Academic literature on the topic 'Outside Banks'
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Journal articles on the topic "Outside Banks"
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Abalkina, A., and K. Ivanova. "Expansion of Russian Banks outside Commonwealth of Independent States." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-5-21-30.
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The article investigates the patterns of Russian banks’ export of direct investments. The authors provide estimations of the Russian banks’ expansion outside the CIS countries based on statistical data and expert calculations. We also map the geographical presence of Russian banks and analyze their entry modes on foreign markets. Our findings suggest that Russian banks’ subsidiaries outside the CIS countries act as financial intermediates between Russian and foreign markets, their role as intermediates on local financial markets is still poor.
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CHAN, MIN-LEE, CHO-MIN LIN, HSIN-YU LIANG, and MING-HUA CHEN. "DOES CEO INCENTIVE PAY IMPROVE BANK PERFORMANCE? A QUANTILE REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF U.S. COMMERCIAL BANKS." Annals of Financial Economics 09, no. 02 (2014): 1440005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495214400053.
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The U.S. subprime crisis in 2008 have raised concerns about bank performance and the incentive pay of CEOs. Whether the CEO's incentive compensation improves bank performance deserves further investigation. This research studies the improvement in bank performance by examining the CEO incentive pay of 68 U.S. commercial banks from 1993 to 2005 using quantile regression (QR) analysis. The empirical evidence indicates that the relationship between bank performance and incentive pay does vary based on bank performance levels. Our results confirm that CEO incentive compensation improves the performance of high-performing banks and, at the same time, the accrued risks need to be taken into consideration and controlled through the efficient monitoring of outside directors. For low-performing banks, we find that outside directors have a significantly positive effect on performance regardless of whether such performance is adjusted or not adjusted. We suggest that banks with various performance levels require different mechanisms to enhance their performance. A "stick" approach consisting of efficient monitoring by outside directors may ensure that low-performing banks improve their performance improvements, whereas a "carrot" approach (i.e. CEO incentive pay) is appropriate for high-performing banks under risk controls and could also be accomplished through monitoring by outside directors.
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Huang, Chi-Jui. "Board, ownership and performance of banks with a dual board system: Evidence from Taiwan." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 2 (2010): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200002145.
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AbstractThe influence of corporate governance on a firm's performance has recently been studied in industrial enterprises in developed countries, but not in services such as banks with a dual board system in Asia's newly-industrialized economies (NIEs). This research examines the effects of board structure and ownership on a bank's performance using a sample of 41 commercial banks in an Asian NIE (Taiwan). Results showed that board size, numbers of outside directors, and family-owned shares are positively associated with bank performance, whereas the number of supervisory directors has a negative influence on performance. The findings provide empirical support for corporate governance, which improves the performance of banks with a dual board system in Taiwan.
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Huang, Chi-Jui. "Board, ownership and performance of banks with a dual board system: Evidence from Taiwan." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 2 (2010): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.16.2.219.
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AbstractThe influence of corporate governance on a firm's performance has recently been studied in industrial enterprises in developed countries, but not in services such as banks with a dual board system in Asia's newly-industrialized economies (NIEs). This research examines the effects of board structure and ownership on a bank's performance using a sample of 41 commercial banks in an Asian NIE (Taiwan). Results showed that board size, numbers of outside directors, and family-owned shares are positively associated with bank performance, whereas the number of supervisory directors has a negative influence on performance. The findings provide empirical support for corporate governance, which improves the performance of banks with a dual board system in Taiwan.
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Li, Yan, Ruichang Lu, and Anand Srinivasan. "Relationship Bank Behavior during Borrower Distress." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 54, no. 3 (2018): 1231–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109018001084.
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This article provides a comprehensive examination of the time-series behavior of relationship banks around and during borrower distress. Relationship and outside loans have similar interest rates during distress and even 2 years prior to distress. Relative to outside loans in distress, relationship loans in distress have lower maturity. The fraction of bank lending given by relationship banks reduces during borrower distress. Overall, borrowers in distress do not derive benefits from relationship banks. These findings are inconsistent with models that suggest banks have an implicit commitment to help their borrowers in distress due to reputation concerns.
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Karimah, Anifatul, SS Dwiningwarni, H. Masyhadi, and Ali Muhajir. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KINERJA KEUANGAN DENGAN METODE CAR ANTARA PT. BRI (Persero) Tbk DAN PT. BNI (Persero) Tbk YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI." eBA Journal: Journal Economics, Bussines and Accounting 4, no. 2 (2018): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32492/eba.v4i2.616.
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Banks are financial institutions that play an important role in the economy of a country. Therefore, the existence of a healthy bank is very necessary. This study aims to compare the financial performance of Indonesian people's banks (BRI) and Indonesian state banks (BNI) based on financial ratio analysis listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2012-2016. The study uses the CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio) method in which the ratio shows how far all bank assets that contain risks (credit, participation, securities, bills at other banks) are also financed from the bank's own capital funds in addition to obtaining funds from sources sources outside the bank, such as community funds, loans (debts), etc. ... The results of this study indicate that the CAR ratio in BRI is better than that of BNI banks. This proves that the CAR ratio and financial performance at BRI banks are better than BNI banks. Because it can manage capital as well as possible and accommodate the risk of loss. The results also show that BRI is better known to the lower middle class.
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Muhammad, Izzadin Nur, and Noven Suprayogi. "PENGARUH FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL BANK SYARIAH TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN INVESTASI SURAT BERHARGA BANK SYARIAH." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 6, no. 4 (2020): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol6iss20194pp672-686.
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Investments of securities performed by Islamic banks in addition to a liquidity instrument in the bank that is as an investment instrument for banks to obtain operating income other than the channeling of funds through financing to customers. The Bank's securities investment is influenced by external and internal factors within the bank. External factors are factors that occur outside the bank, external factors can not be controlled by the management of sharia banks. Internal factors are factors that occur due to decisions and phenomena within the internal bank, internal factors can be controlled by banks through managerial processes. External factors faced by banks such as economic and monetary conditions such as inflation and interest rates, money market conditions (exchange rate), customer character, regulations and others. Internal factors rely heavily on bank management in managing every liquid instrument within the sharia bank itself, such as asset and liability management.Keywords: Sharia Bank, Investment, SBSN, Liquid Instruments
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Asuan, Asuan. "TRANSAKSI PERBANKAN MELALUI INTERNET BANKING." Solusi 17, no. 3 (2019): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v17i3.220.
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Internet banking is one of the bank's services to customers to obtain information, communicate and conduct banking transactions through the internet network, the implementation of which customers already have a bank account, ATM and User ID and PIN to conduct banking transactions through internet banking based on article 1320 and 1338 Civil Code. Act Number 10 of 1998 concerning Banking in article 5 concerning types of banks, namely commercial banks and people's credit banks and article 40 regarding bank secrecy, including matters of banking transactions through internet banking and legal protection provided by banks regarding the confidentiality of customer data. Disputes on banking transactions through internet banking (banks and debtors) can be resolved by referring to agreements agreed upon by the parties, dispute resolution can be done through court (litigation) or outside the court (non-litigation) based on Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution in article 6 concerning general disputes that can be resolved through arbitration.
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van Loon, Eric, and Jakob de Haan. "Location of banks and their credit ratings." Journal of Risk Finance 16, no. 3 (2015): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-11-2014-0161.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether credit ratings of banks are related to their location, i.e. inside or outside the Euro Area. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate a multilevel ordered probit model for banks’ credit ratings in 2011 and control for bank-specific factors. They use the overall ratings and the external support ratings provided by Fitch as the dependent variable. Findings – Banks located in Euro Area member countries, on average, receive a higher credit rating from Fitch than banks located outside the Euro Area. Evidence for a “too-big-to-fail” and a “too-big-to-rescue” effect was also found. Research limitations/implications – The monetary union effect on banks’ credit ratings may be affected by the period under investigation. The ratings refer to August 2011, when the European sovereign debt crisis was at its height. This implies that, if anything, the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) effect is underestimated. Practical implications – Large banks in the Euro Area receive higher credit ratings, so they have a competitive advantage over small banks located outside the Euro Area. Social implications – The present evidence suggests that small European countries with an extensive banking sector will be better off if they are member of the European EMU. Originality/value – The relationship between location of banks and their credit ratings has hardly been researched before. The present evidence is directly related to a debate in the literature on this issue.
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Jaschek, C. "Standard Values and Information in Data Banks." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 111 (1985): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090007892x.
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This paper is an attempt to provide the background information necessary to find data outside of one's specialized field. The most important computer readable catalogs pertaining to the different stellar parameters are reviewed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Outside Banks"
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Lindqvist, Andreas. "Mimicking the insider : A study in the Swedish bank sector." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18331.
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Background: Achieving an abnormal return on your investment is something investors are trying to achieve. A lot of attempts have been made to try and find an investment strategy that always generates abnormal returns, although none has been proven to be absolute. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) proponents argue that when it comes to public available information, one could not get an abnormal advantage of this information. Behavioural Finance (BF) proponents however argue that there may still be possible for this due to human psychology. For markets to have the best possibilities for being efficient, it must be a large and competitive market where information transfers rapidly. When analysing aspects necessary for earning abnormal return for outsiders, there are indications that these aspects does exist and it might be profitable to mimic the insiders operating in the Swedish large-cap bank sector. The large-cap bank sector contains of Svenska Handelsbanken (SHB), Nordea, Swedbank and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB). Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore whether there exist an opportunity in the Swedish bank sector for outsiders to earn abnormal return based on insiders’ transactions. In the process an indirect test will be made to see if the semi-strong form of efficiency holds for the Swedish bank sector. Method: Observing the movements on the market when the information about insider trading becomes public. The results are tested for both statistical significance and economical significance. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to try and determine whether or not outsiders could mimic the insider’s transactions in order to earn abnormal return in the Swedish bank sector. However, based on this study this seems not to be possible in the overall sector. The signs that indicated that this would be possible for the Swedish large-cap banks turned out to be false. The result that showed statistical difference from zero was negative and it was therefore concluded that the insider did not predict the future very well. This leads to the conclusion that there are stronger factors than the sign of insiders’ transactions determine the future stock price. Since the insiders could not predict the future stock prices, any attempt from outsiders to try to exploit their information would not be beneficial. This resulted in the BF assumptions of under- and overreaction in the price did not occur in this study and instead the results turned out to be in line with the EMH description of semi-strong markets.<br>Bakgrund: Att uppnå överavkastning på sin investering är något investerare ständigt försöker uppnå. Många försök har gjorts för att försöka hitta en investeringsstrategi som alltid genererar överavkastningen, dock har inga gjorts som visat sig vara kontinuerliga. Den Effektiva Marknads Hypotesens förespråkare hävdar att när det gäller offentligt tillgänglig information kan man inte få onormal fördel av detta. Dock hävdar förespråkare för Behavioural Finance att detta fortfarande kan vara möjligt och att detta beror delvis på mänsklig psykologi. För att marknader ska ha de bästa möjligheterna för att vara effektiv, måste de vara stora och konkurrenskraftiga där information överförs snabbt. När man analyserar vissa aspekter som är nödvändiga för att tjäna överavkastningen för utomstående, verkar det finnas tecken på att detta skulle kunna vara möjligt genom att imitera insynshandel i den Svenska large-cap bank sektorn. Sektorn består av Handelsbanken (SHB), Nordea, Swedbank och Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB). Syfte: Är att undersöka om det finns en möjlighet för utomstående att få överavkastningen baserad på insynspersonernas transaktioner. I processen görs ett indirekt test för att se om den Svenska banksektorn uppnår semi-stark effektivitet. Metod: Observera rörelserna på marknaden när information om insynshandel blev allmänt. Resultatet testas för både statistisk och ekonomisk signifikans. Slutsats: Syftet med denna studie var att försöka avgöra huruvida utomstående kunde imitera insynspersonernas transaktioner för att tjäna onormal avkastning i den Svenska banksektorn. Baserat på denna studie verkar detta inte vara möjligt i den totala sektorn. De tecken som indikerade att detta skulle vara möjligt för visade sig vara falskt. Resultatet som visade statistisk skillnad från noll var negativt och därför drogs slutsatsen att insynspersonerna inte kunde förutsäga framtiden särskilt väl. Detta leder till slutsatsen att det finns starkare faktorer än insynspersoners transaktioner som avgör framtida aktiekurser. Eftersom insynspersoner inte kunde förutse de framtida aktiekurserna, skulle varje försök från en utomstående att försöka utnyttja detta inte vara fördelaktigt. Detta resulterade i fenomenet av under- och överreaktioner som BF förespråkade, inte förekom i denna studie. Istället visade resultatet sig vara i linje med EMH beskrivningen av semi-starka marknader.
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Bikourane, Nabil. "Performance boursière des fusions-acquisitions dans le secteur bancaire : influence des caractéristiques des conseils des banques initiatrices et des modalités de la transaction." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40034/document.
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Cette thèse étudie le lien entre les caractéristiques des conseils d’administration des banques acquéreuseset la performance boursière à court terme de celles-ci, analysée grâce à la méthodologie d’étude d’événement.L’objectif étant de vérifier si la structure des conseils contribue à l’atténuation des conflits d’intérêts àl’occasion des opérations de fusions-acquisitions (F&A) et crée, par conséquent, de la valeur. Deux effets ontété mis en avant. Le premier suppose une influence directe de chacune des caractéristiques du conseil sur lesrendements anormaux de l’acquéreur ; tandis que le second, introduit l’effet médiateur de la prime de contrôlepayée, en considérant que la structure du conseil influence le pouvoir de négociation de ses membres et leurengagement dans l’intérêt des actionnaires. Pour ces deux effets, nous contrôlons certains déterminants de laperformance relatifs à la transaction et aux banques impliquées.Nos résultats indiquent que les marchés financiers ont des attentes vis-à-vis des conseils lors de cesopérations, car nous avons relevé une incidence favorable sur les rendements anormaux de la présence depersonnalités extérieures en proportion significative au conseil de l’acquéreur et de l’absence de dualité dedirection dans celui-ci. Par ailleurs, en contrôlant le choix de la méthode de paiement, nous avons égalementrelevé que l’utilisation du cash est fortement associé à des rendements positifs pour l’acquéreur<br>This thesis analyzes the relationship between Board characteristics of acquiring Banks and short termStock Market reactions, measured with the Event Study Methodology. We examine if Board structure helps tolower conflict of interests during Mergers and Acquisitions, and creates Shareholder value. Two effects areanalysed. The first one supposes a direct influence of Board characteristics on the acquirer’s abnormal returns.The second one introduces a mediating effect of the premium, considering that Board structure affects itsmembers’ commitment. For both effects, we control some performance determinants relative to transactionand involved banks.Our results indicate that Financial Markets expect that Boards play an important role in acquisitions. Wefind a favourable impact of outside dominated Boards and the absence of duality on the acquirer's abnormalreturns. In addition, by controlling the method of payment, we obtain a significant and positive correlationbetween use of cash and acquirer's returns
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Hwang, Chii-Min, and 黃啟珉. "Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Banks inside and outside Plutocracy Holding Companies." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45378643726854382986.
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碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>金融營運所<br>92<br>The purpose of this study is to analyze the comparative efficiency on Banks inside and outside Plutocracy Holding Companies (PHCs). By using the Intermediation approach, we choose deposit, interest expense, salary expense, and fix assets as input variables, while loans, interest income, non-interest income, and the amount of invest as output variables. With DEA and Malmquist analysis, we examine operating performance, productivity change, and efficiency stability of banks, which is grouping into inside PHCs for 12 banks and outside PHCs for 39 banks.
For 2001 and 2002, the empirical results of cross-section analysis conclude that the total operating efficiency of banks inside PHCs was better than those outside PHCs, while the technical efficiency of banks inside PHCs was not superior to those outside PHCs. On the other hand, the scale efficiency of banks inside PHCs was not superior to those outside PHCs in 2001, but has been improved obviously in 2002. It shows that the advantage of banks inside PHCs was not distinct, probably because the economy is still under depression.
Empirical results of time-series analysis conclude that increasing productivity of banks no matter whether inside or outside PHCs. Increasing productivity can be attributed to increasing technical efficiency and productive technique, of which the latter is the most contributive one. It implies, under fierce competition, banks focus on improving and promoting varieties of derivatives for enhancing productivity and lowering management cost.
Moreover, banks inside PHCs have better performance efficiency than those outside PHCs. We also find that, no matter whether inside PHCs for improving scale efficiency, banks with DRC will reduce their scales, while those with IRC will increase their scales.
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Chang, Yuan-Ming, and 張原銘. "Efficiency Analysis on Banks inside and outside of Financial Holding Company." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25791912836361558196.
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碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>金融營運所<br>91<br>The purpose of this study is to explore the changes of operating efficiency of banks inside and outside the financial holding company before and after entering WTO officially between 2001 and 2002. We adopt the viewpoint of Intermediation Approach to regard the bank as agency institution providing financial services. We select deposit, interest expense, salary expense, and fix assets as input variables. Loans, interest income, non-interest income, and the amount of invest as output variables. We examine operating performance, the changes of productivity, and efficiency stability of 12 banks inside and 39 banks outside the financial holding company by means of DEA, Malmquist-Index analysis and Window analysis.
Empirical results of cross-section analysis conclude that operating efficiency of banks inside the financial holding company has been improved obviously after entering WTO officially in 2002. The major reason comes from the raise of scale efficiency but not pure technical efficiency. Operating efficiency of banks outside the financial holding company also has been improved obviously but due to the raise of both scale efficiency and pure technical efficiency.
Empirical results of vertical-section analysis conclude that increasing productivity of banks inside and outside the financial holding company after entering WTO officially in 2002. Increasing productivity can be referred to increasing technical efficiency and productive technique, and the overwhelming majority is due to increasing productive technique. Besides, banks inside the financial holding company is better than outside in operating efficiency and stability.
In conclusion, the policy of financial holding company is efficient. Whether banks inside the financial holding company or not, their operating efficiency has been improved. The establishment of financial holding company urges banks inside to improve efficiency but also outside. That proves the competition aggravation of overall circumstance results in average increasing efficiency of overall industry.
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KazuhikoKobori and 小堀和彦. "Impact of Outside Board Members from Main Banks on Earnings Management in Japan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w7eue3.
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博士<br>國立成功大學<br>國際企業研究所<br>104<br>There has been increasing interest in determining whether and how outside board members affect client firms’ financial reporting quality. Following this frontier, this study examines whether the outside board members from main bank groups are related to earnings management or not.
Using Japanese listed companies during sample period of 2006 - 2015, we confirm whether outside board members from main bank groups deter client firms’ earnings management. Our study found that main bank groups as well as commercial banks in main bank groups regulate client firms’ earnings management behaviour and affect the quality of corporate clients’ financial reporting in spite of the weakened main bank relationship.
Furthermore, in analysing the effect of J-SOX, main bank groups do not appear to regulate earnings management with regard to accounting discretion, discretionary accruals, but the main bank groups do deter client firms’ real earnings management. In particular, these banks have regulated manipulation of discretionary expenses since J-SOX. Our findings are consistent with the findings of Cohen, Dey and Lys (2008).
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Chou, Yu-ming, and 周宇明. "The Analysis of Operation Efficiency between Banks inside and outside of Financial Holding Companies." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8574rj.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>經濟學研究所<br>95<br>Abstract
After our country joins WTO, will face the strong capital competition pressure of the international large-scale financial institution, and after foreign businessman''s bank has grand capital, the industry manages completely dark, in the face of so strong impact country the financial market fluctuates and aggravates, has increased the operation pressure of the domestic banking, too. How to transform this pressure into helping hand, utilize aquistion and merger to consider complementarily , lower costs then improve the competitiveness, it is really the question which the banking of Taiwan needs to face at present.
Domestic aquistion and merger case or makes up the financial domain that the financial holding company has already affected 14 financial holding companies in Taiwan to reform with the operation pattern jointly at present, but these financial holding companies can reach the value expected and comprehensive result which is greater than two of one plus one ( Synergy ) The goal needs checking and tests directly.
It does not belong to the financial holding company at home to spy on put the independent bank, in case of financial market saturation, the profit shrinks, the income reduces by a wide margin, the quality of the assets is not good, so that is it put rate is it wait for numerous unfavourable factor to remain high to exceed, how face assets huge financial holding company lay big bank create life their extremely, whether it is influenced that purpose calls it and manages the performance; Establish financial holding company purpose is it can reach category economy and purpose of the large-scale production to call separately. Purpose of this research, focus on wanting to untie it under the trend of the international finance, can really improve the bank and manage the performance and business efficiency of independent bank to establish the financial holding company under the double pressure of the domestic trouble and foreign invasion and really not so good as finance holding company bank put.
Because of above-mentioned backgrounds and motives, so this text hope book probe into by document, materials collect and utilize materials not to make analytic approach of holding in place with a net ( Data Envelopment Analysis , abbreviated as DEA) ,displaying the result of study, it is by offering competent authorities or the financial holding company policymaker to the government and wanting to set up some reference suggestions of bank of the financial holding company.
Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis , The materials charter and hold analytic approach, technological efficiency, pure technological efficiency, scale efficiency
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Hsieh, Sui-chi, and 謝燧棋. "The Comparison and Analysis of Efficiency between Banks inside and outside of Financial Holding Company in Taiwan." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95654545700510437653.
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碩士<br>世新大學<br>經濟學研究所(含碩專班)<br>93<br>This study aims to understand whether the banks under the FHCs can make more performance? On my opinion, by polling 14 banks inside of FHCs and 33 independent banks outside of FHCs in Taiwan, making the comparison of efficiency with the data from July 2000 to June 2004, total through 16 quarters. Base on the input and output factors that decide to adopt the concept of Intermediation Approach, as the asset, personnel expense, interest payment and other payment are the input variables; also as the interest income, handling fee income, investment income and other income are the output variables.
We first manipulate the DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) model, as input orientated is the subject, we employ the CCR and BCC models to evaluate the technical efficiency(TE), pure technical efficiency(PTE), scale technical efficiency(SE), then using Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to evaluate the trend of productivity change. The final step, we employ the Tobit regression method, as the technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and the scale technical efficiency(SE) are the sure variables, and choose the other variables except input and output factors. Those include the capital adequacy ratio, the number of branches, the factor of the government is the major stockholder, ROA is the explanation variables to probe the other outside factors that effects the efficiencies. Pertinent study findings are concluded as follows:
1.Base on the efficiency value of each bank, we can get that the overall efficiency banks are Taishinbank and China Trust Bank in the16 quarters. The two banks are inside of FHCs. Besides, in the 16 quarters, the non-overall efficiency bank is Bank of Overseas Chinese, it is outside of FHCs.
2.Whatever is the TE, PTE, or in SE, the bank inside of FHCs is better than outside of FHCs.
3.Whatever is bank inside of FHCs or independent banks outside of FHCs, in the trend of efficiency change of the FHCs, the values of TE, PTE or SE all are declining.
4.Using Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to evaluate banks in the trend of productivity change in different period, compare with bank inside of FHCs and independent banks outside of FHCs, we got, whatever at the arrange and using of capital, the promotion of the production management technology or product innovation, the bank inside of FHCs is better than independent bank outside of FHCs.
5.Employ the Tobit regression as the capital adequacy ratio、the number of branches、 whether the government is the major stockholder and return on asset(ROA) to probe the possible effect efficiency factors. It discovers as follows: (1) technical efficiency (TE) with whether the government is the major stockholder at the 10% obvious level is showed negative relation; ROA at the 5% obvious level is showed negative relation.(2)pure technical efficiency(PTE) with the capital adequacy ratio and ROA at the 5% obvious level is showed positive relation; whether the government is the major stockholder at 1% obvious level is showed negative relation.(3) scale efficiency(SE) with the capital adequacy ratio at 1% obvious level is showed negative relation and whether the government is the major stockholder at 5% obvious level is showed negative relation.
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HUANG, HUI-FEN, and 黃慧芬. "A Study of Operating Efficiency between the Banks inside and outside of the Financial Holding Comanies-Using DEA." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77748470927225093680.
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碩士<br>開南大學<br>財務金融系碩士班<br>95<br>This study aims at analyzing the impacts of the newly created 12 financial holding companies in Taiwan upon the operating efficiency of theirs respective branch banks. Furthermore, the operating efficiency of other 23 independent banks in Taiwan are delineated and then compared with the operating efficiency of the branch banks affiliated with those financial holding companies. This research employs the secondary data from the year 2003 to 2006 to proceed this project and to attain its research objectives. Through Data Envelopment Analysis, using the input-oriented CCR model and BCC model calculates overall efficiency, pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency and scale return. Moreover, the Efficiency Reference Set and the Slack Variable Analysis provides the ways to improve the inputs or outputs of inefficient banks. Next we estimate the productivity growth rate in terms of the Malmquist Productivity Index to understand the productivity growth rate’s change of the banks. Finally, we test each efficiency differential and the productivity growth rate differential between the banks affiliated to the financial holding companies and those not affiliated to the financial holding companies by using the Mann-Whitney U test. The research result reveals that: There is no significant efficiency and productivity growth rate differential between the banks inside and outside of the financial holding companies. In conclusion, the operating efficiency of the branch banks have not being improved by the creation of the financial holding companies alone. The optimal internal-resources allocation is the key factor for improving the operating efficiency of the branch banks affiliated with the financial holding companies.
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Liao, Kuei-yin, and 廖桂櫻. "Efficiency Analysis on Banks inside and outside of Financial Holding Company in Taiwan-Data Envelopment Analysis, 2004-2007." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e94g94.
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碩士<br>世新大學<br>財務金融學研究所(含碩專班)<br>96<br>Banking industry has been playing an important role in the process of economic development of Taiwan. The relationship between the administration of bank and national economical growth is tightly significant. In order to upgrade efficiency in the administration of financial institution, the government has signed the “The financial holding company law” into the law since June 2001. The target of this law is to develop the policy of the unification of monetary management and supervision through the integration of financial institution.
In this thesis, the analysis was executed by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The input variables for this method include bank branch office number, employee expense and interest expenditure, and the output variables include interest revenue, loan and discount. Based on these input and output variables, this research has evaluated the difference of efficiency measure between the banks that joined financial holding companies and other banks that did not join financial holding companies. It is noted that the banks listed on the TSE and the OTC in Taiwan were selected as the samples and the historical data were utilized from 2004 to 2007.
The research results indicate the rank for first three places on bank performance repeats often each year. Moreover, both the investment and output items chosen by the author show the similar situation of excessive investment and few outputs. On the basis of the research analyses, It is suggested that not only the banks joined financial holding companies but also the banks did not join financial holding companies should strengthen the change rate of production technology. The mean values of CCR, BCC, and MPI in the above two kinds of banks do not reveal the significant difference under the non-parametric Mann and Whitney test (U-test). It highlights that the performance management of the former (banks that joined financial holding companies) is not superior to that of the latter（banks that did not join financial holding companies）.
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Alagaratnam, Stephen T. "The impact of outside directors and the board on the financial performance of large federally-chartered savings and loans banks in the United States of America." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ82766.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2002. Graduate Programme in Administrative Studies.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-193). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ82766.
Books on the topic "Outside Banks"
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Canada, Bank of, ed. By all accounts: Outside perspectives on the Bank of Canada. Bank of Canada = Banque du Canada, 2010.
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Kincaid, Paul. Outside Context Problems. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041013.003.0003.
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At the height of his career, Banks abandoned the Culture for two very different science fiction novels. Against a Dark Background presented an extreme capitalism that was a deliberate contrast to the communist character of the Culture; while Feersum Endjinn presented a structurally complex and linguistically dense account of a world in collapse. Civil war as a political manifestation of Laing’s divided self would also inform subsequent works of the Scottish fantastic, notably Whit and A Song of Stone. His return to the Culture with Excession and its companion Look to Windward were, it is proposed, intended to end the sequence by addressing the Sublime as a form of the death of civilization.
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Tschoegl, Adrian E. Regulation of Foreign Banks: Policy Formation in Countries Outside the United States. New York Univ Stern School of, 1991.
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Global survey of permissible activities for banking organizations in major financial centers outside the U.S.--Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and a report on financial developments in the European Economic Community. The Institute, 1992.
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Charles, Proctor. Part B Merger, Reorganization, and Insolvency of Banks, 12 Cross-Border Reorganization and Winding Up of Banks. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0012.
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This chapter focuses on the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Reorganisation and Winding up of Credit Institutions. It discusses the scope of the Directive; the impact of the Directive in the context of the reorganization or winding up of an EU credit institution; the consequences of the Directive in relation to the insolvency of institutions established outside the European Economic Area (EEA); and the assistance which the English courts may provide to the liquidator or receiver of a foreign financial institution.
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Siklos, Pierre L. Central Banks into the Breach. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.001.0001.
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The book covers the global economy and the various pressures faced by central banks. It also provides some ideas for reforming existing monetary policy strategies. The events of the past fifteen years in monetary policy are essentially the story of two mistakes, one triumph, and the real possibility of another mistake to come. Prior to the global financial crisis, many central bankers were glib about the connection between finance and the real economy. This is partly because the last three decades saw many financial crises with apparently little lasting impact on the global economy. Another mistake was the failure to adequately appreciate how interconnected the world’s financial systems had become. The triumph was the recognition that price stability is a desirable objective. Whether low and stable inflation is the cause or the consequence of economic performance during the past three decades remains hotly debated, however. There is also the prospect of another financial shock to come. The outlook at the end of 2016 is clouded by at least three sets of forces. On the domestic front, central banks face a difficult and protracted exit from ultra-loose monetary policies; it is largely a problem of their own making. There is also an unwillingness to implement needed structural economic reforms that lie outside the scope of monetary policy. On the international front, there is limited appetite for cooperation and differences in views about the proper role and function of central banks. Central banking is not broken, but it is in need of repair.
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Fortune World Business Directory/1990 (Includes 1989 Rankings : the 500 Largest Industrials and the 100 Largest Banks Outside the U.S....). Fortune Directories, 1991.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part VI Bank Group Supervision, 24 Group Supervision. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0024.
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This chapter discusses banking group supervision. At first glance the necessity for the supervision of banking groups is not obvious. However, banks are now known to be subject to contagion risk. In theory the failure of a company which is a member of a bank group has no effect on the regulated bank. In practice, the failure of a company in a bank group will send a strong signal to the outside world that the group is in difficulty. It would in theory be possible to operate a group bank with such a degree of separation that the market as a whole believed that the bank would genuinely be unaffected by the failure of one of its subsidiaries. However, in practice the market believes that banks are closely connected with the groups of which they are members, and that failures elsewhere in a group will have important knock-on consequences for a group bank.
Book chapters on the topic "Outside Banks"
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Riboud, Jacques. "Banks Outside the Consortium: A Simulation." In A Stable External Currency for Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11821-2_6.
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Muhibudeen, Latifat, and Alhassan Haladu. "The Impact of Cashless Policy Tools on Money Circulating Outside Nigerian Banks." In State-of-the-Art Theories and Empirical Evidence. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6926-0_14.
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Dennison, Tariq. "Cash, Bank Deposits, and Interest Rates." In Invest Outside the Box. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0372-2_1.
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Evans, Huw. "Address to the World Bank Sociological Group." In Social Development in the World Bank. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57426-0_3.
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AbstractI feel myself to be an outsider amongst you: I am a macroeconomist by background, having worked in the UK Treasury for many years. Yet I have become convinced in my time at the World Bank of the importance of understanding the social context of the Bank’s work, and the social impact of Bank lending, especially because of the UK ODA’s experience in this field. As an Executive Director at the IMF too, I have gained important insights into how that institution uses its Board more effectively, with more cooperation, and much greater partnership between the Board and management.
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Sakamoto, Ryutaro, Satoshi Murakami, Tomomi Nishi, and Ryotaro Hirata. "Liquefaction Inside and Outside Bands and Liquefaction Layer Characteristics Related to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2184-3_145.
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Maurer, Andreas. "A Formal Outsider Becomes an Effective Player: The European Parliament in the Negotiation of the Treaty of Amsterdam and the Constitutional Treaty." In Leadership in the Big Bangs of European Integration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599642_7.
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"Why FinTech Lives Outside of Banks." In Marketplace Lending, Financial Analysis, and the Future of Credit. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119099437.ch4.
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Eliot, George. "Chapter I: Outside Dorlcote Mill." In The Mill on the Floss. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198707530.003.0003.
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A Wide plain, where the broadening Floss hurries on between its green banks to the sea, and the loving tide, rushing to meet it, checks its passage with an impetuous embrace. On this mighty tide the black ships—laden with the fresh-scented fir-planks, with...
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"of Treasury bills outside the public sector." In The Banks and the Monetary System in the UK, 1959-1971. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315019802-25.
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Charemza, Wojciech. "Central banks’ voting contest." In Modele w ekonomii. Księga jubileuszowa Profesora Wojciecha Maciejewskiego. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323546375.pp.19-33.
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This chapter compares how effective different voting algorithms are for the decisions taken by monetary policy councils. A voting activity index is proposed and computed as the ratio of the number of all possible decisions to the total number of different combinations of decisions available to a given composition of an MPC. The voting systems considered are these used by the US Federal Reserve Board and the central banks of the UK, Australia, Canada, Sweden and Poland. In the dynamic simulation model, which emulates voting decisions, the heterogeneous agents act upon individual forecast signals and optimise a Taylor-like decision function. The selection criterion is based on the simulated probability of staying within the bounds that define the inflationary target. The general conclusion is that the voting algorithm used by the Bank of Sweden is the best given the criteria applied, especially when inflation is initially outside the target bounds. It is observed that a decrease in inflation forecast uncertainty, which is inversely proportional to the correlation between the forecast signals delivered to members of the monetary policy board, makes the voting less effective.
Conference papers on the topic "Outside Banks"
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Cui, Dawei, Yanhua Cheng, Yulong Mao, and Jun Chen. "Sensitivity Studies on the Influence of Shutdown Control Assembly Banks Arrangement in Rod Control Assembly Banks Withdrawal From a Subcritical Condition." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15361.
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A rod cluster control assembly (RCCA) withdrawal from a subcritical condition (RWFS) will lead to an uncontrolled reactivity addition to the core resulting in a power excursion. Such a transient is a limiting case among the moderate frequency incidents in CPR1000 power plant. In this paper a sensitivity study on the arrangement of shutdown control assembly banks which may be have some differences between two power plants have been preformed. The calculation method and main hypothesis used are also briefly presented. The study shows that if all the shutdown assembly banks are located outside the core in hot shutdown state, the radial enthalpy rise factor (FΔH), the maximal reactivity insertion rate and maximal thermal power in RWFS accident is lower than the base case defined as the one with some shutdown banks in the core, while the trip reactivity insertion rate values introduced when trigger reactor trip is bigger than the base case.
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Nashed, Nashaat, and Roman Fedorov. "Constitutional pronection of personal data – a case study of data confidentiality in Egyptian banks." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practice. Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02061-6-201-211.
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The research paper includes exposure to the constitutional protection of personal data, which is one of the most important peculiarities of legal personality. We will continue to clarify the uses of data in dealing with digital banks to avoid the risks of breaching them, in confirmation of the constitutional texts that protect them.
 Uses of personal data outside geographical boundaries require specific legislative texts to protect the rights of the customer, and this is what was recently stipulated in Egyptian legislation. Big data is important in decision-making, especially economic decisions. This is why I spoke about its definition, sources, classification and importance in promoting sustainable development goals. The research was divided into two sections as follows: «The first topic: Constitutional protection of data confidentiality in Egyptian law», «Banks compete in big data».
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Qu, Z. G. "One Dimensional Numerical Study for Thermal Performance of Intermediate Fluid Vaporizer for Liquefied Natural Gas." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37286.
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A one-dimensional heat transfer model was established for the three typical parts of Intermediate Fluid Vaporizer (IFV), namely, evaporator, condenser and thermolator used to vaporize liquefied natural gas (LNG). Seawater and propane were applied as heat sources and intermediate working fluid respectively for regasification and cold energy recovery of LNG in an IFV system. Based on the energy balance among the evaporator, the condenser and the thermolator, the heat transfer and thermodynamic model was established and the distribution of temperature of all fluids and heat transfer coefficients were predicted. The effects of several parameters, including the inlet temperature of seawater and LNG, the mass flow of seawater and LNG, the pressure of LNG, on the temperature distribution and heat transfer coefficients were conducted. The results show that the heat transfer capacity of evaporator was enhanced greatly by increasing inlet temperature and inlet mass flow rate of seawater and the thermal resistances in the two sides of evaporator were proportionate, and show that the heat transfer coefficient of condenser increases gradually along flow path and the curve exists convex firstly and another concave with the turning point, and also show that the heat transfer capacity of thermolator decreases gradually with the heat transfer coefficient inside tube keeping consistent along with the flow path and the heat transfer coefficient inside tube was much bigger than heat transfer coefficient outside tube. The results show that the main thermal resistance is the heat transfer of nature gas flowing across the outside tube banks for the thermolator and the propane condensing outside tube for the condenser, respectively.
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Garrison, James L., Jeffrey R. Piepmeier, and Rashmi Shah. "Signals of Opportunity: Enabling New Science Outside of Protected Bands." In 2018 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa.2018.8520391.
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Vojtech, Josef, Ondrej Havlis, Martin Slapak, et al. "Active Bidirectional Precise Time Transmission Outside the Telecommunication Bands Over 200 km of Single Mode Fiber." In 52nd Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting. Institute of Navigation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33012/2021.17775.
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Sarı, Yaşar. "Kyrgyzstan’s Relations with International Financial Organizations: Curse or Curve?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00358.
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Kyrgyzstan since the collapse of Soviet Union went to the transition path and while it is argued that it succeeded at some points, levels or degree. It is certainly that major obstacles to the successful transition are not overcome. First of all it was necessary to get out of Russian dominated economy since it was itself declining. Kyrgyzstan was the first former Soviet republics left Russian ruble zone and accepted its own currency, som in 1993. Moreover, it is also the first former Soviet republics entered to World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1998.
 Second, finding new trade partners and external markets was a challenge. Kyrgyz governments wanted to go outside for two reasons: trading with outsiders at time of economic downturn in CIS was rise profitable and trading with outsiders would be a manifestation of their independence and sovereignty.
 It is obvious that since the independence Kyrgyzstan still serves as supply of raw material such as Kyrgyzstan’s primary budget income is still composed from natural resources (gold export). The Kyrgyz Republic is also classified as a low-income country with high debt vulnerability, due to these characteristics it is eligible to receive a significant level of grant from international financial organization, like World Bank. 
 In this paper, Kyrgyzstan’s relations with the International Financial Organizations will divide three stages: Romantic years in 1990s, Debate on Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative in 2000s, and the last one, after HIPC and Revolution in 2010.
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Zavrel, Erik A., and Ana C. Krieger. "An Inter-Device Accuracy Comparison of Consumer Sleep Trackers." In 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3205.
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The ability to investigate sleep is of scientific and clinical interest. Polysomnography (PSG) has long been considered the gold standard assessment for sleep physiology; however, its cost and inconvenience have spurred the development of consumer devices capable of evaluating sleep outside the laboratory. The development of dedicated consumer sleep monitoring devices, e.g., the Zeo Personal Sleep Manager, smart bands, e.g., the Microsoft Band 2 (MB2), and activity trackers, e.g., the Fitbit Charge 2 (FC2), with the ability to automatically distinguish between sleep and wakefulness has important implications for sleep research and medicine.1–3
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Blaser, Wade P. "Induction Heat Tube Extraction for Generating Bank Replacement." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5444.
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Induction is used to rapidly heat generating bank tubes in situ to 1000 C, which causes plastic deformation due to thermal expansion under restraint by the tube sheet (drum). When cooled, the tube shrinks, breaking contact with the drum, providing for ease of removal. A second process has also been developed, and Patented, for the removal of previously over expanded tube stubs from headers and drums. The Heat and PullSM method extracts the stub by hydraulic jacking from outside the drum while Induction heating from inside the drum. Prior bell removal is not required, as the bell collapses and is pulled through with the stub. Cost and schedule improvements may be achieved with both Induction Heat Tube Extraction processes. Both processes eliminate the risk of tube seat damage often caused by the traditional tube removal methods of arc air gouging or flame cutting. This paper describes the technology of both Induction Heat Tube Extraction methods as well as developments on current boiler generating bank replacement jobs.
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Karaağaç, Mehmet, Ali Celen, Alican Çebi, Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç, and Somchai Wongwises. "Performance Comparison of Various VRV Systems for a Bank Application." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21824.
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In heating and cooling applications, VRV (Variable refrigerant volume) systems can be used instead of air handling units because of their low energy consumption. In this study, a bank which is kept 20°C and 24°C inside temperature heating and cooling seasons respectively was taken into consideration in order to compare different VRV systems such as VRV system for heating only mode and VRV system supported with heat pump mode device. The heat loss from bank was calculated by considering heat loss from walls, air alteration and heat sources such as human, light, devices used in the space. The outdoor integrated heating and cooling capacity calculations were performed by means of commercial software for seven different climate regions in Turkey. R410a was selected as the refrigerant of investigated VRV systems because of its low ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) and GWP (Global Warming Potential) values and actual common usage. Effect of outside air temperature, evaporation temperature of refrigerant and outdoor unit location (such as high level, same level and lower level) on the performance of VRV systems was considered in calculations. The calculations are performed in order to clarify of effect of outdoor unit level. Payback time is calculated as 4.5 months for usage of VRV system instead of air handling unit.
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Farhadi, F., N. Ashgriz, M. Kwee, R. Girard, Y. Parlatan, and M. Ali. "Temperature Fluctuations in a CANDU Moderator Test Facility." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75717.
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A two-dimensional numerical model of the CANDU Moderator Test Facility (MTF) is presented. The results show fluctuations in velocity and temperature. The thermal solution of the MTF model indicates that the buoyancy forces dominate in the inner core of the tank, whereas, the inlet jet induced inertial forces dominate the outer edges of the tank. The interaction between these flows forms a complex and unstable flow structure within the tank. The largest flow fluctuations occur outside the tube bank where the inlet jets continue to flow, and around the top of the tank where the two inlet jets impinge on each other. The high velocity gradients between the inlet jets and the surrounding slower moving moderator fluid generate small vortices with low fluctuation amplitude but high frequencies.
Reports on the topic "Outside Banks"
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Bacani, Eleanor, and Shinjini Mehta. Analyzing the Welfare-Improving Potential of Land Pooling in Thimphu City, Bhutan: Lessons Learned from ADB’s Experience. Asian Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200315-2.
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This paper examines empirically and spatially how welfare gains are realized in a land pooling scheme in four ADB-financed Local Area Plans (LAPs) in Thimphu city, Bhutan. Increased government efforts are required to take advantage of the full range of benefits of land pooling for Thimpu residents. The paper recommends a mix of fiscal and urban policy levers to address inefficiencies associated with the existing build-out pattern and infrastructure service quality. It offers insights on how unplanned development occurring outside serviced LAP areas, including along steep slopes and peri-urban areas in Thimphu thromdes, can be addressed most effectively. This paper is the second in a series of three working papers on the topic of land pooling produced by the Asian Development Bank’s South Asia Urban Development and Water Division. The series takes a deeper look at aspects including land pooling’s effectiveness, welfare-improving potential, relationship with safeguard policies, and its prospects as a land management tool in developing country cities.
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.
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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.
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Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.
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Commonwealth Bank - Head Office, 120 Pitt Street - Opening Ceremony - View of crowd outside building - 22 August 1916 (plate 771). Reserve Bank of Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-000847.
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Commonwealth Bank - Sixth War Loan Campaign activities NSW - Opening of Tank Week (outside the Commonwealth Bank in Martin Place, Sydney) by Sir Walter E Davidson, State Governor - 3 March 1918 (plate 160). Reserve Bank of Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-001740.
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Premises - Branches - Commonwealth Bank London, The Strand - The Prince of Wales takes the salute outside Australia House as a procession of Australian troops pass by on the 1st Anzac Day - 25 April 1919. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-000280.
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