Journal articles: 'Outdoor flight'

1

Moon, SungTae, DoYoon Kim, YeonJu Choi, and HyeonCheol Gong. "Introduction of Indoor/Outdoor Swarming Flight System." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 27, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2017.27.3.215.

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Moon, SungTae, YeonJu Choi, DoYoon Kim, Myeonghun Seung, and HyeonCheol Gong. "Outdoor Swarm Flight System Based on RTK-GPS." Journal of KIISE 43, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/jok.2016.43.12.1315.

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Moon, SungTae, DoYoon Kim, and DonGoo Lee. "Outdoor Swarm Flight System Based on the RTK-GPS." Journal of KIISE 47, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/jok.2020.47.3.328.

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Frank, Kenneth D. "Impact of Outdoor Lighting on Moths." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003687.

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ABSTRACTOutdoor lighting incapacitates and destroys some moths. It disturbs flight, navigation, vision, migration, dispersal, oviposition, mating, feeding, and crypsis. It may also snift circadian rhythms. Lamps may incinerate or desiccate moths, or lead to moth’s destruction by birds, bats, spider, and vehicular traffic. Conservation efforts need to consider disruptive ecological effects of outdoor lighting. Low pressure sodium lamps may reduce these effects.

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Scholz, D., C. Borgemeister, R. H. Markham, and H. M. Poehling. "Flight initiation and flight activity in Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 5 (October 1998): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300026067.

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AbstractIn an outdoor experimental set-up, the number of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) flying from maize cobs was recorded over 38 observation weeks. Flight activity in the field was recorded for 50 weeks with three pheromone traps, each placed at c. 100–300 m from the first experimental set-up. Multiple regression analyses revealed that both flight initiation and flight activity were partly influenced by mean temperatures, but were not directly related. Flight initiation was mainly dependent on population density. An additional experiment showed that sex ratios among pheromone trap catches were not correlated with the number of beetles caught; sex ratios were female-biased throughout the year. Seasonal fluctuations in flight activity recorded with pheromone traps are mainly dependent on changes in the number and sizes of beetle populations in a given area, as well as on breeding site availability and suitability.

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Crall, J. D., J. J. Chang, R. L. Oppenheimer, and S. A. Combes. "Foraging in an unsteady world: bumblebee flight performance in field-realistic turbulence." Interface Focus 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 20160086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0086.

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Natural environments are characterized by variable wind that can pose significant challenges for flying animals and robots. However, our understanding of the flow conditions that animals experience outdoors and how these impact flight performance remains limited. Here, we combine laboratory and field experiments to characterize wind conditions encountered by foraging bumblebees in outdoor environments and test the effects of these conditions on flight. We used radio-frequency tags to track foraging activity of uniquely identified bumblebee ( Bombus impatiens ) workers, while simultaneously recording local wind flows. Despite being subjected to a wide range of speeds and turbulence intensities, we find that bees do not avoid foraging in windy conditions. We then examined the impacts of turbulence on bumblebee flight in a wind tunnel. Rolling instabilities increased in turbulence, but only at higher wind speeds. Bees displayed higher mean wingbeat frequency and stroke amplitude in these conditions, as well as increased asymmetry in stroke amplitude—suggesting that bees employ an array of active responses to enable flight in turbulence, which may increase the energetic cost of flight. Our results provide the first direct evidence that moderate, environmentally relevant turbulence affects insect flight performance, and suggest that flying insects use diverse mechanisms to cope with these instabilities.

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Putz, Jasmin, Eva M. Vorwagner, and Gernot Hoch. "Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, potential vectors of the pine wood nematode." Forestry Journal 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2016-0024.

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Abstract Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, two potential vectors of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was evaluated in laboratory flight mill tests. Beetles emerging from logs infested in the laboratory and incubated under outdoor conditions as well as field collected beetles were used. The maximum distance flown by M. sartor in a single flight was 3,136.7 m. Mean distances (per beetle) per flight ranged from 694.6 m in females to 872.5 m in males for M. sartor. In 75% of all individual flights M. sartor flew less than 1 km; only 3.7% flew distances longer than 2 km. The mean cumulative distance travelled by M. sartor beetles throughout their lifespan was 7.5 km. The smaller M. sutor beetles flew faster and longer distances. The maximum distance per flight was 5,556.5 m; mean distances ranged from 1,653.6 m in females to 1178.3 m in males. The number of available laboratory reared beetles was too low for quantification of lifetime flight capacity for M. sutor. The findings are compared to published data from Monochamus galloprovincialis recorded on the same type of flight mill as well as to field data from mark-release-recapture studies. The high flight capacity of Monochamus beetles illustrates the importance of considering dispersal of the vectors when planning control measures against the pine wood nematode.

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Giudici, Davide, Andrea Monti Guarnieri, and Juan Cuesta Gonzalez. "Pre-Flight SAOCOM-1A SAR Performance Assessment by Outdoor Campaign." Remote Sensing 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2017): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9070729.

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Tüzün, Nedim, Lin Op de Beeck, Ranalison Oliarinony, Marie Van Dievel, and Robby Stoks. "Warming under seminatural outdoor conditions in the larval stage negatively affects insect flight performance." Biology Letters 14, no. 5 (May 2018): 20180121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0121.

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Laboratory studies indicate global warming may cause changes in locomotor performance directly relevant for fitness and dispersal. Yet, this remains to be tested under seminatural settings, and the connection with warming-induced alterations in the underlying traits has been rarely studied. In an outdoor mesocosm experiment with the damselfly Ischnura elegans , 4°C warming in the larval stage decreased the flight muscle mass, which correlated with a lower flight endurance. Warming did not affect body mass, size or wing morphology. This illustrates how carry-over effects of warming under seminatural conditions during early development bridge metamorphosis and negatively impact locomotor performance through changes in a key flight-related trait.

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Schiffner, Ingo, and Mandyam V. Srinivasan. "Budgerigar flight in a varying environment: flight at distinct speeds?" Biology Letters 12, no. 6 (June 2016): 20160221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0221.

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How do flying birds respond to changing environments? The behaviour of budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus , was filmed as they flew through a tapered tunnel. Unlike flying insects—which vary their speed progressively and continuously by holding constant the optic flow induced by the walls—the birds showed a tendency to fly at only two distinct, fixed speeds. They switched between a high speed in the wider section of the tunnel, and a low speed in the narrower section. The transition between the two speeds was abrupt, and anticipatory. The high speed was close to the energy-efficient, outdoor cruising speed for these birds, while the low speed was approximately half this value. This is the first observation of the existence of two distinct, preferred flight speeds in birds. A dual-speed flight strategy may be beneficial for birds that fly in varying environments, with the high speed set at an energy-efficient value for flight through open spaces, and the low speed suited to safe manoeuvring in a cluttered environment. The constancy of flight speed within each regime enables the distances of obstacles and landmarks to be directly calibrated in terms of optic flow, thus facilitating simple and efficient guidance of flight through changing environments.

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Fukayama, Yukio. "A Study on Acoustic Time-of-flight Identification in Outdoor Environment." Proceedings of the ISCIE International Symposium on Stochastic Systems Theory and its Applications 2004 (May 5, 2004): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5687/sss.2004.85.

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Junaid, Ali, Alejandro Sanchez, Javier Bosch, Nikolaos Vitzilaios, and Yahya Zweiri. "Design and Implementation of a Dual-Axis Tilting Quadcopter." Robotics 7, no. 4 (October 20, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics7040065.

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Standard quadcopters are popular largely because of their mechanical simplicity relative to other hovering aircraft, low cost and minimum operator involvement. However, this simplicity imposes fundamental limits on the types of maneuvers possible due to its under-actuation. The dexterity and fault tolerance required for flying in limited spaces like forests and industrial infrastructures dictate the use of a bespoke dual-tilting quadcopter that can launch vertically, performs autonomous flight between adjacent obstacles and is even capable of flying in the event of the failure of one or two motors. This paper proposes an actuation concept to enhance the performance characteristics of the conventional under-actuated quadcopter. The practical formation of this concept is followed by the design, modeling, simulation and prototyping of a dual-axis tilting quadcopter. Outdoor flight tests using tilting rotors, to follow a trajectory containing adjacent obstacles, were conducted in order to compare the flight of conventional quadcopter with the proposed over-actuated vehicle. The results show that the quadcopter with tilting rotors provides more agility and mobility to the vehicle especially in narrow indoor and outdoor infrastructures.

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Wang, Wei, Feng Wang, Yong Zhou, Yong Cheng, Yu Ze Song, and Kenzo Nonami. "Modeling and Embedded Autonomous Control for Quad-Rotor MAV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2461.

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This paper presents outdoor fully autonomous control for a Quad-Rotor MAV (Micro Air Vehicle). In case of natural disaster like earthquake, a MAV will be very effective for surveying the site and environment in dangerous area or narrow space, where human cannot access safely. In addition, it will be helpful to prevent secondary disaster. Our Autonomous Rotary-wing MAV is a quad-rotor type MAV which total mass is 660g and is capable of 10 minute outdoor flights. In order to measure the relative position of the MAV, we have installed a sensor-board which includes GPS, gyro, and acceleration sensors on our MAV. So it can achieve fully autonomous flight control with the complete embedded system. We also have installed a wireless camera to our MAV so it can transmit image data to the ground station. This paper describes model based autonomous hovering control, guidance control performance of our quad-rotor MAV.

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Baczynska, Katarzyna A., Simon Brown, Adrian C. Chorley, John B. O’Hagan, Marina Khazova, Andrey Lyachev, and Marc Wittlich. "In-Flight UV-A Exposure of Commercial Airline Pilots." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5507.2020.

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INTRODUCTION: Understanding UV exposure is essential for the assessment of its contribution to the occupational risk of pilots developing ocular and skin pathologies. The objective of this observational study was to measure the UV exposure of pilots flying between the United Kingdom and a range of destinations at three different seasons.METHODS: The in-flight UV exposure of pilots was measured on 322 Monarch Airlines short-haul flights on the Airbus A321-231 and Airbus A320-214 to 31 destinations, mostly in Europe, from 4 UK airports in September 2016–August 2017. The erythema effective and UV-A doses were compared with the ICNIRP guidance and typical recreational weekend exposure of UK office workers.RESULTS: The erythema effective radiant doses did not exceed 0.1 SED. For most of the flights, the UV-A exposure was also low. On 27 single sector flights, UV-A exposure could have exceeded the ICNIRP guidance if eye protection was not used.DISCUSSION: The UV exposure in a cockpit is mostly governed by the presence of direct sunlight and the duration of a flight. The average monthly exposures were low and significantly below weekend recreational exposures of UK office workers over a similar period. To assess the contribution of occupational UV exposure to the risk of developing sun-related ocular and cutaneous pathologies, it is important to consider the accumulative flight time, destinations, and UV attenuation of aircraft windshields. Additionally, leisure and recreational outdoor time needs to be considered before meaningful overall risk analysis can be undertaken.Baczynska KA, Brown S, Chorley AC, O’Hagan JB, Khazova M, Lyachev A, Wittlich M. In-flight UV-A exposure of commercial airline pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(6):501–510.

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Heinkelé, C., M. Labbé, V. Muzet, and P. Charbonnier. "CALIBRATION OF THE SR4500 TIME-OF-FLIGHT CAMERA FOR OUTDOOR MOBILE SURVEYING APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-469-2016.

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3D-cameras based on Time-of-Flight (ToF) technology have recently raised up to a commercial level of development. In this contribution, we investigate the outdoor calibration and measurement capabilities of the SR4500 ToF camera. The proposed calibration method combines up-to-date techniques with robust estimation. First, intrinsic camera parameters are estimated, which allows converting radial distances into orthogonal ones. The latter are then calibrated using successive acquisitions of a plane at different camera positions, measured by tacheometric techniques. This distance calibration step estimates two coefficient matrices for each pixel, using linear regression. Experimental assessments carried out with a 3D laser-cloud after converting all the data in a common basis show that the obtained precision is twice better than with the constructor default calibration, with a full-frame accuracy of about 4 cm. Moreover, estimating the internal calibration in sunny and warm outdoor conditions yields almost the same coefficients as indoors. Finally, a test shows the feasibility of dynamic outdoor acquisitions and measurements.

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Heinkelé, C., M. Labbé, V. Muzet, and P. Charbonnier. "CALIBRATION OF THE SR4500 TIME-OF-FLIGHT CAMERA FOR OUTDOOR MOBILE SURVEYING APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-469-2016.

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3D-cameras based on Time-of-Flight (ToF) technology have recently raised up to a commercial level of development. In this contribution, we investigate the outdoor calibration and measurement capabilities of the SR4500 ToF camera. The proposed calibration method combines up-to-date techniques with robust estimation. First, intrinsic camera parameters are estimated, which allows converting radial distances into orthogonal ones. The latter are then calibrated using successive acquisitions of a plane at different camera positions, measured by tacheometric techniques. This distance calibration step estimates two coefficient matrices for each pixel, using linear regression. Experimental assessments carried out with a 3D laser-cloud after converting all the data in a common basis show that the obtained precision is twice better than with the constructor default calibration, with a full-frame accuracy of about 4 cm. Moreover, estimating the internal calibration in sunny and warm outdoor conditions yields almost the same coefficients as indoors. Finally, a test shows the feasibility of dynamic outdoor acquisitions and measurements.

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Yang, Yi, Daisuke Iwakura, Akio Namiki, Kenzo Nonami, and Wei Wang. "Autonomous Flight of Hexacopter Under Propulsion System Failure." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 28, no. 6 (December 20, 2016): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2016.p0899.

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[abstFig src='/00280006/14.jpg' width='250' text='Fault tolerant control structure of hexacopter' ] This paper presents a fault-tolerant approach for the propulsion systems of hexacopters (i.e., rotors and propellers) to overcome failures during outdoor autonomous flight missions. In this study, we used an explicit control allocation method for each stopped motor, and an asymmetrical motor rotation arrangement is applied in order to guarantee the controllability of the yaw. Finally, the developed fault diagnosis and isolation system is tested during a global-positioning-system-based autonomous flight of a hexacopter with a failed motor.

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Ajanic, Enrico, Mir Feroskhan, Stefano Mintchev, Flavio Noca, and Dario Floreano. "Bioinspired wing and tail morphing extends drone flight capabilities." Science Robotics 5, no. 47 (October 28, 2020): eabc2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abc2897.

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The aerodynamic designs of winged drones are optimized for specific flight regimes. Large lifting surfaces provide maneuverability and agility but result in larger power consumption, and thus lower range, when flying fast compared with small lifting surfaces. Birds like the northern goshawk meet these opposing aerodynamic requirements of aggressive flight in dense forests and fast cruising in the open terrain by adapting wing and tail areas. Here, we show that this morphing strategy and the synergy of the two morphing surfaces can notably improve the agility, maneuverability, stability, flight speed range, and required power of a drone in different flight regimes by means of an avian-inspired drone. We characterize the drone’s flight capabilities for different morphing configurations in wind tunnel tests, optimization studies, and outdoor flight tests. These results shed light on the avian use of wings and tails and offer an alternative design principle for drones with adaptive flight capabilities.

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STOIAN, Stefan Eugen, Dragos Daniel ION-GUTA, Sandra Elena NICHIFOR, Florentin SPERLEA, and Achim IONITA. "TWQH Attitude Control Experiments on Horizon Ground Simulator and Flight Test." INCAS BULLETIN 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2020.12.1.18.

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This paper presents the results of two experiments on the Horizon ground simulator and outdoor flight test of TWQH hybrid UAV in presence of wind perturbation. The simulation results show the stability and error boundedness of the PID controller while the experimental inflight tests indicate the good performances of the proposed controller.

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Raimundo, A., D. Peres, N. Santos, P. Sebastião, and N. Souto. "USING DISTANCE SENSORS TO PERFORM COLLISION AVOIDANCE MANEUVRES ON UAV APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W6 (August 24, 2017): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w6-303-2017.

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The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and its applications are growing for both civilian and military purposes. The operability of an UAV proved that some tasks and operations can be done easily and at a good cost-efficiency ratio. Nowadays, an UAV can perform autonomous missions. It is very useful to certain UAV applications, such as meteorology, vigilance systems, agriculture, environment mapping and search and rescue operations. One of the biggest problems that an UAV faces is the possibility of collision with other objects in the flight area. To avoid this, an algorithm was developed and implemented in order to prevent UAV collision with other objects. “Sense and Avoid” algorithm was developed as a system for UAVs to avoid objects in collision course. This algorithm uses a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), to detect objects facing the UAV in mid-flights. This light sensor is connected to an on-board hardware, Pixhawk’s flight controller, which interfaces its communications with another hardware: Raspberry Pi. Communications between Ground Control Station and UAV are made via Wi-Fi or cellular third or fourth generation (3G/4G). Some tests were made in order to evaluate the “Sense and Avoid” algorithm’s overall performance. These tests were done in two different environments: A 3D simulated environment and a real outdoor environment. Both modes worked successfully on a simulated 3D environment, and “Brake” mode on a real outdoor, proving its concepts.

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Araujo, João Otávio, João Valente, Lammert Kooistra, Sandra Munniks, and Ruud J. B. Peters. "Experimental Flight Patterns Evaluation for a UAV-Based Air Pollutant Sensor." Micromachines 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11080768.

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The use of drones in combination with remote sensors have displayed increasing interest over the last years due to its potential to automate monitoring processes. In this study, a novel approach of a small flying e-nose is proposed by assembling a set of AlphaSense electrochemical-sensors to a DJI Matrix 100 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The system was tested on an outdoor field with a source of NO2. Field tests were conducted in a 100 m2 area on two dates with different wind speed levels varying from low (0.0–2.9m/s) to high (2.1–5.3m/s), two flight patterns zigzag and spiral and at three altitudes (3, 6 and 9 m). The objective of this study is to evaluate the sensors responsiveness and performance when subject to distinct flying conditions. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed significant difference between flight patterns only under High Wind conditions, with Spiral flights being slightly superior than Zigzag. With the aim of contributing to other studies in the same field, the data used in this analysis will be shared with the scientific community.

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Lee, Dasol, Sungwook Cho, and Hyunchul Shim. "Development of Mini Quadrotor Platform and Experiments on Outdoor Autonomous Swarming Flight." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 23, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2017.11.23.11.905.

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Lee, Dasol, Sungwook Cho, and Hyunchul Shim. "Development of Mini Quadrotor Platform and Experiments on Outdoor Autonomous Swarming Flight." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 23, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2017.17.0167.

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Toews, Michael D., James F. Campbell, Frank H. Arthur, and Sonny B. Ramaswamy. "Outdoor flight activity and immigration of Rhyzopertha dominica into seed wheat warehouses." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 121, no. 1 (October 2006): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-8703.2006.00462.x.

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Bodó, Zsófia, and Béla Lantos. "Integrating Backstepping Control of Outdoor Quadrotor UAVs." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 63, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.13321.

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In this paper an improved approach is presented for integrating backstepping control of outdoor quadrotor UAVs. The controller uses the approximated nonlinear dynamic model, while for simulation or test purposes the quadrotor can be modeled either with the precise or the simplified model. A hierarchical integrating backstepping control algorithm was constructed that has the capability of handling every effect in the dynamic model and in the meantime successfully ignores the realistic measurement noises. The hierarchical control structure consists of position, attitude and rotor control, extended with path design with continuous acceleration and/or continuous jerk. The state estimation is based on sensor fusion. Control parameters can be easily tuned. Adaptive laws are elaborated for mass and vertical disturbance force estimation. The tracking algorithm is able to follow the prescribed path with small error. The sensory system and the state estimation are prepared for outdoor applications. The embedded control system contains a HIL extension to test the control algorithms before the first flight under real time conditions.

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Liang, Shaoran, Bifeng Song, Jianlin Xuan, and Yubin Li. "Active disturbance rejection attitude control for the dove flapping wing micro air vehicle in intermittent flapping and gliding flight." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 12 (January 2020): 175682932094308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829320943085.

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This paper proposes an attitude control scheme for the Dove flapping wing micro air vehicle in intermittent flapping and gliding flight. The Dove flapping wing micro air vehicle adopts intermittent flapping and gliding flight to make the wing movements more natural; this strategy also has the potential to reduce energy consumption. To implement this specific flight mode, this paper proposes a closed-loop active disturbance rejection control strategy to stabilize the attitude during the processes of flapping flight, transition and gliding flight. The active disturbance rejection control controller is composed of three parts: a tracking differentiator, a linear extended state observer and a nonlinear state error feedback controller. The tracking differentiator estimates the given target signal and the differential signal in real time. The extended state observer estimates the system states and system nonlinearity. Moreover, the bandwidth parameterization method is applied to determine the observer gains. The stability of the closed-loop system is verified using Lyapunov’s theorem. Several outdoor flight experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method, and the results show that the proposed method can guarantee the stability of intermittent flapping and gliding flight.

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Di Luca, M., S. Mintchev, G. Heitz, F. Noca, and D. Floreano. "Bioinspired morphing wings for extended flight envelope and roll control of small drones." Interface Focus 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 20160092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0092.

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Small-winged drones can face highly varied aerodynamic requirements, such as high manoeuvrability for flight among obstacles and high wind resistance for constant ground speed against strong headwinds that cannot all be optimally addressed by a single aerodynamic profile. Several bird species solve this problem by changing the shape of their wings to adapt to the different aerodynamic requirements. Here, we describe a novel morphing wing design composed of artificial feathers that can rapidly modify its geometry to fulfil different aerodynamic requirements. We show that a fully deployed configuration enhances manoeuvrability while a folded configuration offers low drag at high speeds and is beneficial in strong headwinds. We also show that asymmetric folding of the wings can be used for roll control of the drone. The aerodynamic performance of the morphing wing is characterized in simulations, in wind tunnel measurements and validated in outdoor flights with a small drone.

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Mazhar, Farrukh, Mohammad A. Choudhry, and Muhammad Shehryar. "Nonlinear auto-regressive neural network for mathematical modelling of an airship using experimental data." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 7 (June 18, 2018): 2549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018783131.

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Autonomous flight of an aerial vehicle requires a sufficiently accurate mathematical model, which can capture system dynamics in the presence of external disturbances. Artificial neural network is known for ideal in capturing systems behaviour, where little knowledge about vehicle dynamics is available. In this paper, we explored this potential of artificial neural network for characterizing nonlinear dynamics of an unmanned airship. The flight experimentation data for an outdoor experimental airship are acquired through a series of pre-determined flight tests. The experimental data are subjected to a class of dynamic recurrent neural network model dubbed as nonlinear auto-regressive model with exogenous inputs for training. Sufficiently trained neural network model captured and demonstrated the longitudinal dynamics of the airship satisfactorily. We also demonstrated the usefulness of proposed technique for Lotte airship, wherein the performance of proposed model is validated and analysed for the Lotte airship flight test data.

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McIsaac, Hugh P., and Melvin L. Kreithen. "Attempts to condition homing pigeons to magnetic cues in an outdoor flight cage." Animal Learning & Behavior 15, no. 2 (June 1987): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03204956.

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Wee, Inhwan, Dasol Lee, Taeyeon Kim, and David Hyunchul Shim. "Extension of Coordinate Systems and Outdoor Autonomous Swarming Flight using 130 Mini Quadrotors." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 25, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2019.19.0043.

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Ang, Kevin Z. Y., Xiangxu Dong, Wenqi Liu, Geng Qin, Shupeng Lai, Kangli Wang, Dong Wei, et al. "High-Precision Multi-UAV Teaming for the First Outdoor Night Show in Singapore." Unmanned Systems 06, no. 01 (January 2018): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2301385018500036.

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Advancement in the development of automation in aerial robotics has created endless applications today by utilizing autonomous drones, or in other words, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Motivated by the idea of the entertainment robots, in this paper, we present a robust and safe multi-UAV formation system for the purpose of entertainment in the form of a night multi-UAV teaming light show. The performance includes a 5-minutes flight show with 16 UAVs, changing patterns with background music, and with synchronized visual lighting from each of the UAVs. The high-precision autonomous formation flight is achieved with a centralized control method with a single ground control station (GCS). The system includes offline trajectory generation, safety features such as collision avoidance and UAV states monitoring, geo-fencing for out-of-bound control and many more which will be discussed in this paper. The live performance of the multi-UAV teaming night show was successfully presented to the public in conjunction with The Future of Us Exhibitions held in January 2016, in Singapore.

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Gill, Rajan, and Raffaello D’Andrea. "An Annular Wing VTOL UAV: Flight Dynamics and Control." Drones 4, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4020014.

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A vertical takeoff and landing, unmanned aerial vehicle is presented that features a quadrotor design for propulsion and attitude stabilization, and an annular wing that provides lift in forward flight. The annular wing enhances human safety by enshrouding the propeller blades. Both the annular wing and the propulsion units are fully characterized in forward flight via wind tunnel experiments. An autonomous control system is synthesized that is based on model inversion, and accounts for the aerodynamics of the wing. It also accounts for the dominant aerodynamics of the propellers in forward flight, specifically the thrust and rotor torques when subject to oblique flow conditions. The attitude controller employed is tilt-prioritized, as the aerodynamics are invariant to the twist angle of the vehicle. Outdoor experiments are performed, resulting in accurate tracking of the reference position trajectories at high speeds.

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Norrefeldt, Victor, Florian Mayer, Britta Herbig, Ria Ströhlein, Pawel Wargocki, and Fang Lei. "Effect of Increased Cabin Recirculation Airflow Fraction on Relative Humidity, CO2 and TVOC." Aerospace 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8010015.

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In the CleanSky 2 ComAir study, subject tests were conducted in the Fraunhofer Flight Test Facility cabin mock-up. This mock-up consists of the front section of a former in-service A310 hosting up to 80 passengers. In 12 sessions the outdoor/recirculation airflow ratio was altered from today’s typically applied fractions to up to 88% recirculation fraction. This leads to increased relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2) and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) levels in the cabin air, as the emissions by passengers become less diluted by outdoor, dry air. This paper describes the measured increase of relative humidity, CO2 and TVOC level in the cabin air for the different test conditions.

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Woodman, Constance, Chris Biro, and Donald J. Brightsmith. "Parrot Free-Flight as a Conservation Tool." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060254.

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The release of captive-raised parrots to create or supplement wild populations has been critiqued due to variable survival rates and unreliable flocking behavior. Private bird owners free-fly their parrots in outdoor environments and utilize techniques that could address the needs of conservation breed and release projects. We present methods and results of a free-flight training technique used for 3 parrot flocks: A large-bodied (8 macaws of 3 species and 2 hybrids), small-bodied (25 individuals of 4 species), and a Sun Parakeet flock (4 individuals of 1 species). Obtained as chicks, the birds were hand-reared in an enriched environment. As juveniles, the birds were systematically exposed to increasingly complex wildland environments, mirroring the learning process of wild birds developing skills. The criteria we evaluated for each flock were predation rates, antipredator behavior, landscape navigation, and foraging. No parrots were lost to predation or disorientation during over 500 months of free-flight time, and all birds demonstrated effective flocking, desirable landscape navigation, and wild food usage. The authors conclude that this free-flight method may be directly applicable for conservation releases, similar to the use of falconry methods for raptor conservation.

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Abdul-Samed, Baqir, and Ammar Aldair. "Outdoor & Indoor Quadrotor Mission." 3D SCEEER Conference sceeer, no. 3d (July 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.sceeer.3rd.01.

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The last few years Quadrotor became an important topic, many researches have implemented and tested concerning that topic. Quadrotor also called an unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), it's highly used in many applications like security, civil applications, aid, rescue and a lot of other applications. It’s not a conventional helicopter because of small size, low cost and the ability of vertical and takeoff landing (VTOL). The models kept an eye on quadrotors were presented, the advancement of this new kind of air vehicle is hindered for a very long while because of different reasons, for example, mechanical multifaceted nature, enormous size and weight, and challenges in charge particularly. Just as of late a lot of interests and endeavors have been pulled in on it; a quadrotor has even become a progressively discretionary vehicle for useful application. Quadrotor can be used in variable, different , outdoor and indoor missions; these missions should be implemented with high value of accuracy and quality. In this work two scenarios suggested for different two missions. First mission the quadrotor will be used to reach different goals in the simulated city for different places during one flight using path following algorithm. The second mission will be an indoor arrival mission, during that mission quadrotor will avoid obstacles by using only Pure pursuit algorithm (PPA). To show the benefit of using the new strategy it will compare with a victor field histogram algorithm (VFH) which is used widely in robotics for avoiding obstacles, the comparison will be in terms of reaching time and distance of reaching the goal. The Gazebo Simulator (GS) is used to visualize the movement of the quadrotor. The gazebo has another preferred position it helps to show the motion development of the quadrotor without managing the mathematical model of the quadrotor. The Robotic Operating System (ROS) is used to transfer the data between the MATLAB Simulink program and the Gazebo Simulator. The diversion results show that, the proposed mission techniques win to drive the quarter on the perfect route similarly at the limit with regards to the quadrotor to go without hitting any obstacle in the perfect way.

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Lebeau, Julie, Renate A. Wesselingh, and Hans Van Dyck. "Nectar resource limitation affects butterfly flight performance and metabolism differently in intensive and extensive agricultural landscapes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1830 (May 11, 2016): 20160455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0455.

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Flight is an essential biological ability of many insects, but is energetically costly. Environments under rapid human-induced change are characterized by habitat fragmentation and may impose constraints on the energy income budget of organisms. This may, in turn, affect locomotor performance and willingness to fly. We tested flight performance and metabolic rates in meadow brown butterflies ( Maniola jurtina ) of two contrasted agricultural landscapes: intensively managed, nectar-poor (IL) versus extensively managed, nectar-rich landscapes (EL). Young female adults were submitted to four nectar treatments (i.e. nectar quality and quantity) in outdoor flight cages. IL individuals had better flight capacities in a flight mill and had lower resting metabolic rates (RMR) than EL individuals, except under the severest treatment. Under this treatment, RMR increased in IL individuals, but decreased in EL individuals; flight performance was maintained by IL individuals, but dropped by a factor 2.5 in EL individuals. IL individuals had more canalized (i.e. less plastic) responses relative to the nectar treatments than EL individuals. Our results show significant intraspecific variation in the locomotor and metabolic response of a butterfly to different energy income regimes relative to the landscape of origin. Ecophysiological studies help to improve our mechanistic understanding of the eco-evolutionary impact of anthropogenic environments on rare and widespread species.

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MIZOTA, Taketo, SUNGMIN Park, Takeshi NARUO, and Tomokazu FUKAMACHI. "3-D flight formulation of golf ball under atmospheric boundary layer and outdoor experiment." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2004 (2004): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2004.219.

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Boeddeker, N., J. P. Lindemann, M. Egelhaaf, and J. Zeil. "Responses of blowfly motion-sensitive neurons to reconstructed optic flow along outdoor flight paths." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191, no. 12 (August 23, 2005): 1143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-005-0038-9.

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Joshi, Apurva, Ankit Wala, Mohit Ludhiyani, Debraj Chakraborty, Hoam Chung, and D. Manjunath. "Outdoor cooperative flight using decentralized consensus algorithm and a guaranteed real-time communication protocol." Control Engineering Practice 88 (July 2019): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2019.05.002.

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Hou, Jie, Baolong Guo, Juanjuan Zhu, Cheng Li, and Wangpeng He. "Quadcopter localization and health monitoring method based on multiple virtual silhouette sensor integration." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13, no. 7 (July 2017): 155014771771982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147717719826.

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With the widespread deployment of quadcopters, the flight safety issue attracts increasingly public and academic attentions. This article presents a quadcopter flight regime extraction algorithm for quadcopter localization and health monitoring using imageries captured by general purpose monocular cameras. First, contour information is extracted from quadcopter shadows on the ground. In order to better illustrate the three-dimensional silhouette information contained in shadow contour on the ground, a virtual sensor named Shadow Projection Tunnel is designed. Then, multiple Shadow Projection Tunnels are generated according to the extracted silhouette information and corresponding light source positions. Finally, three-dimensional quadcopter positions and flight regimes are extracted based on the aggregation between multiple Shadow Projection Tunnels. The proposed method is validated to be accurate and efficient in monitoring quadcopter position and flight regimes based on the comparative analyses. In comparison with traditional quadcopter health monitoring methods, the proposed method has advantages on deployment convenience, system robustness, precision expandability, and scenario adaptability, making it an ideal solution for quadcopter monitoring in outdoor scenarios.

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Liu, Xuancen, Yueneng Yang, Chenxiang Ma, Jie Li, and Shifeng Zhang. "Real-Time Visual Tracking of Moving Targets Using a Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with a 3-Axis Stabilized Gimbal System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155064.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have recently shown great performance collecting visual data through autonomous exploration and mapping, which are widely used in reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) applications. In this paper, we present an onboard vision-based system for low-cost UAVs to autonomously track a moving target. Real-time visual tracking is achieved by using an object detection algorithm based on the Kernelized Correlation Filter (KCF) tracker. A 3-axis gimbaled camera with separate Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is used to aim at the selected target during flights. The flight control algorithm for tracking tasks is implemented on a customized quadrotor equipped with an onboard computer and a microcontroller. The proposed system is experimentally validated by successfully chasing a ground and aerial target in an outdoor environment, which has proven its reliability and efficiency.

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Candan, Can, Mehmet Tiken, Halil Berberoglu, Elif Orhan, and Aydin Yeniay. "Experimental Study on Km-Range Long-Distance Measurement Using Silicon Photomultiplier Sensor with Low Peak Power Laser Pulse." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010403.

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Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have drawn considerable attention due to their superior sensitivity with a multi-pixel matrix structure. SiPM can be the choice of a detector for time of flight measurement which is one of the most promising applications in the field of light detection and ranging (LiDAR). In this work, we take advantage of SiPM and attempt to measure longer distances with a low peak power semiconductor laser under outdoor sunny and windy conditions. We achieved a long detection range of a few kilometers by using SiPM and a laser with a pulse energy of 9 µj at 0.905 µm and 3 dB enhancement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) by the implemented signal extraction algorithm. From the simulation performed, the minimum SNR value and detection probability were also determined for the outdoor field tests.

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McIsaac, H. P., and M. L. Kreithen. "Erratum to: Attempts to condition homing pigeons to magnetic cues in an outdoor flight cage." Animal Learning & Behavior 15, no. 3 (September 1987): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03205026.

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Bentz, J. W. G., J. Goschnick, J. Schuricht, H. J. Ache, J. Zehnpfennig, and A. Benninghoven. "Analysis and classification of individual outdoor aerosol particles with SIMS time-of-flight mass spectrometry." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 353, no. 5-8 (1995): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321333.

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Lee, Sanggwon, Keita Yasutomi, Masato Morita, Hodaka Kawanishi, and Shoji Kawahito. "A Time-of-Flight Range Sensor Using Four-Tap Lock-In Pixels with High near Infrared Sensitivity for LiDAR Applications." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010116.

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In this paper, a back-illuminated (BSI) time-of-flight (TOF) sensor using 0.2 µm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is developed for long-range laser imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR) application. A 200 µm-thick bulk silicon in the SOI substrate is fully depleted by applying high negative voltage at the backside for higher quantum efficiency (QE) in a near-infrared (NIR) region. The proposed SOI-based four-tap charge modulator achieves a high-speed charge modulation and high modulation contrast of 71% in a NIR region. In addition, in-pixel drain function is used for short-pulse TOF measurements. A distance measurement up to 27 m is carried out with +1.8~−3.0% linearity error and range resolution of 4.5 cm in outdoor conditions. The measured QE of 55% is attained at 940 nm which is suitable for outdoor use due to the reduced spectral components of solar radiation.

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Martinez, Pablo, and Martin Barczyk. "Implementation and optimization of the cascade classifier algorithm for UAV detection and tracking." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 296–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2018-0033.

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A number of vision-based algorithms designed to detect and track unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from on board a second UAV have been researched, implemented, and experimentally validated over the last decade. However, the successful methods have tended to rely on characteristics such as color or shape, meaning they require the target UAV to have particular markings or geometries. This paper uses the Viola–Jones cascade classifier, a computer vision algorithm originally designed to detect human faces in video streams, and demonstrates its capability for detecting and tracking an arbitrary type of UAV with excellent performance in either indoor or outdoor environments and with a variety of backgrounds. The Viola–Jones algorithm is applied to two specific quadrotor UAV models, the Solo from 3D Robotics and the AR.Drone 2.0 from Parrot. Experimental testing demonstrates that the resulting system achieves very good detection and tracking performance in real time on each UAV type for both indoor and outdoor flight tests.

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Maciel-Pearson, Bruna G., Samet Akcay, Amir Atapour-Abarghouei, Christopher Holder, and Toby P. Breckon. "Multi-Task Regression-Based Learning for Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Control Within Unstructured Outdoor Environments." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 4, no. 4 (October 2019): 4116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2019.2930496.

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Yang, Yi, Wei Wang, Daisuke Iwakura, Akio Namiki, and Kenzo Nonami. "Sliding Mode Control for Hexacopter Stabilization with Motor Failure." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 28, no. 6 (December 20, 2016): 936–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2016.p0936.

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[abstFig src='/00280006/18.jpg' width='300' text='Hovering with 5 rotors' ] This study presents a fault-tolerance approach for hexacopters with failed propulsion systems (i.e., motors and propellers) using sliding mode control theory. In this study, we use an explicit control allocation method with linear constraints for allocating the control input to redundancy actuators, as well as a new sliding model controller designed to stabilize the attitude and maintain the basic flight performance of a vehicle with a single failed motor during an outdoor autonomous flight mission. An asymmetrical motor rotation arrangement is applied in order to ensure controllability for all degrees of freedom. We verify the developed system on a real hexacopter suffering propulsion-system failure. Finally, the comparative results between the linear-quadratic-integral controller and model reference sliding mode controller are presented to evaluate the robustness of each controller against the failure of redundancy actuators.

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Sabikan, Sulaiman Bin, Nawawi S. W, and NAA Aziz. "Modelling of time-to collision for unmanned aerial vehicle using particles swarm optimization." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v9.i3.pp488-496.

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A method for the development of Time-to-Collision (TTC) mathematical model for outdoor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) using Particles Swarm Optimization (PSO), are presented. TTC is the time required for a UAV either to collide with any static obstacle or completely stop without applying any braking control system when the throttle is fully released. This model provides predictions of time before UAV will collide with the obstacle in the same path based on their parameter, for instance, current speed and payload. However, this paper focus on the methodology of the implementation of PSO to develop the TTC model for 5 different set of payloads. This work utilizes a quadcopter as our testbed system, that equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver unit, a flight controller with data recording capability and ground control station for real-time monitoring. The recorded onboard flight mission data for 5 different set of payloads has been analyzed to develop a mathematical model of TTC through the PSO approach. The horizontal ground speed, throttle magnitudes and flight time stamp are extracted from the on-board quadcopter flight mission. PSO algorithm is used to find the optimal linear TTC model function, while the mean square error is used to evaluate the best fitness of the solution. The results of the TTC mathematical model for each payload are described.

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Wildmann, N., S. Ravi, and J. Bange. "Towards higher accuracy and better frequency response with standard multi-hole probes in turbulence measurement with remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 4 (April 22, 2014): 1027–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1027-2014.

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Abstract. This study deals with the problem of turbulence measurement with small remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). It shows how multi-hole probes (MHPs) can be used to measure fluctuating parts of the airflow in flight up to 20 Hz. Accurate measurement of the transient wind in the outdoor environment is needed for the estimation of the 3-D wind vector as well as turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum, water vapour, etc. In comparison to an established MHP system, experiments were done to show how developments of the system setup can improve data quality. The study includes a re-evaluation of the pneumatic tubing setup, the conversion from pressures to airspeed, the pressure transducers, and the data acquisition system. In each of these fields, the steps that were taken lead to significant improvements. A spectral analysis of airspeed data obtained in flight tests shows the capability of the system to measure atmospheric turbulence up to the desired frequency range.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Outdoor flight'

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