmed cases and one probable case, with six deaths, in Bukoba District.3,4 The origin of these outbreaks is yet to be confirmed. On 30 January 2025, the government of Uganda declared a Sudan virus disease (SVD) outbreak in Kampala, the capital city. SVD is one of six known viruses within the genus Ebolavirus and one of four that capable of causing Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans and other primates; it is the sole member of the species Sudan Ebolavirus. As of 5 March 2025, 14 cases have been confirmed, with four deaths.5 This is Uganda’s sixth Sudan virus disease outbreak. The previous outbreak, in 2022, resulted in 164 cases and 55 deaths.6 MVD and SVD are VHFs. Both can spread between humans through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or via contaminated surfaces and materials.7,8 The potential for VHFs to spread into neighbouring countries makes understanding the dynamics at the Burundi-Tanzania border crucial. This brief is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature, programmatic documents, previous ethnographic research in Tanzania and informal discussions with in-country colleagues.
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Yates, Travis, Jelena Allen, Myriam Leandre Joseph, and Daniele Lantagne. WASH Interventions in Disease Outbreak Response. Oxfam; Feinstein International Center; UKAID, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.8753.

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Evans, Charlotte, Jacob Hargreaves, Victoria Cohen, and Iulia Gherman. Risk assessment to support guidance for norovirus outbreaks in oysters. Food Standards Agency, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.gfv918.

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This assessment has been commissioned in response to recurring outbreaks of norovirus linked to the consumption of raw oysters. Each outbreak requires food safety and health protection resource to manage, as well as having a direct and indirect impact on consumers and on businesses involved, and further guidance has been requested to deal with norovirus outbreaks.
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Daughton, Ashlynn Rae, and Alina Deshpande. SWAP Applications to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1170691.

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Feighner, Brian H. Fort Bliss, Texas 1998: Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362944.

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Velsko, S. When did the Haiti cholera outbreak begin? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150725.

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Bedford, Juliet. SSHAP Roundtable: 2021 Ebola Outbreak in Guinea. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.019.

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SSHAP convened a virtual roundtable of expert advisors on Friday 12 March 2021 to discuss the outbreak of Ebola in Guinea declared on 14 February 2021. At the time of writing (19 March 2021), there have been 18 cases (14 confirmed, 4 probable), 9 deaths (including 5 in the community; CFR 50%) and 6 recoveries. Six of the 7 first cases identified were from the family of the first case, a 51-year-old nurse from Gouecke who died in N’Zérékoré on 28 January. Vaccination was launched on 23 February, and as of 17 March, 3,492 people had been vaccinated. The last new case was reported on 4 March 2021.
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Schmid, J. M., and D. D. Bennett. The North Kaibab pandora moth outbreak, 1978-1984. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-153.

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