Relevant bibliographies by topics / Outcoupling

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Outcoupling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Outcoupling"

1

Brückner, R., V. G. Lyssenko, S. Hofmann, and K. Leo. "Lasing of Tamm states in highly efficient organic devices based on small-molecule organic semiconductors." Faraday Discuss. 174 (2014): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00094c.

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We discuss approaches to increase the light outcoupling efficiency in organic microcavity (MC) lasers and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We find that the introduction of metals into the cavities leads to additional Tamm-plasmon polariton modes, while the corrugation of metal contacts, such as perforated μ-size holes or a periodic array of metal stripes, leads to 2D confinement of the cavity modes, which in turn reduces the lasing threshold in MCs. Furthermore, we elucidate light loss mechanisms in OLEDs and reveal how external dielectric layers and periodic gratings can be used to enhance outcoupling from the OLED cavity.
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Löhle, Andreas, Holger Cartarius, Daniel Haag, Dennis Dast, Jörg Main, and Günter Wunner Wunner. "STABILITY OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES IN A PT-SYMMETRIC DOUBLE-δ POTENTIAL CLOSE TO BRANCH POINTS." Acta Polytechnica 54, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2014.54.0133.

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A Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a double-well potential, where atoms are incoupled to one side and extracted from the other, can in the mean-field limit be described by the nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with a <em>PT</em> symmetric external potential. If the strength of the in- and outcoupling is increased two <em>PT</em> broken states bifurcate from the <em>PT</em> symmetric ground state. At this bifurcation point a stability change of the ground state is expected. However, it is observed that this stability change does not occur exactly at the bifurcation but at a slightly different strength of the in-/outcoupling effect. We investigate a Bose-Einstein condensate in a <em>PT</em> symmetric double-δ potential and calculate the stationary states. The ground state’s stability is analysed by means of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations and it is shown that the difference in the strength of the in-/outcoupling between the bifurcation and the stability change can be completely explained by the norm-dependency of the nonlinear term in the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
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Lien, Der-Hsien, Jeong Seuk Kang, Matin Amani, Kevin Chen, Mahmut Tosun, Hsin-Ping Wang, Tania Roy, et al. "Engineering Light Outcoupling in 2D Materials." Nano Letters 15, no. 2 (January 26, 2015): 1356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl504632u.

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Kim, D. H., K. Inada, L. Zhao, T. Komino, N. Matsumoto, J. C. Ribierre, and C. Adachi. "Organic light emitting diodes with horizontally oriented thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 5 (2017): 1216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc04786f.

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Luo, Dongxiang, Qizan Chen, Baiquan Liu, and Ying Qiu. "Emergence of Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020384.

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Flexible white organic light-emitting diodes (FWOLEDs) have considerable potential to meet the rapidly growing requirements of display and lighting commercialization. To achieve high-performance FWOLEDs, (i) the selection of effective flexible substrates, (ii) the use of transparent conducting electrodes, (iii) the introduction of efficient device architectures, and iv) the exploitation of advanced outcoupling techniques are necessary. In this review, recent state-of-the-art strategies to develop FWOLEDs have been summarized. Firstly, the fundamental concepts of FWOLEDs have been described. Then, the primary approaches to realize FWOLEDs have been introduced. Particularly, the effects of flexible substrates, conducting electrodes, device architectures, and outcoupling techniques in FWOLEDs have been comprehensively highlighted. Finally, issues and ways to further enhance the performance of FWOLEDs have been briefly clarified.
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Qi, Hui, Shujie Wang, Xiaohong Jiang, Yan Fang, Aqiang Wang, Huaibin Shen, and Zuliang Du. "Research progress and challenges of blue light-emitting diodes based on II–VI semiconductor quantum dots." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 30 (2020): 10160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02272a.

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The latest progress of blue light-emitting diodes based on II–VI semiconductor QDs was reviewed, covering the synthesis of blue QDs, device structures, carrier transport materials, interface regulation, and light outcoupling technology.
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Yokoyama, Daisuke, Tatsuki Sasaki, Yasutaka Suzuki, Takefumi Abe, Kaori Tsuruoka, Tatsuya Miyajima, Toshifumi Kakiuchi, et al. "Active refractive index control using a stably evaporable perfluororesin for high-outcoupling-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 34 (2021): 11115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02478g.

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A significant enhancement of outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs is demonstrated by the active refractive index control of amorphous organic semiconductors using a stably evaporable perfluororesin, which forms a nano-sized phase-separation structure.
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Murano, Sven, Domagoj Pavicic, Mauro Furno, Carsten Rothe, Tobias W. Canzler, Andreas Haldi, Falk Löser, Omrane Fadhel, Francois Cardinali, and Oliver Langguth. "51.2: Outcoupling Enhancement Mechanism Investigation on Highly Efficient PIN OLEDs using Crystallizing Evaporation Processed Organic Outcoupling Layers." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 43, no. 1 (June 2012): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2012.tb05875.x.

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Wang, Shujie, Chenran Li, Yang Xiang, Hui Qi, Yan Fang, Aqiang Wang, Huaibin Shen, and Zuliang Du. "Light extraction from quantum dot light emitting diodes by multiscale nanostructures." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 5 (2020): 1967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00150c.

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Green emitting QLEDs based on multiscale grid/wrinkle outcoupling nanostructures yield a maximum EQE of 21.3% and current efficiency of 88.3 cd A−1, which are 1.7 times those of the standard device.
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Hwang, Ha, Yong Sub Shim, Junhee Choi, Dong Jun Lee, Jae Geun Kim, Ju Sung Lee, Young Wook Park, and Byeong-Kwon Ju. "Nano-arrayed OLEDs: enhanced outcoupling efficiency and suppressed efficiency roll-off." Nanoscale 10, no. 41 (2018): 19330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr03198c.

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Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an enhanced outcoupling efficiency and a suppressed efficiency roll-off were fabricated by inserting a nanosize pixel-defining layer (nPDL) that defines the OLED emission region as an array of nanoholes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Outcoupling"

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Hill, Duncan. "The Optical Outcoupling of Organic Light Emitting Diodes." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1218042169046-69458.

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OLEDs have seen a strong growth in development in recent years, however up to 80% of emitted light may be lost within the OLED stack and in the substrate layers. This thesis investigates the effects of the layer stack on the OLED properties and also studies a number of approaches to substrate structuring and treatment in order to couple light from the devices.
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Hill, Duncan. "The Optical Outcoupling of Organic Light Emitting Diodes." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23702.

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OLEDs have seen a strong growth in development in recent years, however up to 80% of emitted light may be lost within the OLED stack and in the substrate layers. This thesis investigates the effects of the layer stack on the OLED properties and also studies a number of approaches to substrate structuring and treatment in order to couple light from the devices.
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Otero, Barros Sara. "Enhancement of the light outcoupling of alternating current laterally emitting thin film electroluminescent devices." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314336.

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LI, WEIXIN. "A HYBRID DEVICE APPROACH TO HIGH PERFORMANCE IN ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1148051195.

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Meerheim, Rico. "Quanteneffizienz und Langzeitstabilität monochromer organischer Leuchtdioden." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-24182.

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Den Fokus dieser Arbeit bildet die Untersuchung und die konzeptionelle Verbesserung der wichtigsten Eigenschaften organischer Leuchtdioden (OLED) – die Lebensdauer und die Quantenausbeute, welche sich durch die interne und externe Quanteneffizienz kategorisieren lässt. Es werden monochrome pin- Strukturen betrachtet, welche die Basis für Displays und weiße Multifarben- OLEDs darstellen. Die Auswirkung der Ladungsbalance auf die interne Quanteneffizienz wird untersucht. Dabei finden Triplettemitter Verwendung, da diese aus spinstatistischen Gründen viermal effizienter als fluoreszente Substanzen sind. Für hohe Effizienzen ist die ambipolare Ladungs- und Exzitonenverteilung in der Emissionsschicht mit breiter und zentraler Rekombinationszone anzustreben. Dies wird durch einen energetisch barrierefreien Schichtaufbau über die Auswahl der Matrix-, Blocker- und Transportmaterialien bezüglich geeigneter Transportniveaus und Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeiten erreicht. Bei roten OLEDs wird durch den Austausch des Lochblockers mit geeignetem LUMO die Elektroneninjektion in die löcherleitende Emissionsschicht erhöht und dadurch die Ladungsbalance maximiert. Damit werden externe Quanteneffizienzen von 20% erzielt, was dem Maximum der internen Quanteneffizienz von 100% entspricht. Des Weiteren werden neue Konzepte zur höheren Lichtauskopplung entwickelt. Aufgrund interner Totalreflexionen bleiben 80% der Photonen in Organikund Substratmoden gefangen was die externe Quanteneffizienz begrenzt. Eine deutliche Reduzierung dieser Moden wird bei OLEDs mit stärkeren Mikrokavitäten durch ITO/Silber-Anoden festgestellt. Die energetische und räumliche Umverteilung der Photonen verringert Totalreflexionen womit die Auskopplung bzw. die externe Quanteneffizienz um den Faktor 1,5 erhöht wird. Für rote OLEDs werden dadurch Rekordwerte von 26% externer Quanteneffizienz und einer Leistungseffizienz von 81 lm/W erzielt. Die auftretende winkelabhängige Farbverschiebung kann durch streuende Mikrolinsenfolien reduziert werden. Für verbesserte Auskopplung ohne Farbverschiebung werden Streukonzepte mit rauen Schichten getestet. Kristalline Schichten innerhalb der Organik beeinflussen allerdings den elektrischen Teil der OLED. Dies wird durch extrinsische Verlagerung der Streuschicht ausgeschlossen. Weiterhin wird die intrinsische Degradation von OLEDs mit phosphoreszenten Iridium-Emittern untersucht. Als Hauptursache werden strominduzierte chemische Reaktionen zwischen Emittermolekülen und anderen umgebenden Substanzen identifiziert. Die Akkumulation von Ladungsträgern und Exzitonen fördert diese Reaktionen. Als Zerstörungsmechanismus wird die Dissoziation der Iridium-Emitter mit folgender irreversibler Komplexbildung der Fragmente mit Umgebungsmaterialien wie dem Lochblocker festgestellt. Die OLED-Lebensdauer korreliert dabei doppelt- logarithmisch mit der Anzahl der Komplexe. Die chemische Reaktivität der Umgebungsmaterialien bestimmt die Stärke der Komplexbildung. Mit inerten Substanzen konnte bei roten OLEDs mit 10 Millionen Stunden bei Display-Helligkeit ein Weltrekord erzielt werden. Die geringe Degradation erfordert Extrapolationsmethoden. Es wird ein gestreckt exponentielles Verhalten der Helligkeitsabnahme beobachtet. Eine neue Fehleranalyse der Extrapolation ermöglicht die Angabe von Lebensdauer-Infima bei sehr stabilen OLEDs.
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Thomschke, Michael. "Inverted Organic Light Emitting Diodes." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-106255.

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This study focuses on the investigation of the key parameters that determine the optical and electrical characteristics of inverted top-emitting organic light emitting diodes (OLED). A co-deposition of small molecules in vacuum is used to establish electrically doped films that are applied in n-i-p layered devices. The knowledge about the functionality of each layer and parameter is important to develop efficient strategies to reach outstanding device performances. In the first part, the thin film optics of top-emitting OLEDs are investigated, focusing on light extraction via cavity tuning, external outcoupling layers (capping layer), and the application of microlens films. Optical simulations are performed to determine the layer configuration with the maximum light extraction efficiency for monochrome phosphorescent devices. The peak efficiency is found at 35%, while varying the thickness of the charge transport layers, the semitransparent anode, and the capping layer simultaneously. Measurements of the spatial light distribution validate, that the capping layer influences the spectral width and the resonance wavelength of the extracted cavity mode, especially for TM polarization. Further, laminated microlens films are applied to benefit from strong microcavity effects in stacked OLEDs by spatial mixing of external and to some extend internal light modes. These findings are used to demonstrate white top-emitting OLEDs on opaque substrates showing power conversion efficiencies up to 30 lm/W and a color rendering index of 93, respectively. In the second part, the charge carrier management of n-i-p layered diodes is investigated as it strongly deviates from that of the p-i-n layered counterparts. The influence of the bottom cathode material and the electron transport layer is found to be negligible in terms of driving voltage, which means that the assumption of an ohmic bottom contact is valid. The hole transport and the charge carrier injection at the anode is much more sensitive to the evaporation sequence, especially when using hole transport materials with a glass transition temperature below 100°C. As a consequence, thermal annealing of fabricated inverted OLEDs is found to drastically improve the device electronics, resulting in lower driving voltages and an increased internal efficiency. The annealing effect on charge transport comes from a reduced charge accumulation due to an altered film morphology of the transport layers, which is proven for electrons and for holes independently. The thermal treatment can further lead to a device degradation. Finally, the thickness and the material of the blocking layers which usually control the charge confinement inside the OLED are found to influence the recombination much more effectively in inverted OLEDs compared to non-inverted ones.
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Brückner, R., V. G. Lyssenko, S. Hofmann, and K. Leo. "Lasing of Tamm states in highly efficient organic devices based on small-molecule organic semiconductors." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36129.

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We discuss approaches to increase the light outcoupling efficiency in organic microcavity (MC) lasers and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We find that the introduction of metals into the cavities leads to additional Tamm-plasmon polariton modes, while the corrugation of metal contacts, such as perforated m-size holes or a periodic array of metal stripes, leads to 2D confinement of the cavity modes, which in turn reduces the lasing threshold in MCs. Furthermore, we elucidate light loss mechanisms in OLEDs and reveal how external dielectric layers and periodic gratings can be used to enhance outcoupling from the OLED cavity.
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Chen, Yi-Jiun, and 陳奕均. "Optical modeling, analysis, and design of novel OLED optical outcoupling structures." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f57kf3.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
光電工程學研究所
107
Due to the established fabrication process and technology of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) in recent years, OLEDs have posed as promising candidates for the next-generation display and lighting technologies. However, typical OLEDs still suffer from a poor outcoupling efficiency of internally generated photons. In this study, the micromesh and nanomesh structures and the pixel structures with OLEDs are investigated to improve the outcoupling efficiency. Since the proposed OLEDs contains structures of very different dimensional scales, i.e., nm-scale structures that are smaller than wavelengths (e.g., nanomesh structures, thicknesses of the OLED active layers) and μ-scale structures that are significantly larger than wavelengths (e.g., micromesh structures, pixel size, bank height, filler thickness etc.), the optical properties of the proposed structure are analyzed with a complex multi-scale optical simulation. It combines the rigorous and analytical electromagnetic wave-and dipole-based power dissipation model that is good for dealing detailed emission properties from nm-scale layered structures, with the geometric optics simulation based on Monte Carlo ray tracing that is good for dealing larger-scale structures. In this thesis, we report the composite electrode consisting of the ITO micro/nanomesh and high conductivity conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS for enhancing the outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs. They effectively enhance the outcoupling of internal radiation into the substrate, in addition to functioning as the current conductor/injector to maintain the electrical properties. By combining this internal outcoupling structure and the external outcoupling scheme (e.g. by attaching extraction lens), a very high EQE of nearly 48.8% (nmicromesh structures) and 62% (nanomesh structures) were achieved with a green phosphorescent OLED, respectively. Also in the optical modeling and analysis, the calculated EQE are 57% and 64% with familiar improvement as the experiment results, and the extraction mechanism are investigated by analyzing the field and mode distribution. And considering the OLED pixel structures, the pixel definition layer (PDL) are designed to be highly reflective as a reflective cup (concave) structure. Then an index-matching material is selectively deposited into/around the concave area. With proper designed geometrical parameters of the PDL and the optimized OLED stacks thickness, the calculated EQE of nearly 80% was achieved with ITO electrode device.
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Hill, Duncan [Verfasser]. "The optical outcoupling of organic light emitting diodes / submitted by Duncan Hill." 2008. http://d-nb.info/991425057/34.

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Tsai, Yao-Chou, and 蔡燿州. "Study on light outcoupling and extraction from full transparent polymer light-emitting diodes." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45013374065337527556.

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碩士
長庚大學
光電工程研究所
95
This thesis includes two major parts. The first part is the investigation on the optical property of transparent polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) via simulation. The variation of the simulated EL spectra and the light intensity from the normal direction of the top- and bottom-side of devices is observed by varying the thickness (0~300nm) of the transparent cathode made by Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO), which is a kind of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), and altering the thickness (1, 3, and 5nm) of different kinds of metal buffer layer (Al, Ag, and Au). Results indicate that the optical characteristics of the device are dominated by the transmittance and the reflectance of the multi-films system deposited on the emitting layer. The device with 5nm metal buffer layer exhibits the most variation of the optical property. All devices also appear a very weak microcavity effect. Besides, the practical devices of certain parameters are fabricated for comparison with the simulated result. The ratio of the light intensity from devices with 1 and 3 nm metal buffer layers are consistent between simulated and experimental results. The second part is introducing metal one-dimensional grating onto the ITO coated glass substrate for examining the possibility of extracting light trapped in the surface plasmon (SP) mode at the metal/dielectric interface. The enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) emission is observed at certain view angles and wavelengths by reflectivity measurement method. In addition, the enhanced emission from the electroluminescent devices with grating is also observed and recorded by photography at both top side and bottom side of the devices.
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Book chapters on the topic "Outcoupling"

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Altazin, Stéphane, Lieven Penninck, and Beat Ruhstaller. "Outcoupling Technologies: Concepts, Simulation, and Implementation." In Handbook of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes, 1–22. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55761-6_21-1.

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Tsai, Chih-Hung, and Chung-Chih Wu. "Light Outcoupling in Organic Light-Emitting Devices." In Physics of Organic Semiconductors, 541–74. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527654949.ch16.

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Hamel, W. A., M. P. van Exter, and J. P. Woerdman. "Enhanced Fundamental Linewidth of a Laser Due to Outcoupling." In Recent Developments in Quantum Optics, 23–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2936-1_3.

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Rieß, W., T. A. Beierlein, and H. Riel. "Optimizing OLED Structures for a-Si Display Applications via Combinatorial Methods and Enhanced Outcoupling." In Physics of Organic Semiconductors, 511–27. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527606637.ch18.

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Su, Hai-Ching. "Optical Engineering of Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Including Microcavity Effect and Outcoupling Extraction Technologies." In Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells, 77–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58613-7_3.

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"Light Outcoupling Technologies." In Frontiers in Electrical Engineering, edited by Yibin Jiang and Shuming Chen, 62–88. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681081205115010005.

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Tecimer, M., H. Jiang, S. Hallman, and L. Elias. "Variable height slot-outcoupling for the compact UH THz-FEL." In Free Electron Lasers 2003, 146–51. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-51727-2.50038-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Outcoupling"

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Xu, Ming, Shibo Jiao, Ming Liu, Yang Liu, Yuan-Chun Wu, and Hang Zhou. "Light Outcoupling Integrated Photonic Crystals for OLEDs." In 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eltech.2019.8839348.

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Yoo, Seunghyup, Tae-Wook Koh, and Jungmin Choi. "Electrode Engineering for Outcoupling Enhancement in OLEDs." In Solid-State and Organic Lighting. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/soled.2011.sdwc4.

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Getmanov, Y. V., O. A. Shevchenko, N. A. Vinokurov, and A. S. Matveev. "Electron outcoupling experiments at the NovoFEL facility." In SYNCHROTRON AND FREE ELECTRON LASER RADIATION: Generation and Application (SFR-2020). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0030846.

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Tang, Jianxin. "Light Outcoupling Enhanced Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes." In Solid-State and Organic Lighting. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/soled.2015.dw3d.4.

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Tang, Jianxin. "High-performance flexible oleds on outcoupling enhanced plastics." In 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers.2016.7734719.

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Winget, Paul, Hadi Abroshan, H. Shaun Kwak, Christopher Brown, and Mathew D. Halls. "Enhancing OLED outcoupling efficiency via atomistic-scale simulations." In Organic and Hybrid Light Emitting Materials and Devices XXV, edited by Tae-Woo Lee, Franky So, and Chihaya Adachi. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2598154.

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Renshaw, Christopher Kyle, and Sajad Saghaye Polkoo. "Integrated Photonic Outcoupling Array for Imaging-based Beam Steering." In 2019 IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series (SUM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/phosst.2019.8795057.

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Scherer, Marcus, Barbara Neubert, Sven-Silvius Schad, Wolfgang Schmid, Christian Karnutsch, Walter Wegleiter, Andreas Ploessl, and Klaus P. Streubel. "Efficient InAlGaP light-emitting diodes using radial outcoupling taper." In Symposium on Integrated Optoelectronic Devices, edited by E. F. Schubert and H. Walter Yao. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.469214.

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Pfeifer, R., K. Fehse, U. Vogel, and K. Leo. "Improved optical outcoupling of OLED microdisplays by nanostructured substrates." In 2011 Semiconductor Conference Dresden (SCD). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scd.2011.6068687.

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Gather, Malte C. "Recent advances in molecular orientation, outcoupling and device optics." In Organic and Hybrid Light Emitting Materials and Devices XXIV, edited by Franky So, Chihaya Adachi, and Jang-Joo Kim. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2568058.

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