Journal articles: 'Outside markets'

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Cho, A. "Laureates Analyzed Economics Outside Markets." Science 326, no. 5951 (2009): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.326_347.

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Carroll, Raymond L., and C. A. Tuggle. "The World Outside: Local TV News Treatment of Imported News." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74, no. 1 (1997): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909707400110.

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This study sought to determine whether stations located in larger or smaller markets gave different treatment to news and to resolve whether disparities noted among small and large television market news programs extended to their treatment of news imported from outside the market. McManus's economic model of inexpensive, passive discovery held true over the journalistic model of active surveillance in smaller markets, where stations not only devoted less time to news than those in larger markets, but a greater proportion of their news content was imported, thus passively discovered. The larger the market size, the more active the discovery. Some evidence that imported news supplants strictly local news in smaller television markets was found. Furthermore, although major-, large-, and medium-market stations devoted higher proportions of their news hole to sensational and human interest news, stations in the smallest markets imported a greater proportion of sensational/human interest news than they originated locally.

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Autrey, Romana L., and Francesco Bova. "Gray Markets and Multinational Transfer Pricing." Accounting Review 87, no. 2 (2011): 393–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-10199.

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ABSTRACT Gray markets arise when a manufacturer's products are sold outside of its authorized channels, for instance when goods designated by a multinational firm for sale in a foreign market are resold domestically. One method multinationals use to combat gray markets is to increase transfer prices to foreign subsidiaries in order to increase the gray market's cost base. We illustrate that, when a gray market competitor exists, the optimal transfer price to a foreign subsidiary exceeds marginal cost and is decreasing in the competitiveness of the domestic market. However, a multinational's discretion in setting transfer prices may be limited by mandatory arm's length transfer pricing rules. Provided gray markets exist, we characterize when mandating arm's length transfer pricing lowers domestic social welfare relative to unrestricted transfer pricing. We also demonstrate that gray markets can lead to higher domestic tax revenues, even when gray market firms do not pay taxes domestically.

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Grinsted, Lena, and Jeremy Field. "Biological markets in cooperative breeders: quantifying outside options." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1856 (2017): 20170904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0904.

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A major aim in evolutionary biology is to understand altruistic help and reproductive partitioning in cooperative societies, where subordinate helpers forego reproduction to rear dominant breeders' offspring. Traditional models of cooperation in these societies typically make a key assumption: that the only alternative to staying and helping is solitary breeding, an often unfeasible task. Using large-scale field experiments on paper wasps ( Polistes dominula ), we show that individuals have high-quality alternative nesting options available that offer fitness payoffs just as high as their actual chosen options, far exceeding payoffs from solitary breeding. Furthermore, joiners could not easily be replaced if they were removed experimentally, suggesting that it may be costly for dominants to reject them. Our results have implications for expected payoff distributions for cooperating individuals, and suggest that biological market theory, which incorporates partner choice and competition for partners, is necessary to understand helping behaviour in societies like that of P. dominula . Traditional models are likely to overestimate the incentive to stay and help, and therefore the amount of help provided, and may underestimate the size of reproductive concession required to retain subordinates. These findings are relevant for a wide range of cooperative breeders where there is dispersal between social groups.

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Philippon, Thomas, and Vasiliki Skreta. "Optimal Interventions in Markets with Adverse Selection." American Economic Review 102, no. 1 (2012): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.1.1.

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We study the design of interventions to stabilize financial markets plagued by adverse selection. Our contribution is to analyze the information revealed by participation decisions. Taking part in a government program carries a stigma, and outside options are mechanism dependent. We show that the efficiency of an intervention can be assessed by its impact on the market interest rate. The presence of an outside market determines the nature of optimal interventions and the choice of financial instruments (debt guarantees in our model), but it does not affect implementation costs. (JEL D82, D86, G01, G20, G31)

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García-Herrero, Alicia, Philip Wooldridge, and Doo Yong Yang. "Why Don't Asians Invest in Asia? The Determinants of Cross-Border Portfolio Holdings." Asian Economic Papers 8, no. 3 (2009): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2009.8.3.228.

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This paper seeks to understand why Asian foreign investment is concentrated in financial markets outside of the region instead of in Asian markets. We analyze empirically the geographical composition of the cross-border portfolio holdings of more than 40 source countries. We compare these benchmark results with those of four subgroups: advanced industrial economies, emerging market economies, European economies, and Asia-Pacific economies. The lack of liquidity in Asian financial markets turns out to be one reason why Asian capital is invested predominantly outside the region, notwithstanding the short distances and large trade flows between Asian economies. Initiatives to improve the liquidity of Asian financial markets, therefore, may be a useful way to stimulate financial integration within the region.

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Abalkina, A., and K. Ivanova. "Expansion of Russian Banks outside Commonwealth of Independent States." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-5-21-30.

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The article investigates the patterns of Russian banks’ export of direct investments. The authors provide estimations of the Russian banks’ expansion outside the CIS countries based on statistical data and expert calculations. We also map the geographical presence of Russian banks and analyze their entry modes on foreign markets. Our findings suggest that Russian banks’ subsidiaries outside the CIS countries act as financial intermediates between Russian and foreign markets, their role as intermediates on local financial markets is still poor.

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Jeong, Sang Kyu, and Yong Un Ban. "Spatial Configurations for The Revitalization of a Traditional Market: The Case of Yukgeori Market in Cheongju, South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (2020): 2937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072937.

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Changes in consumer purchasing patterns in South Korea in the 1990s led to a gradual decline in traditional markets. However, Yukgeori Market, a representative and unique traditional market in the city of Cheongju, has survived and continued to develop while maintaining the physical and operational characteristics of a traditional market. There is a lack of studies on the revitalization of traditional markets in non-metropolitan areas outside of Seoul in Korea. Thus, this study has identified the characteristics of the spatial configurations that foster the vitality of traditional markets by analyzing the attributes of the spaces based on their accessibility in the street network of Cheongju, and especially in the neighborhood surrounding Yukgeori Market. This was done by calculating the depths of the nodes in the network using a spatial analytical model. The results showed that long streets with a high public level (integration), which attract people and act as a communication bridge between highly modernized commercial areas and traditional markets as well as a boundary to preserve and develop a market’s traditional characteristics, can lead to the sustainable development of both types of area.

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HARADA, MASAMI. "Japanese modern municipal retail and wholesale markets in comparison with European markets." Urban History 43, no. 3 (2015): 476–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392681500019x.

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ABSTRACTThis article seeks to assess the relevance of market ideas outside the European context. In pre-modern Japan, there was neither street market nor retail market but wholesale markets in cities. Feudal lords permitted wholesale dealers to operate in the market as long as the dealers paid either tribute such as fish or tax money to their lords. The Meiji Restoration in the late nineteenth century brought an end to the feudal system. In modern Japan, the problem of food supply in the city arose after the Japanese-Russo War. The Rice Riots broke out in 1918, and drove many cities to open their own municipal retail markets in order to supply urban dwellers with food and daily necessities. Fixed and marked price and cash payment were the operating principles of those municipal retail markets. These principles represented the characteristic features of the modern retail trade. Such municipal retail markets played an important role in the modernization of the retail trade in Japan.

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Huang, Dongling, and Christian Rojas. "Eliminating the Outside Good Bias in Logit Models of Demand with Aggregate Data." Review of Marketing Science 12, no. 1 (2014): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roms-2013-0016.

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AbstractThe logit model is the most popular tool in estimating demand for differentiated products. In this model, the outside good plays a crucial role because it allows consumers to stop buying the differentiated good altogether if all brands simultaneously become less attractive (e.g. if a simultaneous price increase occurs). But practitioners lack data on the outside good when only aggregate data are available. The currently accepted procedure is to assume a “market potential” that implicitly defines the size of the outside good (i.e. the number of consumers who considered the product but did not purchase); in practice, this means that an endogenous quantity is approximated by a reasonable guess thereby introducing the possibility of an additional source of error and, most importantly, bias. We provide two contributions in this paper. First, we show that structural parameters can be substantially biased when the assumed market potential does not approximate the outside option correctly. Second, we show how to use panel data techniques to produce unbiased structural estimates by treating the market potential as an unobservable in both the simple and the random coefficients logit demand model. We explore three possible solutions: (a) controlling for the unobservable with market fixed effects, (b) specifying the unobservable to be a linear function of product characteristics, and (c) using a “demeaned regression” approach. Solution (a) is feasible (and preferable) when the number of goods is large relative to the number of markets, whereas (b) and (c) are attractive when the number of markets is too large (as in most applications in Marketing). Importantly, we find that all three solutions are nearly as effective in removing the bias. We demonstrate our two contributions in the simple and random coefficients versions of the logit model via Monte Carlo experiments and with data from the automobile and breakfast cereals markets.

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SCHWECKE, SEBASTIAN. "A Tangled Jungle of Disorderly Transactions? The production of a monetary outside in a north Indian town." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 4 (2017): 1375–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1700066x.

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AbstractThis article argues that, starting from the late colonial period, the Indian state in its correlated attempts to regulate and streamline the operation of monetary markets in line with capitalist development policies and to remove exploitative credit market practices instead produced a binary between a monetary outside and inside. While the state's efforts were intended to delineate the boundaries of the outside produced in this way, removing competing segments of Indian capital from the expanding monetary system, this process of delineation contributed to an already existing divergence in the operational modes. Correspondingly, it reinforced a process of differentiation that centred on the removal of liberal-bourgeois contractual law from market governance on the monetary outside that was gradually substituted by a reputational economy of debt. The monetary outside so produced constitutes one specific form of capitalist outsides in the Indian economy, interpreted as economic arenas and (extractive) accumulation regimes that functionally and procedurally differ from the dominant capitalist economic sector in modern India with which they co-exist. Both historiographic and ethnographic approaches are used to study the related processes of delineation and differentiation in the production of a monetary outside, with a special emphasis on the United Provinces/Uttar Pradesh and the north Indian town of Banaras (Varanasi).

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Rajib Mallik. "Regulated Agricultural Markets in 21st Century: An Outline of their Future Role in Tripura." Restaurant Business 118, no. 11 (2019): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i11.11546.

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Agricultural regulated markets are immensely important for economic growth of a state and as well as for a country. In many India states, Government has taken several steps to streamline the regulated market system; however, improper functioning of most of the regulated markets and other handicaps has not changed the conditions noticeably. Yet, a major part of rural markets are working outside the frame of regulated market. As a matter of fact, many Indian states are mostly dominated by private traders causing a hassle in the overall development of the regulated markets. To improve the prevailing conditions of these markets, a study on market regulation becomes very essential. The paper overviewed the present status, growth and development, overall performances, problems and prospects of the regulated markets of Tripura. It provides few guidelines for the primary producers to get the best possible returns from the agricultural regulated markets. An outline of their (regulated markets) future role in 21st Century has also discussed in this paper.

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Husain, Lidia, Ichsan Invanni Baharuddin, Sulaiman Zhiddiq, and Rahma Musyawarah. "Characteristic of traditional market and spilled markets in Sungguminasa District and Surrounding." UNM Geographic Journal 1, no. 2 (2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/ugj.v1i2.6725.

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This study aims to: 1) To determine the condition of traditional market located in Sungguminasa and surrounding areas. 2) To determine the distribution of goods in these markets. 3) To determine the extent of the impact of the presence of adjacent markets in the region. The population in this study are all traders in Mamminasamaupa Market, Central Market Sungguminasa, Pallangga Markets, Markets and Market Kalegowa Panciro totaling about 1,070 traders. Sample drawn from the population as 107 traders with simple random sampling technique and the accidental sampling technique sampling haphazard manner until the desired data is met. The results showed that the location and condition of Sungguminasa Central Market, Market Mamminasamaupa, Pallangga Markets, Markets and Market Kalegowa Panciro shows the interaction between layout and layout layout residential market. The number of visitors in the market due to the inexpensive price karenya traded goods, especially vegetables. Distribution of goods originating from Gowa district and other districts in South Sulawesi. Some even come from outside the province of South Sulawesi. Negative impacts such as traffic congestion and litter are not organized regularly.

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Maslov, Alexander. "A Note on Buyers’ Behavior in Auctions with an Outside Option." Games 11, no. 3 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11030026.

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In this note I show that the equilibrium in cutoff strategies observed in auctions with a buy-it-now price may also arise in markets where objects are sold simultaneously by auctions and posted prices. However, contrary to auctions with a buy-it-now price where buyers need to know only the total number of players in the market, in the latter environment buyers must also observe the number of active bidders in the auction for the equilibrium to exist in cutoff strategies.

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PEAFF, GEORGE. "Jilin Chemical Taps Markets Outside China To Raise Expansion Capital." Chemical & Engineering News 73, no. 24 (1995): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v073n024.p010.

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Siegfriedsen, S., M. Lehnhoff, and A. Prehn. "Primary Markets for Offshore Wind Energy outside the European Union." Wind Engineering 27, no. 5 (2003): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952403322771011.

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Mulkeen, Majella. "Going to market! An exploration of markets in social care." Administration 64, no. 2 (2016): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/admin-2016-0015.

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AbstractOne of the most striking reconfigurations of Irish social care has been the entry of private for-profit companies into a sector previously regarded as outside the market. This article examines the policy context that has given rise to these developments and the impact of marketisation on both the quality of care provision and the employment conditions of the workforce. Whether for-profit provision of care is a positive development is the subject of intense debate, and the arguments for and against are outlined alongside a range of empirical evidence. International research evidence is not convincing about the capacity of markets to deliver on quality or efficiencies. The article concludes with recommendations for further research to enable analysis and debate in the Irish context.

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Mészáros, Kornélia, and Enikő Lencsés. "STATUS OF CATTLE AND BEEF EXTERNAL TRADE OF POLAND AND HUNGARY OUTSIDE THE EUROPEAN UNION BETWEEN 2002 AND 2015." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 2 (2017): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1182.

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Both Hungary and Poland are net exporter in cattle and beef trade. Because of the large Polish and Hungarian supply these countries cannot sell all products on domestic and EU single markets. Cattle and beef production of both countries have to be sold on non-EU markets. These markets have a special attribute because import of cattle and beef to EU is regulated but the export to these countries is not under European limitation. This special attribute results in the fact that there are less available scientific indexes to use studying the international trade. In this paper we aimed to examine the comparative advantages of Hungarian and Polish cattle and beef export to non-EU markets between 2002 and 2015. Out analysis based primary on Balassa index (RCA) which is compared with the share of product export of the reference countries in their entire export. Secondary, the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) was used as a correction of RCA (makes the RCA symmetrical). Primary we established that both studied countries have the same non-EU target markets with the highest importance of Turkey and Russia. During the examined period several changes were resulted, for example the decrease of Turkish market and the Russian embargo. These changes had an effect on comparative advantages.

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Arugaslan, Onur, and Louise Miller. "On the Conditioning of the Financial Market’s Reaction to Seasoned Equity Offerings." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 11, no. 2 (2006): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2006.v11.i2.a8.

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Consistent with asymmetric information arguments, prior research has shown that the financial market typically responds negatively to the announcement of a seasoned equity offering (SEO). Korajczyk and Levy (2003), however, suggest that while some firms time the issuance of their common stock to take advantage of outside investor overvaluations, financially constrained firms do not. We examine whether prior information on how financially constrained a firm is along with its growth prospects influences the financial market’s response to the firm’s announcement to sell common stock. We find evidence that the financial market does condition its response upon such information using a sample of SEOs from the U.S. Our results also have implications for the financial market’s reaction to SEOs/rights offerings in emerging markets.

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Béteille, Tara. "Fixers in India’s Teacher Labor Markets." Asian Survey 55, no. 5 (2015): 942–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.5.942.

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This paper examines the role played in India by fixers—intermediaries connecting teachers with politicians and government officers—in the teacher transfer process. It shows how the state’s efforts at education reform and accountability are compromised by entities operating outside the realm of policy.

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Vojinovic, Borut. "World corporate loan markets for raising new capital - does distance still matter: Are financial assets priced locally or globally?" Ekonomski anali 51, no. 168 (2006): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0668031v.

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Though the paper focuses on pricing, as the background I provide some evidence about loan flows across markets in the form of borrowers? and lenders? propensity to issue outside their natural home market. The data show that borrowers stay home when they can and that they tend to issue in Europe when they must issue abroad. That is, borrowers domiciled in one of the major markets (Europe, U.S., and Asia) almost always issue in that market, whereas borrowers in more remote locations usually issue in the European market. For example, borrowers from Latin America are overwhelmingly issuing in Europe rather than in the U.S. market.

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Grant, Linda, Lisa Buckner, Gerard Poole, and Christopher Price. "Women Outside Paid Employment: Getting to Grips with Local Labour Markets." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 21, no. 2 (2006): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940600674467.

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Alpern, Jonathan D., Stephen J. Dunlop, and William M. Stauffer. "Broken drug markets in infectious diseases: Opportunities outside the private sector?" PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, no. 4 (2019): e0007190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007190.

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Lauermann, Stephan, and Gábor Virág. "Auctions in Markets: Common Outside Options and the Continuation Value Effect." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 4, no. 4 (2012): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.4.107.

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In this paper, we study auctions with outside options provided by future market interaction focusing on the revenue effects of some information revelation policies. We show that auctions with less information revelation may yield higher revenues. In particular, we show that it is never optimal for the auctioneer to reveal information after the auction. Moreover, it is also not optimal to reveal information before the auction unless bidders already have precise information on their own. Our model provides a novel explanation for the prevalence of opaque trading mechanisms, and it offers insights into information sharing in dynamic models of trade. (JEL D44, D83)

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Newman, D. Paul, Evelyn R. Patterson, and J. Reed Smith. "The Role of Auditing in Investor Protection." Accounting Review 80, no. 1 (2005): 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.1.289.

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Protection of outside investors depends on the detection and punishment of resource diversion by corporate insiders, including managers and controlling shareholders. We focus on the role played in investor protection by self-interested auditors operating in a competitive audit market. In our setting, auditors represent the mechanism whereby detection of diversion occurs. We show that markets with relatively greater auditor penalties for audit failures and greater insider penalties for detected resource diversion have larger total investment levels, a higher proportion of the firm held by outsiders, higher audit resource investment, higher audit fees, and higher expected investment returns.

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Errunza, Vihang, Lemma W. Senbet, and Ked Hogan. "The Pricing of Country Funds from Emerging Markets: Theory and Evidence." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 01, no. 01 (1998): 111–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024998000060.

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This paper provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of country funds focusing on emerging economies whose capital markets are not readily accessible to outside investors. We study country fund pricing and the associated policy implications under alternative variations of international market structure segmentation. We show that country funds traded in the developed capital markets can be beneficial in promoting the efficiency of pricing in the emerging capital markets and in enhancing capital mobilization by local firms. These efficiency gains vary depending upon the degree to which the emerging market securities are spanned by the core or advanced market securities, and cross-border arbitrage restrictions. A country fund premium or discount arises in our framework owing to access and substitution effects characterizing the relationship between the host and emerging markets. We present some empirical evidence supporting our principal predictions. In particular, we investigate the issues of country fund pricing, relative influences of the home market, the international market, the global closed-end fund factor, and the behavior of fund premia/discounts.

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Severová, L., and S. Bendl. "Cartels and its behaviour on food markets." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 2 (2013): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/52/2012-agricecon.

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Collusive oligopoly is an oligopolistic market model with several companies producing the same or similar products (services) and acting in the market as a monopoly. The goal of the paper is to find out whether the collusive oligopolies are created in the food-products market, in what range the cartel agreements appear in the given sector and whether they can notably influence the price level of the food products and therefore have an important impact on consumer demand in the Czech Republic. The result of the analysis is that, although a substantial part of the agro-production arises outside of the oligopolistic structure (in conditions of monopolistic competition among small agricultural producers); the trade with these products is mainly held in oligopolistic sectors.

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Mehrling, Perry. "Three Principles for Market-Based Credit Regulation." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.107.

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A key lesson of the financial crisis 2007-09 is that the Bagehot Rule, “lend freely but at a high rate,” needs to be updated for the emerging market-based credit system. A modern rule is suggested: Markets, not Banks; Outside spread, not Inside spread; Core, not Periphery.

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Bateman, Ian J., Brendan Fisher, Emily Fitzherbert, David Glew, and Robin Naidoo. "Tigers, markets and palm oil: market potential for conservation." Oryx 44, no. 2 (2010): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605309990901.

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AbstractIncreasing demand for cooking oil and biofuels has made palm oil, > 80% of which is grown in South-east Asia, the dominant globally traded vegetable oil. However, this region is host to some of the world’s most biodiverse and threatened tropical forests. Strategic engagement with commercial operations is increasingly recognized to be an essential part of the solution for raising funds for conservation initiatives, raising consumer consciousness and potentially stemming environmental degradation. Linking market incentives towards conservation is also of critical importance because it is becoming widely recognized that conservation needs to begin to address the wider countryside (outside protected areas) where human–wildlife interactions are frequent and impacts are large. Using the Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae as both a threatened species in its own right and emblematic for wider species diversity, we show that western consumers are willing to pay a significant premium for products using palm oil grown in a manner that reduces impacts on such species. Results suggest that the price premium associated with a ‘tiger-friendly’ accreditation may provide a useful additional tool to raise conservation funds and, within the right institutional context, serve as an inducement to address the problem of habitat and species loss.

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Zhu, Hong Han. "Financial Market Risk Overflow Modeling and Inspection Based on Support Vector Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 571-572 (June 2014): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.571-572.1189.

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Combined granger test statistics based on VaR and CCF and machine learning theory to establish financial market risk overflow model of support vector machine. To analyze risk information overflow by the statistic characteristics of risk information overflow structure. The model can more effective to test variety forms of risk overflow, Main performance is the extreme risk for information received peripheral selectivity and market volatility non-stability. Emerging markets characteristics in A Shares is evident, the performance are the selective reception of outside extreme risk information. Empirical results demonstrate that models have certain value to the management and control of overflow risks in financial markets.

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Makarov, Igor, and Antoinette Schoar. "Price Discovery in Cryptocurrency Markets." AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 1, 2019): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20191020.

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We ask which markets drive bitcoin prices and how price discovery happens across different exchanges. Does the greater exuberance for cryptocurrencies outside the United States affect prices only on local markets or does it impact price formation on global cryptocurrency markets? We document significant heterogeneity in which price formation happens across exchanges and time. When markets are more integrated, shocks to prices on all exchanges contribute to price discovery. However, when markets become segmented, those exchanges that have large arbitrage spreads relative to the US price, i.e. where investors are more exuberant become much less important for price discovery.

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Sherblom, Donald E., Andrew C. Sobel, Vito Tanzi, et al. "Integrating National Markets: From the Outside-In or from the Inside-Out?" Mershon International Studies Review 40, no. 1 (1996): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/222644.

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Garvey, Gerald T. "The principal—agent problem when the agent has access to outside markets." Economics Letters 43, no. 2 (1993): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(93)90034-a.

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Tuominen, Mary. "The Hidden Organization of Labor: Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Child-Care Work in the Formal and Informal Economy." Sociological Perspectives 37, no. 2 (1994): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389321.

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While extensive studies document the need for child care in the United States, little has been done to explore the organization of child-care work or its political economic context. The article explores, both empirically and theoretically, the organization of child-care work in the United States. While formal child-care centers emerged as the fastest-growing source of child care for employed parents in the last 25 years, informal arrangements continue to serve as the source of over 75% of child care for employed parents in the United States. Given the vast provision of child care in settings outside of formal markets, informal-sector economic theory appeared a potentially viable framework for elucidating the organization of child-care work. Informal-sector theory clearly assists in identifying many forms of production existing outside of the formal market economy. Even so, informal-sector theorists show a proclivity to define and analyze labor according to the norms of formal market production. Also, theories rooted in the norms of the formal market economy fail to fully analyze care-giving work, work historically performed by women outside of formal markets. In order to accurately analyze and theorize the organization of care-giving work, political economic theories must explicitly incorporate women's household and domestic labor. By so doing theories will more fully demonstrate the ways in which gender and race/ethnicity serve as the fundamental structures organizing the work of care-giving.

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Jackson, Ian, and John McManus. "The Importance of Collaboration and Competition Within and Outside the OECD." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 9 (2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n9p13.

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The purpose of this paper is to address the role of the OECD in the global marketplace. The paper highlights some current trends in the global market and the changing role of the OECD. In this context, the authors discuss various perspectives on the role of OECD in a globalized world. The authors focus on recent debates on the state of the global economy and the changing position of the OECD in the world market. The authors apply a conceptual approach combined with analyses of data and secondary material. The authors also put forward an argument for investigating what determines competition within and outside the OECD. In this context, creating markets within a global economy requires considerable stimulus on the part of national governments. This necessitates national governments working together in partnership with national and global firms to reduced bureaucracy and increase transparency to boost trade in a cost effective manner. This is seen by some economists to be a prerequisite to future competitiveness. Finally, the authors seek to demonstrate how leading countries within the OECD are building innovative capability to master the challenges and opportunities that the new emerging economies present (such as Brazil).

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Surm, Jasmin. "AFP, EFE and dpa as international news agencies." Journalism 21, no. 12 (2019): 1859–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884919883491.

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While earlier news agency studies have often concentrated on Reuters in the United Kingdom (now in Canada) and on the Associated Press in the United States as the leading international news agencies, there is less up-to-date research in English on international agencies outside the Anglo-American sphere. This article intends to help bridge that research gap and to analyse the recent development of Agence France-Presse in France, EFE in Spain and Deutsche Presse-Agentur in Germany. The article uses a case study approach, employing in-depth interviews with agency representatives. The results of the analysis show that all three agencies fulfil the criteria for an international agency. However, to do so, they all not only need a large domestic market, together with linguistic and cultural markets outside their home countries, but also state support, in case of Agence France-Presse and EFE. The findings emphasize the relevance of diversification and innovation in response to the changing structure and demands of national and international markets.

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Rashed, Ahmed Sayed, Ebitihj Mostafa Abd, Esraa Fathi Mohamed Ismail, and Doaa Mohamed Abd El Samea. "Investigating the Relationship Between Ownership Structure and Investment Efficiency in Emerging Markets: Evidence From the Egyptian Stock Market." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 8, no. 4 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i4.13630.

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This paper aims to examine the relationship between Ownership Structure Mechanisms (Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, Block holder Ownership and Outside Director Ownership) and Investment Efficiency by using panel data analysis. To investigate this relationship used the multiple regression models. Findings of investigation of 35 firms listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange in the period 2006 to 2015 by balanced Panel model representative. Results indicated that Managerial Ownership isn’t related with investment efficiency. In contract, institutional ownership, block holder ownership and outside director ownership have a negative relationship with investment efficiency. In addition, the researcher found that control variables (Firm size, Debt ratio, Tobin’s Q) not related to investment efficiency. These findings imply that the Majority of Egyptians firms relies on institutional without individual ownership and then reduces much of possible from agency problems and decreasing information asymmetry and facilitating the monitoring of investment decisions.

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Magner, Nicolás S., and Cinthia K. Roa. "Terrorism and Latin-American Stocks Markets." Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas 14, PNEA (2019): 583–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21919/remef.v14i0.424.

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This paper investigates the effects of major terrorist attacks of the last 20 years on a set of stocks listed at Latin-American stock markets. Utilizing the capital market model, we calculate abnormal returns during the day of the terror attacks for 115 stocks listed in 6 Latin-American countries. In this sense, we appreciate different reaction between countries, where Brazil, Peru, and Chile have a significant market reaction of terrorism. These results promote international diversification and the use of this loss to avoid significant capital losses. However, the results are limited by the validity of the capital market model. This paper has important implications for international investors and their investment risk management strategies. Despite the frequency of terrorist events, this is the first work that addresses a wide range of these in Latin American countries. The main conclusion is that there is a negative effect of terrorist events on Latin American markets, but this effect is mixed; there is a negative and significant impact of the US terrorist attacks and a weak and non-significant effect when the attacks occur outside the US.

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TROFIMOVА, V. V. "STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF RUSSIAN BANKS OPERATING IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 1 (2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.01.01.012.

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Tubolec, I. I., and O. V. Tkalich. "GLOBALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series: Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry), no. 1(19) (May 21, 2019): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2019-1(19)-133-141.

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The article deals with one of the components of globalization - the globalization of financial markets. The article considers financial markets, which are the component of globalization. The study investigates the international financial institutions that together form the international financial infrastructure and the main subjects of financial globalization. The study investigates the international financial institutions, which collectively form the international financial infrastructure and main subjects of financial globalization. The segments of the global financial market, which include the global debt market, the global stock market, other global financial markets (precious metals, real estate insurance), the global currency market, are considered. The article considers the segments of the global financial market, such as the global debt market, the global stock market, the global currency market and other global financial markets (precious metals, real estate insurance etc.). The article presents the prospects of global financial markets, such as high world standards, higher level of diversification, higher liquidity and professional risk management. It is established that the basis of the globalization of the financial system lies in the interaction of such phenomena as: technological progress; growing competition: on the one hand, between lending and financial institutions in the financial markets, and on the other hand, between the financial markets themselves, due to the significant development of information technology and telecommunications; restructuring of credit and financial; wide internationalization of business due to the increasing transnational nature of corporations; consolidation of regional integration associations (in Europe - Economic and Monetary Union); weakening of the firm control over the implementation of international agreements related to the movement of capital stock exchanges; - macroeconomic stabilization and reform in a number of developing and transition countries that have created a favorable climate for foreign investors; widespread use of the "principle of the lever". We investigated that the integration of international capital markets, merger of financial institutions, the tendency to increase speculative operations in the financial markets and financial crises are the global trends in the development of international financial markets in the requisition of globalization. It is proved that the, the emergence of the global financial space is represented by an increase in international financial flows, volumes of all types of international transactions, an increase in the number of companies and financial groups that operate outside of the national financial systems.

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Robertson, Nic, and John M. Luiz. "Exploiting emerging market complementarities." Multinational Business Review 27, no. 1 (2019): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-02-2018-0016.

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PurposeThis paper aims to explore the delayed, then accelerated, internationalisation of an emerging multinational enterprise (EMNE), with a particular focus on the media technology sector, and how it exploited complementarities between emerging markets.Design/methodology/approachThe research is qualitative in nature and focuses on the expansion of a South African media technology EMNE case study that has a footprint in over 130 countries and has one of the largest market capitalisations of any media company outside the USA and China.FindingsEMNEs have unique capabilities in navigating uncertain institutional environments in emerging markets and are able to capitalise upon the institutional complementarities between their home and host countries. This may facilitate the recognition of market opportunities and the harnessing of new technologies to meet these opportunities in complementary markets for accelerated internationalisation.Practical implicationsEMNEs must capitalise upon the institutional complementarities between home and host country locations and use this to take advantage of identified market opportunities. This creates the possibility for a process of accelerated internationalisation. New technologies are creating particular market opportunities in emerging markets which can be exploited by EMNEs.Originality/valueThe authors provide a framework which illustrates how an EMNE can exploit complementarities between emerging markets to identify market opportunities, capitalise upon institutional similarities and harness new technologies in the process.

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Holliday, Ian. "Dealing in Green Votes: France, 1993." Government and Opposition 29, no. 1 (1994): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1994.tb01268.x.

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Conditions In The Market For Votes Have Changed throughout Europe in recent years. Markets which for much of the post-war period were characterized chiefly by voter loyalty to governing parties and plausible challengers to them, have latterly been subject to significant elements of uncertainty and fragmentation. Not only have votes been switched with increasing rapidity, they have also been cast increasingly for parties which lie outside hitherto established frameworks of electoral politics. Perceived governing incompetence has dearly been a major factor in this transformation, but broader social change has also played a part. The consequence is that European electoral markets present increasingly open terrain for party political competition. Not for many years have possibilities for market entrance been as good.

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Gabelmann, Anne. "Regulating European telecommunications markets: unbundled access to the local loop outside urban areas." Telecommunications Policy 25, no. 10-11 (2001): 729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(01)00045-3.

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Fairley, Gina. "Outside in / inside out contemporary Philippine art: Observing, artists, artworks, scenes and markets." Thesis Eleven 112, no. 1 (2012): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513612452656.

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Callahan, Rebecca L., Neha J. Mehta, Kavita Nanda, and Gregory S. Kopf. "The new contraceptive revolution: developing innovative products outside of industry†,‡." Biology of Reproduction 103, no. 2 (2020): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa067.

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Abstract A significant global unmet need for new contraceptive options for both women and men remains due to side effect profiles, medical concerns, and inconvenience of many currently available products. The pharmaceutical industry has largely abandoned early research and development for contraception and will not likely engage to bring new products to the market unless they have been significantly de-risked by showing promise in early phase clinical trials. This lack of interest by big pharma comes at a time when scientific and technological advances in biology and medicine are creating more opportunities than ever for the development of new and innovative drug products. Novel partnerships between the academic sector, small biotechnology companies, foundations, non-government organizations (NGOs), and the federal government could accelerate the development of new contraceptive products. We discuss the challenges and opportunities that we have encountered as an NGO with a mission to develop novel contraceptive products for low- and middle-income countries and how it differs from developing products for higher-income markets. We hope that our experiences and “lessons learned” will be of value to others as they proceed down the product development path, be it for female or male or for hormonal or nonhormonal contraceptives.

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Crown, Simon, Steven F. Gatti, Matthias Feldman, and Paul Landless. "MIFID2 – the impact on non-EU fIRMS." Journal of Investment Compliance 18, no. 3 (2017): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-06-2017-0039.

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Purpose An update for firms located outside the European Union of the possible extra-territorial impact of certain provisions in the recast Markets in Financial Instruments Directive and Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (together referred to as “MiFID2”). Design/methodology/approach The focus is on the issues that are most likely to have an impact on non-EU firms, including buy/sell side financial institutions and private banks. Findings That the impact of MiFID2 will be felt far beyond the EU, particularly in relation to product governance, inducements and dealing commission, trading obligations, position limits for commodity derivatives and the new regime for accessing EU markets. Practical implications Non-EU firms need to assess their interaction with EU clients, counterparties and markets to identify the likely impact of MiFID2. Relevant interaction could include: manufacturing and distribution of financial instruments; the provision of investment research and dealing services to EU clients and trading in instruments which are admitted to trading on EU markets. Originality/value This article will be of interest to “third-country” firms, located outside the EU, but with a European connection, either in terms of European counterparties, investors or accessing European markets.

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Rikumahu, Brady. "PEMODELAN DISTRIBUSI TINGKAT IMBAL HASIL INDEKS HARGA DI TUJUH BURSA ASIA." Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia 14, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/jmi.v14i1.348.

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This paper examines the return distributions of 7 markets in the Asian region, namely Hongkong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea, Japan, Shanghai, and Singapore, to find out whether the return distributions in those markets follow a specific distribution. Using data from January 2000 to September 2009, the return distributions of each market were constructed and was first fitted to the normal distribution to find out whether or not each market behaves according to the standard theory of finance and investment â€“ which stated that the financial time series follow a random walk â€“ and thus would fit the normal distribution. The result of fitting the return distributions of the 7 markets to normal distribution shows that none of the return distributions follows the normal distribution as evident from the leptokurtic phenomena marked by the excess kurtosis compared to the normal distribution curve and also from the fatter than normal distribution tails and the existence of returns that lie outside the area predictedby the normal distribution.The return distributions were then fitted to a series of theoretical probability distribution. Each of the distribution was fitted to the theoretical. The results are: the Hongkong and Shanghai markets follow the Laplace distribution while the other five markets: Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea, Japan, and Singapore follow the Johnson SU distribution.

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Murooka, Junichi. "Actual Conditions of Outside-Store Retailing by Farmers’ Markets: Results from a Questionnaire Survey to Farmers’ Markets in Okayama Prefecture." Journal of Rural Problems 50, no. 2 (2014): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7310/arfe.50.155.

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Brennan, Jason, and Peter Jaworski. "If you can do it for free, there's some way to do it for money." Journal of Institutional Economics 17, no. 1 (2020): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137420000351.

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AbstractMarkets without Limits defends the claim that there are no inherent limits to markets, in the sense that if something may permissibly be given away or exchanged outside of market or for free, then there is some realistic and plausible way of structuring a market that makes it morally permissible to exchange it for money. This paper reviews the basic strategy of the book, and then responds to criticisms from Geoffrey Hodgson's recent review. Hodgson claims to have identified counterexamples to our main thesis, which we dispute.

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Acharya, Viral V., Denis Gromb, and Tanju Yorulmazer. "Imperfect Competition in the Interbank Market for Liquidity as a Rationale for Central Banking." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4, no. 2 (2012): 184–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.2.184.

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We study interbank lending and asset sales markets in which banks with surplus liquidity have market power vis-à-vis banks needing liquidity, frictions arise in lending due to moral hazard, and assets are bank-specific. Surplus banks ration lending and instead purchase assets from needy banks, an inefficiency more acute during financial crises. A central bank acting as a lender-of-last-resort can ameliorate this inefficiency provided it is prepared to extend potentially loss-making loans or is better informed than outside markets, as might be the case if it also performs a supervisory role. This rationale for central banking finds support in historical episodes. (JEL E58, G01, G21, G28, L13, N21)

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Journal articles on the topic 'Outside markets'

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