Academic literature on the topic 'Outgrower schemes'

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the implications of large-scale investments in biofuels for growth and income distribution. We find that biofuels investment enhances growth and poverty reduction despite some displacement of food crops by biofuels. Overall, the biofuel investment trajectory analyzed increases Mozambique's annual economic growth by 0.6 percentage points and reduces the incidence of poverty by about 6 percentage points over a 12-year phase-in period. Benefits depend on production technology. An outgrower approach to producing biofuels is more pro-poor, due to the greater use of unskilled labor and accrual of land rents to smallholders, compared with the more capital-intensive plantation approach. Moreover, the benefits of outgrower schemes are enhanced if they result in technology spillovers to other crops. These results should not be taken as a green light for unrestrained biofuels development. Rather, they indicate that a carefully designed and managed biofuels policy holds the potential for substantial gains.

This research attempts to study the role of radio programming on agricultural development schemes in Osun State, Nigeria, with Osun State Broiler Outgrower Production Scheme (OBOPS) And Rural Enterprise and Agricultural Programme (O-REAP) as case study as well as radio’s involvement in agriculture, with a review of an indigenous agricultural program, Aroko Bodunde, broadcast on the Osun State Broadcasting Corporation, Orisun FM, 89.5, Ile-Ife, a community radio station. Powerful-Effect Model and Agenda Setting Theory served as the framework for this study while adopting the descriptive survey of research. Findings revealed that radio programming role in the development of agriculture cannot be overemphasized, as the messages conveyed via the radio wave has helped to increase awareness, inform, enlighten, educate as well as encourage and mobilize listeners to embrace agriculture. Furthermore, findings showed that Orisun FM, 89.5, had a positive influence on listeners which enhanced the development of OBOPS and O-REAP agricultural schemes. It was therefore recommended that governments at all levels in Nigeria should employ community radios in quickening the pace of agricultural development and schemes as radio has proven to be adequately appropriate in giving impetus for the development of all kinds at any level.

Establishment of big companies in rural areas is something that is getting more and more common as the phenomenon of land acquisition is growing. This study is based on a case study in Manhiça where a big scale multinational sugar company, consisting of a sugar factory and sugarcane plantations, has been present for almost 20 years. The theoretical framework is based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) that is made into a method by taking dimensions from the theory and converting them into analytical tools. The aim is to identify and analyse the impacts that the company’s activities have on longer term on the capital basis of the various groups with which the company relates. Using the perspective of SLA helps identify the wide range of impacts – direct and indirect, positive and negative – that matter to local people. The study is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews made with different groups of outgrower farmers and employees as well as representatives for the company and the municipality. The results are, in accordance with the principles underlying the SLA, focusing on the perceptions of people and the dynamic nature of livelihoods. A pilot study is used to indicate which impacts that are a result of the company’s presence and which only a result of switching to cash crops. The study shows that different groups are affected different from the interactions with the company. People with already weak livelihoods are benefited least since their access to different capital assets decrease.

L'effondrement du FONADER (Fonds national de développement rural) qui avait initié les premiers partenariats entre petits exploitants de palmiers à huile et agro-industries au Cameroun, les programmes d'ajustement structurels, la dévaluation du Franc CFA, les crises économiques, et la baisse du prix du cacao et du café sur le marché international, ont conduit à l'émergence d'une nouvelle catégorie de producteurs d'huile de palme indépendants. Ces planteurs de palmiers à huile se sont retrouvés sans soutien technique et ont confié le traitement de leurs régimes aux moulins artisanaux. Les nombreuses difficultés rencontrées par ces petits exploitants se sont traduites par de très faibles rendements enregistrés dans leurs plantations. À la lumière de l'intérêt récent manifesté par de nouvelles agro-industries à investir dans le secteur du palmier à huile au Cameroun, et la décision des entreprises déjà établies d'étendre leurs superficies, l'étude signale que pour atténuer les crises sociales et environnementales résultant des conflits fonciers et de la dégradation des forêts, l'approche la plus durable pour développer le secteur serait de réorganiser des partenariats gagnant-gagnant et équitables entre les planteurs de palmiers à huile et les agro-industries.Au Cameroun, quatre des sept bassins de production d'huile de palme développés pendant le régime de partenariat FONADER ont été sélectionnés comme sites d'étude. Il s'agit d'Eseka dans la région Centre, Dibombari dans la région du Littoral, Muyuka et Lobe dans la région Sud-Ouest. Les agro-industries respectives sont Socapalm, CDC et Pamol. En Malaisie et en Indonésie, les sites de l'étude comprennent le site FELDA de Besout dans le district de Batang Padang, les modèles PIR et KKPA de PT. SAL dans le district de Bungo, le modèle KKPA de PT. Megasawindo et PT. Musim Mas dans les districts de Bungo et Pelalawan respectivement. La collecte des données a été organisée par l'administration de questionnaires et des interviews répétés avec les différents intervenants dans le secteur, des discussions de groupes, des recherches sur Internet et dans les bibliothèques des instituts de recherche spécialisés, ainsi que par des visites d'observation sur le terrain.L'étude porte sur l'origine et l'évolution des régimes de partenariat entre les petits exploitants d'huile de palme et les agro-industries, les points positifs et négatifs des divers modèles testés, et les raisons à l'origine des succès et des échecs enregistrés. L'étude a examiné plus en profondeur les forces et les faiblesses des petits exploitants indépendants de palmiers à huile d'aujourd'hui et les raisons pour lesquelles ces petits exploitants préfèrent traiter leurs régimes dans les moulins artisanaux malgré la présence de moulins industriels plus performants à proximité de leurs plantations. L'étude a en outre cherché l'inspiration auprès des expériences positives et négatives de grands projets en Malaisie et en Indonésie, les deux géants de la production mondiale d'huile de palme à travers des études de cas. Enfin, une approche participative prospective sur l'avenir du secteur de l'huile de palme organisée dans trois ateliers au Cameroun, a permis de générer des recommandations de politique sur la voie à suivre pour développer des partenariats équitables et durables entre les petits exploitants de palmiers à huile et les agro-industries au Cameroun.Mots-clés: partenariat, FONADER, FELDA, PIR, KKPA, agro-industrie, petits exploitants, agriculture contractuelle<br>The collapse of the FONADER sponsored partnership between oil palm smallholders and major agro-industries in Cameroon together with the structural adjustment program, the devaluation of the Franc CFA, the economic crises, as well as the fall in the international market price for cocoa and coffee, led to the emergence of independent oil palm producers in the country. These oil palm planters have been grappling with the management of their plantation and the processing of their FFB with the use of artisanal mills. But the numerous difficulties faced by these smallholders are translated into very low yields registered in their plantations. In the light of the recent interest expressed by new agro-industries to invest in the oil palm sector in Cameroon, and the decision by old companies to expand their surface areas, the study notes that in order to mitigate some of the social and environmental crises that result from land conflicts and forest degradation, the most sustainable approach to develop the sector will be to revamp win-win and equitable partnerships between oil palm planters and agro-industries.In Cameroon, four of the seven palm oil production basins carved out during the FONADER partnership scheme where selected for our study sites. They included Eseka in the Center region, Dibombari in the Littoral region, Muyuka and Lobe in the Southwest region. The respective agro-industries were Socapalm, Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) and Pamol. In Malaysia and Indonesia, the study sites were the FELDA scheme of Besout in the district of Batang Padang, the PIR and KKPA scheme of PT SAL in the district of Bungo, the KKPA scheme of PT Megasawindo and PT Musim Mas in the district of Bungo and Pelalawan respectively. Data collection was organized through the administration of semi-guided questionnaires, secondary data sourcing, personal communication with different stakeholders in the sector, focus group discussions, internet and library search, as well as field observation visits.The study looked at the origine and evolution of partnership schemes between oil palm smallholders and agro-industries, what was right, what went wrong in the course of time, and why most partnerships collapsed. The study further looked at the strengths and weaknesses of today's independent oil palm smallholders and the reasons why these smallholders prefer to process their FFB in artisanal mills despite the presence of agro-industrial mills at the vicinity of their plantations. The study further drew inspiration on the positive and negative experiences of major schemes in Malaysia and Indonesia which have boosted production in their oil palm sector through case studies as well as through a participatory prospective analysis workshop in Cameroon on the future of the palm oil sector, as a way to generate policy recommendation on the way forward for future partnership schemes between oil palm smallholders and agro-industries in Cameroon.Keywords: Partnership, FONADER, FELDA, PIR, KKPA, agro-industry, smallholder, outgrower schemes

This chapter analyzes the database of conspiracy claims to understand the purposes conspiracy theories serve for the people who promote them. First, it examines the data as a whole to check whether the frequency of conspiracy claims rose over two decades, and if so, what events were most responsible for the rise. Second, it asks how critical events affect the manifestation and timing of conspiracy claims. Third, it looks at the influence of geopolitical alignments and rivalries. Fourth, it explores the domestic realm and shows how regime type affects conspiracy claims. Finally, it examines how heads of state and other authority figures contribute to the overall patterns of conspiracism in the region. In summary, the chapter demonstrates how conspiracism can be an outgrowth of palpable threats, political competition, and developments abroad.

In addition to the other momentous events of 1619, the year also marked the Virginia Company’s first widespread granting of private land to colonists. The private land grants have long been seen as a natural outgrowth of a peculiarly English colonial desire to own and exploit land in the Americas, and as a first step toward the construction of a Lockean liberal settler society. This essay challenges these assumptions by recovering the long and complex debate within the Virginia Company about the virtues and pitfalls of offering planters private land. It traces different schemes for establishing landownership and connects them to competing ideas about market regulation and political economy in contemporary England. The essay ultimately argues that the system of plantation estates that developed in the 1620s, operated by private planters with indentured laborers but retaining some civic functions, was a compromise between these two models. It represented a unique evolution of English thinking about landownership, commerce, and civic order, which can only be fully understood by acknowledging the complex negotiation over private land that wracked the Virginia Company in the late 1610s.