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Nikolopoulou, Maria-Heleni. "Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397141.
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Salleh, Elias Bin. "Tropical urban outdoor environment and human thermal comfort." Thesis, Open University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387286.
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Aljawabra, Faisal. "Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces : the hot arid climate." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655719.
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The thermal environment in outdoor spaces can significantly influence users’ thermal perception and thus their use of these spaces. Improving microclimatic conditions in urban spaces will most likely encourage people to spend more time outdoors, with the potential to improve their health and wellbeing, as well as boosting social cohesion. As well as enhancing the environmental quality of cities it should also eventually improve the quality of life of its citizens. This thesis is one of the first attempts to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort and the effect of cultural differences in hot arid climates. Case studies were carefully selected in two different parts of the world (Marrakech in North Africa and Phoenix-Arizona in North America) to represent a variety of users in similar climatic context. Field surveys, carried out during winter and summer, included: structured interviews with a standard questionnaire; observations of the human activities; and microclimatic monitoring. The results revealed that the solely physiological approach is insufficient to assess the outdoor thermal comfort conditions in hot arid climates. Environmental variables such as air temperature and solar radiation, could have a great impact on the use of the outdoor spaces in the hot arid climate, and may determine the number of people and activities in them. The study also shows that participants who usually spend more time outdoors due to their life style, “outdoors individuals”, tend to stay longer in the studied sites compared with the “indoors individuals” who spend more time indoors. This is probably because the “outdoor individuals” have better experience of the outdoor conditions and respective thermal conditions. Experience has a strong link with expectations so that according to their past experience, people prepare themselves for the expected weather by taking adaptive measures. People from different cultures in the hot arid climate are likely to evaluate their thermal conditions differently, have diverse thermal comfort requirements, and use urban public spaces differently as well. Further work needs to be done to cover more geographical areas within the hot arid climate. Such an expansion may generalise the findings of this study or explain any particularity associated with the sites of the current study. More research is also needed to investigate he thermal requirements and use of outdoor spaces by different social groups by using robust classification methods. Emphasis should be on investigating the influence of thermal comfort on the use of outdoor public spaces by young and older people, and how that may affect their health and will being in such climates.
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Nouri, Andre Naghi Lopes dos Santos. "Addressing urban outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through public space design." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16887.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Urbanismo, com a especialização em Urbanismo apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.Na cidade contemporânea, factores como as elevadas temperaturas e a intensidade dos efeitos da ilha de calor em meio urbano, têm vindo a revelar proeminente desconforto térmico e importantes preocupações com a saúde durante os períodos anuais de maior estímulo térmico. Para além destes riscos já existentes e inerentes ao clima urbano, as projecções das alterações climáticas apontam para uma exacerbação destes factores de risco ao longo do Séc. XXI. Muito embora as avaliações e outputs top-down tenham revelado informação de carácter imperativo relativamente a tais fenómenos, a emergência da agenda de adaptação às alterações climáticas veio também incentivar a comunidade científica internacional a maturar e a desenvolver abordagens bottom-up mais incisivas, com vista a fazer frente aos factores de risco locais. Assim sendo, a perspectiva de "localidade" tem vindo a ganhar um novo significado para disciplinas como o urbanismo e o design urbano, quando confrontados com aspectos como a segurança, o conforto térmico humano e a prosperidade do meio urbano contemporâneo. Todavia e, atendendo ao seu carácter emergente, as abordagens bottom-up ainda se encontram numa fase inicial e, consequentemente, relativamente limitadas, tendo em conta a distância existente entre a teoria e a aplicação prática. Como resposta, esta tese efectua uma abordagem bottom-up e uma reflexão acerca do modo como a união entre a climatologia urbana e o design do espaço público urbano, enquanto campos distintos, pode ser fortalecida. Tal fortalecimento visa investigar de forma directa sobre a possibilidade de "localmente", o conforto térmico humano em meio urbano exterior, ser melhorado através de práticas interdisciplinares apoiadas no conhecimento científico. Tendo em consideração o caso de Lisboa, esta investigação analisa a forma como esta abordagem pode suplantar questões como a incerteza climática/aplicacional e, consequentemente: (i) traduzir-se em linhas de orientação para o urbanismo e para o design urbano local, que poderão ser aplicadas/implementadas em múltiplas circunstâncias e contextos urbanos; visando ainda, (ii) auxiliar especialistas "não-climatólogos" a realizar levantamentos bioclimáticos (baseados em dados locais e/ou na informação obtida a partir da estação meteorológica) com o intuito de determinar/atenuar os factores de risco de stress associados ao calor e ao frio num determinado contexto exterior. Consequentemente e, focado numa abordagem bottom-up que para além disso considera outputs relevantes a partir de avaliações top-down, o design do espaço público é retratado como sendo uma ferramenta indispensável, com vista a assegurar "localmente" um meio urbano activo, confortável e seguro, tanto no presente, quanto num futuro que se afigura incerto.
ABSTRACT: Within the existing city, factors such as elevated urban temperatures and intensities of urban heat island effects are already revealing prominent thermal discomfort and health concerns during annual periods of more accentuated climatic stimuli. In addition to these exiting risks upon the urban microclimate, climate change projections indicate further exacerbations of such risks factors throughout the course of the twenty-first century. Although top-down assessments and disseminations have revealed imperative information with regards to such phenomena, the emergence of the climate change adaptation agenda has also arguably propelled the scientific international community to further mature bottom-up approaches to address local risk factors. As such, the perspective of ‘locality’ has been one which has gained new meaning for disciplines such as urban planning and design when considering the climatic safety, human thermal comfort, and prosperity of the contemporary public realm. Nevertheless, and resultant of its emerging nature, bottom-up approaches are still somewhat limited in terms of its existing breadth between theory and application and practice. As a response, this thesis undertakes a bottom-up approach and discusses how the union between the individual fields of urban climatology and public space design can be fortified. Such a fortification is directly aimed at investigating how local outdoor human thermal comfort can be improved through an interdisciplinary practice which is backed by scientific know-how and practice. Considering the case of Lisbon, this research deliberates upon how such an approach can overcome issues of climatic and applicative uncertainty, and can: (i) be translated into local design and planning guidelines which can be applied within numerous different urban circumstances; and (ii) aid non-climatological experts to undertake bioclimatic surveys (based both upon site and/or meteorological station data) to determine, and attenuate, local heat and cold stress risk factors within a particular outdoor context. Accordingly, and centred upon a bottom-up approach, which moreover considers important disseminations from top-down assessments, public space design is portrayed as an imperative tool to locally ensure an active, comfortable and safe public realm, both presently, and in an uncertain future.
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Poonam, Anaokar Deepak. "Outdoor Thermal Comfort Analysis for the Dhond Residence in GOA, India." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190206.
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The hypothesis of this study is to create a thermally viable microclimate for a residential outdoor space in the hot humid climate of the state of Goa in India with innovative and intelligent use of landscaping materials and shading conditions to control radiation, direct heat, air movements and moisture. This research focuses on the optimization of the performance of outdoor spaces using computer simulations. Outdoor spaces form an important part of houses in the hot-humid region as the humidity levels are high and natural air currents are the best option. A typical house in the tropical region would be defined by three types of spaces- indoor, outdoors and a combination of the indoor and the outdoor consisting of generally of a verandah or a loggia. This thesis focuses on the “indoor- outdoor” spaces where the breezes could be used to cool the space as well as the use of non–radiative materials so as to lower the temperature in the outdoor spaces and restore conditions to the thermal comfort zone. This study is aimed towards the integration of architecture with landscape architecture to achieve thermal comfort for outdoor spaces and to demonstrate how these can be optimized for better comfort for the residential structures in the tropical zone.
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Ali, Toudert Fazia. "Dependence of outdoor thermal comfort on street design in hot and dry climate." Freiburg [Breisgau] : Meteorologisches Inst, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014731769&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Toudert, Fazia Ali. "Dependence of outdoor thermal comfort on street design in hot and dry climate /." Freiburg : Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Freiburg, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=977714403.
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Malekzadeh, Masoud. "Positioning of outdoor space in house design : an energy efficiency and thermal comfort perspective." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10301.
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The present thesis is primarily motivated by the will to provide help for decisionmaking on the overall layout of a house or a housing development in the very early stages of design from the point of view of energy efficiency and thermal comfort. This study contributes towards a deeper understanding of thermal interactions between a house and its adjacent enclosed open spaces. It addresses the contribution of the yard design, i.e. placement, size and type towards the development of a comfortable microclimate within the yard itself, as well as the reduction of total energy demands of the house for mechanical heating and cooling. The focus is put on the applicability of the results and findings are expressed in form of a decision-making aid. This research also makes empirical and analytical assessments on the validity of some existing methods and tools that are used for understanding the nature of microclimates in small scales and proposes methods for their improvement, particularly when used in conjunction with standard tools for the assessment of indoor climates. These methods are also demonstrated through an exemplary application in an archetypal setting and the results of the exemplary case are analysed to reach a decision on the most advisable design layouts for the buildings in the example. As a result, this work emphasises on the importance of private outdoor spaces and how their careful design can benefit occupiers, investors and the environment.
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Ridha, Suaad. "Urban heat Island mitigation strategies in an arid climate. In outdoor thermal comfort reacheable." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAT0006/document.
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De nombreuses études au cours des dernières décennies ont porté sur l'effet l’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU). Les efforts initiaux visant à comprendre les facteurs qui influent sur l’ICU ont contribué à la mise en place de solutions et de stratégies d'atténuation adaptées. Les stratégies d'atténuation comprennent généralement l'augmentation de l'albédo urbain (réflectivité au rayonnement solaire) et l'évapotranspiration. Les augmentations d'albedo sont obtenues grâce à des technologies de toiture et de pavage ayant un albédo élevé. Une augmentation de l'évapotranspiration est obtenue par une combinaison de la diminution de la fraction de surfaces imperméables et la plantation de végétation dans les zones urbaines. Le confort thermique extérieur est défini à partir d’indices prenant en compte différents paramètres physiques et traduit la perception et la satisfaction des piétons. Ce confort est très difficile à obtenir en climat chaud et aride. Par conséquent, le travail présenté dans ce document met l'accent sur les méthodes appropriées pour réduire l’ICU et ainsi améliorer le confort thermique en plein air des piétons. Jusqu’à présent, peu de recherches ont été menées sur le confort thermique extérieur dans un climat chaud et aride. Les études sur l'atténuation de l'ICU et le confort thermique extérieur sont pratiquement inexistantes pour la ville de Bagdad. Bagdad a un tissu urbain complexe avec des constructions modernes, des maisons traditionnelles et des éléments caractéristiques du patrimoine local. Le climat en été est chaud, et les mois d'été sont considérés comme la plus longue saison avec près de 7 mois de l'année. Dans un premier temps, cette étude se concentre sur l'étude des stratégies d'atténuation à envisager afin d’évaluer comment le confort des piétons est affecté par les choix de conception des constructions, en comparant un quartier traditionnel à un quartier moderne. L’étude envisage ensuite la façon dont la végétation et les ombrages contribuent à réduire l'effet de l'ICU et à améliorer le confort thermique extérieur. Quatre scénarios différents sont élaborés pour évaluer le rôle d’éléments végétaux tels que les arbres, l'herbe et les différents modèles d'ombrage. L'évaluation a été effectuée le jour le plus chaud de l'été, la température radiante moyenne, l'humidité spécifique, la température de l'air et les distributions de la vitesse du vent ont été analysées à l'aide du logiciel ENVI-met. Le confort thermique est ensuite évalué à l'aide des indices thermiques de la température équivalente physiologique PET et du PMV étendu aux ambiances extérieures. En outre, une proposition de solution est abordée afin d’étudier son impact sur le confort thermique pour la journée la plus chaude (situation extrême) et une journée typique d’été. Les résultats ont révélé une amélioration du confort thermique dans la journée typique d’été. L'étude montre comment les facteurs urbains tels que le rapport d'aspect, la couverture végétale, les ombres et la géométrie du quartier sont des éléments cruciaux que les urbanistes et les municipalités doivent prendre en compte, en particulier pour les nouveaux aménagements urbains dans un climat chaud et aride. Une proposition d’aménagement global pour atténuer les ICU dans le cas d’un nouveau quartier sous climat aride, est détaillée en fin de mémoireNumerous studies over the past several decades focused on the effect of the Urban Heat Island. Initial efforts on understanding the factors affecting UHI contributed to proceed the appropriate solutions and mitigation strategies. Mitigation strategies comprise increase both urban albedo (reflectivity to solar radiation), and evapotranspiration. Albedo increases are obtained through high albedo roofing and paving technologies. An increase in evapotranspiration is achieved through a combination of decreasing the fraction of impervious surfaces and planting vegetation in urban areas. The outdoor thermal comfort is influenced by the perception and satisfaction of the pedestrians, especially in hot and arid climates. Consequently, this work focuses on the appropriate methods for reducing the Urban Heat Island and thus to enhance the pedestrians outdoor thermal comfort. However, there is limited research conducted on the outdoor thermal comfort in hot and arid climate. The studies on the mitigation the Urban Heat Island and the outdoor thermal comfort are almost non-existent for Baghdad city. Baghdad has a complex urban fabric with modern design constructions buildings, traditional and heritage houses. The climate in summer is hot, and summer months are considered the longest season with nearly 7 months of the year. This study focuses on investigating possible mitigation strategies to ensure how pedestrian comfort is affected by the constructions design choices comparing a traditional district to a modern one, and on how vegetation and shading patterns contribute to reducing the effect of UHI and improving the outdoor thermal comfort. Four different scenarios are designed to assess the role of vegetation elements such as trees, grass, and different shading patterns. The evaluation was performed on the hottest day in summer, the mean radiant temperature, specific humidity, air temperature, and wind speed distributions have been analyzed using ENVI-met software. Thermal comfort is assessed using the thermal indices the Physiological Equivalent Temperature PET and the Predicted Mean Vote PMV. Also, a proposal model is designed to evaluate the thermal comfort on the hottest day and the typical day in summer. The results revealed an improvement on thermal comfort in the typical day in summer. The study shows how the urban factors such as the aspect ratio, vegetation cover, shadings, and geometry of the canyon are crucial elements that urban planners and municipalities have to take into account, especially for new urban developments in hot, arid climate
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Zou, Jiwei. "Predicting convective heat transfer from Computational Thermal Manikin in urban outdoor environments." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24516.
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Urban residents are increasingly encouraged to go outside for recreation and relaxation purposes, which may improve personal health and reduce building energy consumption. It is important to understand the thermal conditions of human body in urban outdoor environments. However, the urban wind conditions at the pedestrian level and their impact on the thermal comfort of people have not been thoroughly investigated to date.
This study aims to predict the convective heat loss from human body subject to urban outdoor wind environments. Onsite wind measurements are carried out at 0.6 m, 1.2 m, and 1.8 m above the ground on three representative green lands in the coastal city of Sydney in Australia. Meanwhile, the effects of the wind velocity and turbulent conditions on the convective heat loss from human body are investigated using a computational thermal manikin (CTM) model, which is validated against published experimental data. Along with empirical equations derived from the CTM simulation, the wind data collected from onsite measurements is used for predicting the convective heat loss from human body in the outdoor wind environments.
In total six groups of wind measurements have been carried out at each measurement sites over a period of four months (from March 2019 to June 2019). The time duration of each measurement is one hour and the sampling frequency is set to 20 Hz. Compared with the local meteorological data recorded at the seaside airport of Sydney, the wind speed in the city is at least 50% lower. To calculate the turbulence characteristics of the wind environment, we use a 1-min averaging period to generate the vertical wind profile of turbulent intensity and turbulence length scale. The correlations between the wind speed and wind turbulence characteristics at different measuring sites are examined. The turbulence intensity measured in this study matches with the reference range given in existing guidelines, while the measured turbulence length scale is much smaller than the value given in the guidelines. It is found that the empirical Von-Karman Spectra can be used to describe the frequency distribution of the turbulence at the pedestrian level in urban open space. The insight of this study regarding the vertical wind profile, turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale at the pedestrian height is beneficial for outdoor thermal comfort assessment.
The results of the present CTM simulation show that the convective heat loss of most body segments increases with increasing wind velocity and turbulent intensity and decreasing turbulence length scale. Empirical correlations for predicting convective heat transfer coefficients as a function of the wind velocity, turbulent intensity and turbulence length scale are derived based on simple-geometry assumptions. It is found that, at a given wind velocity and over the ranges of the turbulence conditions from the field measurements, the variations between the high and low values of the convective heat transfer coefficients can be up to 67%. The results of the CTM simulation demonstrate the significance of capturing the turbulent wind conditions for accurately predicting the heat loss from human body for outdoor thermal comfort studies.
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Rasool, Sundas. "The Built Environment & Transit User Experience at Semi-Outdoor Emerald Express Bus Rapid Transit Stations." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22263.
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This research studied the relationship between transit users’ travel experience and the built environment bus rapid transit (BRT) stations. The study recorded attributes of the built environment and user perceptions at eight Emerald Express stations between Eugene and Springfield, Oregon as case studies. It found that of the attributes studied, transit users’ satisfactions of pedestrian accessibility had strong correlations with their preference of using EmX over a car. It also found that users perceived stations in built environments with spare street shading and commercial land-uses as less safe, and were also less satisfied with weather protection at stations with low street shading. The study found Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and Predicted Mean Votes (PMV) to mostly identify the same categories of thermal stress. The study developed a rating system to evaluate station performance based on quantitative attributes and suggests short and long term improvements to improve semi-outdoor bus stations.
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Rojas, Cesar Alberto, and Cesar Alberto Rojas. "Sustainable Climate Response Connectors at The University of Arizona to Improve User Performance and Reduce Carbon Footprint." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625286.
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The University of Arizona Main Campus is located in the city of Tucson, Arizona. A place that confronts high air temperatures and extreme solar radiation almost all year around. Currently, more than 38,000 students are enrolled as full-time facing the extreme climate conditions of heat. Thousands of students walk from one place to another experiencing uncomfortable walks causing them heat stress.
Campus infrastructure is not capable to interact with the weather conditions of Tucson. The lack of shaded paths, materials with high emissivity of heat, nonnative vegetation, among other factors, make the walks unpleasant. This challenge affects people's health and consecutively the performance of cooling systems once the people enter to buildings overheated.
Outdoor human thermal comfort in arid and desert areas is a relevant topic that carries implications and benefits on people and buildings performance. The amount and intensity of activities within individuals affects the level of comfort.
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Abu, Bakar Aniza. "User response to thermal comfort of outdoor urbanspaces in hot-humid regions : with reference to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446384.
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Morrissey, Matthew Patrick. "The effect of ventilation on the thermal comfort properties of outdoor clothing systems with different mid-layer fabric structures." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590156.
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Modern clothing systems are continually making participation in outdoor activities more accessible, comfortable and safe. There has been considerable innovation in the engineering of clothing worn next to the skin and of outerwear designed to provide protection from foul weather. In this investigation, a novel application of highly permeable spacer fabrics has been studied, by incorporating spacer fabrics as insulating components in clothing systems. A preliminary investigation of the effects of a foam·based spacer fabric on human comfort indicated that the thermal resistance and moisture vapour permeability of such a material are highly dependent on air flow present in the clothing, and can offer some improvement in thermo physiological comfort over conventional insulation. Subsequently, a range of fleece and spacer fabrics were selected and characterised, using a variety of laboratory techniques to elucidate the effect of air flow on the thermal resistance and water vapour permeability of mid-layer fabrics with different structures. It was found that due to their high permeability, the thermal resistance and water vapour permeability of spacer fabrics was more significantly affected by changes in air flow over and in the structure of the fabric than conventional fleece fabrics. One spacer fabric and one fleece fabric were then selected from this range and made into bespoke garments. Using a thermal manikin, the thermal resistance of the garments and the additional heat transfer available through garment openings was measured. Spacer fabrics were found to improve the heat transfer capabilities of the garment openings. In order to evaluate the effect of the spacer fabrics on the thermal properties of clothing systems, the garments were assessed in wearer and field trials using both objective and subjective measures. Provided the exercise intensity was suitably high, the spacer fabric provided improved comfort, as evidenced by lower next-to-skin temperature and humidity recorded in the clothing. A suggestion for the future design of clothing based on the conclusions of this research is that for the widespread adoption of spacer fabric insulation to be plausible, design innovations that limit undesirable heat loss due to ventilation should be developed, and improvements to the sensorial properties of spacer fabrics should be made.
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Rakha, Tarek. "Towards comfortable and walkable cities : spatially resolved outdoor thermal comfort analysis linked to travel survey-based human activity schedules." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99264.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Building Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Outdoor thermal comfort can influence human powered mobility choices, namely walking and biking. As more people are living in cities than ever before in human history, the urban environments we erect and populate are unfortunately contributing to phenomena such as climate change, which is negatively affecting urban life. Our understanding and creation of comfortable environments that are conducive to human powered transport can significantly influence carbon emissions, energy efficiency, and human health, as well as have considerable economic and time saving impacts. With the continuous integration of computer-based decision support systems in design processes, there is a need for developing simulation frameworks that aid architects, urban designers and planners in making informed sustainable design decisions. The focus of this work, therefore, is the development of computer tools and workflows that promote the design of walkable and bikeable cities through comfortable outdoor spaces. This dissertation presents firstly, a simulation methodology, verified through a validation experiment conducted on the MIT campus, for spatially and temporally resolved Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) simulation and consequent outdoor thermal comfort assessment. Secondly, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) occupancy and trip schedules generation through data clustering techniques applied to activity-based travel surveys. An office modeling case study is presented through extracted occupancy scenarios, to compare simulation accuracy against current practice standards. Finally, an assimilation of both workflows is presented to generate "Trip Comfort" metrics for human powered mobility assessment, in the context of existing or newly designed urban structures.
by Tarek Rakha.
Ph. D. in Building Technology
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Nakano, Junta. "Evaluation of thermal comfort in semi-outdoor environment = Han okugai kankyō ni okeru netsuteki kaitekisei hyōka ni kansuru kenkyū /." Electronic version of text Electronic version of summary Electronic version of examination, 2003. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/honbun/3534/.
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Yu, Yichen. "Thermal respite for pedestrians in overheated urban environments." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24302.
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The sedentary lifestyle prevalent in most developed countries can have serious impacts on health, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. In response, public health campaigns routinely exhort communities to spend more time engaged in outdoor activities. However, in warm-to-hot climate zones where the rate of urbanisation is greatest, the urban heat island effect negatively impacts on the appeal of outdoor activities involving parks and active modes of transport such as walking or cycling to everyday destinations. Previous studies have indicated that even on hot summer days in subtropical cities such as Sydney, outdoor thermal comfort is attainable through various cooling strategies, such as introducing vegetation and water bodies; coating buildings and streets with cooling materials; and adjusting building and urban precinct morphology to minimise the accumulation of unwanted heat. To reduce urban thermal discomfort and maximise walkability, city managers and urban designers have optimised the location and operational characteristics of outdoor thermal comfort respite (cooling infrastructure) through the application of thermal comfort models. Such models predict thermal perceptions under historical norms for meteorological conditions, but results to date have been less than satisfactory. Most of the comfort models applied to this problem are premised on steady-state conditions, which is clearly inappropriate for pedestrians who have to negotiate a series of diverse, short-term, micro-environmental exposures, both indoors and out, in the course of their day-to-day activities. Contributing to the disappointing predictive ability of outdoor comfort models is the fact that the cooling effect of wind has been inadequately parameterised. Urbanisation amplifies the morphological complexity of the terrain, increasing roughness length within the atmospheric surface layer, which introduces highly turbulent wind flow at pedestrian height. However, little is known about turbulence conditions inside cities, and even less is known about its effect on the thermal comfort of pedestrians. In this study, the wind environment inside a city was measured in a variety of urban settings using sonic anemometry to characterise urban atmospheric turbulence. Those observed turbulent conditions were then reproduced in a wind tunnel using a passive grid system. A full-sized thermal manikin was used to measure convective heat transfer coefficients. Physical analyses were supplemented with human subject experiments in which physiological and psychological responses to those turbulent wind tunnel exposures were captured. Results confirm that increasing turbulence intensity enhances perceived coolness by reducing skin temperature. Ignoring turbulence causes the impact of wind on a person’s mean skin temperature decrement to be underestimated by 30% and 50% in standing and cycling postures respectively. The convective heat transfer coefficients in a numerical skin thermoreceptor model and a human thermal physiology model were adjusted to more accurately represent the effects of turbulent wind conditions. How can predicted human thermal response be used to characterise short-term, transient exposures to complex and diverse urban microclimates? When citizens are walking outdoors on a hot summer day, for how long can they tolerate heat discomfort? To identify this discomfort threshold, a sample of human subjects was exposed to simulated urban heat stress at various radiation intensities inside a wind tunnel while cycling on an ergometer to simulate the metabolic rate of a brisk walk. The discomfort accruing from sustained exercise in heat was conceptualised as an electrical capacitor. Thermal respite discharges the discomfort capacitor. In the wind tunnel experiments, respite was presented — as wind, shade and a combination of the two — to individual subjects while they self-reported thermal discomfort intensity. Though each subject had his or her own “thermal comfort personality,” for most subjects in this experiment, the cumulative heat load needed to be discharged before mean body temperature change exceeded ∆0.4 ℃. This typically occurs around 4 minutes after walking outdoors on a sunny day in summer at an operative temperature of about 36℃. The concept of ‘discomfort degree minutes’ is proposed to represent the accumulated thermal load on a pedestrian. It can indicate the real-time thermal discomfort experienced by someone traversing a patchwork of urban microclimates. It can also be used to optimise the placement or spacing of thermal respite for any combination of internal metabolic and external environmental heat loads on the person. For example, pedestrians walking at ~6 k/hr in an operative temperature of ~36oC, unshaded street exposures should not exceed 400 m, particularly when wind resources within the urban canyon are unreliable. Thermal respite in this urban planning scenario could take the form of wind (natural or mechanically generated) lasting more than 90 seconds, or a 250 m stretch of shade, or any other mode of outdoor cooling capable of effecting a 1.3 degree-minute discharge of the pedestrian’s mean skin temperature. This study provides a deeper understanding of the pedestrian level wind environment inside the city and illustrates the effects of turbulence on thermal perception. Pedestrians’ subjective tolerance of urban heat is quantified, and strategies for discharging the ‘heat discomfort capacitor’ with wind and/or shade are proposed. The research can help to optimise the design and delivery of outdoor cooling resources that improve the usability of urban spaces in warm-to-hot climates/seasons. Human-centred design of urban space can increase levels of community participation in outdoor activities and ultimately reduce the burden of disease resulting from excessively sedentary indoor lifestyles.
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Alabdullah, Montasir Masoud. "Reclaiming urban streets for walking in a hot and humid region : the case of Dammam city, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25909.
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Due to the current practices of street design in countries with hot and humid climates that prioritise air-conditioned cars as the favoured mode of transport, the physical and spatial characteristics of the street space have failed to retain much or any user-friendliness for walking or for sustaining street life. Moreover, particularly in Saudi Arabia, the increasingly sedentary lifestyle is leading to significant health problems and prevalence of lifestyle diseases. However, there has been limited research conducted on the use of urban streets under hot and humid conditions, and even less is known about the impact of certain sociocultural aspects in, for example, Muslim countries, on the design of streets for walking. Such a situation poses challenges to the urban space researcher and designer interested in gaining a better understanding of how walking can be restored into the street space. This thesis contributes to the advancement of knowledge in this area by integrating three influential factors connected to walking in a single study; an approach which has not been elaborated previously. This thesis aimed to broaden the understanding of pedestrians’ requirements, attitudes and preferences in order to identify ways in which the neglected street space can be reclaimed for walking under hot-humid climatic conditions and to inform decision-making into improved street design. The scope of this research centred on combining an understanding of pedestrians’ thermal comfort in a hot and humid urban environment, that of the city of Dammam in Saudi Arabia, where the problem is particularly acute, coupled with exploration into the socio-cultural aspects through which behaviour such as undertaking increased physical activity is governed. The research postulated an interactive relationship between the existing conditions of the street space and these two factors. Owing to the multifaceted nature of the factors affecting an individual’s choice to walk, there are few accepted theoretical frameworks, hence studying the cause-and-effect relationship between street design and walking is challenging. Following the literature review and analysis of existing street characteristics; the strategy of mixed-method data collection combining participant observation with interviews and a questionnaire was conducted. The findings revealed the dual impact of key street characteristics on pedestrians’ reluctance to walk on streets and this led to two levels of simultaneous interventions being suggested: physical and spatial. The analytical process (1) identified the upper thermal comfort limit for pedestrians by application of the Physiological Equivalent Temperature index, ‘PET’, through use of the RayMan Software; (2) revealed that physical proximity to other people while on the street is the most sensitive socio-cultural issue in the outdoor spaces of Saudi, particularly between the opposite sexes, and that the existing pavements are generally too narrow to accommodate the preferred personal distance; (3) identified appropriate design interventions at the microscale of the street space to introduce improved shading and create air movement to reduce the impact of solar radiation and humidity and thus to contribute towards encouraging more use of streets for walking; and (4) marking the pavement to indicate distance walked along with high quality streetscape elements was shown to attract pedestrians effectively. Such findings have significant implications for restoring the place of walking on streets in hot and humid cities and the research concludes by emphasising: (1) it is the design of the street space in climatically responsive and socio-culturally compatible ways, rather than the configuration of the urban form that is most associated with increasing physical activity; (2) there is a crucial need to redistribute the street space away from cars and towards pedestrians by widening the existing pavements both for satisfying the average personal comfort distance between pedestrians and for incorporating appropriate streetscape elements.
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Ali, Toudert Fazia [Verfasser]. "Dependence of outdoor thermal comfort on street design in hot and dry climate / Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Freiburg. Fazia Ali Toudert." Freiburg : Universität [Breisgau] : Meteorologisches Inst, 2005. http://d-nb.info/977714403/34.
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Ali-Toudert, Fazia [Verfasser]. "Dependence of outdoor thermal comfort on street design in hot and dry climate / Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Freiburg. Fazia Ali Toudert." Freiburg : Universität [Breisgau] : Meteorologisches Inst, 2005. http://d-nb.info/977714403/34.
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Monteiro, Leonardo Marques. "Modelos preditivos de conforto térmico: quantificação de relações entre variáveis microclimáticas e de sensação térmica para avaliação e projeto de espaços abertos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16132/tde-25032010-142206/.
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O objeto desta pesquisa é a relação entre as variáveis microclimáticas urbanas e as de sensação térmica. Parte-se da hipótese de que a predição de conforto térmico em espaços abertos requer modelos com calibração e validação específicas para dada população adaptada a determinadas condições climáticas. O objetivo é propor um método para quantificar as correlações entre variáveis microclimáticas urbanas (temperatura, umidade e velocidade do ar e radiação térmica) e variáveis subjetivas (percepção e preferência de sensações térmicas), mediadas por variáveis individuais (vestimentas e atividade física), possibilitando a predição do grau de adequação térmica de espaços abertos para uma população adaptada às condições climáticas em que se encontra (no caso específico, na cidade de São Paulo). O método utilizado é indutivo experimental (levantamento em campo de variáveis microclimáticas, individuais e subjetivas) apoiado por método dedutivo computacional comparativo (simulação preditiva). Os resultados do estudo experimental e computacional comparativo fornecem subsídio para duas proposições: (a) calibração de índices interpretativos para modelos existentes, por meio de método iterativo; (b) proposição de nova modelagem preditiva, por meio de método numérico apoiado por método analítico. Os produtos finais da pesquisa são: (I) procedimento para quantificação empírica de variáveis, (II) quadro comparativo de modelos, (III) calibração de modelos para o caso em estudo, (IV) método de calibração de modelos para outros casos, (V) novo modelo preditivo para o caso em estudo, (VI) método de modelagem preditiva para aplicação em outros casos, (VII) análise e síntese crítica do caso em estudo e dos metódos desenvolvidos.The subject of this research is the relationship between urban microclimatic and thermal sensation variables. The hypothesis is that outdoor thermal comfort prediction requires modeling with specific calibration and validation to a given population adapted to certain climatic conditions. The objective is to propose a method to quantify the correlations between urban microclimatic variables (temperature, humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation) and subjective variables (thermal sensation perception and preference), mediated by means of individual variables (clothing insulation and metabolic rate), allowing the prediction of the outdoor thermal environment adequacy to a population adapted to a given climatic condition (in the specific case, the city of Sao Paulo). The method used is experimental inductive (field research of microclimatic, individual and subjective variables) supported by comparative computational deductive (predictive simulation). The field research and predictive simulation results allow twos propositions: (a) interpretative indexes calibration for predictive models, by means of iterative method; (b) proposition of a new predictive model, by means of numeric and analytic methods. The research final products are: (I) procedure for empirical estimation of microclimatic, individual and subjective variables (II) comparative chart of predictive models, (III) models calibration for the case in study, (IV) calibration method to be applied in other cases, (V) new predictive model based on the case in study, (VI) predictive modeling method to be applied in other cases, (VII) critical analysis and synthesis of the case in study and the developed methods.
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Alznafer, Badran Masoud. "The impact of neighbourhood geometries on outdoor thermal comfort and energy consumption from urban dwellings : a case study of the Riyadh city, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/63585/.
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The thesis addresses the contributions of urban geometry under hot-arid summer condition in the Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, toward both; the development of comfortable microclimate conditions in outdoor spaces at pedestrian level, and energy consumption from urban dwellers. The urban geometry is described in this thesis by three variables, including building height to street width aspect ratios (H/w), sky view factor (SVF) at pedestrian level, and the solar orientations of the canyons. These three variables are used in this study to investigate their influence on the microclimate conditions and the associated outdoor thermal comfort and energy consumption from urban dwellers. The work intends to shed light on the existing geometries of different urban locations in Riyadh City and the associated thermal conditions, as well as the thermal perceptions and preferences of outdoor users. Therefore, integrated empirical studies that are composed of three original surveys are carried out, including a study of land surface temperature of Riyadh City, outdoor thermal comfort survey, and in situ microclimate measurements in different urban locations at neighbourhood scale and within urban canyons. Following that, microclimate and energy modelling are carried out on a number of hypothetical urban geometries that proposed according to the current buildings and planning regulations in the Riyadh City, i.e. building materials, opening ratios on building facades, buildings and streets layouts and minimum width of local streets. Yet, since the study measures the impact of scenarios modifications of urban geometry on the issues under investigation, thus, additional buildings heights and different setback aspect ratios have been added. The proposed hypothetical urban geometries investigated include various street aspect ratio (H/st.) equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2, and setback aspect ratio (H/sb.) equal to 0, 2, 4 and 8. The proposed urban settings that resulted from the combination of the various streets and setbacks aspect ratios are modelled on four different orientations, including EW, NS, NE-SW and NW-SE, and a total of 64 different urban geometries were evaluated.
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Ivana, Bajšanski. "Algoritam za poboljšanje termalnog komfora u urbanoj sredini." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100918&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Cilj ovog istraživanja je kreiranje algoritma za poboljšanje spoljašnjegtermalnog komfora u velikim urbanim sredinama, uzimajući u obzirodređene geometrijske parametre izgrađenog okruženja, primenomsoftverskih aplikacija za parametarsko modelovanje. Algoritam zapoboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komfora ima opciju automatskeizmene lokacije čoveka, što omogućava procenu termalnog komfora upodručju velikih razmera, kao što su bulevari, blokovski prostori, trgovi idrugi. Takođe, algoritam za poboljšanje spoljašnjeg termalnog komforaomogućava i automatsko menjanje visina zgrada u cilju postizanjaoptimalnog urbanog dizajna koji podrazumeva najbolji spoljašnji termalnikomfor.The aim of this research is to create an algorithm for improvement ofoutdoor thermal comfort conditions in urban areas taking into accountcertain geometrical parameters of built urban environment, applyingparametric modelling and different software packages. The algorithmfor improving the outdoor thermal comfort offers the option ofautomated change of a man’s location, which enables the evaluationof outdoor thermal comfort in large-scale urban areas, such asboulevards, courtyards, squares etc. In addition, the algorithm forimproving the outdoor thermal comfort also allows automaticvariations of building height in order to achieve the optimal urbandesign which implies the best outdoor thermal comfort.
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Trinta, Patr?cia Vieira. "An?lise bioclim?tica do bairro do Renascen?a II S?o Luis-MA: realidade e perspectiva do conforto t?rmico em espa?os externos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12329.
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The present research concerns about outdoor s thermal comfort conditions in hot-humid climate cities, understanding that life quality is a result of the urban object s type built for the human being in an environment with specific climate and morphological characteristics. It is presented as object of study the correlation between the neighborhood Renascen?a II s microclimate in S?o Luis /MA-Brazil, hot-humid climate city, and its urban morphological changes. As well as the thermal comfort s satisfaction level of its outdoor users. The research has as general goal to diagnosis the way these transformations caused by the urbanization influence the Renascen?a II s microclimate, identifying critical spots of the studied area, in order to contribute with land use recommendations based on bioclimatic architecture concepts and supply bases to urban design decisions adequate to the S?o Luis climate. It is presented as theoretical bases the urban climate, its concepts and elements. After that, the thermal comfort conditioners and its prediction models of thermal comfort sensation in outdoor are presented. The predictive models are presented along with bioclimatic assessment methods. Finally the use of bioclimatic assessment as an effective tool to identify places that need changes or preservation in order to seek environment quality. The applied methodology was based on the studies of Katzschner (1997), complemented by Oliveira s (1988) and Bustos Romero s (2001) studies that suggest an analysis and evaluation of maps of topography, buildings floors, land use, green areas and land covering, in order to overlap their characteristics and identify climate variable s measurements points; then a quantitative analysis of the climate variables (air temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction) of the chosen points takes place. It was perceived that Renaissance II has no permanence areas as squares or parks, its outdoor has little vegetation and presets high land impermeability and built density levels. The majority of the people interviewed said that was comfortable in a range of air temperature between 27,28?C and 30,71?C. The elaboration of a neighborhood master plan is important, which defines strategies for improvement of the life quality of its inhabitants
O presente trabalho parte das preocupa??es com as condi??es de conforto t?rmico dos espa?os externos em cidades de clima quente-?mido, entendendo que a qualidade de vida neste ambiente ? fruto do tipo de objeto urbano constru?do para a viv?ncia humana em um meio ambiente com clima e caracter?sticas morfol?gicas espec?ficas. Apresenta-se como objeto de estudo a correla??o entre o microclima do Bairro do Renascen?a II em S?o Luis/MA, cidade de clima quente ?mido frente ?s mudan?as nas caracter?sticas morfol?gicas urbana e o ?ndice de satisfa??o de conforto t?rmico dos usu?rios dos espa?os externos do bairro em quest?o. Tem como objetivo geral diagnosticar a maneira como as transforma??es ocasionadas pela urbaniza??o influenciam o microclima do Renascen?a II, identificando ?reas cr?ticas da ?rea estudada, a fim de contribuir com recomenda??es de uso e ocupa??o do solo baseadas em conceitos de arquitetura bioclim?tica e fornecer subs?dios a futuras decis?es projetuais urbanas adequadas ao clima quente e ?mido de S?o Luis-MA. Apresenta-se como fundamenta??o te?rica o clima urbano, seus conceitos, elementos formadores e condicionantes. Em seguida, os condicionantes do conforto t?rmico e seus modelos de predi??o de sensa??o de conforto t?rmico em espa?os externos. Foram levantados os modelos preditivos de conforto e estresse t?rmico como ferramenta junto ? an?lise bioclim?tica. E finalmente a utiliza??o da an?lise bioclim?tica no diagn?stico do conforto t?rmico de ?reas urbanas, com sua efic?cia na identifica??o de locais que necessitam de mudan?as quanto ao conforto ambiental, merecendo aten??o ou at? prote??o; e suas estrat?gias na busca por cidades mais adequadas ao seu meio natural, resultando no urbanismo bioclim?tico. A metodologia aplicada baseou-se nos estudos de Katzschner (1997), complementados por Oliveira (1988) e Bustos Romero (2001) que sugerem uma an?lise e avalia??o de mapas de topografia, altura das edifica??es, uso do solo, ?reas verdes e tipo de cobertura do solo, para superposi??o e identifica??o de pontos para medi??o; a partir da? uma an?lise quantitativa com aferi??o das vari?veis ambientais (temperatura e umidade do ar, a velocidade e a dire??o dos ventos) nos pontos escolhidos. Percebeu-se que o bairro do Renascen?a II n?o possui ?reas de perman?ncia como pra?as e parques, as suas ?reas externas possuem pouca arboriza??o e apresenta alto ?ndice de impermeabilidade e alta densidade construtiva. A maioria dos entrevistados disse estar confort?vel em uma faixa de temperatura do ar entre 27,28? e 30,71?C. ? importante a elabora??o de um plano diretor para o bairro, definindo de estrat?gias para melhoria da qualidade de vida de seus habitantes
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Grosdemouge, Virginie. "Proposition d'indicateurs de confort thermique et estimation de la température radiante moyenne en milieu urbain tropical. Contribution à la méthode nationale d'évaluation des ÉcoQuartiers." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0033.
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Notre étude menée dans l’EcoQuartier (EQ) de la Ravine Blanche, à La Réunion, souligne que les indicateurs développés dans la méthode nationale d’évaluation ne sont pas tous adaptés à notre contexte en milieu tropical. Cette thèse démontre qu’un indicateur de performance des bâtiments basé sur un niveau de confort thermique semble plus adapté en milieu tropical que le strict indicateur énergétique. Une revue de littérature portant sur les différents indices développés afin de quantifier le confort thermique en extérieur a donc été réalisée et nous a permis de porter notre choix sur deux indices pertinents : la PET et l’UTCI. Le confort thermique en milieu urbain tropical est fortement affecté par la température radiante moyenne extérieure (Tmrt), qui est un paramètre physique difficilement caractérisable, aussi bien en termes de mesures que de modélisation et, qui est essentielle au calcul des indices de confort PET et UTCI. Une expérimentation basée sur une méthode de mesure existante permettant d’estimer Tmrt est mise en œuvre. Cette thèse propose également une méthodologie reproductible se basant sur des mesures microclimatiques combinées à des enquêtes de terrain. Une évaluation de la perception du confort thermique des usagers a été menée dans un espace urbain de l’EQ de la Ravine Blanche, avec la problématique du confort d’été. De plus, une comparaison entre différentes méthodes de mesure de la Tmrt (globe noir et globe gris) montre que le choix de la méthode a un impact non négligeable sur les valeurs des indices de confort choisis. Enfin, les indices PET et UTCI ont été calibrés et leurs zones de confort respectives ont été définies pour le climat de Saint-PierreFeedback from the post-occupancy evaluation carried out in the eco-neighbourhood (EQ) of Ravine Blanche, in Reunion Island, shows that some indicators proposed by the French eco-neighbourhood evaluation model are not suitable for specific application in tropical climate. This thesis demonstrates that a building performance indicator based on a level of thermal comfort seems more appropriate in a tropical urban environment. A literature review of the main existing outdoor thermal comfort indices has been carried out. Two relevant indices for application in a tropical climate have been chosen: the PET and the UTCI indices. In addition, this research study mainly focuses on the definition and estimation of the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), which is one of the most important factors that influence human thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. However, Tmrt is particularly difficult to determine, whether in terms of in-situ measurements or numerical modelling. An experimentation based on an existing methodology has been set up so as to estimate Tmrt. This thesis also proposes a methodology relating to how to conduct field surveys in outdoor environments with micrometeorological measurements. People’s subjective thermal perception in a coastal outdoor urban environment of the EQ of Ravine Blanche has been investigated during summer. Furthermore, two popular radiation measurement techniques in determining Tmrt (black globe & grey globe) have been studied. The choice of the method has an impact on the thermal comfort indices values. Finally, the PET and UTCI indices have been calibrated and their respective comfort zones have been defined for the climate of Saint-Pierre
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Gomes, Vívian Accioly. "O papel das galerias no conforto térmico nos espaços de uso público da avenida Guararapes no Recife - PE." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/723.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de AlagoasAs galerias configuram espaços de transição entre o exterior e interior do edifício capazes de promover uma adaptação gradual entre os diferentes ambientes térmicos e favorecer a sensação de conforto térmico dos usuários dos espaços externos. Em cidades de clima tropical quente-úmido, como o Recife, isso dependerá, entre outros fatores, do desempenho das galerias no bloqueio da radiação solar incidente sobre o passeio de pedestres. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir o papel das galerias no conforto térmico nos espaços de uso público da Avenida Guararapes, no Recife. Para isto, foram realizadas simulações computacionais no programa Ecotect 2010 a fim de avaliar o sombreamento produzido pelas galerias do conjunto arquitetônico da Avenida Guararapes no passeio de pedestres e o sombreamento do passeio de pedestres por uma galeria com a mesma secção transversal das galerias da Guararapes, em dezesseis orientações. As avaliações foram baseadas na análise do desempenho das galerias no que diz respeito ao sombreamento dos passeios de pedestres localizados na cidade do Recife (latitude 8°7 S). O desempenho das galerias da Avenida Guararapes foi avaliado em cinco horas do dia (8, 10, 12, 14 e 16h) e três períodos do ano (solstícios de verão e inverno e equinócios). Os resultados demonstraram a relevância da orientação e da disposição das galerias no conjunto, assim como, da sua configuração e dimensionamento, na eficácia do sombreamento do passeio. Nas horas do dia onde o sombreamento foi considerado mais necessário, 10, 12 e 14h, as galerias apresentaram-se mais eficazes, especialmente às 12h, quando as alturas solares no Recife estão mais próximas a 90°.
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Yi-TingWu and 吳宜庭. "Thermal environment characteristics and thermal comfort benefit of outdoor shading materials." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8z6t9d.
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Lin, Yi-Chun, and 林怡君. "A Comparison Study on Differences of Outdoor Thermal Comfort." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35595075272903228424.
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碩士國立中興大學
園藝學系所
105
With the development of science and technology, people have paid considerable attention to the quality of indoor life and ignored the serious impact of this phenomenon upon the natural environment. The urban thermal environment is related to the comfort and quality of human habitation and in recent years, people have clearly experienced an urban heat island effect and a deterioration in living environment quality and in the environmental landscape. Modern people spend 80-90% of their time in a wide range of indoor environments. Staying indoors for long periods of time can prevent people from accessing nature and sunlight, delaying the relief of physical and mental stress for long intervals and thus affecting their health. Since a two-day weekend was implemented, leisure activities have become one of the main means for modern people to reduce pressure. People have paid more and more attention to the quality of outdoor recreation during holidays. Human thermal comfort in outdoor environments has become increasingly important and the enhancement of outdoor recreation quality can help improve the health and use intention of individuals. For outdoor thermal comfort, some studies have explored the relationship between external environmental factors and thermal comfort and conducted their investigations from the perspective of the thermal environment and thermal adaptation in order to achieve the ideal outdoor space experience by changing environmental conditions. The main aim of this study is to understand the feelings of comfort as experienced by the human body and a series of three goals were explored and proposed: 1. to understand differences in the acceptance of outdoor thermal comfort according to different users’ background conditions, 2. to understand the human background factors affecting outdoor comfort, and 3. to understand whether the factors affecting the thermal comfort of the human body are the same in different seasons. Nine human background factors were examined and the investigations were conducted in fall, winter and spring. The investigation site was the Taichung City West District Citizen Square, and large public green spaces that could attract participants from a variety of living conditions were mainly chosen for this study. A CENTER 314 humidity temperature meter and an LM-8000 anemometer were used to measure the microclimate data, including atmospheric temperature, radiation temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. At the same time, participants’ background information was acquired by questionnaires, interviews, and on-site observations, and the actual subjective feelings in the current environments were indicated using a thermal comfort index, thermal sensation index, thermal preference index, and thermal acceptance index. The study results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, single-factor analysis of variance, and regression analysis to examine the correlations. This study is expected to provide more ideas for future research on thermal comfort, and the results of the analyses can have implications for more appropriate design and use of green park spaces and recreation areas after evaluation.
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JAP, ERIC, and 葉欣界. "The Effects of Vertical Greening on Outdoor Thermal Comfort." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78616307524666853419.
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碩士中國文化大學
建築及都市設計學系
102
Urban vegetation has been pointed out as one of the most effective way to mitigate urban heat island, nevertheless most of the surfaces has been replaced by pavement and buildings, moreover urban vegetation need great amount of space to achieve good result, therefore with nowadays technology, vegetation can take place at building’s wall. This study evaluates the impact of vertical greening on urban microclimate, focuses mainly on outdoor thermal comfort; quantify the cooling effect and evapotranspiration level. Field experiment was designed to monitor the microclimate of the environment and developed a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model to simulate different vertical greening height, wind velocity, wind direction, and heat flux variations. The simulation result will be verified by using field measurement result to increase the credibility of the model. Study results show that vertical greening height doesn’t have much impact on outdoor thermal comfort, however it does more impact on distance, stable PET values of 12m high vertical greening reached 6m range, in addition higher wind velocity settings resulted in lower PET values, the difference of PET value between 1m/s setting and 9m/s setting is 4.5oC. Furthermore, wind direction does a great impact on PET value, PET value of leeward reach 30.8oC due to lower wind velocity.
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Chen, Ching-Jung, and 陳慶融. "An Investigation into the Effects of Trees on Outdoor Thermal Comfort." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27750680872267824608.
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碩士中國文化大學
建築及都市設計學系
102
Urbanization offers more convenient life in the city, however large amount of artificial sites, wasted heat emission and lack of green space caused discomfort in outdoors open space. According to previous studies, different trees configuration has wind breaking, wind deflection, and cooling effect resulted in difference comfort level. This study is a continuation of previous research, an investigation into the tree structure and layouts of tree on the effects of wind environment (Chia-Yu Lin, 2014), investigate the effects of different planting configuration, as well as environmental impact on thermal comfort for further design principles. This study used field measurement and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as research methodology, using field measurement’s data to verify the creditability of CFD result and condensed into simple graphs using the non-dimensional method that can be employed during the design process. The result of the study showed lower wind velocity (u0) setting resulted in higher value of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), the minimum difference was 2.1% (u0=1 m/s) and the maximum difference was approximately 5.9% (u0=9 m/s). Evapotranspiration level 0.127 mm/day, PET average increases about 2.98%, approximately 0.872℃, evapotranspiration level 0.078 mm/day, PET average increase about 8.03%, approximately 2.392℃. Farther distance between trees and building will produce more comfortable environment because of less wind vortex flow.
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Chia-ChunChen and 陳佳君. "Outdoor thermal comfort of tourism activity in Tainan Confucius Temple Area." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/np93ep.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系
106
As global warming intensifies, activities of outdoor space become very uncomfortable. Therefore, the thermal comfort issue of outdoor space is more important. In the past, the study explored the comparison of the Sky View Factor and temperature of different single points, but rarely discussed the temperature change of an entire area, but the range of outdoor activities, such as tourism, is not limited to a single point. Therefore, this study selects the tourism route recommended by the government as analysis area, and measures the temperature changes with three different times by mobile measurement. This study also conducts questionnaires of tourists with different regions and different ages. This study found, the air temperature is related to the Sky View Factor, and the mean radiant temperature is related to SVFS. In terms of questionnaires, most tourists choose to find shades to adjust for thermal discomfort, and about 65% of tourists think that increasing vegetation can increase their willingness to come. In addition, after comparing the questionnaire with the measured results, it is found that the temperature does cause difference in feelings to tourists. Thus, there is an improvement in demand, and in the streets with opening southward is the most important area for improvement.
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Lin, I.-sung, and 林益崧. "A Study of Outdoor Thermal Comfort on Industrial Areas and Commercial Areas." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25420834423815239188.
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碩士逢甲大學
建築所
97
The climate of the Earth is highly changeable, the greenhouse effects are more and more serious, and cause the climatic anomaly. The abominable climate break the a record again and again. Not only influence life existence but also influence the quality of working and outdoor activity for normal people to be engaged in the quality of working or outdoor recreation activity seriously. Cause the research about thermal comfort to seem very important at this moment. In this research, the study of thermal comfort does for the theoretical foundation according to thermodynamic equilibrium, adaptive model and comfort theory. Adopting thermal comfort indicator SET * (Standard New Effective Temperature) ,examing the indicator as quantity. This investigate range is follow by series of study. This is a piece of series of regarding Taichung as the example that is investigated. Mainly investigate industrial areas and commercial areas of Taichung. The research approach consults ASHRAE Standard 55 with ISO7730 in order to do surveying and questionnaire investigation now. The results will be measured according to region, the shadow and sex. Adopting descriptive statistics, regression analysis and frequency to analysing every thermal comfort feeling, and describing it. Get measured from several domain like industrial and commercial areas separately, with and without tree shades, male and female thermal sensitivity, neutral temperature, preference temperature and thermal accepted range. Among them reveal, when the people do not feel comfortable to thermal environment outdoors, the environment under tree shade can not merely effectively improve the will that the people stay outdoors. At that time, but people also agree that the environment in the tree shades. In this environment the body can effectively ease the uncomfortable feeling.Therefore, to encourage ordinary people to outdoor activities, not only can reduce the power consumption in the room, you can fully enjoy the beauty of nature. Can contribute to the promotion of public health at last. In addition, all subjects are tend to like cool a little longer than comfortable temperature. Showing in outdoor thermal environment, temperature control is the most important issue. And the testee in commercial areas, because of adaptive model, has more this phenomena. So in the outdoor environment design of commercial areas, should not merely plant more trees to improve thermal environment with tree shades. Passive design should be joined in order to achieve a more comfortable outdoor thermal environment.
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LEE, JIANN-FONG, and 李建鋒. "A Study on Outdoor Thermal Comfort of University Campus and Elementary Schools." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82455818486284146497.
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碩士逢甲大學
建築所
96
Most of current investigations conducted on thermal comfort around the world focus on indoor environment. The evaluation incorporates standardized approaches, including ET, CET, OT, and ET*. However, an internationally recognized standard is still in need for the assessment of outdoor thermal environment. A variety of thermal environment indexes, such as Ta, GT, MRT, WBGT, and SET*, are currently employed in most countries. Carefully implementing and optimizing these evaluation schemes in Taiwan is therefore of considerable importance and necessity. Located in the subtropical area, Taiwan should be compared with other climatic zones in terms of thermal environment issues. The ultimate purpose is to present Taiwan’s thermal environment studies on the global stage. This study assessed outdoor thermal environments with and without leafy shade in campuses of universities and elementary schools located in Taichung City. Subjective opinions of interviewees were obtained via questioner survey while objective climatic factors were measured in field monitoring. A total of 2262 valid questionnaires were collected between January 2007 and January 2008. The importance of plants to outdoor thermal environment was highlighted by thermal sensations reported from users of outdoor facilities. From the interviewees’ thermal sensation votes and expectations for adjustment of thermal condition, it can be inferred that they prefer a cooler-than-neutral thermal condition. Analysis result from probability regression indicated that neutral temperatures for university campuses are 24.5℃ in sites with leafy shade and 22.6℃ in sites without plant shading; in elementary schools, the neutral temperatures are 24.7℃ and 24.3℃ respectively. In other words, higher temperature is more likely to be accepted without interfering thermal comfort in a shaded environment than in sites uncovered by plant shading. Thermal preference observed in college campuses was 22.8℃ for shaded sites and 23.7℃ for sites without plant shading. In elementary schools, it was 20.8℃and 22.7℃ respectively. It is suggested that lower temperature is more preferred in thermal environment of shaded sites than in sites without plant shading. From the research results it is expected that campus planning should incorporate evaluations on user demands into designing of outdoor facilities. Inductive reasoning should be introduced to campus planners, who then give higher priorities to plant allocation. The ultimate goal is to facilitate substantial development of campus outdoor environments in response to concerns about global warming.
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Sorbona, Sonia. "Street greenery for outdoor thermal comfort. A case study in Porto, Portugal." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/135123.
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Sorbona, Sonia. "Street greenery for outdoor thermal comfort. A case study in Porto, Portugal." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/135123.
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TangLinya and 唐琳雅. "Thermal comfort investigations in air-conditioned classrooms and thermal environment simulation in outdoor areas in campus." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x73pr9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
建築學系
105
Green building assessment, no longer limited to the structure, energy and other issues, the occupants’ thermal comfort and after-use evaluation, but also in recent years the government and the industry attention issues. The survey is carried out in Kaohsiung American School which is a co-educational Pre K-12 school with air-conditioning system located in the south of Taiwan. Requirements for comfort are critical especially to students’ performance and welfare. Classrooms and laboratories are chosen for investigation of indoor thermal conditions. On the other hand, 8 places in campus are chosen for outdoor area. Air temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH) are monitored using indoor sensors simultaneously throughout one year and outdoor measurement once a month. Data analysis compares the results with international standards, ASHRAE Standard 55, and CFD simulation (FlowDesigner). Results show that no matter how much points fall within summer comfort zone, students still feel comfortable. Concurrently, get through the first floor in the center of building to help the air flow between the two school buildings. Therefore, in the future, the air-condioting temperature can be higher for saving energy and CFD simulation can provides some useful suggestions for design.
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Ning-XinTan and 陳寧馨. "Thermal comfort assessment of the outdoor environment and naturally ventilated classrooms on campus." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pdxtwv.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系
104
With the evolution of campus building space form, this study aim is to observe elementary school thermal environment changes within the year and cognitive preferences for user survey. This study discuss about carbon reduction and environmental comfort based on user's experience. In this study research, found that outdoor shading will affected outdoor physiological equivalent temperature level, and wind speed will affected user in indoor thermal comfort aspect. Both of teacher and student’ environment satisfaction level are not the same, because they are not stay in the same location. For addition, this study also using Computational Fluid Dynamics: AirPak and FlowDesigner, for simulation and analysis, then compared with experimental results verification. The result shows that simulation of Computational Fluid Dynamics are closest to actual measurements.
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JHANG, JIA-SYUN, and 張家薰. "Study on Outdoor Thermal Comfort influence on Recreation Behavior- for using outdoor recreation spaces of Road Park as example." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2gcezc.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
專案管理研究所
102
According to the economic development and the requirement of leisure activities, the popularity of leisure and recreation become very popular in Taiwan such as: leisure, sport, performance, eating and drinking and recreation. Thus, How to attract tourists to visit these leisure places becomes as a major issue. There are some research achievements, which focus on the indoor thermal comfortable index and criterions, but, few researches about the outdoor thermal comfort. Road park is selected as field test area to analyze the variation of four seasons in Taiawn. The questionnaire and outdoor and semi-outdoor comfort detecting devices are applied to analyze these real factors. These factors include the amount of insolation, humidity, velocity, air thmperature, black globe temperature and surface temperature of pavements to find the relative factors of outdoor thermal comfort and semi-outdoor thermal comfort. Then, the regression analysis are used to analyze the design factors for outdoor spaces and semi-outdoor spaces. The results of questionnaire display that “choose a comfortable time to recreation” and “choose the comfort of shade near the local open space” are most important factors for tourists. Then, filed test results show that actual influence factors of tourist activities are outdoor and semi-outdoor thermal comfort, such as wind velocity and surface temperature of construction materials. Thus, the suitable construction material is imitation wood for creating a comfort place. The test results show that the absorptivity of facing materials and overshadow effect are the most important factors for design the outdoor environment to attain the best outdoor thermal comfort environment.
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Lo, Jen-Hao, and 羅仁豪. "Development of thermal comfort criteria for shaded outdoor spaces in hot-humid climate region." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40291994975058598813.
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博士逢甲大學
土木暨水利工程博士學位學程
100
Global warming has brought more challenges to the constitution of environment for thermal comfort, as well as tremendous pressure on both indoor and outdoor environments. Efforts have long been made by researchers to investigate thermal comfort in the indoors, and abundant results have been achieved. Constant innovation and improvement of technology will soon facilitate all-rounded control of physical environment factors for the indoors; however, in the pursuit of thermal comfort, the distance between human and nature has also increased. Factors behind outdoor thermal environment are more complicated than in the indoors; besides drastic variation in temperature, humidity, and wind velocity, the influence of radiation heat is extremely crucial. In recent years, concerns about issues associated with outdoor thermal environment have gradually increased, but a model to interpret outdoor thermal comfort has not yet been established. As a result, this study aims to tackle this issue. Urban areas feature both high population density and severe heat island effect. Due to unsatisfactory thermal comfort in the outdoor environment, urban residents resort to artificial indoor spaces as their refuge from global warming. It is necessary to initiate proactive study on factors of outdoor thermal comfort and changes in user attitude. The resistance against staying in the outdoors would eventually lead to heavier reliance on indoor equipments, more severe warming effect, and harsh outdoor thermal environment. Results of the vicious circle would be unbearable. Hence, it is expected in this research to integrate findings in former studies on both indoor and outdoor thermal comfort and to examine from the climate factors and using questionnaire to understand what thermal sensation is of people, to survey the outdoor thermal environment and thermal comfort in the urban area. The ultimate goal is to understand user perception and expectations on climate conditions by neutral temperature, preferred temperature and range of thermal acceptability, so as to establish standard of outdoor thermal comfort.
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"Exploring the Relationship between Design and Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Hot and Dry Climate." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.55647.
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abstract: Moderate physical activity, such as walking and biking, positively affects physical and mental health. Outdoor thermal comfort is an important prerequisite for incentivizing an active lifestyle. Thus, extreme heat poses significant challenges for people who are outdoors by choice or necessity. The type and qualities of built infrastructure determine the intensity and duration of individual exposure to heat. As cities globally are shifting priorities towards non-motorized and public transit travel, more residents are expected to experience the city on their feet. Thus, physical conditions as well as psychological perception of the environment that affect thermal comfort will become paramount. Phoenix, Arizona, is used as a case study to examine the effectiveness of current public transit and street infrastructure to reduce heat exposure and affect the thermal comfort of walkers and public transit users.
The City of Phoenix has committed to public transit improvements in the Transportation 2050 plan and has recently adopted a Complete Streets Policy. Proposed changes include mobility improvements and creating a safe and comfortable environment for non-motorized road participants. To understand what kind of improvements would benefit thermal comfort the most, it is necessary to understand heat exposure at finer spatial scales, explore whether current bus shelter designs are adequate in mitigating heat-health effects, and comprehensively assess the impact of design on physical, psychological and behavioral aspects of thermal comfort. A study conducted at bus stops in one Phoenix neighborhood examined grey and green infrastructure types preferred for cooling and found relationships between perception of pleasantness and thermal sensation votes. Walking interviews conducted in another neighborhood event examined the applicability of a framework for walking behavior under the stress of heat, and how differences between the streets affected perceptions of the walkers. The interviews revealed that many of the structural themes from the framework of walking behavior were applicable, however, participants assessed the majority of the elements in their walk from a heat mitigation perspective. Finally, guiding questions for walkability in hot and arid climates were developed based on the literature review and results from the empirical studies. This dissertation contributes to filling the gap between walkability and outdoor thermal comfort, and presents methodology and findings that can be useful to address walkability and outdoor thermal comfort in the world’s hot cities as well as those in temperate climates that may face similar climate challenges in the future as the planet warms.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2019
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Weng, Yu-Teng, and 翁堉騰. "Applying accumulative thermal stress investigation on establishing dynamic outdoor thermal comfort index to evaluate greening quality of pedestrian sidewalk." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wv9t45.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
105
Since 21th century, the increasing urbanization results in urban expansion which may intensify the heat island effect, especially in subtropical Taiwan. To regulate the urban microclimate, constructing systematic urban greenway might be the priority target of urban design for Taiwan government. The research about location, cooling effect, and efficiency of urban greenway is now an important issue. This research aimed to study the variation of thermal environment in different seasons on urban greenway in Taipei and tried to survey the pedestrians’ thermal comfort to research the accumulation of outdoor thermal sensation. This study diagnosed the greening quality of Zhoushan Rd. in NTU by the outdoor thermal environment test experiment and the dynamic thermal comfort and thermal dose experiment. Through the experiment results, we established the radiation reduction formula under the greenway canopy and verified the thermal dissatisfaction caused by accumulative thermal dose. Then, we further predicted the typical thermal environment of Zhoushan Rd. greenway by using RayMan software with TMY3 weather data. We also monitored the overheating hours and thermal dissatisfaction events by modelling the hot sections on Zhoushan Rd. greenway. We expected that we can construct a new method to identify the requirement of urban greenway and to examine the greenway quality. We finally hope this research could be the reference of urban greenway design in future Taiwan.
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Zeng, Pei-Ru, and 曾珮茹. "Study on the Outdoor Heat Comfort Effect and Improve Thermal Comfort Strategy - for Using The New Civic Center, Taichung as Example." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34642946564655320222.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
景觀設計系
102
Recently, abnormal weather, Earth desertification, urban high temperature ,destruction of the ozone layer phenomena has become the norm, which is not only a threat to the survival of mankind, but also makes biological diversity has been an unprecedented environmental catastrophe. However, in warm countries on the urban heat island research or micro-climate of increasing attention, the reason for the more and more activities take place outdoors or in semi-outdoor space, such as leisure, recreation, sports, performances , etc, coupled with outdoor environment unlike indoor environment can be accomplished by windows, adjustable ventilation space and mechanical equipment to improve the living environment of mankind under the control of, the reason for the outdoor climate is constantly changing, complex and diverse staff activities, it is difficult to steady-state air-conditioned environment to experiment. In this research, select the type of Taichung City with a landmark building for the study, while providing public sports, leisure and other outdoor environment of space, so the new Civic Center Taichung selected studies of outdoor thermal comfort, with a subtropical climate characteristic of Taiwan as a basis for a summer , autumn and winter of situ measurement, and the use of automatic continuous measurement method (Automatic Sampling Method, ASM) collect actual outdoor physical environmental factors that date, and through the "Green building evaluation manual for ECO-COMMUNITY " urban heat island assessment indicators (EEWH-HI), to review and assessment the measured base of urban heat island environment score. This study found that, from a diachronic analysis diagram of the measuring point, you can see the air temperature, black-bulb temperature, pavement surface temperature with the amount of solar radiation intensity changes; through the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed that the black-bulb temperature with mean radiant temperature (r = 0.972 **), each pavement surface temperature (r = 0.933 ~ 0.864 **) and solar radiation (r = 0.920 **) of a high degree of correlation, but also affect the mean radiant temperature (MRT) of the change; the impact of urban heat island measured base index score level, the reason for the use of the current situation is not permeable pavement base materials, thus making the base below the urban heat island indicators qualified level threshold, or increase the base number of trees planted, if not non-permeable paving material replacement , also reached the urban heat island indicators qualified level.
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Vanos, Jennifer, Jon Warland, Terry Gillespie, and Natasha Kenny. "Modelling outdoor thermal comfort of humans performing physical activity: applications to health and emergency heat stress preparedness." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3150.
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Humans are tightly linked to their thermal microclimatic environments, yet few studies have evaluated the outdoor thermal comfort of users performing physical activity. The purpose of this research was to critically review, assess, and apply findings using the COMFA ('COMfort FormulA') human energy budget for users performing physical activity outdoors. Research objectives were: to apply an improved multi-segmented skin temperature approach to the COMFA model; to evaluate its accuracy in predicting actual thermal sensation (ATS); to implement techniques to account for human behaviours associated with clothing and metabolic variations; to spatially assess human energy budget moderating effects of urban parks; and to investigate extreme heat stress situations.
To evaluate modelled mean skin temperature (T_sk), field tests were conducted on subjects performing 30 minute outdoor sessions of steady-state moderately intense activity (cycling and running). The model accurately predicted T_sk, showing significantly strong agreement (r = 0.859, p<0.01). ATS votes displayed significantly strong rank correlation with budget scores calculated using both measured and predicted T_sk (r_s = 0.507 and 0.517, respectively, p<0.01). A further improvement of Incorporating conditioning level of an individual gave more realistic estimations of metabolism for budget estimation. Adopting a new relative wind velocity (v_r) equation, which incorporates wind to body angle, revealed errors of the original v_r equation in the modelling of convective heat loss and T_sk.
Application of the COMFA model in urban spaces showed that energy budgets were more closely correlated to incoming solar radiation (r = 0.941) than air temperature (r = 0.490), with a significantly strong linear regression found with radiation absorbed by a human (R^2=0.858). Treed greenspace was shown to strongly enhance thermal comfort the greatest, decreasing budgets on average by 25.5 Wm^2. Budget values were found to be a strong predictor of emergency dispatch calls received in Toronto during the July 2010 heat wave (R^2 = 0.86). This study has displayed the potential of the COMFA outdoor model as a new tool to make heat forecasting more meaningful to the public, emergency responders, and urban planners.OGS; NSERC
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Sun, Yu-Yang, and 孫宇陽. "Rural land consisting of outdoor thermal environment of comfort and study the relationship between heat island intensity." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23470389507161949448.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
101
Taiwan''s rural development experienced rapid social-economical change and adjustment, and great changes also appeared in geographical environments. Due to declining agricultural development, changes in social structure and alterations of land use patterns, rural landscape styles, a substantial degree of change occur in environment, humanities and society and other aspects. The Government and the public usually viewed balanced rural and urban development as urbanization in rural areas, resulting in inappropriate designs of infrastructures without integration of local landscape and cultural characteristic. In addition, numerous straight asphalt roads, squares covered by cement pavement and monotonous and anonymous public buildings were constructed and native plantings were removed, causing the occurrence of the heat island effect in rural communities. Recent years, because of the influences of global warming, climate change due to aggravation of greenhouse effect not only raises the temperature year by year, but breaks the lowest record producing many problems to be solved in living environment. Owing to insufficient shade outdoors in rural areas, these variations directly impact on the quality of rural area for outdoor activities. This study established the observed information of heat island effect and analyzed the intensity of observed heat island effects and the spatiotemporal characteristics of heat island effect. Taking the period of midnight, which could react the correlation of artificial environments and the heat island temperature, as an example: intensity of the heat island for winter was 1.95 ℃, for spring was 2.17 ℃and for summer was 1.35 ℃. The results of characteristics of the heat island temperature represent that the waters and green areas have a remarkable influence on heat mitigation. Moreover, the heat island effect will exist in both Kibbutz-type and scattered type of rural areas.
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YEH, SHING-YU, and 葉星虞. "Using Deep Learning Approaches to Predict Indoor Thermal Comfort and Outdoor Rainfall Probability by Embedded Weather Box." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zfyezh.
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碩士逢甲大學
資訊工程學系
105
With new technological advancements, the mobile phones and 3C products have been popularized in the life. Internet of Things (IoT) is also equipped in our living space so that the internet can be anywhere and make our society more digitized. Face the pressure of work and the irritable things in life, people hope that they can have a more comfortable living space and so resulting in the applications for smart home appear quickly. For highly developed countries which faced aging societies, the health management of the elderly is one of the most important problems. The body of elderly is not only low resistance but also poor temperature regulation and sensitivity. Slight temperature changes may cause colds, fever and other diseases. Therefore, how to use a simple application to give people a thermal comfortable living space will be an important issue. Raining can not only affect thermal comfort but also cause inconvenience to people, e.g., shopping or hanging the clothes. If we can provide more accurate prediction of raining, people will be able to facilitate their planning schedules. This thesis aims to use the Arduino weather box to collect the weather data from the user’s living space, and then these data can be analyzed via Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Neural Network (NN) to predict thermal comfort and probability of rainfall. We compare the prediction accuracy of temperature and rainfall probability using the two machine learning approaches. We use accuracy and correlation coefficient to determine which one is the best. From the experimental results, we can find using NN can get better results of temperature prediction, and using SVM can get better results to predict rainfall probability.
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YEN, shih-chieh, and 嚴仕杰. "The Study of the Thermal Comfort of the Middle High School Students in the School Outdoor Environment in Taichung City." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59192903214881799806.
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碩士逢甲大學
建築所
97
Abstract The thermal comfort of open environment is formerly investigated into indoors, and globe warming caused the temperature increased to research critically thermal comfort of humans in outdoor spaces. There are many estimated indexes WBGT, GT, MRT, SET*…etc. which approved no definite international indexes for researching outdoors in the thermal comfort of open environment that reasons are different geography, racial humans and favors in comfortable ranges of gauge indexes. It is imperative to make sure conditions of humans comfort in semitropical Taiwan, and connect international various climates of thermal environment areas. The purpose is to explore humans use the improvement method for planning the campus of outdoor environment in the situation of comfortable/uncomfortable temperature. This research is proceeded outdoor thermal environments with and without leafy shade in junior and senior high schools of Taichung city to collect 1848 usability samples by questionnaires inquired about information of thermal sensation and used instruments to record the temperature, radiation temperature, humidity and wind speed between September 2007 and January 2008 and February 2009. Interviewees were preferred the temperature range 25.9℃ negative 3~4℃, interviewees were deemed subjectively that plants were very important effectively and hoped to use live plants improved outdoor environment for thermal comfort of outdoor environment in questionnaires of analyzing thermal sensation item and expectations item. Analysis results from the liner regression method descried neutral temperature for campuses of with /without leafy shade are 25.2℃and 24.8℃ respectively; in junior high school, neutral temperature is 25.1℃, the senior high school of neutral temperature is 25.9℃. The favorite temperature appeared in campuses for with leafy shade is 21.2℃ and without leafy shade is 21.8℃; the preferring temperature of junior high school is 20.8℃, the favorite temperature is 21.6℃ in senior high school. The research results contemplated user’s comfortable expectancies and cooperated to design mainly the guide method of live plants for improved the campus of outdoor thermal environment when it’s referred basic data for planning the prime campus.
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Lin, Chieh-Yi, and 林杰逸. "Evaluating Campus Spatial Planning from The Viewpoint of Outdoor Thermal Comfort-A Case Study of National Taipei University Sanxia Campus." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8m7e9c.
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碩士國立臺北大學
都市計劃研究所
107
Urban outdoor space design is more severely challenged due to global warming and urban heat island effect.The outdoor space planning combined with good thermal comfort can increase the user's willingness to use and quantify the human's thermal feeling of space. However, the traditional outdoor space design lacks the consideration of thermal comfort as the viewpoint, and Relevant regulations also do not consider. At present, research on outdoor space design with climate is also focused on the temperature that slows down the heat island effect. However, the human body's feeling of heat is not only affected by temperature. Therefore, this study reviews the literature on human thermal comfort, understands the various components that affect the thermal comfort of outdoor human body and its relationship with environmental changes, and explores the causes of poor thermal comfort on campus and the impact of campus space allocation on thermal comfort. It is expected to provide advice on campus outdoor space design with a thermal comfort angle. Therefore, this study mainly uses the CFD model ENVI-met to simulate the campus microclimate performance, explores the causes of poor thermal comfort of the campus through simulated campus data, and analyzes the sensitivity of campus water, pavement and vegetation through the variable advantages of numerical models. Understand the impact of environmental changes on thermal comfort. The research results show that because the basic value of air temperature in the daytime is very high, the outdoor space of the campus is uncomfortable, and the thermal comfort can only be improved by relatively reducing the way. In order to improve the thermal comfort in summer, the air temperature must be lowered. Average radiant temperature, relative humidity and increased wind speed reduce PET values; in the spatial configuration, the effect of water body and paving on improving thermal comfort is limited. To effectively improve the thermal comfort of the campus, it would be ideal to use trees to provide shelter and turf greening.
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Klein, Elisabeth Faith. "Enhancing the Thermal Comfort of Utilitarian Bicyclists: An Energy Budget Approach Integrating the Principles of Microclimatic Design with Bicycle Pathway Design in Ottawa, Canada." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/5205.
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Thermal comfort receives little priority in the planning and design of bicycle pathways. Design tools are required to illustrate the importance of the relationship between climate and bicycling activity to improve the bicycling experience and extend the bicycling season in a cold climate. Microclimatic and bicycle pathway design principles were integrated with a COMFA model to simulate the thermal comfort of users bicycling on a proposed pathway in Ottawa, Canada. Modelling results predicted bicyclists could be thermally comfortable travelling at a steady-state speed of 16.0-19.2 km/h, but preferred to be cooler when travelling at higher speeds and warmer in colder months when standing at rest. Design implications recognized the compatibility of microclimatic and bicycle pathway design principles and demonstrated how a bioclimatic approach to designing bicycle infrastructure can encourage user thermal comfort, mitigate weather discomforts, accentuate seasonal climate conditions, and address a more inclusive combination of bicycle user design criteria.
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"Optimizing the Effect of Vegetation for Pedestrian Thermal Comfort and Urban Heat Island Mitigation in a Hot Arid Urban Environment." Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.25023.
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abstract: Rapid urbanization in Phoenix, Arizona has increased the nighttime temperature by 5°C (9 °F), and the average daily temperatures by 3.1°C (5.6 °F) (Baker et al 2002). On the macro scale, the energy balance of urban surface paving materials is the main contributor to the phenomenon of the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). On the micro scale, it results in a negative effect on the pedestrian thermal comfort environment. In their efforts to revitalize Downtown Phoenix, pedestrian thermal comfort improvements became one of the main aims for City planners. There has been an effort in reformulating City zoning standards and building codes with the goal of developing a pedestrian friendly civic environment. Much of the literature dealing with mitigating UHI effects recommends extensive tree planting as the chief strategy for reducing the UHI and improving outdoor human thermal comfort. On the pedestrian scale, vegetation plays a significant role in modifying the microclimate by providing shade and aiding the human thermal comfort via evapotranspiration. However, while the extensive tree canopy is beneficial in providing daytime shade for pedestrians, it may reduce the pavement surfaces' sky-view factor during the night, thereby reducing the rate of nighttime radiation to the sky and trapping the heat gained within the urban materials. This study strives to extend the understanding, and optimize the recommendations for the use of landscape in the urban context of Phoenix, Arizona for effectiveness in both improving the human thermal comfort and in mitigating the urban heat island effect.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Design 2014
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"A Study to Evaluate Urban Heat Mitigation Design Strategies to Improve Pedestrian’s Thermal Perception in Existing Canyons of Extreme Hot-Arid Cities. The Case of Phoenix, Arizona." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57298.
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abstract: The rapid rate of urbanization coupled with continued population growth and anthropogenic activities has resulted in a myriad of urban climate related impacts across different cities around the world. Hot-arid cities are more vulnerable to induced urban heat effects due to the intense solar radiation during most of the year, leading to increased ambient air temperature and outdoor/indoor discomfort in Phoenix, Arizona. With the fast growth of the capital city of Arizona, the automobile-dependent planning of the city contributed negatively to the outdoor thermal comfort and to the people's daily social lives. One of the biggest challenges for hot-arid cities is to mitigate against the induced urban heat increase and improve the outdoor thermal. The objective of this study is to propose a pragmatic and useful framework that would improve the outdoor thermal comfort, by being able to evaluate and select minimally invasive urban heat mitigation strategies that could be applied to the existing urban settings in the hot-arid area of Phoenix. The study started with an evaluation of existing microclimate conditions by means of multiple field observations cross a North-South oriented urban block of buildings within Arizona State University’s Downtown campus in Phoenix. The collected data was evaluated and analyzed for a better understanding of the different local climates within the study area, then used to evaluate and partially validate a computational fluid dynamics model, ENVI-Met. Furthermore, three mitigation strategies were analyzed to the Urban Canopy Layer (UCL) level, an increase in the fraction of permeable materials in the ground surface, adding different configurations of high/low Leaf Area Density (LAD) trees, and replacing the trees configurations with fabric shading. All the strategies were compared and analyzed to determine the most impactful and effective mitigation strategies. The evaluated strategies have shown a substantial cooling effect from the High LAD trees scenarios. Also, the fabric shading strategies have shown a higher cooling effect than the Low LAD trees. Integrating the trees scenarios with the fabric shading had close cooling effect results in the High LAD trees scenarios. Finally, how to integrate these successful strategies into practical situations was addressed.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Architecture 2020