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Journal articles on the topic 'Outdoor channel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Jing Liang and Qilian Liang. "Outdoor Propagation Channel Modeling in Foliage Environment." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 59, no. 5 (2010): 2243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2010.2043697.

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2

Wang, Wei, Thomas Jost, Uwe-Carsten Fiebig, and Wolfgang Koch. "A Time Variant Outdoor-to-Indoor Channel Model for Mobile Radio Based Navigation Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/375346.

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Time based positioning with terrestrial mobile radio signals has gained remarkable attention. To develop and validate positioning algorithms under realistic conditions, an accurate knowledge of the propagation channel is significant. However, there is still a lack of outdoor-to-indoor channel models suitable for positioning applications. To be applicable for positioning, the channel model has to fulfill three requirements that have not been accurately considered so far: the non-line-of-sight bias (affecting ranging accuracy), nondiscrete valued channel parameters (affecting algorithm performance), and the evolution of individual multipath components (MPCs) with time (affecting tracking performance). In this paper, an outdoor-to-indoor channel model is proposed based on an extension of the geometry-based stochastic modeling approach to fulfill the requirements. We consider MPCs occurring due to reflection, scattering, and combinations of both. In the model, three different types of MPCs are modeled separately according to their characteristics. Each MPC is represented by a fixed scatterer, which has a fixed position while the receiver antenna is moving. The parameters of the outdoor-to-indoor channel model are extracted from two channel measurement campaigns. The proposed outdoor-to-indoor channel model is capable of accurately simulating the time variant channel. A comparison of the channel model with the channel measurement data is performed by comparing statistics.

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Kalam, M. Zatiar Erwan, Ni Made Ary Esta Dewi Wirastuti, and I. Made Oka Widyantara. "Analisa Kinerja Penerapan Standard Protokol Keamanan IEEE 802.11 Pada Layanan Wireless Fidelity." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2021.v20i01.p10.

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Jaringan komunikasi semakin bergantung pada WLAN, maka semakin tinggi tuntutan Quality of Service (QoS) WLAN seperti Throughput, delay, dan jitter Untuk menjaga keamanan media komunikasi data, maka digunakan mekanisme keamanan jaringan Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), WiFi Protected Access (WPA), dan WPA2 [14]. Mall Bali Galeria memiliki beberapa alternatif Free WiFi. Banyaknya Wi-Fi yang terpasang menimbulkan permasalahan interferensi yang mempengaruhi unjuk kerja jaringan WiFi, MBG sendiri memiliki area Indoor dan Outdoor, Alternatif untuk mengatasi interferensi adalah dengan melakukan automasi penkanalan dengan menerapkan Channel Fly, Background Scanning dan Static Channel. Dari mekanisme keamanan, Penkanalan dan frekuensi dibuat skenario dilakukan penelitian pada setiap askes point untuk mendapatkan skenario terbaik, dari skenario yang diajukan, nilai Paket loss terbaik lingkungan indoor AP 4 dengan skenario frekuensi 5Ghz, Statik Channel, WEP-64 paket loss 0,016 ms, lingkungan outdoor AP 5 Frekuensi 5Ghz, Channel Fly, WEP-64 paket loss 0.094 ms, nilai Jitter terbaik lingkungan indoor AP 2 5Ghz Background Scanning, WPA 2, Jitter 1.336 ms, lingkungan outdoor AP 8 5Ghz, Statik Channel, WPA2-Mixed Jitter 1,116 ms, nilai Throughput terbaik lingkungan indoor AP 1 5Ghz, Statik channel, WPA2-Mixed, Throughput 78,7Mbps, untuk Outdoor AP 8 5Ghz, Background Scanning, Disable Security, Throughput 80Mbps jika dibandingkan dengan skenario eksisting performa unjuk kerja meningkat sebesar 10-30%. WEP memiliki nilai packet loss baik tetapi memiliki nilai Throughput yang lebih kecil. Static channel disarankan pada lokasi yang memiliki interferensi tinggi.

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Kristem, Vinod, Seun Sangodoyin, C. Umit Bas, Martin Kaske, Juho Lee, Christian Schneider, Gerd Sommerkorn, Charlie Jianzhong Zhang, R. S. Thoma, and Andreas F. Molisch. "3D MIMO Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation Channel Measurement." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 16, no. 7 (July 2017): 4600–4613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2700391.

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5

Lin, Bai Lin. "Image Haze Removal Based Dark Channel Prior." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.186.

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This paper describes the image based on dark channel prior to fog. Dark colors from the statistical laws of outdoor priori no fog image database, it was such a key observation was based on the fact that - the vast majority of each local area outdoor image without fog are present strength of certain of at least one color channel low value pixels. Using this model building, directly estimate the concentration of fog and mist removal recover high quality interference image. Experiments show that the dark channel prior to remove the image haze becomes simple and effective.

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6

Coelho, F. V. S., E. Cataldo, and L. J. Matos. "Simulation of Indoor-Outdoor and Outdoor-Indoor Radio Channel in 960-1700 MHz Band." IEEE Latin America Transactions 15, no. 8 (2017): 1400–1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2017.7994785.

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7

Hamid-Adiamoh, Majidah, Davis Nwakanma, Benoit Sessinou Assogba, Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath, Umberto D’Alessandro, Yaw A. Afrane, and Alfred Amambua-Ngwa. "Influence of insecticide resistance on the biting and resting preferences of malaria vectors in the Gambia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): e0241023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241023.

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Background The scale-up of indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets, together with other interventions have considerably reduced the malaria burden in The Gambia. This study examined the biting and resting preferences of the local insecticide-resistant vector populations few years following scale-up of anti-vector interventions. Method Indoor and outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were collected between July and October 2019 from ten villages in five regions in The Gambia using pyrethrum spray collection (indoor) and prokopack aspirator from pit traps (outdoor). Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to identify molecular species, insecticide resistance mutations, Plasmodium infection rate and host blood meal. Results A total of 844 mosquitoes were collected both indoors (421, 49.9%) and outdoors (423, 50.1%). Four main vector species were identified, including An. arabiensis (indoor: 15%, outdoor: 26%); An. coluzzii (indoor: 19%, outdoor: 6%), An. gambiae s.s. (indoor: 11%, outdoor: 16%), An. melas (indoor: 2%, outdoor: 0.1%) and hybrids of An. coluzzii-An. gambiae s.s (indoors: 3%, outdoors: 2%). A significant preference for outdoor resting was observed in An. arabiensis (Pearson X2 = 22.7, df = 4, P<0.001) and for indoor resting in An. coluzzii (Pearson X2 = 55.0, df = 4, P<0.001). Prevalence of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc)-1014S was significantly higher in the indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.78–1, P = 0.03) than outdoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.76–0.87) An. arabiensis population. For An. coluzzii, the prevalence of most mutation markers was higher in the outdoor (allele freq. = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.81–0.98) than indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.56–0.86) mosquitoes. However, in An. gambiae s.s., the prevalence of Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1575Y and GSTe2-114T was high (allele freq. = 0.96–1), but did not vary by resting location. The overall sporozoite positivity rate was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5–2%) in mosquito populations. Indoor-resting An. coluzzii had mainly fed on human blood while indoor-resting An. arabiensis fed on animal blood. Conclusion In this study, high levels of resistance mutations were observed that could be influencing the mosquito populations to rest indoors or outdoors. The prevalent animal-biting behaviour demonstrated in the mosquito populations suggest that larval source management could be an intervention to complement vector control in this setting.

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Al-Samman, Ahmed M., Tharek Abd Rahman, Marwan Hadri Azmi, and Ibraheem Shayea. "Path Loss Model and Channel Capacity for UWB–MIMO Channel in Outdoor Environment." Wireless Personal Communications 107, no. 1 (March 16, 2019): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06253-w.

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9

Yu, Yawei, Jianhua Zhang, Mansoor Shafi, Min Zhang, and Jawad Mirza. "Statistical Characteristics of Measured 3-Dimensional MIMO Channel for Outdoor-to-Indoor Scenario in China and New Zealand." Chinese Journal of Engineering 2016 (March 3, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1317489.

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The 3-dimensional (3D) channel model gives a better understanding of statistical characteristics for practical channels than the 2-dimensional (2D) channel model, by taking the elevation domain into consideration. As different organizations and researchers have agreed to a standard 3D channel model, we attempt to measure the 3D channel and determine the parameters of the standard model. In this paper, we present the statistical propagation results of the 3D multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurement campaign performed in China and New Zealand (NZ). The measurements are done for an outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) urban scenario. The dense indoor terminals at different floors in a building form a typical 3D propagation environment. The key parameters of the channel are estimated from the measured channel impulse response (CIR) using the spatial-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. Till now there is abundant research performed on the azimuth domain; this paper mainly considers the statistical characteristics of the elevation domain. A statistical analysis of 3D MIMO channel results for both China and NZ measurements is presented for the following parameters: power delay profile (PDP), root mean square (rms), delay spread (DS), elevation angle-of-arrival (EAoA) distribution, elevation angle-of-departure (EAoD) distribution, elevation angular spread (AS), and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD).

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10

Wang, Wei, Thomas Jost, and Armin Dammann. "Outdoor to indoor channel characteristics on two different floors." European Transactions on Telecommunications 21, no. 5 (June 8, 2010): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.1424.

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11

Umit Bas, C., Rui Wang, Seun Sangodoyin, Thomas Choi, Sooyoung Hur, Kuyeon Whang, Jeongho Park, Charlie Jianzhong Zhang, and Andreas F. Molisch. "Outdoor to Indoor Propagation Channel Measurements at 28 GHz." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 18, no. 3 (March 2019): 1477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2890239.

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12

Al-Samman, Ahmed M., Tharek Abd Rahman, Solomon Nunoo, Uche A. K. Chude-Okonkwo, Razali Ngah, Redhwan Q. Shaddad, and Yasser Zahedi. "Experimental Characterization and Analysis for Ultra Wideband Outdoor Channel." Wireless Personal Communications 83, no. 4 (April 11, 2015): 3103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2585-x.

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13

M. Al-Sammna, Ahmed, Marwan Hadri Azmi, and Tharek Abd Rahman. "Time-Varying Ultra-Wideband Channel Modeling and Prediction." Symmetry 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110631.

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This paper considers the channel modeling and prediction for ultra-wideband (UWB) channels. The sparse property of UWB channels is exploited, and an efficient prediction framework is developed by introducing two simplified UWB channel impulse response (CIR) models, namely, the windowing-based on window delay (WB-WD) and the windowing-based on bin delay (WB-BD). By adopting our proposed UWB windowing-based CIR models, the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is used to predict the channel coefficients. By using real CIR coefficients generated from measurement campaign data conducted in outdoor environments, the modeling and prediction performance results and the statistical properties of the root mean square (RMS) delay spread values are presented. Our proposed framework improves the prediction performances with lower computational complexity compared with the performance of the recommended ITU-R UWB-CIR model. It is shown that our proposed framework can achieved 15% lower prediction error with a complexity reduction by a factor of 12.

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14

Wang, Yuan, Xiaoqing Zhou, Ju Tian, Chuansheng Liu, and Jian Wang. "Numerical Simulation on the Heat Dissipation of the Outdoor Unit in the Groove of High-Rise Building." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123703024.

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In order to study the influence of the heat dissipation of the outdoor unit in the groove of the highrise building. Numerical simulation of the thermal environment of a high-rise building is carried out. The results show that: When the outdoor mean wind speed is 2.7m/s, the maximum inlet air temperature of the outdoor unit under full load condition is about 43.3 °C, which is 2 °C lower than that under no wind condition. The monsoon is beneficial to the heat dissipation of the outdoor unit. When the hot air in the building groove rises, the corner flow is induced at the lower side of the refuge layer. Due to the reverse pressure gradient, the flow separation occurs, resulting in the blockage in the flow channel. When the air flows through the refuge layer, the flow expands suddenly due to the increase of the cross-section of the channel. The turbulent boundary layer is separated. The vortex region is induced on the upper side of the refuge layer. Since the heat on the upper and lower sides of the refuge floor cannot be effectively dissipated, the inlet air temperature of the outdoor unit is higher than that of other floors, which reduces the working efficiency of the outdoor unit.

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15

Kumari, M. Sheeba, and Navin Kumar. "Channel model for simultaneous backhaul and access for mmWave 5G outdoor street canyon channel." Wireless Networks 26, no. 8 (July 11, 2020): 5997–6013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02421-0.

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16

Gulfam, Sardar, Syed Nawaz, Konstantinos Baltzis, Abrar Ahmed, and Noor Khan. "Characterization of Fading Statistics of mmWave (28 GHz and 38 GHz) Outdoor and Indoor Radio Propagation Channels." Technologies 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010009.

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Extension of usable frequency spectrum from microwave to millimeter-wave (mmWave) is one of the key research directions in addressing the capacity demands of emerging 5th-generation communication networks. This paper presents a thorough analysis on the azimuthal multipath shape factors and second-order fading statistics (SOFS) of outdoor and indoor mmWave radio propagation channels. The well-established analytical relationship of plain angular statistics of a radio propagation channel with the channel’s fading statistics is used to study the channel’s fading characteristics. The plain angle-of-arrival measurement results available in the open literature for four different outdoor radio propagation scenarios at 38 GHz, as well as nine different indoor radio propagation scenarios at 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands, are extracted by using different graphical data interpretation techniques. The considered quantifiers for energy dispersion in angular domain and SOFS are true standard-deviation, angular spread, angular constriction, and direction of maximum fading; and spatial coherence distance, spatial auto-covariance, average fade duration, and level-crossing-rate; respectively. This study focuses on the angular spread analysis only in the azimuth plane. The conducted analysis on angular spread and SOFS is of high significance in designing modulation schemes, equalization schemes, antenna-beams, channel estimation, error-correction techniques, and interleaving algorithms; for mmWave outdoor and indoor radio propagation environments.

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17

Georlette, Véronique, Sébastien Bette, Sylvain Brohez, Rafael Pérez-Jiménez, Nicolas Point, and Véronique Moeyaert. "Outdoor Visible Light Communication Channel Modeling under Smoke Conditions and Analogy with Fog Conditions." Optics 1, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt1030020.

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Visible Light Communication (VLC) has gained popularity in research and business in the last decade. This technology aims to combine lighting and communication into a single device. For now, this technology has been thoroughly studied for an indoor environment, but it is sufficiently mature nowadays to consider its outdoor-environment potentials. The key outdoor challenges are the weather variabilities and smoke particles in cities due to pollution or fires. The aim of this is the study and quantification of the weather and smoke particles’ impact on a short-range optical communication thanks to a simulator. This article’s novelty is the inclusion of the effects of smoke in a short-range outdoor VLC system channel model. This smoke model, which comes from the fire engineering field, states that smoke attenuation is independent of the wavelength, starting from high visibility to 5 m. The visibility represents the distance up to which an object can be distinguished against the background. The effects of fog and smoke are studied in the case of two outdoor VLC scenarios. Smoke and fog models have analogous equations to express the optical attenuation they induce, using the visibility concept. Taking into account the actual light-emitting diode (LED) lamp radiation pattern, the simulator computes the power at the receiver side and the channel attenuation coefficients for a given fog or/and smoke outdoor setting. The main result drawn in this paper is that the channel attenuation levels due to fog and smoke are both in the same order of magnitude, starting from the visibility of about 1 km. The attenuation induced by fog is higher under this threshold of 1 km.

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Bouchard, Frédéric, Alicia Sit, Felix Hufnagel, Aazad Abbas, Yingwen Zhang, Khabat Heshami, Robert Fickler, et al. "Quantum cryptography with twisted photons through an outdoor underwater channel." Optics Express 26, no. 17 (August 17, 2018): 22563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.022563.

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Hao, Le, Jose Rodriguez-Pineiro, Xuefeng Yin, and Haowen Wang. "Measurement-Based Massive MIMO Polarimetric Channel Characterization in Outdoor Environment." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 171285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2956118.

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20

Santos, Telmo, Fredrik Tufvesson, and Andreas Molisch. "Modeling the Ultra-Wideband Outdoor Channel: Model Specification and Validation." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 9, no. 6 (June 2010): 1987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2010.06.090392.

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21

Busson, Pierre, Nitin Chawla, JÉrÔme Bach, Stephane Le Tual, Harvinder Singh, Vineet Gupta, and Pascal Urard. "A 1 GHz Digital Channel Multiplexer for Satellite Outdoor Unit." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2009.2031800.

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22

Wallace, Jon W., Michael A. Jensen, Ajay Gummalla, and Harry B. Lee. "Experimental Characterization of the Outdoor MIMO Wireless Channel Temporal Variation." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 56, no. 3 (May 2007): 1041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2007.895599.

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23

Nowak, Thorsten, and Andreas Eidloth. "Dynamic multipath mitigation applying unscented Kalman filters in local positioning systems." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 3 (March 25, 2011): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078711000274.

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Multipath propagation is still one of the major problems in local positioning systems today. Especially in indoor environments, the received signals are disturbed by blockages and reflections. This can lead to a large bias in the user's time-of-arrival (TOA) value. Thus multipath is the most dominant error source for positioning. In order to improve the positioning performance in multipath environments, recent multipath mitigation algorithms based upon the concept of sequential Bayesian estimation are used. The presented approach tries to overcome the multipath problem by estimating the channel dynamics, using unscented Kalman filters (UKF). Simulations on artificial and measured channels from indoor as well as outdoor environments show the profit of the proposed estimator model. Furthermore, the quality of channel estimation applying the UKF and the channel sounding capabilities of the estimator are shown.

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24

Rodríguez-Corbo, Fidel Alejandro, Leyre Azpilicueta, Mikel Celaya-Echarri, Peio Lopez-Iturri, Ana V. Alejos, Raed M. Shubair, and Francisco Falcone. "Deterministic and Empirical Approach for Millimeter-Wave Complex Outdoor Smart Parking Solution Deployments." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124112.

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The characterization of different vegetation/vehicle densities and their corresponding effects on large-scale channel parameters such as path loss can provide important information during the deployment of wireless communications systems under outdoor conditions. In this work, a deterministic analysis based on ray-launching (RL) simulation and empirical measurements for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications for outdoor parking environments and smart parking solutions is presented. The study was carried out at a frequency of 28 GHz using directional antennas, with the transmitter raised above ground level under realistic use case conditions. Different radio channel impairments were weighed in, considering the progressive effect of first, the density of an incremental obstructed barrier of trees, and the effect of different parked vehicle densities within the parking lot. On the basis of these scenarios, large-scale parameters and temporal dispersion characteristics were obtained, and the effect of vegetation/vehicle density changes was assessed. The characterization of propagation impairments that different vegetation/vehicle densities can impose onto the wireless radio channel in the millimeter frequency range was performed. Finally, the results obtained in this research can aid communication deployment in outdoor parking conditions.

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Ranawat, Yuvraj Singh. "Performane Improvement of Indoor and Outdoor Channel Models in Wireless Networks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 3019–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.5500.

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GRASSI, Flavia, and Sergio A. PIGNARI. "Upper Bound and Dispersion of the Outdoor Powerline Channel Frequency-Response." IEICE Transactions on Communications E93-B, no. 7 (2010): 1814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e93.b.1814.

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NUNOO, Solomon, Uche A. K. CHUDE-OKONKWO, Razali NGAH, Chollette CHUDE-OLISAH, and Yasser K. ZAHEDI. "Channel measurement and time dispersion analysis for outdoor mobile ultrawideband environment." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 24 (2016): 4555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/elk-1310-103.

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28

Dersch, U., and R. J. Ruegg. "Simulations of the time and frequency selective outdoor mobile radio channel." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 42, no. 3 (1993): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.231886.

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Park, Yongmin, and Tae-Hwan Kim. "Fast Execution Schemes for Dark-Channel-Prior-Based Outdoor Video Dehazing." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 10003–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2806378.

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Santos, Telmo, Johan Karedal, Peter Almers, Fredrik Tufvesson, and Andreas Molisch. "Modeling the ultra-wideband outdoor channel: Measurements and parameter extraction method." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 9, no. 1 (January 2010): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2010.01.090391.

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Lei Jiang and Soon Yim Tan. "Geometrically Based Statistical Channel Models for Outdoor and Indoor Propagation Environments." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 56, no. 6 (November 2007): 3587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2007.901055.

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Nishimori, Kentaro, Naoki Honma, Tomoki Murakami, and Takefumi Hiraguri. "Effectiveness of Relay MIMO Transmission by Measured Outdoor Channel State Information." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, no. 2 (February 2012): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2011.2173434.

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Ali, Shirook, Farzaneh Kohandani, and Geyi Wen. "Analysis of a MIMO Outdoor Channel With Hybrid EM-Based Modeling." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 6 (2007): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2007.909964.

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Ma, Jianjun, Rabi Shrestha, Lothar Moeller, and Daniel M. Mittleman. "Invited Article: Channel performance for indoor and outdoor terahertz wireless links." APL Photonics 3, no. 5 (May 2018): 051601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5014037.

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35

Harrysson, Fredrik, Jonas Medbo, Tommy Hult, and Fredrik Tufvesson. "Experimental Investigation of the Directional Outdoor-to-In-Car Propagation Channel." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 62, no. 6 (July 2013): 2532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2244623.

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Yuan, Xie, Zhong Liang Deng, and Yu Zhang. "A Method of RAM-Based Frequency Acquisition for Base Station Positioning Receiver." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.517.

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Location based service (LBS) is more and more important nowadays. Assisted with GNSS, Base Station Positioning System (BSPS) can offer seamless outdoor & indoor positioning. The fading channel causes problems in signal acquisition. In this paper, a new method of RAM-based frequency acquisition is introduced, which can acquire the residual carrier frequency in fading channel accurately.

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Lepej, P., M. Lakota, and J. Rakun. "Robotic real-time 3D object reconstruction using multiple laser range finders." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017001157.

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An accurate 3D model of an outdoor scene can be used in many different scenarios of precision agriculture, for instance to analyse the silhouette of a tree crown canopy for precision spraying, to count fruit for fruit yield prediction or to simply navigate a vehicle between the plant rows. Instead of using stereovision, limited by the problems of different light intensities, or by using expensive multi-channel 3D range finder (LIDAR scanner), limited by the number of channels, this work investigates the possibility of using two single channel LIDAR scanners mounted on a small robot to allow a real-time 3D object reconstruction of the robot environment. The approach used readings captured by two LIDAR scanners, SICK LMS111 and SICK TiM310, where the first one was scanning horizontally and the second one vertically. In order to correctly map the 3D points of the readings from the vertical sensor into a 3D space, a custom SLAM algorithm based on image registration techniques was used to calculate the new positions of the robot. The approach was tested in an indoor and outdoor environment, proving its accuracy with an error rate of 0.02 m±0.02 m for vertical and −0.01 m±0.13 m for the horizontal plane.

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Hong, Jun-Ki. "Performance Analysis of Dual-Polarized Massive MIMO System with Human-Care IoT Devices for Cellular Networks." Journal of Sensors 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3604520.

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The performance analysis of the dual-polarized massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with Internet of things (IoT) devices is studied when outdoor human-care IoT devices are connected to a cellular network via a dual-polarized massive MIMO system. The research background of the performance analysis of dual-polarized massive MIMO system with IoT devices is that recently the data usage of outdoor human-care IoT devices has increased. Therefore, the outdoor human-care IoT devices are necessary to connect with 5G cellular networks which can expect 1000 times higher performance compared with 4G cellular networks. Moreover, in order to guarantee the safety of the patient for emergency cases, a human-care Iot device must be connected to cellular networks which offer more stable communication for outdoors compared to short-range communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth. To analyze the performance of the dual-polarized massive MIMO system for human-care IoT devices, a dual-polarized MIMO spatial channel model (SCM) is proposed which considers depolarization effect between the dual-polarized transmit-antennas and the receive-antennas. The simulation results show that the performance of the dual-polarized massive MIMO system is improved about 16% to 92% for 20 to 150 IoT devices compared to conventional single-polarized massive MIMO system for identical size of the transmit array.

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Lara Cueva, Román Alcides, Katherine Gabriela Garcés Alarcón, and Reims Andrea Lanchimba Paredes. "Modelamiento del canal de propagación con Zigbee para escenarios outdoors / Propagation channel modeling with Zigbee for outdoor scenarios." RECI Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Computacionales e Informática 5, no. 9 (February 22, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23913/reci.v5i9.39.

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En el presente trabajo se presenta un modelo semi-empírico del canal de propagación para enlaces punto a punto en la banda de 2.4 GHz, empleando tecnología ZigBee, capaz de contribuir a la mejora de la planificación y dimensionamiento de una red para sectores con baja densidad poblacional. Este modelo es estimado a partir del indicador de la fuerza de la señal recibida con base en los datos registrados en escenarios con características rurales y suburbanas, en un rango de 2 a 200 metros. A diferencia de varios artículos de la literatura, en nuestra propuesta se detecta una discontinuidad en 60 metros. En el método planteado se realiza una regresión lineal para obtener las características del medio de propagación y conseguir un solo modelo de pérdidas en función del punto de discontinuidad.

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Owuor, Kevin O., Maxwell G. Machani, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Stephen O. Munga, Guiyun Yan, Eric Ochomo, and Yaw A. Afrane. "Insecticide resistance status of indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in a highland and lowland site in Western Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): e0240771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240771.

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Background Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) represent powerful tools for controlling malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. The success of these interventions relies on their capability to inhibit indoor feeding and resting of malaria mosquitoes. This study sought to understand the interaction of insecticide resistance with indoor and outdoor resting behavioral responses of malaria vectors from Western Kenya. Methods The status of insecticide resistance among indoor and outdoor resting anopheline mosquitoes was compared in Anopheles mosquitoes collected from Kisumu and Bungoma counties in Western Kenya. The level and intensity of resistance were measured using WHO-tube and CDC-bottle bioassays, respectively. The synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was used to determine if metabolic activity (monooxygenase enzymes) explained the resistance observed. The mutations at the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene and Ace 1 gene were characterized using PCR methods. Microplate assays were used to measure levels of detoxification enzymes if present. Results A total of 1094 samples were discriminated within Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 289 within An. funestus s.l. In Kisian (Kisumu county), the dominant species was Anopheles arabiensis 75.2% (391/520) while in Kimaeti (Bungoma county) collections the dominant sibling species was Anopheles gambiae s.s 96.5% (554/574). The An. funestus s.l samples analysed were all An. funestus s.s from both sites. Pyrethroid resistance of An.gambiae s.l F1 progeny was observed in all sites. Lower mortality was observed against deltamethrin for the progeny of indoor resting mosquitoes compared to outdoor resting mosquitoes (Mortality rate: 37% vs 51%, P = 0.044). The intensity assays showed moderate-intensity resistance to deltamethrin in the progeny of mosquitoes collected from indoors and outdoors in both study sites. In Kisian, the frequency of vgsc-L1014S and vgsc-L1014F mutation was 0.14 and 0.19 respectively in indoor resting malaria mosquitoes while those of the outdoor resting mosquitoes were 0.12 and 0.12 respectively. The ace 1 mutation was present in higher frequency in the F1 of mosquitoes resting indoors (0.23) compared to those of mosquitoes resting outdoors (0.12). In Kimaeti, the frequencies of vgsc-L1014S and vgsc-L1014F were 0.75 and 0.05 respectively for the F1 of mosquitoes collected indoors whereas those of outdoor resting ones were 0.67 and 0.03 respectively. The ace 1 G119S mutation was present in progeny of mosquitoes from Kimaeti resting indoors (0.05) whereas it was absent in those resting outdoors. Monooxygenase activity was elevated by 1.83 folds in Kisian and by 1.33 folds in Kimaeti for mosquitoes resting indoors than those resting outdoors respectively. Conclusion The study recorded high phenotypic, metabolic and genotypic insecticide resistance in indoor resting populations of malaria vectors compared to their outdoor resting counterparts. The indication of moderate resistance intensity for the indoor resting mosquitoes is alarming as it could have an operational impact on the efficacy of the existing pyrethroid based vector control tools. The use of synergist (PBO) in LLINs may be a better alternative for widespread use in these regions recording high insecticide resistance.

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Willoughby, Jessica Fitts, Jessica Gall Myrick, Stephanie Gibbons, and Clark Kogan. "Associations Between Emotions, Social Media Use, and Sun Exposure Among Young Women: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study." JMIR Dermatology 3, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): e18371. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18371.

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Background Research has pointed to a connection between social media use, emotions, and tanning behaviors. However, less is known about the role specific emotions may play in influencing social media use and how emotions and social media use may each be associated with outdoor tanning. Objective This paper aims to examine the connection between emotions, social media use, and outdoor tanning behaviors among young women, a group particularly important for skin cancer prevention efforts. Methods We used ecological momentary assessment to collect data from 197 women aged 18 to 25 years 3 times a day for 7 days in July 2018. We collected data from women in 2 states. Results We found that boredom was associated with increased time spent on social media and that increased time spent on social media was associated with increased time spent outdoors without sun protection. Conclusions Our results highlight that social media may be a particularly important channel for skin cancer prevention efforts targeting young women, as more social media use was associated with increased time spent outdoors with skin exposed. Researchers should consider the role of emotions in motivating social media use and subsequent tanning behaviors. Additionally, as boredom was associated with social media use, intervention developers would benefit from developing digital and social media interventions that entertain as well as educate.

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Narandžić, Milan, Christian Schneider, Wim Kotterman, and Reiner S. Thomä. "Quantification of Scenario Distance within Generic WINNER Channel Model." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/176704.

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Starting from the premise that stochastic properties of a radio environment can be abstracted by defining scenarios, a generic MIMO channel model is built by the WINNER project. The parameter space of the WINNER model is, among others, described by normal probability distributions and correlation coefficients that provide a suitable space for scenario comparison. The possibility to quantify the distance between reference scenarios and measurements enables objective comparison and classification of measurements into scenario classes. In this paper we approximate the WINNER scenarios with multivariate normal distributions and then use the mean Kullback-Leibler divergence to quantify their divergence. The results show that the WINNER scenario groups (A, B, C, and D) or propagation classes (LoS, OLoS, and NLoS) do not necessarily ensure minimum separation within the groups/classes. Instead, the following grouping minimizes intragroup distances: (i) indoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios (A2, B4, and C4), (ii) macrocell configurations for suburban, urban, and rural scenarios (C1, C2, and D1), and (iii) indoor/hotspot/microcellular scenarios (A1, B3, and B1). The computation of the divergence between Ilmenau and Dresden measurements and WINNER scenarios confirms that the parameters of the C2 scenario are a proper reference for a large variety of urban macrocell environments.

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Hsueh-Jyh Li, Cheng-Chung Chen, Ta-Yung Liu, and Han-Chang Lin. "Applicability of ray-tracing technique for the prediction of outdoor channel characteristics." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 49, no. 6 (2000): 2336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.901902.

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Kaya, Aliye Ozge, and Doru Calin. "On the Wireless Channel Characteristics of Outdoor-to-Indoor LTE Small Cells." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 15, no. 8 (August 2016): 5453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2558559.

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Kristem, Vinod, C. Umit Bas, Rui Wang, and Andreas F. Molisch. "Outdoor Wideband Channel Measurements and Modeling in the 3–18 GHz Band." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 17, no. 7 (July 2018): 4620–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2828001.

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Chen, Jiajing, Xuefeng Yin, Xuesong Cai, and Stephen Wang. "Measurement-Based Massive MIMO Channel Modeling for Outdoor LoS and NLoS Environments." IEEE Access 5 (2017): 2126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2652983.

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Zhong, Zhimeng, Jianyao Zhao, and Chao Li. "Outdoor-to-Indoor Channel Measurement and Coverage Analysis for 5G Typical Spectrums." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (September 16, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3981678.

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The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications system will adopt the millimeter wave (mmWave) band for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) coverage to achieve ultrahigh data rate. However, it is a challenging task because of the large path loss and almost total blocking by building walls. In this work, we performed extensive measurements on the O2I propagation at 3.5, 4.9, and 28 GHz simultaneously by using a multiband channel sounder. We captured the path loss distribution and angular power arrival profiles. We also measured the penetration loss at 28 GHz through different kinds of glass windows. The widely adopted ordinary glass windows introduce the penetration loss of 3 to 12 dB that is acceptable and makes mmWave O2I coverage feasible. But the low-emissivity (low-E) windows that will be more popular in the future introduce 10 dB higher loss. The measurement results in this work can help analyse and anticipate the O2I coverage by mmWave, which is important for the design and deployment of the 5G network.

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Renzo, Marco Di, Fabio Graziosi, Riccardo Minutolo, Mauro Montanari, and Fortunato Santucci. "The ultra-wide bandwidth outdoor channel: From measurement campaign to statistical modelling." Mobile Networks and Applications 11, no. 4 (May 22, 2006): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-006-7193-2.

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Sheeba Kumari, M., Navin Kumar, and Ramjee Prasad. "Optimization of street canyon outdoor channel deployment geometry for mmWave 5G communication." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 125 (October 2020): 153368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153368.

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Vinnik, Alina Evgenievna, and Boris Aleksandrovich Tkhorikov. "Analysis, prospects and problems of autdoor advertising market development." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-3-94-100.

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The article focuses on the problems of the rapidly developing segment of the advertising line - outdoor advertising. The results of studying the dynamics and structure of the outdoor advertising market allowed to consider this segment promising, since outdoor advertising is the only media channel, in which sales have steadily increased over the past ten years. It has been stated that outdoor advertising irritates a relatively small number of respondents (14%); for comparison: TV advertising - 56%, Internet advertising - 67% of respondents. The structure of the advertising market of the Russian Federation from 2008 to 2019 has been analyzed. The analysis has illustrated that the most significant segment of the global outdoor advertising market is roadside billboards; second and third places are occupied by street furniture and transit advertising. Roadside billboards are being phased out in many markets due to tightening legislation; according to the experts, by 2021 the share of this segment will decrease by 4%. The research was carried out taking into account the data of such businesses as MAGNA and the Association of Communication Agencies of Russia. The US has the world's largest outdoor advertising market; Japan has the highest outdoor advertising spending. The key factors that ensure the priority of outdoor advertising in comparison with other advertising media are highlighted: wide audience coverage, largest advertising space, relatively low cost of advertising contact, variety of types and formats of advertising structures, etc. Topical problems are formulated that hinder the further growth of the studied segment: low level performance and quality of visual content, difficulties in assessing the effectiveness of outdoor advertising.

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