Academic literature on the topic 'Output Sequence Randomization'

A 3GS/s 12-bit current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC) fabricated in 55 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology has been presented. A partial randomization dynamic element matching (PRDEM) method based on switching sequence optimization is proposed to mitigate the mismatch effect and suppress the harmonic distortion with low hardware complexity. In the switching current cell, the cascode structure together with “always-ON” small current sources are used to keep the output impedance high and uniform. A compact layout of the switching current array is carefully designed, featuring short wires routing and small parasitic capacitance. According to the measured results at 3GS/s, this DAC demonstrates a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 74.64 dBc at low frequency and 50 dBc at 1.5 GHz output. The chip occupies an active area of 0.2 × 0.48 mm2 and consumes a total power of 495 mW.

Cryptography deals with designing practical mathematical algorithms having the two primitive elements of confusion and diffusion. The security of encrypted data is highly dependent on these two primitive elements and a key. S-box is the nonlinear component present in a symmetric encryption algorithm that provides confusion. A cryptographically strong bijective S-box structure in cryptosystem ensures near-optimal resistance against cryptanalytic attacks. It provides uncertainty and nonlinearity that ensures high confidentiality and security against cryptanalysis attacks. The nonlinearity of an S-box is highly dependent on the dispersal of input data using an S-box. Cryptographic performance criteria of chaos-based S-boxes are worse than algebraic S-box design methods, especially differential probability. This article reports a novel approach to design an 8 × 8 S-box using chaos and randomization using dispersion property to S-box cryptographic properties, especially differential probability. The randomization using dispersion property is introduced within the design loop to achieve low differential uniformity possibly. Two steps are involved in generating the proposed S-box. In the first step, a piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) is utilized to generate initial S-box positions. Generally, the dispersion property is a post-processing technique that measures maximum nonlinearity in a given random sequence. However, in the second step, the concept is carefully reverse engineered, and the dispersion property is used within the design loop for systematic dispersal of input substituting sequence. The proposed controlled randomization changes the probability distribution statistics of S-box’s differentials. The proposed methodology systematically substitutes the S-box positions that cause output differences to recur for a given input difference. The proposed S-box is analyzed using well-established and well-known statistical cryptographic criteria of nonlinearity, strict avalanche criteria (SAC), bit independence criteria (BIC), differential probability, and linear probability. Further, the S-box’s boomerang connectivity table (BCT) is generated to analyze its strength against boomerang attack. Boomerang is a relatively new attacking framework for cryptosystem. The proposed S-box is compared with the state-of-the-art latest related publications. Results show that the proposed S-box achieves an upper bound of cryptographic properties, especially differential probability. This work hypothesizes that highly dispersive hamming distances at output difference, generated a systematic S-box. The mixing property of chaos generated trajectories utilized for decimal mapping. To test the randomness of generated chaotic trajectories, a cryptographically secure pseudo-random sequence was generated using a chaotic map that was tested using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) NIST-800-22 test suit.

This correspondence deals with the joint cognitive design of transmit coded sequences and instrumental variables (IV) receive filter to enhance the performance of a dual-function radar-communication (DFRC) system in the presence of clutter disturbance. The IV receiver can reject clutter more efficiently than the match filter. The signal-to-clutter-and-noise ratio (SCNR) of the IV filter output is viewed as the performance index of the complexity system. We focus on phase only sequences, sharing both a continuous and a discrete phase code and develop optimization algorithms to achieve reasonable pairs of transmit coded sequences and IV receiver that fine approximate the behavior of the optimum SCNR. All iterations involve the solution of NP-hard quadratic fractional problems. The relaxation plus randomization technique is used to find an approximate solution. The complexity, corresponding to the operation of the proposed algorithms, depends on the number of acceptable iterations along with on and the complexity involved in all iterations. Simulation results are offered to evaluate the performance generated by the proposed scheme.

The new stream encryption algorithm (NSA-New Stream Algorithm) is proposed in this work. The input parameters are considered a 128-bit secret key and 128-bit initialization vectors in the new algorithm. A 64-bit line is generated in each round as the output value. The architecture of the algorithm is particularly suitable for efficient hardware implementations, together with this, this algorithm is also suitable for software implementation. On the other hand, the security was evaluated for resynchronization attack, related key attack, and attack methods on the basis of linear correlation of the output sequence. Analysis confirms that this algorithm is a secure stream encryption algorithm.

The randomization and screening of combinatorial DNA libraries is a powerful technique for understanding sequence–function relationships and optimizing biosynthetic pathways. Although it can be difficult to predict a priori which sequence combinations encode functional units, it is often possible to omit undesired combinations that inflate library size and screening effort. However, defined library generation is difficult when a complex scan through sequence space is needed. To overcome this challenge, we designed a hybrid valve- and droplet-based microfluidic system that deterministically assembles DNA parts in picoliter droplets, reducing reagent consumption and bias. Using this system, we built a combinatorial library encoding an engineered histidine kinase (HK) based on bacterial CpxA. Our library encodes designed transmembrane (TM) domains that modulate the activity of the cytoplasmic domain of CpxA and variants of the structurally distant “S helix” located near the catalytic domain. We find that the S helix sets a basal activity further modulated by the TM domain. Surprisingly, we also find that a given TM motif can elicit opposing effects on the catalytic activity of different S-helix variants. We conclude that the intervening HAMP domain passively transmits signals and shapes the signaling response depending on subtle changes in neighboring domains. This flexibility engenders a richness in functional outputs as HKs vary in response to changing evolutionary pressures.

Reference/Citation Bleakley CM, Costello JT, Glasgow PD. Should athletes return to sport after applying ice? A systematic review of the effect of local cooling on functional performance. Sports Med. 2012; 42(1):69–87. Clinical Question Does local tissue cooling affect immediate functional performance outcomes in a sport situation? Data Sources Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE, each from the earliest available record through April 2011. Combinations of 18 medical subheadings or key words were used to complete the search. Study Selection This systematic review included only randomized controlled trials and crossover studies published in English that examined human participants who were treated with a local cooling intervention. At least 1 functional performance outcome that was measured before and after a cooling intervention had to be reported. Excluded were studies using whole-body cryotherapy or cold-water immersion above the waist and studies that measured strength or force production during evoked muscle contraction. Data Extraction Data were extracted by 2 authors using a customized form to evaluate relevant data on study design, eligibility criteria, detailed characteristics of cooling protocols, comparisons, and outcome measures. Disagreement was resolved by consensus or third-party adjudication. To perform an intent-to-treat analysis when possible, data were extracted according to the original allocation groups, and losses to follow-up were noted. The review authors were not blinded to the study author, institution, or journal. For each study, mean differences or standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for continuous outcomes using RevMan (version 5.1; The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark). Treatment effects were based on between-groups comparisons (cryotherapy versus control) using postintervention outcomes or within-group comparisons (precryotherapy versus postcryotherapy). If continuous data were missing standard deviations, other statistics including confidence intervals, standard error, t values, P values, or F values were used to calculate the standard deviation. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the methodologic quality of included studies. Each study was evaluated for sequence generation, allocation concealment, assessor blinding, and incomplete outcome data. Studies were graded as low or high based on the criteria met, but the risk of bias across the studies was consistently high, so meaningful subgroup classifications were not possible. Differences in study quality and intervention details, including duration of cryotherapy interventions and time periods after intervention before follow-up, were potential sources of bias and considered for a subgroup analysis. Main Results Using the search criteria, the authors originally identified 1449 studies. Of these, after title and abstract review, 99 studies were deemed potentially relevant and kept for further analysis (1350 studies were excluded). Of the 99 potentially relevant studies, 35 were included in the final review (64 studies were excluded), with relevant outcomes of strength, power, vertical jump, endurance, agility, speed, performance accuracy, and dexterity reported. The 64 excluded studies were rejected due to intervention relevancy, outcome relevancy, and non-English language. In the 35 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 665 healthy participants were assessed. Muscle strength (using an isokinetic dynamometer, cable tensiometer, strain-gauge device, or load cell) was assessed in 25 studies, whole-body exercise (vertical jump height, power, timed hop test, sprint time, and time taken to complete running-based agility tests, including carioca runs, shuttle sprints, T-shuttle, and cocontraction tests) was assessed in 6, performance accuracy (throwing or shooting) was assessed in 2, and hand dexterity was assessed in 2. Outcomes before and immediately after cryotherapy intervention were reported in all studies; additional outcome assessments at times ranging from 5 to 180 minutes postintervention were recorded in 11 studies. The review authors reported a high risk of bias: selection bias (poor randomization and concealment of group allocation), performance and detection bias (poor blinding of assessors), and attrition bias (incomplete data). Because of the diversity of studies, particularly with respect to cryotherapy protocols and the potential for rewarming before the posttest, the effects of cryotherapy on functional performance were mixed. From the included studies, the authors concluded that cryotherapy treatment reduced upper and lower extremity muscle strength immediately after cryotherapy. However, increases in force output after cryotherapy were reported in 5 studies. Regardless of the effect of cryotherapy on strength, the clinical meaningfulness of most of the data may not be important due to variability and small effects. Studies reporting outcomes of muscle endurance resulted in conflicting evidence: endurance increased immediately after cryotherapy in 6, whereas muscle endurance decreased in 3 . These conflicting results limit the ability to draw clinically relevant conclusions about the effect of cryotherapy on muscle endurance. The majority of studies evaluating whole-body exercise demonstrated decreases in performance after cryotherapy; these outcomes included vertical jump, sprint, and agility, even when cryotherapy was applied only to a body part. Additionally, cryotherapy appeared to decrease hand dexterity and throwing accuracy immediately after intervention, although an increase in shooting performance postintervention was reported in 1 study . Conclusions The authors suggested that the available evidence indicates that athletic performance may be adversely affected when athletes return to play immediately after cryotherapy treatments. Many of the included studies used variable cooling protocols, reflecting differences in time, temperature, and mode of cryotherapy. The majority of the included studies used cryotherapy for at least 20 minutes. However, when considering an immediate return to activity, this cooling duration may not be clinically relevant because cryotherapy applications during practice and competitions usually last less than 20 minutes. When immediate return to activity occurs after cryotherapy, short-duration cold applications or progressive warm-ups should be implemented to prevent a deleterious effect on functional performance.

Abstract Background Plate design is a necessary and time-consuming operation for GC/LC-MS-based sample preparation. The implementation of the inter-batch balancing algorithm and the intra-batch randomization algorithm can have a significant impact on the final results. For researchers without programming skills, a stable and efficient online service for plate design is necessary. Results Here we describe InjectionDesign, a free online plate design service focused on GC/LC-MS-based multi-omics experiment design. It offers the ability to separate the position design from the sequence design, making the output more compatible with the requirements of a modern mass spectrometer-based laboratory. In addition, it has implemented an optimized block randomization algorithm, which can be better applied to sample stratification with block randomization for an unbalanced distribution. It is easy to use, with built-in support for common instrument models and quick export to a worksheet. Conclusions InjectionDesign is an open-source project based on Java. Researchers can get the source code for the project from Github: https://github.com/CSi-Studio/InjectionDesign. A free web service is also provided: http://www.injection.design.

Abstract Background Induction of anesthesia in hemodynamically compromised patients is a challenge for every anesthetist. Most of the intravenous induction agents have a negative effect on arterial blood pressure and cardiac output. Theoretically, the ideal emergency induction intravenous anesthetic should achieve rapid hypnosis and maintain the hemodynamic stability. Aim of the Work to compare the effect of ketamine midazolam versus fentanyl midazolamin anesthesia of septic patients and find which one of them is more effective to maintain hemodynamic stability in patients with sepsis. Patients and Methods A randomized controlled double-blinded study was conducted in Ain Shams University hospital after research ethics board approval during the period from June 2020 to June 2022. Written informed consent was obtained from participants or their surrogates before enrollment. Randomization was achieved using a computer-generated sequence. Concealment was achieved using opaque envelopes. Results there was no difference between study groups according to serum lactate. intra operative mean arterial blood pressure was higher in ketamine group than fentanyl group and norepinephrine infusion rate was increased in the two groups over the period from the baseline, but the most increase was in the fentanyl compared with ketamine group; as there was a statistically significant difference between them at 2-5 minutes then from 10 to 90 minutes with 10-minutes intervals. There was no statistically significant difference between study groups according to ICU length of stay and mortality rates. In this study we found that ketamine- based induction of anesthesia maintained hemodynamics better than fentanyl-based induction of anesthesia in patient with abdominal sepsis. Conclusion In anesthesia of septic patients ketamine midazolam was more effective than fentanyl midazolam in maintenance of hemodynamic stability.

ObjectiveThis study innovatively employs transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a non-invasive physical therapy, to intervene in elderly patients with chronic insomnia (CI) comorbid with functional dyspepsia (FD). Through systematic investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying vagus nerve pathway regulation in ameliorating intestinal inflammatory microenvironment and modulating central neurotransmitter homeostasis, this research aims to provide a novel, neuromodulation-based precision therapeutic approach characterized by favorable safety and tolerability for integrated management of geriatric comorbidities.Methods/designThis double-blind randomized controlled trial will enroll 60 elderly patients (60–85 years) meeting ICSD-3 criteria for CI and Rome IV criteria for FD. Using block randomization with computer-generated sequences, eligible participants will be allocated 1:1 to either active taVNS group (n = 30) or sham control group (n = 30). The CFDA-certified transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulator (Model tVNS501, Reach Medical, China; Registration No. SuXieZhun20212090050) will be positioned at standardized anatomical sites: the concha cymba (the inferior margin of the intersection between the superior and inferior crura of the antihelix within the cymba conchae), electrical stimulation will deliver with fixed parameters (frequency: 80 Hz, pulse width: 100 μs, pulse 40–60s). The active group will receive validated taVNS parameters, while the sham group will undergo identical procedures without electrical output. Interventions will be administered 30 min per session, 5 sessions weekly for 3 consecutive weeks. Primary endpoints include changes in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Nepean Dyspepsia Symptom Index (NDSI) at week 3. Secondary outcomes encompass Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), and serum biomarkers (pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, TGF-β; neurotransmitters Dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), Glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)). Safety profiles will be systematically evaluated using CTCAE v5.0 criteria, with all adverse events documented throughout the study.DiscussionThis study mitigate the adverse effects associated with the significant side effects of oral medications in elderly patients with CI comorbid with FD. It seeks to scientifically validate the clinical efficacy of taVNS therapy, elucidate its underlying anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory mechanisms, and establish a multimodal evidence chain integrating “efficacy-inflammation-neuromodulation.” By doing so, this research provides a novel, convenient, scientifically validated, effective, and safe non-pharmacological therapeutic approach for elderly patients with CI and FD, it offers innovative insights and methodologies for the development of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and related products.

Description &nbsp; This repository accompanies our manuscript, <strong>&ldquo;Exonic enhancers are a widespread class of dual-function regulatory elements,&rdquo;</strong> in which we redefine the role of exonic regions in gene regulation. We demonstrate that many protein-coding exons also function as <strong>exonic enhancers (EEs) : </strong>previously underappreciated regulatory elements embedded within exons. By integrating TF ChIP-seq, chromatin accessibility data (DNase-seq/ATAC-seq), studying the impact of variants (common and cancer variants), high-throughput enhancer-reporter assays (STARR-seq, luciferase), and CRISPR-based validations, we show that EEs play critical roles in cis-regulatory networks while retaining protein-coding functionality.&nbsp; This repository provides the <strong>processed datasets</strong>, nd&nbsp;<strong>supporting materials</strong> used throughout the study, organized into thematic folders to facilitate easy navigation and reproducibility. <strong>Analysis scripts</strong> are both in Github and in another Zenodo.&nbsp; Key findings <strong>Identification of EEs Across Multiple Species</strong>&nbsp; - Systematic discovery of EEs using TF ChIP-seq, chromatin accessibility (DNase-seq/ATAC-seq), and STARR-seq data. &nbsp;&nbsp; - Many protein-coding exons exhibit enhancer activity. &nbsp; <strong>Dual Coding and Regulatory Roles</strong>&nbsp; - EEs retain coding functions while acting as cis-regulatory elements. &nbsp;&nbsp; - Both synonymous and nonsynonymous variants can disrupt enhancer activity and gene expression. &nbsp; <strong>Long-Range Interactions and Target Gene Regulation</strong>&nbsp; - Promoter capture Hi-C and eQTL integration confirm interactions between EEs and gene promoters. &nbsp;&nbsp; - CRISPR-mediated inactivation demonstrates that EEs regulate both host and distal gene expression. &nbsp; <strong>Clinical and Evolutionary Implications</strong>&nbsp; - TCGA cancer genome analysis reveals EE mutations correlate with altered target-gene expression and clinical outcomes. &nbsp;&nbsp; - Evolutionary conservation studies show that EEs are both functionally constrained and contribute to species-specific regulatory innovations. &nbsp; Repository Contents Below are the main folders included in this Zenodo repository. Each folder provides data or scripts relevant to the analyses described in the manuscript. <strong>1_easy_access</strong>Contains the principal output files that may be of primary interest, including: ExonsEnhancers_all_species.tar.gz interactions_robust_EE_target_genes.tsv.gz STARR-seq_catalogs_all_species.tar.gz tcga_deseq_significative_results.tsv.gz tcga_variants_in_ee_per_patients_per_cancers_hg19.tsv.gz <strong>EE_selection</strong>Final lists used to define exonic enhancers (EEs) based on TF ChIP-seq peaks and filtering criteria. <strong>Control_selection</strong>List of negative/positive control sets, ensuring consistent comparisons with EEs. <strong>Chromatin_accessibility</strong>Processed DNase-seq and ATAC-seq datasets used to assess open chromatin in exons and EEs across multiple species. <strong>Conservation_and_structure</strong>Files related to multi-species alignments, phyloP conservation scores, MobiIDB disorder rates, AlphaFold structural data, and gene-age analysis for EEs. <strong>TF_randomisation</strong>Results for validating TF-binding enrichment in EEs through randomization tests. <strong>TFBS_in_EE</strong>Motif analysis outputs and JASPAR-based TFBS predictions overlapping EEs. <strong>STARR-seq_experiment</strong>Newly generated STARR-seq experimental data for exonic fragments. <strong>STARR-seq_catalog</strong>Consolidated catalogs of STARR-seq peaks from public sources, with annotations of EEs (overlap, signal, biotypes). <strong>G-quadruplex</strong>Data examining the enrichment of G4-forming sequences within EEs relative to controls. <strong>Interaction_data</strong>Integration of promoter capture Hi-C, eQTL (GTEx), and ENCODE-rE2G resources to define robust EE&ndash;target gene interactions. <strong>gnomADv3_analysis</strong>Variant filtering and annotation pipelines used to intersect gnomAD v3 data (common variants) with EEs. <strong>GWAS_analysis</strong>Overlaps of GWAS loci with EEs to identify potential trait- and disease-associated variants in coding enhancer regions. <strong>PanCancer_analysis</strong>Pan-cancer somatic mutation data (TCGA) intersected with EEs, files of differential expression.&nbsp; <strong>UCSC_trackhub</strong>Ready-to-use track hub configurations for visualizing EEs, TF binding, and variant positions in the UCSC Genome Browser. How to Cite &nbsp; If you use this dataset or associated methods in your research, please cite both this Zenodo repository and the corresponding manuscript: Mouren J-C, Torres M, Van-Ouwerkerk A, Manosalva I, Gallardo F, Spicuglia S, Ballester B. &nbsp;<strong>Supplementary Data - Exonic enhancers are a widespread class of dual-function regulatory elements. </strong><em>Zenodo</em><strong>.</strong> [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15079251] Mouren J-C, Torres M, Van-Ouwerkerk A, Manosalva I, Gallardo F, Spicuglia S, Ballester B. &nbsp;<strong>Exonic enhancers are a widespread class of dual-function regulatory elements</strong>. (<em>In prep - journal</em>). [DOI] Contact For questions regarding the data, analysis scripts, or methods, please contact:<strong>Jean-Christophe Mouren &amp; Benoit Ballester</strong>Aix Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, UMR 1090jean-christophe.mouren@inserm.fr &amp; benoit.ballester@inserm.fr <em>We hope this repository serves as a valuable resource for further research into exonic enhancers and their roles in gene regulation, evolution, and disease.</em>