Relevant bibliographies by topics / Outside option

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Outside option'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Outside option"

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Binmore, Ken, Avner Shaked, and John Sutton. "An Outside Option Experiment." Quarterly Journal of Economics 104, no. 4 (1989): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937866.

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Watson, Joel. "On the outside-option principle with one-sided options." Economics Letters 191 (June 2020): 109110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109110.

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Belau, Julia. "Outside option values for network games." Mathematical Social Sciences 84 (November 2016): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2016.09.005.

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Newhouse, Joseph P. "Risk adjustment with an outside option." Journal of Health Economics 56 (December 2017): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.01.001.

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Compte, Olivier, and Philippe Jehiel. "Veto Constraint in Mechanism Design: Inefficiency with Correlated Types." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 1, no. 1 (2009): 182–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.1.1.182.

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We consider bargaining problems in which parties have access to outside options, the size of the pie is commonly known and each party privately knows the realization of her outside option. We allow for correlations in the distributions of outside options. Parties have a veto right, which allows them to obtain at least their outside option payoff in any event. Besides, agents can receive no subsidy ex post. We show that inefficiencies are inevitable whatever the exact form of correlation, as long as private information is dispersed. We also illustrate how veto constraints differ from ex post participation constraints. (JEL C78, D82)
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Malhotra, Deepak, and Francesca Gino. "The Pursuit of Power Corrupts." Administrative Science Quarterly 56, no. 4 (2011): 559–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839212441350.

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Across three laboratory studies, this paper illustrates how a common strategic decision aimed at increasing one’s own power—investing in outside options—can lead to opportunistic behavior in exchange relationships. We show that the extent to which individuals have invested in creating outside options increases the likelihood that they will exploit their current exchange partners, even after controlling for the leverage provided by the outside options. Our results demonstrate that having previously sunk investments in an outside option leads to a heightened sense of entitlement, even when the outside option has been foregone. In turn, feelings of entitlement result in higher aspirations for what is to be gained in the current relationship, and these aspirations fuel opportunism. Finally, we show that other parties may fail to anticipate these effects, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation.
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Sloof, Randolph, Joep Sonnemans, and Hessel Oosterbeek. "Specific investments, holdup, and the outside option principle." European Economic Review 48, no. 6 (2004): 1399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(03)00017-5.

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Di Pietro, Christian, and Marco Maria Sorge. "Outside (option) in the orchard: lemons or peaches?" Economia e Politica Industriale 45, no. 4 (2018): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40812-018-0099-8.

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BELAU, JULIA. "OUTSIDE OPTIONS IN PROBABILISTIC COALITION SITUATIONS." International Game Theory Review 13, no. 04 (2011): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198911003076.

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In this paper, we introduce an extension of (TU) games with a coalition structure. Taking a situation where all coalitions are already established is not reasonable in order to forecast the reality; there is not only one possible coalition, there are several. We consider situations where coalitions are not established yet and take into account the likelihood of each possible coalition. This leads to a generalized, probabilistic setting for coalition structures. Probabilistic versions of known axioms as efficiency, symmetry or the null player axiom are introduced as well as new probabilistic axioms, the probabilistic influence axioms. The focus is on a generalization of the outside-option-sensitive χ-value in the new setting and an axiomatic characterization of it. The problematic of the impossibility of a direct axiomatization via deterministic pendants is discussed: As an example for a direct characterization we introduce and characterize a probabilistic version of the outside-option-insensitive pendant of the χ-value, the component restricted Shapley value. As another example for an outside-option-sensitive value without direct characterization we introduce a probabilistic version of the Owen value and show that a direct characterization is not possible; we link this to the problem of component decomposability.
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Chiu, Y. Stephen, and B. Rachel Yang. "The outside option, threat point, and Nash bargaining solution." Economics Letters 62, no. 2 (1999): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(98)00237-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Outside option"

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Greaves, James David. "Numerical analysis of the outside vapor deposition process." Ohio : Ohio University, 1990. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1183491109.

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Adamuz, Peña Mercedes. "Essays on Bargaining with Outside Options." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4059.

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Los modelos de negociación con opciones exteriores normalmente suponen que los pagos de estas opciones son independientes de las acciones que los negociadores toman durante el proceso negociador. Sin embargo, en muchos contextos, la opción exterior depende de lo que las partes hagan durante la fase negociadora. Uno de estos contextos es el de aquellas negociaciones que se llevan a cabo en presencia de un árbitro. Esta tesis realiza algunas contribuciones a la teoría de la negociación con opciones exteriores, enfatizando aquellas situaciones donde las opciones exteriores aparecen por la intervención de árbitros.<br/>En el capítulo 2 analizo los efectos del arbitraje en las negociaciones cuando su uso es voluntario. Considero un modelo de negociación por concesiones donde las partes tienen la posibilidad de llamar a un árbitro con el consentimiento del oponente. Demuestro que la introducción del arbitraje distorsiona el resultado de la negociación. Esta distorsión depende de los costes relativos de implementar una partición mediante un proceso negociador versus un proceso arbitral. Si los costes del arbitraje son pequeños en relación a los costes de la negociación, entonces la partición negociada se aproxima a la propuesta por el árbitro, y en casos extremos el arbitraje es utilizado en equilibrio. Sin embargo, los jugadores no eligen siempre el método más eficiente de resolver su disputa: a veces negocian cuando es más eficiente acudir al arbitraje. <br/>En el capítulo 3 estudio los efectos de diferentes procedimientos arbitrales en el resultado de una negociación, en un modelo donde los jugadores realizan demandas no crecientes y el árbitro es llamado solo cuando las negociaciones se declaran rotas. Dos procedimientos arbitrales son analizados: el arbitraje convencional, donde el árbitro es libre de elegir su acuerdo y el arbitraje de oferta final, donde el árbitro está obligado a elegir una de las últimas ofertas de los jugadores. Demuestro que si los jugadores son suficientemente pacientes y el árbitro sigue un procedimiento de oferta final, en equilibrio, los jugadores negocian una partición pero toma algún tiempo llegar a ella. Sin embargo, si el árbitro sigue un procedimiento convencional, en equilibrio los jugadores utilizarán esta institución para resolver su disputa. <br/>Finalmente, en el capítulo 4 discuto el papel que juegan las opciones exteriores inciertas en las negociaciones cuando existe información incompleta acerca de su existencia. Examino una guerra de desgaste donde los jugadores disfrutan de información privada acerca de sus posibilidades de dejar la mesa de negociación para tomar una opción exterior. Hay dos tipos de jugadores: los tipos débiles, que no tienen opciones exteriores y prefieren conceder que salirse del juego, y los tipos fuertes que tienen opciones exteriores tales que prefieren salirse que conceder. El principal mensaje que surge del análisis de este juego es que la incertidumbre acerca de la posibilidad de que el oponente se vaya, mejora la eficiencia porque incrementa la probabilidad de concesión. Más precisamente, si la probabilidad de que el oponente sea fuerte es relativamente alta, la negociación acaba con una concesión segura. En el otro extremo, si la probabilidad de que el oponente sea débil es alta, los tipos fuertes dejarán en algún momento el juego con probabilidad igual a 1, dejando a los débiles jugando, desde ese momente en adelante el ineficiente equilibrio de la guerra de desgaste clásica. Incluso en este caso, la probabilidad de concesión a lo largo de la fase de incertidumbre del juego se incrementa.<br>Models of bargaining with outside options usually assume that the payoffs resulting from the outside options are independent of the actions taken by bargainers during the negotiation process. However, in many negotiation contexts, the outside option does depend on what the parties have done during the negotiation phase. One such context is that of negotiations in presence of a third party, an arbitrator. This thesis makes several contributions to the theory of bargaining with outside options, emphasizing situations in which outside options arise by the intervention of arbitrators.<br/>Chapter 2, analyzes the effects of arbitration in negotiations when the use of this institution is voluntary. We consider a bargaining by concessions model where the parties have the possibility of calling an arbitrator with the consent of the other party. I show that introducing arbitration distorts the negotiated outcome. This distortion depends on the relative costs of implementation of the partition obtained by negotiating and the one obtained by arbitrating. If the arbitration cost is small relative to the cost of negotiation then the negotiated partition approximates the one proposed by the arbitrator, and in extreme cases arbitration is used in equilibrium. However players do not always choose the most efficient method to solve their dispute: sometimes they negotiate when it would be more efficient to use arbitration.<br/>Chapter 3 studies the effects of different arbitration procedures on the bargaining outcome and its efficiency, in a bargaining model where players make non-increasing demands and an arbitrator is called if and only if negotiations are declared broken. Two arbitration procedures are analyzed: the conventional arbitration (CA) where the arbitrator is free to choose a settlement and the final-offer arbitration (FOA) where the arbitrator is constrained to pick one of the players' last offers. I show that, if players are sufficiently patient and the arbitrator follows a Final-Offer Arbitration procedure, the equilibrium negotiated outcome may involve some delay. But if he follows a Conventional Arbitration procedure, in equilibrium, players always use the arbitrator to solve the dispute.<br/>Finally, chapter 4 discusses the role played by the outside options in negotiations when there is incomplete information about their existence. I examine a War of Attrition where players enjoy private information about their possibility of leaving the negotiation to take an outside option. There are two types of players: a weak type who has a valueless outside option-she always prefers conceding rather than opting out- and a strong type who has a valuable outside option that she prefers to take rather than conceding. The main message that emerges from the analysis of this game is that uncertainty about the possibility that the opponent opts out improves efficiency, since it increases the equilibrium probability of concession. More precisely, if the probability that the opponent is strong is relatively high, in equilibrium, the negotiation eventually ends with a sure concession. On the other extreme, if the likelihood of a weak opponent is high, strong types will eventually leave the negotiation and opt out with probability 1 leaving weak types to play from that time on the inefficient symmetric equilibrium of the classical War of Attrition. Even in this case, the probability of concession along the uncertainty phase of the equilibrium play increases.
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Constantino, Luiz Felipe Monteiro. "Contratos de performance sob risco e na ausência de incentivo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10146.

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Submitted by Luiz Felipe Constantino (constantino.lf@gmail.com) on 2012-10-01T23:52:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - FormatadaFinal.pdf: 1877901 bytes, checksum: 586e0424a6d2af6580e20588f159f408 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2012-10-02T14:09:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - FormatadaFinal.pdf: 1877901 bytes, checksum: 586e0424a6d2af6580e20588f159f408 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-15T17:58:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - FormatadaFinal.pdf: 1877901 bytes, checksum: 586e0424a6d2af6580e20588f159f408 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-31<br>This paper shows that fixed wages are not the optimal solution for a labour contract when the worker’s outside option is a function of a factor that can vary. The worker’s contract will include a bonus that will also be a function of the same factor that modifies its outside option, even though this factor does not depend on his effort and the agent is risk-averse. This result contrasts with the classical theory according to which one should only allocate risk to the employee when such contract is necessary to provide incentives for greater effort from the agent. Another conclusion of this paper is that there is a limit to the risk the employee assumes in the optimal contract, i.e., the value of the bonus is an increasing function of the difference of the values of the worker’s outside options between the possible scenarios only until a certain point, after which the size of the bonus is fixed.<br>Este trabalho mostra que a solução ótima do contrato de remuneração do empregado não é de salário fixo quando sua utilidade reserva é uma função de um fator que pode variar. A remuneração ótima do empregado incluirá um bônus que será também uma função do mesmo fator que modifica sua utilidade reserva, mesmo que tal fator não dependa do seu esforço e que o agente seja avesso ao risco. Esse resultado contrasta com a teoria clássica segundo a qual só se deveria alocar risco ao funcionário quando tal contrato fosse necessário para prover os incentivos para um esforço maior do agente. Outra conclusão desse trabalho é que existe um limite para o tamanho do risco que o funcionário assume no contrato ótimo, ou seja, o valor do bônus é uma função crescente da diferença dos valores da utilidade reserva nos diferentes cenários possíveis até certo ponto apenas e a partir de determinado valor para essa diferença, a magnitude do bônus se mantém estável.
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Sonderegger, Silvia. "Principle-agent problems with type-dependent outside options." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1963/.

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The literature on adverse selection has until recently concentrated on the case where the agent's outside option is type-independent, implying that all types of agent receive the same payoff should no trade occur with the principal. Unfortunately, this assumption is not innocuous. If it is relaxed, the properties of the optimal contract can change dramatically. This thesis characterizes the impact of type-dependent outside options in three different settings. First, we explore the notion that a worker's prospects in the labour market may be influenced by his employment history. Under these circumstances, employers may incentivise their employees by randomizing over the probability with which current employees are retained. We identify a set of sufficient conditions for this to be the case in a two-period employment relationship, where the employee's ability is private information and both parties are risk-neutral. Although randomization is seldom observed in the real world, our results suggest that employers may optimally introduce some ambiguity over the conditions that need to be fulfilled in order to be retained. Second, we study competition in price-quality menus within the context of an horizontally differentiated duopoly, where each firm also operates in a local, monopolistic market. It is assumed that the consumer's (unobservable) valuation for quality is determined by the nature of his preferences over horizontal (or brand) product characteristics. We find that, if competition between the two firms is sufficiently fierce: (1) the equilibrium quality schedule exhibits bunching and (2) the equilibrium contract features overprovision of quality for sufficiently low types. Thus, with respect to the monopoly setting, competition may introduce new types of distortions, namely upward distortions. Third, we analyze the conflict of interests that arises between employers and employees with respect to the adoption of innovations that change the nature of the skills relevant for production. If an employer decides to adopt a new technology, he will also replace his specialist workforce. Thus, although a current employee has access to superior information concerning the efficiency of the new technology, he also has an incentive to misreport it. We show that if (1) the employee's expected utility from alternative employment is lower when the new technology is superior and (2) the employer cannot commit to retain the employee if the new technology is adopted, no renegotiation-proof contract exists, which induces the employee to truthfully reveal his information. In the special case where the employee can ex-ante commit to make his information publicly available (commitment to transparency), access to external sources of information can result in the employer's choice of technology being less efficient than otherwise.
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BURNETT, JOHANN CARO. "OUTSIDE OPTIONS AND THE LIMITING DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN REPEATED DECISION TAKING WITH PRIVATE INFORMATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15302@1.

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Nesta pesquisa, apresentam-se restrições de participação ex-post num cenário em que, repetidamente, dois agentes têm de tomar uma ação conjunta, não podem recorrer a pagamentos laterais, e em cada período recebem privadamente informação sobre as suas preferências. Derivam-se uma série de resultados. Primeiro, mostra-se que independentemente de quão pacientes sejam os agentes, qualquer mecanismo satisfazendo restrições de participação ex-post fornece resultados distantes da eficiência. Em segundo lugar, para um agente cuja opção de fora se tornou tentadora, o mecanismo ótimo (i) fornece, comparado com o mecanismo de participação forçada, menos peso sobre as ações atuais e, de modo a permitir que os agentes continuem o intercâmbio de direitos de decisão no futuro, (ii) sempre promete-se valores de continuação que sejam superiores ao valor da sua opção de fora. Finalmente, derivam-se propriedades da dinâmica do poder barganhar, e prova-se que esta leva a uma distribuição de poder limite que é única. Esta distribuição é não degenerada, sem memória e tal que o poder de barganha muda continuamente entre os agentes no limite; o que significa que o peso que os agentes têm nas decisões necessariamente varia de período para período.<br>We introduce ex-post participation constraints in a setting in which, repeatedly, two agents have to take a joint action, cannot resort to side payments, and each period are privately informed about their favorite actions. We derive a number of results. First, we show that, irrespective of how patient the agents are, any mechanism satisfying ex-post participation constraints delivers outcomes that are bounded away from efficiency. Second, for an agent whose outside option became tempting, the optimal mechanism (i) gives, relatively to a forced participation setting, less weight on current actions and, so to allow the agents to continue to trading decision rights in the future, (ii) always promises continuation values that are higher than the value of his outside option. Finally, we derive properties of the dynamics of relative bargain power, and prove that it leads to a unique limiting distribution of power. This limiting distribution is non-degenerate, memoryless and such that power continually changes hands in the limit, meaning that the weight agents have on decisions necessarily varies from period to period.
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Belau, Julia [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Leininger, and Walter [Gutachter] Trockel. "Outside options and centrality in cooperative game theory / Julia Belau. Betreuer: Wolfgang Leininger. Gutachter: Walter Trockel." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1101476362/34.

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Janakiraman, Viswaram. "Computer simulation of material processing by outside vapor deposition." Ohio : Ohio University, 1990. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1183648293.

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Hellmann, Jennifer K. "Neighbor Effects: The Influence of Colony-level Social Structure on Within-group Dynamics in a Social Fish." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1464129648.

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Ursino, Giovanni. "Essays in theory of the firm and indivisual decision making experiments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7404.

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Esta tesis se compone de dos partes separadas y sin relación entre ellas. El primer capítulo, coautorado con el Profesor Greg Barron, es un experimento en toma de decisiones individuales. Este capítulo se construye a partir de una literatura creciente, que enfatiza el siguiente punto: cuando aprendemos las probabilidades y los resultados de una lotería a través de la experiencia en vez de la descripción visual del problema -un prospecto- entonces tomamos decisiones como si estuviéramos devaluando eventos poco probables. Esto contrasta con el fenómeno bien conocido de que las probabilidades pequeñas suelen sobrevaluarse cuando se toman decisiones a partir de prospectos. Nuestro trabajo contribuye a la literatura dando fuerza al punto mencionado frente a algunas críticas. En particular, nosotros encontramos que la devaluación sobrevive la eliminación de un problema de muestreo que afectaba trabajos anteriores y está correcto en el nuestro. Encontramos tambi´en que hay devaluación de probabilidades pequeñas vii en toma de decisiones al mismo tiempo que sobrevaluación en juicio sobre las mismas probabilidades. Este útimo resultado no puede ser explicado. El segundo capítulo introduce una nueva teoría de integración vertical a partir del hecho de que aumentar el poder contractual de una empresa es citado muy a menudo como una razón para integrarse verticalmente con los proveedores. En mi modelo las empresas se integran para ganar poder contractual hacia proveedores no integrados en la cadena productiva. El coste de la integración es una pérdida de flexibilidad a la hora de escoger los proveedores más apropiados para un particular producto final. Muestro como las empresas que tienen inversiones más específicas en el proceso productivo tienen un ayor incentivo a integrarse. La teoría presentada permite explicar numerosos hechos estilizados como el efecto del desarrollo financiero sobre la estructura vertical de las empresas, la evolución que se observa de inversión extranjera directa a outsourcing en el comercio internacional, la conexi´on entre ciclo de vida del producto y la estructura vertical, etc.<br>This thesis is composed of two separate, unrelated chapters. Chapter I, coauthored with Greg Barron, is an experiment in individual decision making. It builds on a small and growing literature which makes the following point: whenever we learn the odds and outcomes of a binary choice problem through experience rather than from a visual description -a prospect- then we take decisions as if we were underweighting rare events. This is in contrast to the well known phenomenon of overweighting rare events in prospect based decisions. Our work contributes to the literature by strengthening this finding in the face of earlier criticism. In particular we find that the underweighting is robust to the elimination of sampling bias which affected previous studies and is absent from ours. We also find that underweighting in choice happens at the same time as overweighting in probability judgment. This remains unexplained. Chapter II introduces a new theory of vertical integration building on the fact that improving a company's bargaining position is often cited as a chief motivation to vertically integrate with suppliers. In my model firms integrate to gain bargaining power against other suppliers in the production process. The cost of integration is a loss of flexibility in choosing the most suitable suppliers for a particular final product. I show that the firms who make the most specific investments in the production process have the greatest incentive to integrate. The theory provides novel insights to the understanding of numerous stylized facts such as the effect of financial development on the vertical structure of firms, the observed pattern from FDI to outsourcing in international trade, the connection between product cycle and vertical structure, etc.
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Morariu, Vlad V. "Institutional critique : a philosophical investigation of its conditions and possibilities." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16416.

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'Institutional critique' is a term that refers to a range of diverse artistic practices and discourses that emerged at the end of the 1960s and that continue in the present. In spite of their differences, they all share a concern with the institutional conditioning of artists and artworks. Various historicizations of institutional critique (Alberro and Stimson, 2009; Raunig and Ray, 2009; Welchman, 2006) concur that one could distinguish two 'phases': artists of the 1960s and 1970s allegedly investigated the possibilities of an escape towards an 'outside' of the art institution, whereas those of the 1990s analysed the ways in which the artistic subject reproduced the structures of the art institution. Since the beginning of the 2000s various artists and authors have revisited the histories and legacies of institutional critique. This growing interest was triggered by the perceived intensification of a process that began at the end of the 1960s; it refers to the recuperation and neutralization of artistic types of critique by what Boltanski and Chiapello (2005) have called the 'new spirit' of capitalism. In this context, the Austrian philosopher Gerald Raunig and the members of the European Institute for Progressive Cultural Policies have proposed the hypothesis that 'a new phase' of institutional critique was to emerge. However, this proposition was based less on empirical evidence, than on a 'political and theoretical necessity to be found in the logic of institutional critique' (Raunig, 2009, 3). This thesis is a response to this set of circumstances. By asking 'what are the conditions and possibilities of institutional critique?' it investigates the categories of institutional critique's logic. My main argument is that a 'phase change' of institutional critique could and should be understood through the apparatus of Derridean deconstruction. This implies a criticism of the idea that one needs to escape the art institution in order to respond to urgencies stemming from the social, economic, and political realms (Truth Is Concrete Platform, 2012). At the same time, I will also refute the idea that institutional critique is trapped in the art institution (Fraser, 2009a). Institutional critique works on the remainder and rest that necessarily escapes the instituting will and intention of defining and describing in an exhaustive manner the whatness of what (art) is (Boltanski, 2011). I show that between critique and the art institution there is an irreducible relation of symbiosis and cohabitation, and that the deconstructive logic of institutional critique allows it to be both partner and adversary, at the same time, of the art institution.
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Books on the topic "Outside option"

1

Sutton, John. An outside option experiment. International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1985.

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Murray, Sam A. The bargaining process that takes place between buyers and sellers in a dynamic market when there exists an outside option for the buyers. typescript, 1997.

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Schöndube, Jens Robert. Top-Manager-Entlohnung, Arbeitsanreize und endogene Outside Options. Otto-von-Guericke-Universitär Magdeburg, 2008.

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Kahn, Lawrence M. A general experiment on bargaining in demand games with outside options. College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1991.

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Scaramozzino, Pasquale. Bargaining with outside options: Wages and employment in UK manufacturing 1974-1982. University College, 1990.

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Dalmazzo, Alberto. Outside options in a bargaining model with decay in the size of the cake. Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1992.

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Spaventa, Luigi. Out in the cold?: Outsiders and insiders in 1999 : feasible and unfeasible options. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1996.

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Shardlow, Thomas Frost. Outline of British Columbia outside salmon troll fisheries management: Issues and options : results of a two-day workshop. Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1988.

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Cynthia, Roberts, Leslie Armijo, and Saori Katada. BRICS Collective Financial Statecraft. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697518.003.0003.

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This chapter examines four ideal types of collective financial statecraft of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in four case studies occurring between 2007 and mid-2016. The first type is inside reforms of existing institutions, illustrated by the BRICS’ attempt to gain greater influence within the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. A second type is inside reforms of markets, defined as resisting or reallocating the political power accruing to states that possess currency and financial market power. The associated case profiles the BRICS’ opposition to sanctions against Russia over its intervention in Ukraine. A third type of BRICS collective action occurs via the outside option to create new parallel institutions such as the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Finally, a fourth type combines the choice of an outside option with a market-based venue. The chapter examines BRICS support of greater internationalization of China’s currency, rivaling the U.S. dollar and thus altering international financial markets. The BRICS have cooperated successfully in most of their attempts.
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Sokol, Bryan W., Katie Gauthier Donnelly, Justin M. Vilbig, and Katie Monsky. Cultural Immersion as a Context for Promoting Global Citizenship and Personal Agency in Young Adults. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0024.

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Immersive educational experiences are a form of experiential learning that typically involve intensive instruction, reflection, and exposure to complex social issues, often taking participants outside of their “comfort zones” to critically examine their own preconceived notions and biases. This chapter argues that well-designed, intercultural immersion experiences capitalize on key developmental areas in emerging young adults who are navigating diverse perspectives, exploring new identities, and searching for deeper meaning and responsibility. Emerging adults are primed to take advantage of such intercultural immersion opportunities, making even short-term experiences a viable option for intense personal reflection and growth. In addition to promoting healthy developmental pathways in young people, such experiences also benefit the civic well-being of communities by encouraging youth to become agents of social change.
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Book chapters on the topic "Outside option"

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Kalkofen, Brigitte. "Eine bilaterale Verhandlungssituation mit einseitiger Outside-Option." In Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Beiträge. Physica-Verlag HD, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11887-0_9.

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Hao, Li-hua. "A Comprehensive Study on Fisher-General Motor: Outside Option and Hold-up Problem." In Proceedings of the 5th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI2014). Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-100-0_41.

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Pustovitovskij, Andrej. "Outside Option als der Angelpunkt der strukturellen Kraft am Beispiel von Chinas Engagement in Subsahara-Afrika." In Strukturelle Kraft in Internationalen Beziehungen. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12693-3_5.

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Binmore, Ken, and Jon X. Eguia. "Bargaining with Outside Options." In Studies in Political Economy. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44582-3_1.

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Henderson, Vicky. "Passport Options Outside the Black Scholes World." In Mathematical Finance. Birkhäuser Basel, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8291-0_18.

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Prasad, Sudhakar. "Quantum Noise in Lasers and Parametric Oscillators: Inside Versus Outside." In Recent Developments in Quantum Optics. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2936-1_40.

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Silvia, Paul J., Peter F. Delaney, and Stuart Marcovitch. "Getting involved outside the lab and classroom." In What psychology majors could (and should) be doing: A guide to research experience, professional skills, and your options after college. American Psychological Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/15965-008.

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Langlois, M., D. Sandler, and D. McCarthy. "Large Ground-Based Telescopes with High Order Adaptive Optics for Imaging Faint Objects and Extra-Solar Planets." In Planets Outside the Solar System: Theory and Observations. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4623-4_19.

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Feng, Jing Song. "Experimental Survey of Photon in the Light Quanta (hv) and Study of Interaction Mechanism of Moving Photons and Moving Electrons outside Atomic Nucleus." In Optics Design and Precision Manufacturing Technologies. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-458-8.1221.

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Egli, Dennis B. "Crop management: principles and practices." In Applied crop physiology: understanding the fundamentals of grain crop management. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245950.0004.

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Abstract This chapter discusses planting-seed quality, variety selection, plant population, planting date and row spacing. The goal of crop management is to create the perfect environment for the growth of the crop, where the perfect environment is characterized by the absence of stress or other factors that reduce crop growth and yield. This goal may be impossible or uneconomical to achieve, but that does not detract from its usefulness as a goal. The management practices discussed in this chapter are fundamental components of grain production systems that contribute to reaching the goal of the perfect environment. There are many management options available to an individual producer; selecting the best combination is not always easy and it may be constrained by factors outside the realm of the physiological processes controlling crop yield.
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Conference papers on the topic "Outside option"

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Jie, Liao, and Sun Shaowei. "Potentially Invalid: Stable Matching with Outside Option." In 2020 17th International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccwamtip51612.2020.9317335.

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Chen Hao and Li Kai. "A study on countervailing power from the perspective of outside option." In 2011 International Conference on Business Management and Electronic Information (BMEI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbmei.2011.5920991.

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Hao, Lihua. "A Comprehensive Study on Fisher-General Motor: Outside Option and Hold-up Problem." In 5th International Asia Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation (IEMI 2014). Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iemi-14.2014.34.

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Hadley, Isabel, and Liwu Wei. "Validation of the European FITNET Fitness-for-Service Fracture Assessment Procedure." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61350.

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The new European fitness-for-service procedure FITNET includes a hierarchy of different approaches for fracture assessment, designated Option 0 to Option 5. The choice of Option depends on the information available to the user, and can include direct calculation of crack driving force by FEA, allowance for weld strength mismatch and allowance for crack-tip constraint. The fracture assessment procedures have been extensively validated by analysing the results of large-scale fracture tests and engineering failures in accordance with the procedure, and comparing actual with predicted behaviour. This paper presents a selection of the many hundreds of analyses carried out, with particular emphasis on the more advanced Options incorporating weld strength mismatch and crack-tip constraint. Failure of the testpieces was correctly predicted by the FITNET procedure in all cases (ie, the analysis point corresponding to failure of the specimen lay outside the failure analysis line of the FAD). The safety factor associated with the analysis is, however, shown to decrease as the more advanced Options are invoked, ie the analysis becomes more accurate and less conservative, as intended.
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Li, Bing, Preston Tang, Khurram Khan, and Akash Bhatia. "Design Modification to Mitigate the Reactor Inner Zone Inlet Header Temperature in a CANDU Reactor." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65096.

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The Reactor Inner Zone Inlet Header (RIZIH) temperatures have raised more rapidly in the CANDU units in general, compared to the original aging predictions. The RIZIH high temperature alarms are required to be monitored to prevent operation outside the safe operating envelope as supported by the safety analysis. To prevent RIZIH temperature alarms, increasing RIZIH temperatures are being mitigated through changes in unit operating conditions which have caused power derates (as low as 87% Full Power) and a loss of revenue. In order to address the above concerns, a CANDU utility has initiated a study to evaluate multiple design alternatives and develop the best design option to improve RIZIH temperatures control. Seven design alternatives were assessed to a sufficient level based on their risk, suitability, economics, and effectiveness in managing RIZIH temperature with minimum system level impacts to interfacing systems. The study concluded that the external feedwater bypass of High Pressure Heater is the preferred option.
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Thorneloe, Susan A., Keith A. Weitz, and Jesse Miller. "Analysis of the “Zero Waste” Management Option Using the Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2347.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research and Development (US EPA ORD) has developed a “Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool”, or MSW-DST, for local government solid waste managers to use for the life cycle evaluation of integrated solid waste management options. The MSW-DST was developed over a five year period (1994–1999) with the assistance of numerous outside contractors and organizations, including the Research Triangle Institute, North Carolina State University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Environmental Research and Education Foundation, Franklin Associates and Roy F. Weston. The MSW-DST can be used to quantify and evaluate the following impacts for each integrated solid waste management alternative: • Energy consumption, • Air emissions, • Water pollutant discharges, • Solid Waste disposal impacts. Recently, the MSW-DST was used by the U.S. EPA to identify solid waste management strategies that would help to meet the goal of the EPA’s “Resource Conservation Challenge.” In this effort, ten solid waste management strategies were evaluated for a hypothetical, medium-sized U.S. community, with a population of 750,000 and a waste generation rate of approximately 3.5 pounds per person per day. (Table 1). The assumed waste composition was based on national averages. A peer-reviewed paper on this research was published in 2008 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
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Belanger, Rory, and Derrick Sarafinchan. "Implementation of CSA Z662-15 Annex K Option 2 on a 610mm Liquid Pipeline." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64564.

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For more than two decades, CSA Z662 Annex K has provided a method for developing alternative acceptance criteria for weld flaws in mechanized welded pipelines. Increasingly, over the years, fracture mechanics practitioners have found the method overly conservative and restrictive with respect to brittle fracture criteria when compared to other accepted fracture mechanics-based engineering critical assessment ECA codes and methods. These limitations rendered the CSA Annex K method difficult to implement on pipelines constructed with materials not possessing optimal toughness and in cases requiring consideration of fracture toughness at temperatures lower than the typical minimum design metal temperature (MDMT) of −5°C. This paper presents experiences implementing CSA Z662-15 Annex K Option 2 methodology on a 610 mm diameter liquids pipeline and compares and contrasts the utility and benefits of the code revision. This pipeline required consideration for installation during winter months, necessitating installation temperatures as low as −30°C. In addition to evaluation of actual ECA results, analytical evaluations of the Option 2 methodology were also conducted considering parameters outside those used on the project. The new Annex K Option 2 method was found to be of considerable benefit in preparation of a practical ECA. Since fracture toughness testing was conducted at the anticipated lowest installation temperature, the flaw criteria were, as expected, principally controlled by elastic/plastic crack growth consideration. The failure assessment diagram implemented into the CSA Z662-15 Annex K Option 2 provided tolerance for both longer and deeper flaws than that afforded by Option 1 (which resorts to the former 2011 Annex K method). Furthermore, the reduced restriction to the surface interaction ligament (p distance) offers additional advantages including increased flexibility in weld profile design and weld pass sequencing. Fracture toughness (CTOD) testing of TMP pipeline steels used in the project at −30°C often produced transitional fracture toughness results. It was found that the particular project materials were quite sensitive to the level of test specimen pre-compression (an acceptable plastic straining method to reduce residual stress gradients) applied to the CTOD specimens to enhance fatigue crack-front straightness. It was found that optimizing the level of pre-compression (to achieve acceptable pre-crack straightness while minimizing plastic pre-strain) achieved a balance between fully satisfying testing requirements, providing a conservative assessment of CTOD, and facilitating a functional Annex K ECA.
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Wang, Guodong, and Zhe Wang. "A Study of GOTHIC 8.0 Code Application to AP1000 Containment Response." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15014.

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The AP1000 containment model has been developed by using WGOTHIC version 4.2 code. Condensation heat and mass transfer from the volumes to the containment shell, conduction through the shell, and evaporation from the shell to the riser were all calculated by using the special CLIMEs model. In this paper, the latest GOTHIC version 8.0 code is used to model both condensation and evaporation heat and mass transfer process. An improved heat and mass transfer model, the diffusion layer model (DLM), is adopted to model the condensation on the inside wall of containment. The Film heat transfer coefficient option is used to model the evaporation on the outside wall of containment. As a preliminary code consolidation effort, it is possible to use GOTHIC 8.0 code as a tool to analysis the AP1000 containment response.
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Klein, Levente J., Sergio A. Bermudez, Fernando J. Marianno, Hendrik F. Hamann, and Prabjit Singh. "Energy Efficiency and Air Quality Considerations in Airside Economized Data Centers." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48349.

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Many data center operators are considering the option to convert from mechanical to free air cooling to improve energy efficiency. The main advantage of free air cooling is the elimination of chiller and Air Conditioning Unit operation when outdoor temperature falls below the data center temperature setpoint. Accidental introduction of gaseous pollutants in the data center along the fresh air and potential latency in response of control infrastructure to extreme events are some of the main concerns for adopting outside air cooling in data centers. Recent developments of ultra-high sensitivity corrosion sensors enable the real time monitoring of air quality and thus allow a better understanding of how airflow, relative humidity, and temperature fluctuations affect corrosion rates. Both the sensitivity of sensors and wireless networks ability to detect and react rapidly to any contamination event make them reliable tools to prevent corrosion related failures. A feasibility study is presented for eight legacy data centers that are evaluated to implement free air cooling.
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Ku, Francis H., Pete C. Riccardella, Aparna Alleshwaram, and Eric Willis. "Effectiveness of Excavate and Weld Repair on a Large Diameter Piping Dissimilar Metal Weld by Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78618.

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Finite element weld residual stress analyses are performed to investigate the effectiveness of a newly proposed repair option for primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) in dissimilar metal welds in PWRs: Excavate and Weld Repair (EWR). Analyses are performed on a 30″ (762mm) outside diameter (OD) and 3″ (76mm) thick stainless steel pipe connected to a low alloy steel nozzle with a dissimilar metal weld (DMW). Eight EWR cases are analyzed to evaluate the sensitivities in weld residual stresses due to variations in the width and depth of the EWR, including cases with and without a thin weld cap on top of the DMW. The results demonstrate that a wide EWR that extends beyond the original width of the DMW provides the maximum residual stress benefits to the DMW, in terms of reducing the as-welded residual stresses. It is also found that the presence of the weld cap yields only marginal residual stress benefits.
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Reports on the topic "Outside option"

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Ward, Colin, and Wolfgang Heidug. Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 Storage Potential Outside North America: An Economic Assessment. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-dp27.

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Storing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in oil reservoirs as part of CO2 -based enhanced oil recovery (CO2 -EOR) can be a cost-effective solution to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. In this paper, we analyze the economics of this option in order to estimate the amount of CO2 that could be profitably stored in different regions of the world. We consider situations in which the CO2 -EOR operator either purchases the CO2 supplied or is paid for its storage. Building upon extensive data sets concerning the characteristics and location of oil reservoirs and emission sources, the paper focuses on opportunities outside North America. Using net present value (NPV) as an indicator for profitability, we conduct a break-even analysis to relate CO2 supply prices (positive or negative) to economically viable storage potential.
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Dippel, Christian, Avner Greif, and Daniel Trefler. Outside Options, Coercion, and Wages: Removing the Sugar Coating. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20958.

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Ruiz Muller, Manuel. Thinking Outside the Box Innovative Options for an Operational Regime on Access and Benefit Sharing. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/nr_ip_20100708.

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Dahl, Gordon, and Matthew Knepper. Why is Workplace Sexual Harassment Underreported? The Value of Outside Options Amid the Threat of Retaliation. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29248.

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Volk, JoAnn Volk, Sabrina Corlette Corlette, Kevin W. Lucia Lucia, et al. State Regulation of Coverage Options Outside of the Affordable Care Act: Limiting the Risk to the Individual Market. Commonwealth Fund, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.30035.

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Bruce, Judith, and Shelley Clark. The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000.

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This brief is based on a background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The final paper is entitled “Including married adolescents in adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS policy.” The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Married adolescent girls are outside the conventionally defined research interests, policy diagnosis, and basic interventions that have underpinned adolescent reproductive health programming and many HIV/AIDS prevention activities. They are an isolated, often numerically large, and extremely vulnerable segment of the population, largely untouched by current intervention strategies. As stated in this brief, promoting later marriage, to at least age 18, and shoring up protection options within marriage may be essential means of stemming the epidemic.
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Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hillary J. Bracken. A world apart: The disadvantage and social isolation of married adolescent girls. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1010.

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This brief is based on a paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Despite the program attention and funding that have been devoted to adolescents, early marriage and married adolescents have fallen largely outside of the field’s concern. Comprising the majority of sexually active adolescent girls in developing countries, this large and vulnerable subpopulation has received neither program and policy consideration in the adolescent sexual and reproductive health field, nor special attention from reproductive health and development programs for adult women. While adolescent girls, irrespective of marital status, are vulnerable in many settings and deserve program, policy, and resource support, the purpose of this brief is to describe the distinctive and often disadvantaged situations of married girls and to propose possible future policy and program options.
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Qi, Yan, Ryan Fries, Shambhu Saran Baral, and Pranesh Biswas. Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Snow Fences in Illinois: Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-020.

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Serving as a windbreak, properly sited and designed snow fences have been proven effective in mitigating the negative impacts of blowing snow. To achieve the best snow-control effects, the ideal locations for snow fences are usually outside the roadway right-of-way. Few efforts have been made to examine the economic efficiency of snow fences and explore ways to reward private landowners. The objective of this project was to develop methodologies for evaluation of the costs and benefits of snow fences in Illinois and identify ways to encourage private landowners’ participation in the snow fence program while keeping it cost-effective. The researchers conducted a literature review as well as agency and landowner surveys. They also acquired crash data, snow fence and blowing snow segment inventory data, and blowing snow removal expenditure data as well as performed benefit-cost analyses of three types of snow fences following Federal Highway Administration guides. The survey results suggested that standing corn rows (SCRs) and structural snow fences (SSFs) were the least intrusive options for landowners and living snow fences (LSFs) with trees were the most intrusive. Some concerns related to LSFs could be reduced by allowing landowners to play a role in the design and plant-selection process. The crash data indicated that no fatal and severe crashes occurred at snow fence segments, while several fatal and severe crashes occurred at blowing snow segments during 2012–2016. The results of the benefit-cost analyses showed that the benefit-cost ratios for LSFs and SSFs are comparable. However, LSFs are favorable over SSFs because little maintenance is needed after the plants are mature. Although SCRs have the highest benefit-cost ratio, the need to renew the agency-landowner agreement annually and the alternating of crops planted may limit their snow-control effectiveness and large-scale implementation. A tool was developed using MS Excel to facilitate the benefit-cost analysis of snow fences.
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