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Journal articles on the topic 'Outer Space Treaty'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Johnson-Freese, Joan. "Build on the outer space treaty." Nature 550, no. 7675 (2017): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/550182a.

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Abdullatif, Abdullah, Jamal Barafi, Salam Al Kasem, and Suhaib H. Anagreh. "Safety Zones in Outer Space." International Community Law Review 27, no. 3 (2025): 254–81. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-bja10135.

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Abstract Safety zones under international space law are a relatively new concept, first formally introduced by the Hague Working Group in 2019, and the idea of safety zones was reintroduced under the 2020 Artemis Accords. Safety zones raise concerns about how they will be implemented, their implications, and their compliance with the general principles of international space law. This article reviews the applications of safety zones in international law and examines the possibility of finding a legal basis for safety zones in the Outer Space Treaty. This article examines the possibility of saf

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Stonis, Danylo. "Ambiguities in Space Law as Path towards Weaponization of Space: the Case of the Outer Space Treaty. Remarks on Regulation of Weaponization of Outer Space by Space Law." Copernicus Political and Legal Studies 1, no. 4 (2022): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/cpls.20224.08.

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Nowadays, space management is widely recognized as an important area of global governance. The management of outer space is very complex, therefore activities of states in outer space realm are regulated by Outer Space Treaty. However, due to a number of ambiguities in the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty regarding the military use of space, loopholes for an increase in militarization and weaponization of space have emerged, thus causing serious problems with space security and affecting the sustainable use of space. Such shortcomings in the regulation of the military use of outer space by

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Bright Phiri, and Rhishkesh Dave. "A Critical Evaluation Of Moon Treaty And It’s Adequacy In Governing Outer Space In The Face Of Space Militarization And Terrorism." Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture 32 (November 3, 2022): 706–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/jns.v32i.5317.

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In the last 20 years, outer space has experienced tremendous growth, with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Russians, the world has seen more countries either launch or show interest in exploring outer space and, there are currently 110 signatories to the outer space treaty. National security has led to main countries considering establishing their military presence in space, fear of some countries or individuals it using to attack each other has shifted how concerned people perceive space in its entirety, the questions as to who owns certain areas of space still loom across because states

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Anderson, Braden N. "Mining the Milky Way: How to Bring America’s Extraterrestrial Excursions Back Into Compliance With International Obligations." Journal of Air Law and Commerce 87, no. 3 (2022): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/jalc.87.3.10.

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In November of 2015, the 114th United States Congress enacted the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 (Space Act) and, in turn, thrusted the door to outer space mining wide open for Americans. Unfortunately, while the Space Act provided a solution for corporations, it created a di- lemma for the United States. As currently enacted, the Space Act directly conflicts with the world’s foundational and most basic framework for international space law: The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other C

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Johnson-Freese, Joan, and David Burbach. "The Outer Space Treaty and the weaponization of space." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 4 (2019): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2019.1628458.

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7

Cheng, Bin. "The 1967 Outer Space Treaty: Thirtieth Anniversary." Air and Space Law 23, Issue 4/5 (1998): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila1998022.

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8

Oh, Si Jin. "Space Resource Utilization and the International Space Law: Focusing on the Issue of “National Appropriation” Clause under Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty and the Divergent Views of States." Korea International Law Review 66 (October 31, 2023): 133–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2023.66.133.

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This study analyzes the issues in the international space law system related to the utilization of space resources and examines the views of states to consider the implications of changes in the space law system. One of the key issues at stake is how to interpret the non-appropriation principle provision in Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which states that the outer atmosphere, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation. In this regard, scholars have generally explained that Article 2 of the Outer Space Treaty precludes the assertion of

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Disantara, Fradhana Putra. "The Development of Space Law: Applying the Principles of Space Law and Interpreting ‘Peaceful Purposes’ in the Outer Space Treaty 1967." Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi 4, no. 1 (2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v4i1.4352.

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This study analyzes the relevance of the proportionality, non-intervention, and unnecessary suffering principle's in the outer space perspective; and analyzes the 'peaceful purposes' at Outer Space Treaty 1967. This legal research uses primary and secondary legal materials to obtain an appropriate analysis of legal issues. This research states that the principles of international law must be applied in space activities by outer space actors. Furthermore, the ambiguity of the phrase 'peaceful purpose' in the Outer Space Treaty gives rise to different interpretations by each state. For this reas

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Ishola, Feyisola Ruth, Oluwabusola Fadipe, and Olaoluwa Colin Taiwo. "Legal Enforceability of International Space Laws: An Appraisal of 1967 Outer Space Treaty." New Space 9, no. 1 (2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/space.2020.0038.

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11

Deplano, Rossana. "INCLUSIVE SPACE LAW: THE CONCEPT OF BENEFIT SHARING IN THE OUTER SPACE TREATY." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 72, no. 3 (2023): 671–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589323000234.

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AbstractThis article examines the legal principles governing the sharing of benefits deriving from the exploration and use of outer space. It shows that, over time, three strands of State practice have developed different understandings of the content of the obligation contained in Article I, paragraph 1 of the Outer Space Treaty. While drawing parallels with other areas of international law, the article examines the role of equity in the structure of the obligation and evaluates the possibility of replacing considerations of equivalence with a proportionality test to facilitate the fulfilment

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Pasaribu, Desi, and Helga Yohana Simatupang. "The United States and the Privatization of Celestial Bodies under the Outer Space Treaty 1967." Contemporary Society and Politics Journal 2, no. 2 (2023): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32939/cspj.v2i2.3414.

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Every country has an equal right to conduct space exploration, both in the development of science and technology and in the utilization of space resources for the survival needs on Earth. Space is the most challenging region to reach as it requires significant time and costs for exploration. This research aims to assist in the regulation of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty regarding the United States’ efforts to explore and privatize planets and moons. The research uses a qualitative descriptive method based on applicable international laws and treaty articles. The findings indicate that the United

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Lyall, F. "Cologne Commentary on Space Law (Vol. 1): Outer Space Treaty." Space Policy 27, no. 4 (2011): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2011.09.002.

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Ispolinov, Aleksei. "International space law of the era of the beginning of the business colonization of space." Meždunarodnoe pravosudie 10, no. 4 (2020): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/2226-2059-2020-4-22-44.

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Traditional approach to the activity in outer space as exclusive domain of few big space faring states through special governmental agencies as a sort of natural monopolies is rapidly placing by the prevailing view that such activity could be successfully and efficiently performed by private entities and fair competition between such players shall be allowed and is even desirable. Increasing participation of private capital in exploration of the resources of outer space is a persuasive confirmation of the emerging large-scale, self-sufficient economy of the New Space attractive for potential i

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Jackson, Kelsie C.M. "Exploring Strange New Legal Worlds: Navigating the Spectral Limits of Outer Space Treaty Interpretation in Light of the Moon Agreement." Space Court Foundation Student Space Law Journal 1, no. 1 (2025): 39–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15489939.

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From valuable metals and nuclear power to scientific discovery, outer space presents profitability and power for those with the means to sail its seas. Human civilization demands the natural resource exploitation of Earth and often pursues the depletion of resources with little regard for future implications, rendering space resource exploitation an inevitable desideratum. Indeed, humanity faces the choice of allowing the pernicious and boorish consumption of space resources or of upholding international law to govern space exploitation in a peaceful manner. Five United Nations treaties dictat

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Vylegzhanin, A. N., O. A. Kiseleva, and I. U. Shtodina. "Competitive observance by the Russian Federation and the USA of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty." Law Enforcement Review 7, no. 3 (2023): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2023.7(3).145-154.

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Introduction. Thе Russian Federation and the USA, being parties to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, in their national legal acts refer to this source. Each of these states recognizes that the 1967 Outer Space regime is to be perfected, while having different legal outer space policy. The USA is a leader of the military outer space infrastructure and of creation national outer space legislation and separate international agreements (“The Artemis Accords”), thus imposing its own track to develop the 1967 Treaty.Materials and methods. This research addresses relevant international documents on intern

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Zimmermann, Katja. "Reaching for the Stars ... and the Planets." European Property Law Journal 14, no. 1 (2025): 35–70. https://doi.org/10.1515/eplj-2025-0003.

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Abstract 35The possibility of human colonies in outer space has fascinated people for decades. However, never in history have we been closer to realizing space colonies, flights, tourism, and mining than today. These new developments trigger new legal questions, the most prominent of which is whether states or even 36private entities can and should be able to own (parts of) planets and outer space resources. To date, Article II of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty expressly prohibits any ownership claims on outer space. We need to pose the question whether this non-appropriation clause still does ju

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Millwood, Scott. "A Very Famous Payload: The Launch of a Car into Orbit around the Sun Offers an Opportunity to Reconsider the International Framework for the Prevention of Harmful Contamination of Outer Sp." Air and Space Law 43, Issue 6 (2018): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2018035.

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On 6 February 2018, the US corporation SpaceX launched a highly publicized payload into orbit around the sun. Although the use of a car as a payload mass simulator might be dismissed as a publicity stunt, it represents an opportunity to examine whether the current legal framework governing what we put into space is adequate. The Outer Space Treaty provides all States with the freedom of scientific investigation, exploration and use of outer space, while balancing this with obligations to avoid its harmful contamination. In the burgeoning New Space era, will commercial space operators be held t

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Reed, Jacob A. "Cold War Treaties in a New World: The Inevitable End of the Outer Space and Antarctic Treaty Systems." Air and Space Law 42, Issue 4/5 (2017): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2017031.

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The Outer Space Treaty regime faces significant obstacles as Member States push against the rules governing military activities and economic exploration in space. These obstacles could lead to the ultimate collapse of the Outer Space Treaty system. While significant, these issues are not unique – the Antarctic Treaty System faces several of the same issues with the same potential result. This article presents a thematic comparison of the treaties and their respective rules, including their treatment of military activities, the appropriation of territory, transparency and mutual observation, an

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20

Persad-Ford, Avin. "Houston, We Have a Problem - Jurisdictional Issues of Criminal Law in Outer Space." LSE Law Review 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.61315/lselr.384.

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This paper argues that the current means of prescribing criminal jurisdiction in outer space are inadequate. The Outer Space Treaty and Intergovernmental Agreement – the main international law instruments that prescribe criminal jurisdiction in outer space - fail to account for many potentially common scenarios in outer space. It would also be impractical to fully transplant the means of prescribing criminal jurisdiction on Earth to apply in outer space too. This paper argues that, although it is customary international law to not have a hierarchy of prescriptive criminal jurisdictions on Eart

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Heise, Jack. "Space, the Final Frontier of Enterprise: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining Under a Revised International Framework." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 40.1 (2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.40.1.space.

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This Note argues that the Outer Space Treaty (the “OST”) should be modified to provide explicit permission for private entities to engage in asteroid mining while maintaining the principles of international peace and cooperation that the treaty espouses as the core of the framework governing outer space. Part I explores the current state of asteroid mining with reference to the current objectives of companies conducting missions in this realm. Part II examines the OST as applied to the enterprise of asteroid mining by private companies. Part III considers the benefits and drawbacks of various

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22

Mahir, Al Banna. "Soft Law to Regulate Outer SpaceActivities?" Multicultural Education 7, no. 6 (2021): 77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4902210.

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<em>The debris-generation Chinese ASAT test in 2007 and the growing threat posed by orbital space debris prompted the international community to reexamine the existing international and administrative framework that regulates military and civilian activities in outer space. This framework is founded on two sets of authorities: “hard law” and “soft law”. The hard law space regime consists of legally binding rules, derived from multilateral treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty, the rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, the Registration Convention, and the Moon T

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Vestner, T. "Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space: Multilateral Negotiations’ Effects on International Law." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-2-6-21.

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INTRODUCTION. Outer space is an increasingly competitive environment. This raises incentives for states to place conventional weapons in outer space. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST), the applicable legal regime, is silent on the legality of the placement of conventional weapons, however. Since the early 1980’s, the multilateral diplomatic process on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) aims to explicitly prohibit the weaponization of outer space by a new international treaty. Yet states have not agreed on such a weapons ban treaty so far. This article analyses the multilater

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Yang, Pachankis,. "Reading the Cold War through Outer Space: The Past and Future of Outer Space." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 13, no. 06 (2022): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2022.06.03.

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The article takes a history based technical analysis on the governing activities by outer space laws. It outlined the spirit of the outer space law and treaty by the scientific development of the earthâ€™s orbits & solar objectsâ€™ orbits. It focuses on the contamination of outer space by human activities in large scale structure with concluding scientific evidence. It analyzed geopolitical conflicts in terms of satellite technologies. They are analyzed based on the utility-science dichotomy, and the subject(s) that ultimately benefit from and control the utility. The texts are arranged by

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Van Eijk, Cristian. "Unstealing the Sky: Third World Equity in the Orbital Commons." Air and Space Law 47, Issue 1 (2022): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2022002.

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To whom does outer space ‘belong’? This question lead to space law’s first treaty provision and its most fundamental disputes, but remains unanswered. This ambiguity empowers the loudest interpreters to conquer the cosmos in plain sight – a conquest that continues today in how we read its law, how we remember its past, and how we imagine its future. Space can only be as common as its history. This counterhistory of the decade from Sputnik to the Outer Space Treaty expands our discipline’s origin story. Through reviving these histories, we can see the space commons which might have been, and re

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Rivaldi, Regi. "THE ARTEMIS ACCORDS AND PROPERTY RIGHTS IN OUTER SPACE." Journal of Law and Policy Transformation 7, no. 2 (2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jlpt.v7i2.7236.

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On 13 October 2020, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the representatives of eight other space-faring nations signed The Artemis Accords. The Accords is a set of 13 provisions to establish international collaboration on sustainable human exploration in outer space. The most controversial provision in the Accords is the provision in Section 10 that relates to exploiting space resources which is not inherent with Article II of The Outer Space Treaty and Article 11 of The Moon Agreement that will cause the implementation of the Artemis Accords may violate international

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Kuźniar, Dagmara. "THE CONCEPT OF LONG – TERM SUSTAINABILITY OF OUTER SPACE ACTIVITIES AND THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES." Studia Iuridica, no. 97 (September 20, 2023): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2023-97.7.

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The concept of long-term sustainability of outer space activities is based on rational assumptions regarding outer space as a limited resource, which will inevitably shrink in the long term if States do not take appropriate preventive measures. The arguments for this are all the stronger as it concerns a real threat to the safety of space operations, and what is more, to their continuation in the future. The legal status of outer space determines the responsibility of States for the activities of both governmental and non-governmental entities. The UN COPUOS Guidelines for the Long-term Sustai

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Sanchez Aguirre, Lizeth. "The Legitimacy of the U.S. Space Force under the Outer Space Treaty." International Institute of Space Law 64, no. 5 (2021): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/iisl/2021064005004.

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Tyasworo, Niken, and Mas Nana Jumena. "Tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Dalam Komersialisasi Ruang Angkasa dan Implikasinya Terhadap Outer Space Treaty 1967 (Studi Tentang Wisata Ruang Angkasa)." Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (2021): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v2i2.12203.

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The exploratory utilization of outer space is currently take a place following the development of science and technologies. At first, the exploration was done by government only, in this time, private companies also take part to do the outer space exploration.The outer space tour activities is one form of outer space commercialization. This time, those activities is still in the developing process for the better future business, especially in the law aspect for the outer space tour activities. So that, an explanation of the outer space tour activity is one particular part that should be extrem

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Vucic, Mihajlo. "Space cowboys and mankind’s devil advocates: Towards the sustainable development of space law." Medjunarodni problemi 73, no. 3 (2021): 477–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2103477v.

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The commercialization of outer space has created new challenges for international law, aside from the traditional issues of demarcation and militarization. International norms that regulate space activities were adopted at a time when one could not imagine a private company being able to economically exploit space resources. The doctrine is divided between the supporters and opponents of the interpretation that allows for freedom of enterprise and ownership over space resources. The majority of states are prone to accept freedom of enterprise, limited by the interests of mankind and environmen

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Abashidze, Aslan Kh, and Irina A. Chernykh. "United States policy and legislation on the exploration of natural resources of celestial bodies (international legal aspects)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 13, no. 1 (2022): 158–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.109.

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The present article attempts to integrate and comprehensively analyze the main stages in the formation and development of the U. S. policy and legislation on the use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies. In connection with recent announcements — the new lunar space program “Artemis” launched by NASA in May 2019, negotiations on bilateral “Artemis Accords” with potential partners in May 2020 (concluded by the U. S. with several states in October 2020), and Donald Trump’s Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources — t

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UNACHUKWU Ugochukwu Vitus. "Outer space weaponisation: International security and Nigeria in the outer space." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, no. 3 (2023): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.3.2408.

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Outer Space could be seen extensively threatened by the inability of States to universalize commitments against conduct of destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile tests, and placement of dual-use nature of space-based capabilities which further aggravate outer Space weaponisation through the presence of over 170 million pieces of debris in orbit, causing collision, damages and outright loss of space assets to developing Space fairing nations like Nigeria. It was against this background that this study adopts Liberal Institutionalism to examine outer Space Weaponisation, and internatio

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UNACHUKWU, Ugochukwu Vitus. "Outer space weaponisation: International security and Nigeria in the outer space." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, no. 3 (2023): 314–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12739769.

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Outer Space could be seen extensively threatened by the inability of States to universalize commitments against conduct of destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile tests, and placement of dual-use nature of space-based capabilities which further aggravate outer Space weaponisation through the presence of over 170 million pieces of debris in orbit, causing collision, damages and outright loss of space assets to developing Space fairing nations like Nigeria. It was against this background that this study adopts Liberal Institutionalism to examine outer Space Weaponisation, and internatio

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34

Marboe, Irmgard. "Reviewing the Moon Agreement or Amending the Outer Space Treaty?" International Institute of Space Law 62, no. 5 (2019): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/iisl/2019062005001.

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35

Hantaek Kim. "Fifty Years of Outer Space Treaty: its retrospect and prospect." kangwon Law Review 50, no. ll (2017): 559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/kwlr.2017.50..559.

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36

Wortman, Roger. "Research viewpoint modernizing the outer space treaty for national appropriation." Astropolitics 18, no. 2 (2020): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1789276.

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Long, George Anthony. "Artificial Intelligence and State Responsibility under the Outer Space Treaty." International Institute of Space Law 61, no. 5 (2018): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/iisl/2018061005005.

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Gupta, Biswanath, and Tamoghna Agasti. "The Curious Case of Article IX and Outer Space Environment." Journal of Environmental Impact and Management Policy, no. 22 (March 15, 2022): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jeimp22.7.25.

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With the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, back in 1957, to life on Earth being socio-economically dependent on space technologies, we have come a very long way and with this comes several problems, one being extra-terrestrial pollution. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty has only one provision – Article IX – which merely puts an obligation to avoid ‘harmful contamination’ of outer space. There is nothing in the treaty or elsewhere to suggest the meaning of this term and the extent of protection offered by Article IX, thereby creating a lacuna. The article tries to evaluate whether t

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POPOVA, O. A. "PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 12 (March 14, 2021): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.159-171.

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The article considers the principle of international cooperation within the framework ofmodern international space law. The author comes to the conclusion that the principle is a principle of general international law, but it has some features in international space law due to the specifi c of this branch. Such features include the implementation of international cooperation in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations and the Outer Space Treaty; for the bene fi t and in the interests of all countries taking into special consideration the needs of the devel

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40

Sarnacki, David. "Property Rights in Space." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 2, no. 1 (2014): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v2.i1.6.

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This Note will discuss why maintaining the status quo, while waiting for the technology to mature, will encourage development and strengthen the industry before being smothered by laws and regulations promulgated by parties who may have conflicts of interest. This Note will first explain why scientists are attempting to mine asteroids. It will then examine the rules that apply, including the two main space treaties (the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Treaty), the modern view of the court, and the history of deep-sea mining. Finally, this Note will apply the treaties to modern plans being deve

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Lord, Brendan. "On the Economic Use of Outer Space: A Clash of Values." Air and Space Law 44, Issue 2 (2019): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2019011.

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As the exploration and use of outer space by private entities adds a commercial dimension to space law, corporate law and theory will act as an extrinsic regulatory force upon outer space activities. Although private actors advance humanity’s aspirations for the exploration and use of outer space, these actors have a different set of duties and obligations that prima facie conflict with the humanist treaty values. This article explores the conflict that arises when domestic laws overlap with larger public interest obligations.

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42

Gerałt, Bartłomiej. "US legal developments in outer space mining." Civitas Hominibus. Rocznik Filozoficzno-Społeczny 16, no. 1 (2022): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25312/2391-5145.16/2021_07bg.

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In December 2020 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) announced a contract with a private company to deliver Moon material to Earth, the first and only contract of this type to be concluded to date. The sum that will be paid for the services of Lunar Outpost company was set at 1 US dollar. Although the arrangement may seem like a publicity stunt to catch international media attention, it spurs a legal discussion on the actual degree of freedom to utilized outer space. This article is focused on describing the USA’s policy and legislation concerning the utilization of natural re

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von der Dunk, Frans G. "Scoping National Space Law: The True Meaning of ‘National Activities in Outer Space’ of Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty." International Institute of Space Law 62, no. 3 (2019): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/iisl/2019062003002.

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44

Ruhaeni, Neni. "Direct International Responsibility of Non-Governmental Entities in The Utilization of Outer Space." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 01 (2020): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n1.a6.

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Article VI of the Space Treaty of 1967 defines non-governmental entities as legal concept. However, their responsibility in space activities is not defined comprehensively. The Treaty provides that the activity of non-governmental entities shall require authorization and continuing supervision from the appropriate state party to the Treaty. It suggests that non-governmental entities essentially are not the parties with direct international responsibility for their space activities. In other words, they have indirect international responsibility. On the other hand, commercialization and privati

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Ruhaeni, Neni. "Direct International Responsibility of Non-Governmental Entities in The Utilization of Outer Space." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 01 (2020): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n1.a6.

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Article VI of the Space Treaty of 1967 defines non-governmental entities as legal concept. However, their responsibility in space activities is not defined comprehensively. The Treaty provides that the activity of non-governmental entities shall require authorization and continuing supervision from the appropriate state party to the Treaty. It suggests that non-governmental entities essentially are not the parties with direct international responsibility for their space activities. In other words, they have indirect international responsibility. On the other hand, commercialization and privati

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Ranson, Rudolph H. "State Responsibility for Private Activity in Outer Space." Science of Law 2022, no. 2 (2022): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55284/sol.v2022i2.88.

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The Outer Space Treaty provides a framework for determining whether a space activity is the national activity of one particular State, and subsequently, whether State responsibility for private activity in outer space is based on the international customary law of State responsibility. The traditional interpretation of Article VI may serve well to resolve past and present legal dilemmas, but the evolving nature of the space industry presents new dilemmas that are unac-counted for in the application of the traditional interpretation. This particular analysis can be particularly useful, and shou

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Xing, Xingao, Shuchang Jiao, Ding Zhu, Yongzhe Zhang, and Jiejie Tang. "Asteroid Mining Impact Prediction Model." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 4 (July 26, 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v4i.848.

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According to the Outer Space Treaty of the United Nations, "Space exploration shall be the common domain of all mankind," and all mankind should share outer space resources. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the gap in comprehensive strength between countries is increasing, and there is a gap in the acquisition of outer space resources between countries. In order to measure the fair distribution of this resource, we quantify the fairness and formulate relevant policies by collecting data to build a model.

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Idrovo Romo, Juan Felipe. "Armed Conflicts in Outer Space." USFQ Law Review 7, no. 1 (2020): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18272/ulr.v7i1.1737.

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The paper critically explores those scenarios (hypothetical, but probable) in which armed conflicts take place in outer space. First, the problem regarding the definition and delimitation of outer space will be analyzed. In this regard, the reasons why there is no consensus among the States, and even within the scientific community, will be explained. Subsequently, the relevant branches (for the topic) of Public International Law will be introduced (International Space Law, International Humanitarian Law, and Ius ad Bellum) and their key regulations will be identified. At this point, the main

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POPESCU, Alba Iulia Catrinel. "THE SECURITY IMPACT OF THE MILITARIZATION OF OUTER SPACE." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 11, no. 1 (2022): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-56.

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The competition for the military conquest of outer space dominated the public agenda during the Cold War. It was the spatial side of the geopolitical competition between the capitalist West and the communist East. It started with the researches for the development of strategic armaments and it ended with the military space programs launched by the great powers of the post-war era, which transformed the outer space into a real theater of operations. Theater currently relieved, by the Cosmic Space Treaty, of weapons of mass destruction. However, the unregulated military action in outer space, an

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ЕЛИЗАРОВ, Михаил Владимирович. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PEACEFUL EXPLORATION OF OUTER SPACE: PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 17, no. 3(65) (2021): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2021.3.18.

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This paper examines the efficiency of the international legal framework governing activities of States in outer space in view of the existing gaps within it allowing for space weaponization and the use of force in outer space. Purpose: the paper attempts to answer the following question – is there a clear line between peaceful exploration and militarization of outer space, and is it legally permissible to deploy anti-satellite and anti-missile systems in outer space? Methods: the study employs general scientific methods, legal interpreting and forecasting. Results: the following conclusions ha

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