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1
Lawton, W. O. Increasing your travel profits: Employing outside salespeople to increase the profits of small travel agencies. Pub. Connections, 1997.
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3
Kraakman, Reinier H. Reinventing the outside director: An agenda for institutional investors. Law and Economics Programme, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1991.
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4
Nursing, Royal College of. Agenda for Change and nurses emplyed outside of the NHS. Royal College of Nursing, 2004.
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5
Hofmann, Kay H. Co-financing Hollywood film productions with outside investors: An economic analysis of principal agent relationships in the U.S. motion picture industry. Springer Gabler, 2013.
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6
OSHA's regulatory agenda: Changing long-standing policies outside the public rulemaking process : hearing before the Subcommittee on Workforce Protections, Committee on Education and the Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, hearing held in Washington, DC, February 4, 2014. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
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7
Heylighen, Francis, and Shima Beigi. Mind Outside Brain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0005.
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We approach the problem of the extended mind from a radically non-dualist perspective. The separation between mind and matter is an artifact of the mechanistic worldview, which leaves no room for mental phenomena such as agency, intentionality, or experience. We propose to replace it by an action ontology, which conceives mind and matter as aspects of the same network of processes. By adopting the intentional stance, we interpret the catalysts of elementary reactions as agents exhibiting desires, intentions, and sensations. Autopoietic networks of reactions constitute more complex super-agents, which exhibit memory, deliberation and sense-making. In the case of social networks, individual agents coordinate their actions via the propagation of challenges. The distributed cognition that emerges cannot be situated in any individual brain. This non-dualist, holistic view extends and operationalizes process metaphysics and Eastern philosophies. It is supported by both mindfulness experiences and mathematical models of action, self-organization, and cognition.
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Guhin, Jeffrey. Agents of God. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190244743.001.0001.
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In Agents of God, sociologist Jeffrey Guhin describes his year and a half spent in two Sunni Muslim and two Evangelical Christian high schools in the New York City area. At first, these four schools could not seem more different, yet they are linked by much: these are all schools with conservative thoughts on gender and sexuality, with a hostility to the theory of evolution, and with a deep suspicion of secularism. And they are all also hopeful that America will be a place where their children can excel, even as they also fear the nation’s many temptations might lead their children astray. Guhin shows how these school communities use boundaries of politics, gender, and sexuality to distinguish themselves from the outside world, both in school and online. Within these boundaries, these communities have developed “external authorities” like Science, Scripture, and Prayer, each of which is felt and experienced as a real power with the ability to make commands and coerce action. For example, people can describe Science itself as showing something or the Bible itself as making a command. By offloading coercion to these external authorities, leaders in these schools are able to maintain a commitment to religious freedom while simultaneously reproducing their moral commitments in their students. Drawing on extensive classroom observation, community participation, and interviews with students, teachers, and staff, this book makes an original contribution to religious studies, sociology, and education.
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Roderick, Munday. 11 The Tortious Liabilities of Principal and Agent. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784685.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the personal liabilities incurred by both principals and agents for the torts they commit. An agent is personally liable for torts committed in the course of the agency that occasion damage to a third party, irrespective of whether the agent was acting within or outside the principal’s authority. The tortious liability of the principal is more varied. A principal is personally liable for torts which the agent has been authorized to commit. In addition, the principal is also vicariously liable for torts committed by the agent in the course of employment. Finally, as in the case of master and servant, when the principal is liable for the tortious acts of the agent, technically principal and agent are joint tortfeasors and enjoy rights of contribution against one another under the Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978. The chapter looks at common forms of tortious liability affecting agency.
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Schechter, Elizabeth. Dual Intentional Agency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809654.003.0003.
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This chapter defends the 2-agents claim, according to which the two hemispheres of a split-brain subject are associated with distinct intentional agents. The empirical basis of this claim is that, while both hemispheres are the source or site of intentions, the capacity to integrate them in practical reasoning no longer operates interhemispherically after split-brain surgery. As a result, the right hemisphere-associated agent, R, and the left hemisphere-associated agent, L, enjoy intentional autonomy from each other. Although the positive case for the 2-agents claim is grounded mainly in experimental findings, the claim is not contradicted by what we know of split-brain subjects’ ordinary behavior, that is, the way they act outside of experimental conditions.
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Brownstein, Michael. Caring, Implicit Attitudes, and the Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633721.003.0004.
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Across both virtue and vice cases, spontaneity has the potential to give rise to actions that seem “unowned.” Agents may lack self-awareness, control, and reasons-responsiveness in paradigmatic cases. But these are actions nevertheless, in the sense that they are not mere happenings. While agents may be passive in an important sense when acting spontaneously, they are not thereby necessarily victims of forces acting upon them (from either “outside” or “inside” their own bodies and minds). The central claim of this chapter is that spontaneous actions can be, in central cases, “attributable” to agents, by which I mean that they reflect upon the character of those agents. This claim is made on the basis of a care-based theory of attributability. Attributability licenses (in principle) what some theorists call “aretaic” appraisals. These are evaluations of an action in light of an agent’s character or morally significant traits.
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Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0018.
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Identifying an ‘offer’ is usually the first step in the traditional scheme for establishing that a contract has been concluded. This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which requires a proposal that is ‘sufficiently definite’ and ‘indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound upon acceptance’. These two requirements parallel those set out in Art 2.1.1 with respect to conduct of the parties ‘sufficient to show agreement’ in situations outside the usual offer-and-acceptance framework of negotiations. Arguably, however, ‘Art 2.1.14 shows that sufficient definiteness is merely accessory to the parties' intention to be bound’; the latter will be given effect unless indefiniteness reaches ‘the point where construction becomes impossible’. Art 2.1.2 addresses the intention to be bound in public proposals, tenders, quotes, letters of intent or comfort.
13
Fee, Gary M. The official outside sales travel agent manual. Travel Support Systems, Inc, 1992.
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14
Eileen, Denza. Professional or Commercial Activity by Diplomat. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0049.
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This chapter examines Article 42 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which specifies the professional or commercial activity done by a diplomat. Article 42 states that a diplomatic agent shall not practise for personal profit any professional or commercial activity in the receiving State. The basis of the Article comes from the notion that it would give the sending State assurance that its diplomatic agents abroad would limit their activities to their official duties. It would assist the receiving State by eliminating difficult problems, and would enhance the dignity of the diplomatic corps accredited to its government. Lastly, it would serve to protect diplomatic agents from any suggestion that they might be using the prestige of their office to further their outside interests. In addition, the chapter also describes the relationship between Article 42 and Articles 31.1 (c) which deals with immunity and 34 (d) which tackles taxes on private income.
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Mason, Elinor. Ways to be Blameworthy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833604.001.0001.
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This book examines the relationship between our deontic notions, rightness and wrongness, and our responsibility notions, praise- and blameworthiness. The book presents a pluralistic view of both our deontic concepts and our responsibility concepts, identifying three different ways to be blameworthy. First, ordinary blameworthiness is essentially connected to subjective rightness and wrongness. Subjective obligation and ordinary blameworthiness apply only to those who are within our moral community, that is to say, those who understand and share our value system. By contrast, the second sort of blameworthiness, detached blameworthiness, can apply even when the agent is outside our moral community, and has no sense that her act is morally wrong. We blame agents for acting objectively wrongly, even if we do not have any view about their state of mind in so doing. Finally, the third sort of blameworthiness is ‘extended blameworthiness’, which applies in some contexts where the agent has acted wrongly, and understands the wrongness, but has acted wrongly entirely inadvertently. In such cases the agent is not personally at fault but the social context may be such that she should take responsibility, and thus become blameworthy.
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Marshall, Colin. Beyond the Present. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809685.003.0006.
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This chapter argues that subjects can be in touch with things outside their immediate environment, and applies this conclusion to compassion. Three cases of being in touch with spatial properties are considered, in which subjects “see in their mind’s eye,” episodically remember, and vividly anticipate properties of objects. Though none of these states are perceptions in the familiar sense, it is argued that they share some of perception’s irreplaceable epistemic goodness. Differences in being in touch are then found to coincide with intuitive moral distinctions in cases in which agents are or are not pained by spatially distant, past, and future pains. Finally, a potential objection is addressed about agents becoming ineffective through getting caught up in some thought of distant pain.
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Churchill, Robert Paul. Providing Protection and Leveraged Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468569.003.0007.
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This is the first of three chapters on protecting girls and women at risk and bringing about the end of honor killing. These short-term, emergency measures are understood as occurring while other efforts are made to achieve the long-term abolition of honor killing. Also examined are possibilities for leveraging change; that is, changing behaviors through pressures from outside honor–shame communities and through pressures that are coercive. Emergency interventions discussed include those tested elsewhere as well as new initiatives. Insofar as possible, trusted members of local communities should administer emergency interventions. Interventions include hotlines, smartphone apps, information networks, mobile crisis teams, observer-informants, shelters, halfway houses, family centers, granting asylum, and others. The objective of leveraged change, primarily initiated by outside change agents, is to make continuing honor killings too costly. Recommended leveraging strategies include legal reforms, moral entrepreneurship, initiative by media and national elites, and decreasing learned and socialized aggression.
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Agency in the Margins: Stories of Outsider Rhetoric. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2010.
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1967-, Stockdell-Giesler Anne Meade, ed. Agency in the margins: Stories of outsider rhetoric. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2009.
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21
Bramham, Kate, and Catherine Nelson-Piercy. Pregnancy after renal transplantation. Edited by Norbert Lameire and Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0299_update_001.
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There is now experience of many thousands of pregnancies over more than 50 years of renal transplantation. Most such patients have some degree of hypertension and chronic kidney disease, and as expected their rates of complications are substantially higher than those of age-matched controls. However, rates of successful pregnancy are now high and pregnancy is no longer an unusual event in transplanted patients. As for other patients with chronic kidney disease, additional risks depend on pre-pregnancy glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and hypertension. Fertility returns rapidly after transplantation but delay of at least a year is usually recommended to be sure of stable graft function and drug dosage. Early discussion of these issues with women of childbearing age is essential as drug regimens may need to be altered to agents of known safety, and to stress the importance of planning the pregnancy. The combination of tacrolimus and azathioprine with or without low-dose prednisolone is probably the most common, but in many centres agents such as mycophenolate mofetil, which is teratogenic, are commonly used. Blood pressure should be well controlled as outside pregnancy but some drugs are contraindicated and others are best avoided.
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Sokol, Bryan W., Katie Gauthier Donnelly, Justin M. Vilbig, and Katie Monsky. Cultural Immersion as a Context for Promoting Global Citizenship and Personal Agency in Young Adults. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0024.
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Immersive educational experiences are a form of experiential learning that typically involve intensive instruction, reflection, and exposure to complex social issues, often taking participants outside of their “comfort zones” to critically examine their own preconceived notions and biases. This chapter argues that well-designed, intercultural immersion experiences capitalize on key developmental areas in emerging young adults who are navigating diverse perspectives, exploring new identities, and searching for deeper meaning and responsibility. Emerging adults are primed to take advantage of such intercultural immersion opportunities, making even short-term experiences a viable option for intense personal reflection and growth. In addition to promoting healthy developmental pathways in young people, such experiences also benefit the civic well-being of communities by encouraging youth to become agents of social change.
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van der Linden, Marcel. Notes from an Outsider. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128831.003.0017.
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This final chapter concludes the volume with a commentary on the previous essays. It praises the collaborative work of experts for providing a database of interpretation and case studies that offer more than a medley of bare fact. The chapter also provides a summary of the contributions in the collection, covering maritime labour power; economic and maritime developments; the labour market; the hunting and fishing industry; navy; war; technology; recruitment; quantifying the seafaring pool; ages; and wages.
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Wielenberg, Erik J. Agency and Responsibility in a Natural World. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.38.
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This chapter examines the question of whether key features expected from moral conduct, such as freedom, choice, agency, and responsibility, can sufficiently exist within the natural world as understood by science. A secular, naturalistic view of the universe excludes the existence of nonphysical souls standing outside of the physical universe yet able to causally influence it, and it excludes the existence of a nonphysical deity that could be responsible for human agency and responsibility. Absent those possibilities, this chapter considers the prospects for freedom in a naturalistic universe, together with the issue of what sort of freedom (if any) is required for agency and moral responsibility. Three models of naturalistic agency are explained and discussed: compatibilism, event-causal libertarianism, and agent-causal libertarianism.
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Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. Agencification and Location. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 offers a large-N study on whether the geographical location of government agencies affects public governance. Two decades of New Public Management have placed agencification high on the agenda of administrative policymakers. Moreover, agencies organized at arm’s length from ministerial departments have sometimes also been located outside of the capital or political centre. Although practitioners tend to assign weight to location as regards political-administrative behaviour, this relationship has been largely ignored by scholars in the field. This chapter shows that agency autonomy, agency influence, and inter-institutional coordination seem to be relatively unaffected by agency site. The chapter also specifies some conditions under which this finding is valid.
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Duquet, Sanderijn, and Jan Wouters. Legal Duties of Diplomats Today. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795940.003.0015.
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While scholarly discussion on diplomatic law tends to focus on privileges and immunities, the VCDR has also codified provisions on duties incumbent on individual diplomats—most notably in Article 41, which includes the duty to respect local laws and obligations, the duty of non-interference, and the duty not to use mission premises ‘in any manner incompatible’ with diplomatic functions. This chapter traces the development of the scope of individual responsibility since the entry into force of the VCDR. It investigates the nature of diplomatic duties and their significance on the basis of diplomatic law, but also local law and human rights law. It also assesses options available to receiving States to hold diplomatic agents to account and to increase respect for local regulations outside the field of judicial enforcement. Examples from State practice are used to illustrate the sanctions adopted by receiving States in this context.
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Eileen, Denza. Immunity from Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0032.
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This chapter examines Article 31.1 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which deals with a diplomatic agent’s immunity from criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State. In addition, the agent shall enjoy immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction, except in the case of (a) a real action relating to private immovable property; (b) an action relating to succession in which the diplomatic agent is involved as executor, administrator, heir or legatee as a private person and not on behalf of the sending State; and (c) an action relating to any professional or commercial activity outside his official functions. As inviolability was becoming recognised, it would have been unusual for criminal proceedings to take place without prior arrest and detention of the accused. Immunity from civil and administrative jurisdiction, which is less obviously coercive in character, was the next to become established of the basic rules of diplomatic law.
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Deng, Gary, and Barrie Cassileth. Integrative oncology in palliative medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0417.
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Patients under palliative care, facing poor prognoses and a heavy symptom burden, often seek health-care practices and agents outside of mainstream medicine. Collectively these modalities often are termed ‘complementary and alternative medicine’ (CAM), to describe a diverse group of therapies that range from unproved alternative ‘cures’ offering false hope, to adjunctive complementary therapies that provide legitimate supportive care and that comprise integrative oncology. Although complementary therapies and alternative approaches are sometimes discussed under the single umbrella of CAM, it is clinically and conceptually necessary to distinguish between complementary and ‘alternative’ because they are profoundly different, and because there are no viable ‘alternatives’ to mainstream cancer care. The acronym is an easy but incorrect and counterproductive conflation of two unrelated approaches. This chapter summarizes the state of integrative medicine and medical oncology in the current health-care system. It discusses helpful complementary therapies applicable to palliative medicine and also describes the unproven alternatives that are widely proffered to patients and families internationally.
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Great Britain. Department of the Environment. and Great Britain Welsh Office, eds. 'Unassisted' agency services: A study of agency services set up outside the Department of the Environment and Welsh Office initiative. H.M.S.O., 1990.
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30
Cambie, RC, and AA Brewis. Anti-Fertility Plants of the Pacific. CSIRO Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100626.
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There is a growing appreciation of traditional medical systems as a source of considerable knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants. Traditional medicines have the potential to offer leads to identifying potentially valuable chemicals that can be developed into new and more effective drugs, including safer contraceptives. 
 The Pacific region is an excellent arena in which to search for such chemicals as: the area contains plant species not found elsewhere; there is every indication that many of the plants used more generally in traditional Pacific medicine may be efficacious – of 74 plants surveyed in one study 86% showed pharmacological activity; and in many Pacific traditions, knowledge of medicinal use is transmitted between generations as part of an inherited body of ethnomedical knowledge. 
 This book documents all the available information on plants that have been used traditionally for anti-fertility and fertility purposes in the Pacific region, and indicates which of these plants hold the most promise for providing new anti-fertility agents. It also records instances in which the plant has been used outside the region.
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Burdett, Charles, Loredana Polezzi, and Barbara Spadaro, eds. Transcultural Italies. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789622553.001.0001.
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The history of Italians and of modern Italian culture stems from multiple experiences of mobility and migration: between the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century 27 million Italians migrated, and 60 to 80 million people worldwide now see their identity as connected with the Italian diaspora. Since the time of Italian unification a series of narratives about mobility has been produced both inside and outside the boundaries of Italy by agents such as the Italian state, international organizations, and migrant communities themselves. The essays in Transcultural Italies interrogate the inherently dynamic nature of Italian identity and culture. They do so by focusing on the key concepts and practices of mobility, memory, and translation. The essays represent a contrapuntal series of case studies that together offer a fresh perspective on the study of modern and contemporary Italy. The aim of the volume is to advance the transnational turn that is presently reshaping the field of Italian Studies and Modern Languages. The essays in the volume explore the meanings that ‘transnational’ and ‘transcultural’ assume when applied to the notion of Italian culture.
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Fiddian, Robin. Consolidating the Postcolonial Agenda. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794714.003.0005.
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This chapter complements preceding analyses with coverage of themes including language, River Plate identity, self and other, and the contribution of Borges’s family line to the literary tradition of Argentina and beyond. Poems studied include ‘Alexander Selkirk’, in which Borges rewrites the Robinson Crusoe narrative, and ‘El forastero’/‘The Stranger’ (also translatable as ‘The Outsider’), which is read in a geopolitical light. The chapter devotes attention to the poem, ‘España’/‘Spain’, which gives prominence to Iberian influences on Borges and his view of Argentina. Authors studied include Cervantes and Quevedo, and William (Guillermo) Hudson, who is an example of cultural ‘crossing-over’ much admired by Borges. An essay on Edward FitzGerald and Omar Khayyam is a rich source of observations on relations between East and West and a critique of the assumptions of the Victorian English establishment.
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Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Thomas Grisaffi, eds. Cocaine. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021957.
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The contributors to Cocaine analyze the contemporary production, transit, and consumption of cocaine throughout the Americas and the illicit economy's entanglement with local communities. Based on in-depth interviews and archival research, these essays examine how government agents, acting both within and outside the law, and criminal actors seek to manage the flow of illicit drugs to both maintain order and earn profits. Whether discussing the moral economy of coca cultivation in Bolivia, criminal organizations and drug traffickers in Mexico, or the routes cocaine takes as it travels into and through Guatemala, the contributors demonstrate how entire ways of life are built around cocaine commodification. They consider how the authority of state actors is coupled with the self-regulating practices of drug producers, traffickers, and dealers, complicating notions of governance and of the relationships between economic and moral economies. The collection also outlines a more progressive drug policy that acknowledges the important role drugs play in the lives of those at the urban and rural margins. Contributors. Enrique Desmond Arias, Lilian Bobea, Philippe Bourgois, Anthony W. Fontes, Robert Gay, Paul Gootenberg, Romain Le Cour Grandmaison, Thomas Grisaffi, Laurie Kain Hart, Annette Idler, George Karandinos, Fernando Montero, Dennis Rodgers, Taniele Rui, Cyrus Veeser, Autumn Zellers-León
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Woodhead, Linda. 6. Christianity in the modern world. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199687749.003.0007.
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During the modern period, Christianity has changed in rapid and unprecedented ways. Church, Biblical, and Mystical Christianity can still be discerned, but they flow together in new combinations, taking shape not in new churches and denominations, but in movements that flow through them and mould their agendas—most importantly Christian liberalism, evangelicalism and fundamentalism, Pentecostalism, and Charismatic revival. ‘Christianity in the modern world’ describes these movements and concludes that the late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen the ties between Christianity and the west loosening and secularism and ‘non-religion’ growing. The most vital and fast-growing forms of Christianity have flourished outside the west, taking the religion’s agenda in many new directions.
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1952-, Davis Kathleen, and Altschul Nadia, eds. Medievalisms in the postcolonial world: The idea of the "Middle Ages" outside Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
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36
Lawford-Smith, Holly. Not In Their Name. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833666.001.0001.
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Given their size and influence, states are able to inflict harm far beyond the reach of a single individual. But there is a great deal of unclarity about exactly who is implicated in that kind of harm, and how we should think about both culpability and responsibility for it. The idea of popular sovereignty is dominant in classical political theory. It is a commonplace assumption that democratic publics both authorize and have control over what their states do; that their states act in their name and on their behalf. Not In Their Name approaches these assumptions from the perspective of social metaphysics, asking whether the state is a collective agent, and whether ordinary citizens are members of that agent. If it is, and they are, there is a clear case for democratic collective culpability. The book explores alternative conceptions of the state and of membership in the state; alternative conceptions of collective agency applied to the state; the normative implications of membership in the state; and both culpability (from the inside) and responsibility (from the outside) for what the state does. Ultimately, Not In Their Name argues for the exculpation of ordinary citizens and the inculpation of those working in public services, and defends a particular distribution of culpability from government to its members.
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M. N. M.N. Nguyen. It Is Too Peopley Outside 2020 Weekly Planner: 2020 Jan to Dec, Weekly and Monthly View Planner, Organizer, Diary, Agenda. Independently Published, 2019.
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38
Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 12. The constitution of the company: dealing with outsiders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811831.003.0012.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter explores the legal aspects of transactions made with those outside the company (called outsiders or third parties), with emphasis on how they are determined to be legitimate and binding on the company. It also discusses the ultra vires doctrine and the three particular issues that make it a very tricky problem for the courts; the inclusion of the benefit of the company criterion to the ultra vires issue; the reform of ultra vires; and the application of the general principles of agency in determining whether the company is bound by a particular transaction. The chapter concludes by analysing reforms in the Companies Act 2006 concerning the authority of directors to bind the company or authorise others to do so.
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Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 12. The constitution of the company: dealing with outsiders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198753285.003.1173.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter explores the legal aspects of transactions made with those outside the company (called outsiders or third parties), with emphasis on how they are determined to be legitimate and binding on the company. It also discusses the ultra vires doctrine and the three particular issues that make it a very tricky problem for the courts; the inclusion of the benefit of the company criterion to the ultra vires issue; the reform of ultra vires; and the application of the general principles of agency in determining whether the company is bound by a particular transaction. The chapter concludes by analysing reforms in the Companies Act 2006 concerning the authority of directors to bind the company or authorise others to do so.
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Black, Kathleen. Top 1% Life: The Real Estate Agent's Guide to Free up Your Time, Build Your Business with Confidence, and Finally Have a Life Outside. Morgan James Publishing, 2021.
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41
Homburg, Stefan. A Study in Monetary Macroeconomics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.001.0001.
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The Great Recession of 2008/09 and its aftermath present a major challenge to macroeconomics. Many researchers think that prevailing models fail to grasp essential aspects of recent developments, including unprecedented monetary policies and interest rates at the zero lower bound. Approaches that focus on steady states, rational expectations, and individuals planning over infinite horizons are not suitable for analyzing such abnormal situations. This text does not criticize the traditional approach but aims at improvement. The study’s distinctive feature is a rich institutional structure that includes elements such as credit money, external finance, borrowing constraints, net worth, real estate, and commercial banks. To cope with such a complex setting, the text reduces rationality requirements but adheres to the method of dynamic general equilibrium (DGE) with optimizing agents and fully specified models. Results are derived from mathematical reasoning and simulations. Starting with a simple baseline model, the argument is developed step by step in a unified framework that covers almost everything of interest for monetary macroeconomists. The topics discussed include the superneutrality of money, the Tobin effect, monetary policy under sticky prices and wages, but also liquidity traps with borrowing constraints, Fisherian debt-deflations, housing cycles, and environments with excess bank reserves. The text addresses researchers worldwide and may prove useful for teaching postgraduate and advanced graduate courses. The principle objective is to demonstrate that a “not-too-rational” DGE approach makes it possible to develop clean models that work outside steady states and are appropriate for answering macroeconomic questions of actual interest.
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Barkawi, Tarak. Empire and Order in International Relations and Security Studies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.164.
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International relations (IR) and security studies lack a coherent and developed body of inquiry on the issue of empire. The central focus of IR situates discussion of imperialism and hierarchy outside the core of the discipline, and on its fringes where scholars from other disciplines engage with IR and security studies literature. Similarly, security studies focus on major war between great powers, not “small wars” between the strong and the weak. The general neglect of empire and imperialism in IR and security studies can be attributed to Eurocentrism, of the unreflective assumption of the centrality of Europe and latterly the West in human affairs. In IR this often involves placing the great powers at the center of analysis, as the primary agents in determining the fate of peoples. Too easily occluded here are the myriad international relations of co-constitution, which together shape societies and polities in both the global North and South. In 1986, Michael Doyle published Empires, a thoughtful effort to systematize the historiography of empire and imperialism with social science concepts. It is rarely cited, much less discussed, in disciplinary literature. By contrast, the pair of articles he published in 1983 on Kant and the connection between liberalism and peace revived the democratic peace research program, which became a key pillar of the liberal challenge to realism in the 1990s and is widely debated. The reception of Doyle’s work is indicative of how imperialism can be present but really absent in IR and security studies.
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Scheele, Judith. Crossroads Regions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.18.
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While the Sahara was long seen as a barrier between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghrib, it has more recently been described as a bridge: scholarship has thus focused on trans-Saharan trade and migration. Both images exclude internal Saharan production, consumption, and agency: the “desert” remains an empty space that needs to be crossed and whose history is dictated by outside patterns of movement. This article suggests a different approach. It focuses on the circulation of goods, people, and ideas, traces patterns of internal connectivity, and denotes the close relationship among mobility, outside connections, and the making of place.
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Johnson, Magdalena. Schulische Inklusion in den USA - ein Lehrbeispiel für Deutschland?: Eine Analyse der Vermittlung von Ansätzen der Inklusion durch die Zusammenarbeit mit einem outside change agent. Klinkhardt, Julius, 2012.
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Elgie, Robert, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. A Framework for a Comparative Politics of France. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.1.
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The larger comparative theory-building and stocktaking goals and questions, and the plan of the book, are presented in this chapter. The major dynamics and developments of French political life are discussed in terms of explaining and understanding the evolution of French politics. The next section provides an overview of French political science to situate the analysis of the study of French politics both inside and outside France in the chapters that follow. The outside-in/inside-out approach of the book is next highlighted in terms of how the vast majority of the chapters follow a common three-part comparative framework: the development of the study of French politics first outside and then inside France and then the emerging research agenda. The chapter then outlines the book’s structure in three sections: conceptual foundations, large-scale processes, and comparative politics dimensions—institutions; parties, elections, and voters; civil society; and policy and policymaking, both domestic and international.
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Birkinshaw, Julian, and Torben Pedersen. Strategy and Management In MNE Subsidiaries. Edited by Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0014.
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This article aims to review the large and growing literature on MNE subsidiaries, and to offer some perspectives on how it may evolve in the future. There is clearly some overlap between the content of this article — notably those concerned with the strategy and structure of the MNE as a whole, and the article about alliances and joint ventures in MNEs. What makes this article distinctive is its focus on the wholly-owned subsidiary company as the primary unit of analysis (where the subsidiary is defined as a value-adding activity outside the MNE's home country). The research reviewed here typically is concerned with the activities and/or responsibilities of the subsidiary company, and how the subsidiary company relates to other entities inside and outside the MNE. And from an applied perspective, it is typically directed towards the agenda of subsidiary managers.
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Hutchinson, Ben. Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198807278.001.0001.
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Comparative literature is both the past and the future of literary studies. Its history is intimately linked to the political upheavals of modernity: from colonial empire-building in the 19th century to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century. But what is comparative literature? Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction tells the story of comparative literature as an agent of international relations, from the point of view both of scholarship and of cultural history. Outlining the complex history and competing theories of comparative literature, it offers an accessible means of entry into a notoriously slippery subject, and shows the value and importance of encountering literature from outside one’s own culture.
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McDermott, Rose, and Peter K. Hatemi. DNA Is Not Destiny. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.41.
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Genetic influences are often misinterpreted to mean that an individual with a particular genotype is inevitably predisposed to engage in a given behavior or that genetic influences operate outside of human agency and social context. This chapter undertakes a qualitative investigation of a genetically informed (MAOA) sample to illustrate the critical differences between population estimates and individual accountability. The sample includes those whose lives have revolved around violence (e.g., gang members) and those whose lives are committed to peace (e.g., Buddhist monks). It is found that genotype alone cannot predict any one individual’s social behaviors, and it is argued that any decisions or legal precedents targeted toward predicting how a specific individual may act based on his or her DNA sequence require a more nuanced appreciation of how social factors, genetic dispositions, and personal experience intertwine in the context of human agency.
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Moreno-Brid, Juan Carlos, Esteban Pérez Caldentey, and Laura Valdez. Changing Challenges in the Modernization of Nacional Financiera. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0005.
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NAFINSA was essential to Mexico’s development process. It served as the financial agent of the Federal Government and provided preferential access to long-term finance favouring selected business interests and groups. With the Washington Consensus, its tasks were reduced to correcting for market failures, becoming a complement to commercial banks, and focusing on attending the market segments falling outside the scope of commercial bank activity (notably SMEs). Although it appears as a successful story of institutional transformation, on closer inspection, NAFINSA has not been able to overcome key obstacles and its success in alleviating credit restrictions is very limited. NAFINSA must recover some of its functions, prerogatives, and responsibilities as a policy bank to become relevant in strengthening financial intermediation for capital formation.
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Singleton, Brent D. Abdullah Quilliam’s International Influence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688349.003.0008.
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News concerning Abdullah Quilliam and his establishment of a community of British converts to Islam in Liverpool quickly spread across the world. This chapter agues that, as a well-placed convert in the heart of the British Empire, Quilliam symbolized many things to Muslim communities worldwide. Correspondingly, each group of Muslims perceived him in whatever light they needed to see him. The American converts to Islam saw a model, a mentor, and a mediator. For Muslims in the British Empire, particularly Africa, Quilliam provided a morale boost, a legitimatization for holding on to their religion and culture in the face of colonialism. Muslims outside of the British Empire considered Quilliam an agent for the spread of Islam in the West. This chapter discusses Quilliam’s relationship with these communities, focusing on American and West African Muslims.