Academic literature on the topic 'Outsider/established'

Abstract: Keywords:Established/outsiders, scale, immigration, national identity, settler societies, urban/rural divide Résumé:En 1965, Norbert Elias et John Scotson ont publié un ouvrage dressant les bases des études sur les logiques d’exclusion. Leur analyse a fait l’objet de plusieurs critiques dont le peu d’attention accordée à la question de l’espace. En s’inspirant des travaux de Norbert Elias et de John Scotson, de nouvelles recherches ont tenté de remédier à la situation en accordant plus d’attention aux enjeux d’espace. Du coup, ces études ont grandement contribué au développement d’une sociologie relationnelle. Malgré ces importants développements, un travail important de développement conceptuel subsiste. Cet article suggère que l’approche Éliasienne peut apporter un éclairage important pour la compréhension des dynamiques locales de relations de pouvoir et de construction identitaire en prenant en considération l’importance des jeux de configurations sociales. La prise en compte des configurations sociales au sens Éliasien permet de mettre en relief le caractère simultané et parfois complexes des différents relations sociales en insistant notamment sur le caractère plus vaste des enjeux qui interpellent les acteurs et en s’éloignant d’une compréhension de ces phénomènes (dynamiques et rapports de pouvoir) comme étant le fruit de dynamiques purement locales. Mots clé: dichotomie Established/outsiders; jeux d’échelle; immigration; identité nationale; société coloniale; dichotomie urbain/rural In 1965, Norbert Elias and John Scotson published a seminal study on the dynamics of established/outsider relations. Their analysis has been criticized on several grounds, including its relative inattention to space. A number of recent studies have sought to build on Elias and Scotson's model by putting greater emphasis on space. These studies represent important interventions in the development of a relational approach to local established/outsider relations. Nonetheless, such an approach would benefit from further refinement. In particular, an Eliasian approach can be especially valuable to the study of local power relations and identity constructions if it takes into account the overlapping nature of configurations, emphasizes that individuals are simultaneously embedded in a large number of configurations, recognizes that different spatial contexts are not merely external resources to be manipulated by (local) actors, and refuses to treat conflicts that happen to play out in local contexts as purely local phenomena.

This study investigates the relationships between the types of “outsider” consulting assistance provided by the Small Business Development Center and subsequent changes in the performance of its established small business clients. According to the results of this study, established small business clients appear to benefit more from administrative and operating assistance than they do from strategic assistance. However, the findings also suggest that outsider assistance is most useful when it includes comprehensive attention to strategic, administrative, and operating problems.

Pengembangan dan pengayaan studi Islam layak memperhatikan epistemologi yang diusung oleh perspektif insider-outsider. Epistemologi yang telah berkembang di dunia Islam seperti al-bayan (rasionalisme), al-burhan (empirisme) dan al-irfan (intuisi) harus diperkuat dengan epistemogi yang berkembang dengan kemajuan pengetahuan yang lazim menjadi pisau bedah analisis outsider seperti fenomenologi agama, distansiasi (penjarakan terhadap objek), apropriasi (penepatan objek bagi horizon diri), kritik ideology (kritik atas prasangka dan ilusi agama), variasi imajinatif (permianan imajinasi makna), dekonstruksi (pembongkaran ilusi dan doktrin mapan), dan hermeneutika (metodologi dan filsafat tafsir). Dengan kolaborasi epistemology insider dan outsider maka tensi antara kajian insider dan outside dapat dijembatani. Terkait yang terakhir ini maka gagasan crosscheck inside-outsider, yakni kajian sarjana tentang agama sebuah masyarakat harus diverifikasi oleh anggota masyarakat tersebut layak diapresiasi.The development and enrichment of Islamic studies ought to pay attention much on epistemology promoted by insider-outsider’s perspective. Epistemology that has evolved in the world of Islam as al-bayan (rationalism), al-burhan (empiricism) and al-irfan (intuition) should be reinforced with Epistemology evolving with the advancement of knowledge that commonly becomes scalpel analysis of outsider like phenomenology of religion, distansiasi ( the spacing of the object), appropriation (Placing the object to the its horizon), criticism of ideology (criticism of prejudices and illusions of religion), variations imaginative (the game of imagined meaning), deconstruction (dismantling of illusion and established doctrine), and hermeneutics (methodology and philosophy of interpretation). With the collaboration of epistemology of insider and outsider, so the tension between insider and outsider studies can be bridged. Related to this, the crosscheck idea of inside-outsider, the undergraduate study of religion in a society, should be verified by members of the community should be appreciated.

This paper will introduce readers to the field of sports in the Republic of Ireland with specific reference to changing power relations between the sexes. It will situate a present-day social phenomenon, that is, Irish females‘ increasing involvement in what are seen traditionally as male-associated sports such as Gaelic football, rugby and soccer, within the context of social processes in which more or less independent groups of people (that is, male and female sportspeople) are becoming more interdependent. Qualitative data including 12 in-depth interviews with high performance (elite) female athletes (conducted between 1999 and 2002), three in-depth interviews with leading Irish sports officials (1999–2003) and participant observation notes (from the author's involvement in the field of sports since the early 1990s) will be used to examine aspects of the sport-gender nexus in Ireland. These will be situated within a sociological analysis of the emergence and development of sports for women since the 1970s, and they will be used to argue that the relatively slight shift in the balance of power in favour of females since the 1970s has led to feelings of emancipation amongst females and resistance amongst some males, though this resistance is gradually becoming weaker. Elias's theory of ‘established–outsider’ relations will be applied to suggest that females who participate in sports such as rugby, soccer and Gaelic football to a lesser extent, can be described as an ‘outsider’ group – that is, as one that has lacked the organisational resources and networks of mutual assistance to shift significantly the uneven balance of power between the sexes. Moreover, typical of outsiders in their relations with the established, dominant stereotypical views of females remain embedded in the personality structures of ‘outsiders’.

This essay is based on an interest in how certain residential areas are portrayed in the public debate as "problem areas" which allows other to stigmatization these neighborhoods with negative prejudices. The residential area Ersboda is one of the major residential area in the Swedish town Umeå, that can stand as an example of this phenomenon.  The unique with the residential area Ersboda is that the area don’t have much problem compare to other areas and it therefore interesting to ask why the residential area Ersboda are stamped with negative prejudices? The purpose of this essay is therefore to create an understanding why and how the residential area Ersboda in Umeå are stigmatised by the surroundings. The essay aims to answer the following questions: • When did the stigmatization of the residential area Ersboda begin? • How does the stigmatization of the residential area Ersboda manifest itself? • What could be the underlying factors for the stigmatization of Ersboda? In this study, qualitative interviews have been conducted with residents and working people in the residential area Ersboda. The result showed that one contributing reasons why Ersboda and its inhabitants become stigmatized is that there is a relatively large influx of immigrants in the 1990s. The second factor is based on the violent disturbances among a small part of the area's young residents during the same time period. The reason why Ersboda still are stigmatized depends possibly not only on the surrounding prejudices about the area's ethnic inhabitans and the media's negative reports. The underlying factor can be due to a power difference between established (the surrounding) and outsiders (those living and working on Ersboda). The conclusion is therefore that the stigma of Ersboda not depend on the number of problems, but rather on the basis that it has established a power relationship between "us" and "them" and where residents lack the means of power to break the stigmatization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:44:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise Araujo Meira.pdf: 4418242 bytes, checksum: eef5fd4bf2aa53d1a001e05a38be7155 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-26<br>Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie<br>Taking into account that researchers who study Franklin Cascaes work and life dissociate the artist from the professor, I have chosen his life trajectory, as an artist and as a professor, the object of analysis. The importance of such choice lies on the fact that his work as an artist/professor is almost unexplored in the academic literature, especially, from the point of view of his lack of traditional formal education. So, the aim was to show that there was a Franklin before and after his own autobiographical narratives, where he portrays himself as an outsider. Thus, the research was carried out through the examination of his academic works, autobiographical fragments, notes on his academic daily life, letters sent to journalists and politicians, interviews, photos, magazines, as well as his drawings, sculptures, and stories. All of these documents have provided hints of who Franklin Joaquim Cascaes was. This thesis departs from the common principle of the Elisian studies about the relationship between the individual and the society (especially in the case of Mozart, which prompted Nobert Elias to observe the possible forms of relationship, while studying the man), in order to understand Franklin Cascaes within the limits and possibilities of his own time. The opposition between the concepts of outsider and established were crucial in the analysis of Franklin s trajectory. These concepts are seen within an approach that embraces him as a deviant artist and professor. Thus, this work is divided into three sections, which one aiming at answering the following working question: how social tensions work on individual trajectories? In the first section, that covers Franklin s trajectory up to 1948, I analyses different factors in the experience of the man that have contributed to the construction of his mission: to keep up the culture of the inhabitants of the Isle of Santa Catarina. In the second section I try to understand the limits and the possibilities for him to carry out his project, taking 10 into consideration the determinants from the environment over his trajectory. Furthermore, I try to understand the strategies used by Franklin to face the rules and the attitudes that were imposed on him in the Escola Industrial as a professor and as an artist in the city of Florianópolis. In the last part I question how it was possible for the Museum Oswaldo Rodrigues Cabral of Archeology and Ethnology to keep up with Franklin s work of art. I also analyses the creation of other places devotes to his memory. In both cases, I have identified the strategies used for the recognition of the importance of Franklin as a catarinense artist. If the condition of established/outsider illuminates the power relations of a social dimension, defined by values, such as recognition, belonging, and exclusion, in the 1970s Franklin Cascaes begins to participate of spaces in the past open only to those who had an academic degree or a privileged social condition, the established. It is in the local political and social context of those years that the açoriana identity turned into a strategy for the invention of a city , which desired to become a tourist site. In 1977, the researcher and paranaense arts critic, Adalice Maria de Araujo, in her thesis Franklin Cascaes, The Myth of an Island: myth and magic , turned the artist in the big wizard of the island of Santa Catarina. Franklin, appearing frequently at the pages newspapers, especially, the O Jornal, the main local paper, and with the help from the students of the Industrial at the town hall and at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), was able to secure the keep up of his works by the Museum Oswaldo Rodrigues Cabral. It is in this atmosphere that Franklin goes from the condition of an outsider to the established one, although, in the following years, in different autobiographic narratives, he had never seen himself as such.<br>Partindo do pressuposto que ao tratar de Franklin Cascaes os pesquisadores que estudam a sua obra e vida, dissociam o artista do professor, foi eleita a trajetória do professor/artista como objeto de análise, sobretudo porque ela possibilitaria uma trajetória praticamente inexplorada nos trabalhos acadêmicos, sobretudo do ponto de vista de um professor/artista que não teve uma formação escolar tradicional. Objetivou-se, assim, mostrar que existe um Franklin anterior e um posterior as narrativas autobiográficas em que o mesmo busca representar-se como um sujeito outsider. Para isso, estudos acadêmicos, fragmentos autobiográficos, escritas do cotidiano escolar, correspondências enviadas a jornalistas e políticos, entrevistas, fotografias, revistas, bem como os desenhos, esculturas e contos por ele produzidos, foram tomados como documentos-monumento fornecendo indícios de quem foi Franklin Joaquim Cascaes. Parte-se do princípio comum aos estudos Elisianos sobre a relação indivíduo/sociedade, em especial o caso de Mozart, em que Norbert Elias estudando um indivíduo, espreita as formas de relações possíveis, buscando compreendê-lo dentro dos limites e das possiblidades do seu tempo. Os conceitos de outsiders e estabelecidos foram fundamentais na análise da trajetória de Franklin, na abordagem que o acolhe como um professor/artista desviante. O trabalho esta dividido em três partes, objetivando responder a seguinte questão: como as tensões sociais se operam em trajetórias individuais. Na primeira parte que compreende a trajetória de Franklin até 1948, analiso as diferentes experiências do personagem procurando identificar alguns fatores que contribuíram para a construção da sua missão: guardar a cultura dos moradores da Ilha de Santa Catarina. No segundo momento, busco compreender os limites e as possibilidades para a realização do seu projeto, levando em consideração as determinações do meio sobre a sua trajetória. Além disso, busco entender as estratégias utilizadas para Franklin fazer frente às normas e condutas que lhe foram impostas no espaço da Escola Industrial como docente e, na cidade de Florianópolis, como artista. Na última parte, problematizo de que forma foi possível a guarda da obra do professor/artista pelo Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia Oswaldo Rodrigues Cabral. Problematizo, também, a criação de outros lugares de memória. Nos dois casos busco identificar as estratégias utilizadas para reconhecer a sua importância como artista catarinense. Se a condição de estabelecido/outsider ilumina relações de poder de uma dimensão social definida por valores como reconhecimento, pertencimento e exclusão, então, o professor e artista Franklin Cascaes, nos anos 70, passa a partilhar espaços antes só destinados aos portadores de uma formação acadêmica ou de uma condição social privilegiada, os estabelecidos. É no quadro social e político local, daqueles anos, que a identidade açoriana torna-se uma estratégia para a "invenção de uma cidade" que desejava se fazer turística. Em 1977, a pesquisadora e crítica de arte paranaense Adalice Maria de Araujo, na tese "Franklin Cascaes, o Mito Vivo da Ilha: mito e magia na arte catarinense", transforma o artista no grande bruxo da Ilha de Santa Catarina. Franklin, ocupando com frequência as páginas dos jornais, especialmente o Jornal O Estado, principal periódico local e; contando com o apoio dos alunos da "Industrial" na Prefeitura e na UFSC, consegue a guarda da sua obra pelo Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia Oswaldo Rodrigues Cabral. É neste contexto, que Franklin passa da condição de outsider à de outsider/estabelecido, embora nos anos seguintes, nas diferentes narrativas autobiográficas ele não se perceba como tal.

This thesis is a sociogenetic investigation of terrorism that has been directed against Britain since the late eighteenth century. One of its most fundamental aims is to help lay the foundations of a figurational approach to the study of terrorism. Accordingly, I seek to answer two core and interrelated questions and apply the findings to develop an understanding of the processes and relationships that have contributed to the emergence of home-grown ‘jihadist terrorism’ in Britain. Those questions are: i) Under what figurational conditions have the concepts of terrorism and terrorist developed, in sociogenetic terms, since they were first coined during the first French Revolution in the late eighteenth century? ii) Under what figurational conditions do people act according to various designations of terrorism? In order to develop answers to these questions several kinds of terrorism figurations related to Britain are examined. The first three chapters are dedicated to exploring the research on terrorism that has grown in recent decades. Much of it fails to develop an understanding of terrorism that has sufficient detachment, and consequently can help, in some cases, to perpetuate terrorism figurations. Subsequent chapters move away from these mainstream approaches and show how terrorism figurations have developed in Britain from the time the concept ‘terrorism’ was first coined during the French Revolution. The core findings relate to how terrorism developed in antithesis to the concept of civilisation, and emerged as part of complex inter- and intra-state relationships and established-outsider figurations. As part of these processes, functional democratisation played a key role both in Britain and in Britain’s relations to other countries. Finally, I show that these processes have been central to the development of the habituses and identities of the July 7 2005 London bombers.

This thesis examines the desire for inclusion in association football amongst minority ethnic communities in England. The thesis is based on two case studies informed by semi-structured qualitative interviews. These case studies focus on two minority ethnic groups, the Asian community in Bury and the black community in the City of Liverpool, and the relationship of these respective communities with local professional football clubs (specifically Bury FC and Everton FC). The thesis notes that despite, by most objective measures, football grounds being less dangerous places to visit nowadays, members of minority ethnic groups continue to reject live spectatorship. Such rejection exists despite evidence of engagement in football amongst the male members of these minority ethnic groups. Asian respondents expressed little civic pride in Bury or interest in Bury FC, and thus their rejection of spectatorship opportunities was unconscious. Data from black respondents identified widespread sense of belonging and identification with the City of Liverpool, but conscious rejection of spectatorship at Everton FC. Despite recognition of the clubs anti-racist work black respondents argued that the idea persists that Everton are institutionally racist with racist fans. While such a perception had also previously been ascribed to Liverpool FC (Everton s near neighbours), such perceptions had changed quicker at Liverpool FC, who appear more effective at attracting minority ethnic spectators. A number of factors emerged that contribute to the continued rejection of spectatorship amongst British minority ethnic groups at professional football clubs. One of these is the perception that football clubs are unwelcoming places and white spaces . Fear of racism and fear of violence were also often cited although these were found not to be absolute in nature for either minority ethnic group. Indeed, evidence from both groups found that they are developing their own we image rather than internalising their own group disgrace , though it is also argued that Elias and Scotson s notion of two groups, the established (white s) and the outsiders (blacks), is too simplistic and a more fluid conceptualisation is called for. Overall, the data illustrated that the identities of members of minority ethnic groups are complex, multifunctional, context specific and fragmented and thus so are their relationships with football.

This thesis examines the ways in which the fit body has acted as an established form of capital in Korea. In addressing this question, this research explores the theoretical and methodological links between Bourdieu‘s and Elias‘s perspectives. In particular, using the fitness field as the context, this study examines specific types of valued capital and assesses the ways in which figurations between actors are produced and reproduced in ways that reinforce and sometimes disrupt 'established-outsider‘ (E-O) figurations in other fields (such as the academic field). In working toward its findings, this work makes use of multiple methods, including historical media analysis, media production study, interviews, and comparison of Gangnam and Gangbuk, to name but a few. This diverse array of approaches allows for a more robust and nuanced look at the E-O figuration of the body (Elias & Scotson, 1994) that grounded the production and reproduction of body capital and habitus in the fitness field. The findings also reveal that fit bodies are pivotal to the formation of symbolic power in Korean socio-historical contexts. E-O figuration of fitness media production teams influences media texts. Fitness media texts underline the virtue of fit bodies while disguising symbolic violence toward the outsider body. TV producers of fitness programs and star trainers as cultural intermediaries reproduce the belief in the notion of the fit body through media strategies that include storytelling, body models, and intellectualization. Fitness clubs, members, and trainers in Gangnam and Gangbuk are distinguished by their fitness capital, academic capital, and civility. Thus, in contemporary Korean society, fitness is a hidden path that allows for and consolidates the reproduction of Established-Outsider hierarchies; as such, it has a distinctive/civilized mode, a specific form of cultural capital, and undeniable connection to Western fitness culture.

The purpose of this study is to bring out the social economic residential segregation that exists in Bredäng and in Mälarhöjden by experiences and perceptions from local residents with a qualitative research. The study will also show how these expectations forms from local residents in these districts. Both these districts take place in southern Stockholm. Bredäng, the public housing neighborhood and Mälarhöjden, the garden neighborhood are two districts that was built up during two different eras but has a social economic difference bigger than the geographic distance. The majority of the local residents in Bredäng are low incomes and have a lack of university or college education. The majority of the local residents in Mälarhöjden have a higher percentage of university graduates and the average income per year are twice the size of Bredängs resident’s. The main focus of this study will be to inquire into why the social economic elements lead to residential segregation in these districts, but also in how Mälaräng will effect on this. The main focus will be to examine why the social economic elements leads to how segregation forms from the expectations that exist. It generally occurs similar beliefs and perceptions from all respondents about these districts. The results shows that all respondents confirms that it exist social economic differences between Bredäng and Mälarhöjden with consequences that Bredäng becomes the segregated district towards to Mälarhöjden that is considered the “fancier” district with higher “status”. We have used the concept segregation that is central in this study and two theoretical points, Goffman’s identity and Elias and Scotson who writes about established and outsiders. We use the theoretical perspectives to connect the empirical part about how individuals form experiences and perceptions toward to the opposite district. We also find how identity creations forms from the categories that the individual gets.<br>Med hjälp av en kvalitativ undersökning är syftet med denna studie att belysa hur bostadssegregation och hur områdets invånare formar föreställningar om både sitt eget område och i jämförelse med det motsatta området. Bredäng och Mälarhöjden ligger i södra Stockholm och är de två områden som kommer att undersökas. Vidare kommer vi i studien även belysa hur dessa står i relation till varandra utifrån lokalinvånarnas upplevelser och uppfattningar. Bredäng, miljonprogramområdet och Mälarhöjden, trädgårdsstaden är två stadsdelar som byggdes under olika tidsperioder men där de socioekonomiska skillnaderna är betydligt större än det geografiska. Majoriteten av de lokala invånare i Bredäng är låginkomsttagare och saknar eftergymnasial utbildning till skillnad från Mälarhöjden där fler är högutbildade samt där årsinkomsten är det dubbla jämfört med Bredäng. Studiens främsta fokus kommer vara att undersöka varför de socioekonomiska faktorer leder till hur bostadssegregation formas utifrån de föreställningar och uppfattningar som råder. Det förekommer generellt liknande föreställningar och uppfattningar från samtliga informanter kring stadsdelarna. Resultatet visar oss att samtliga respondenter bekräftar att det råder socioekonomiska skillnader på Bredäng och Mälarhöjden där konsekvenserna blir ett segregerat område där Bredäng ses som det segregerade området gentemot Mälarhöjden som framställs som det mer ”finare” och området med högre ”status”. Till den teoretiska biten har vi använt oss av ett centralt begrepp, segregation och två teoretiska utgångspunkter varav en av Goffmans identitetsskapande och sedan även Elias och Scotson som redogör för etablerade och outsiders. Med hjälp av de teoretiska perspektiven finner vi en anknytning till det empiriska avsnittet på hur individer formar uppfattningar och föreställningar gentemot det motsatta området. Vidare finner vi även hur identitetsskapandet formas utifrån de kategorier med egenskaper man blir tilldelade.

From 550 to 750 monastic culture became more firmly entrenched in Western Europe. The role of monasteries and their relationship to the social world around them was transformed during this period as monastic institutions became more integrated in social and political power networks. These collected essays focus on one of the central figures in this process, the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder Columbanus (c. 550–615), his travels on the Continent, and the monastic network he and his Frankish disciples established in Merovingian Gaul and Lombard Italy. The post-Roman kingdoms through which Columbanus traveled and in which he established his monastic foundations were made up of many different peoples. As an outsider and immigrant, how did Columbanus and his communities interact with these peoples? How did they negotiate differences, and what emerged from these encounters? This volume aims to explore further the strands of this vibrant contact.

The thesis advanced in this work is that the model of a secret or esoteric group is fruitful for studying various movements and groups in the Greco–Roman world. This is worked out in the extremely interesting case of the Essenes and the Qumran covenanters, for which we have available not only outsider descriptions but also the very documents that embody at least part of their secret teachings. This approach to analysis is not intended to supplant the sect/normative pattern for describing Ancient Judaism, but to supplement it, adding a very fruitful unexplored dimension to the analysis of ancient Jewish society. By attributing, in the footsteps of Georg Simmel, and more recently L. Hazelrigg, the organization and dynamic of secret societies to the need to guard the secret knowledge, it provides ways of understanding the organization and practice of the Qumran covenanters Essene sect, which were previously unperceived. Having established the theoretical framework, having shown that such groups existed in both non-Jewish and Jewish society in the Greco–Roman world, the book then proceeds to analyze in detail the working out of this dynamic in the cases of the Therapeutae and the Essenes, supplementing this with investigation of whether there is evidence for this same dynamic elsewhere in Second Temple Jewish society. Moreover, this analysis bears on the overall “fit” of these groups in the society of the period, so richly endowed with names of and evidence for different groups in that society.

This chapter challenges common misconceptions about Sebald, including the assumption that he wrote in English and that Austerlitz was the final work published in his lifetime. It goes on to discuss his misplaced label as a ‘Holocaust author’ and touches on the disappointing film adaptation of The Rings of Saturn. It also addresses controversies surrounding Sebald’s writing: how he deliberately situated himself as an academic outsider, was criticised by those who disliked his confrontation of German history, and his general animosity towards established champions of post-war literature.

Chapter 1 examines the ways in which Mansfield unsettled established ideas about nationhood and empire by responding to the politics of individualist feminism in the pages of The New Age, edited by A. R. Orage. In particular, this chapter traces textual convergences between Mansfield’s writings and work published in The New Age by its shadow co-editor, Beatrice Hastings. Like Mansfield, Hastings was an ‘outsider’ in London; born in South Africa, her writings demonstrate a sustained engagement with the politics of empire and offer a radical critique of the metropolitan consensus about gender and female suffrage. Through an analysis of original archival findings, including a short story and aphorisms, it is argued that Mansfield’s writings helped to augment Hastings’s critique of liberal feminism, thereby unsettling and challenging established ideas about marriage and motherhood, nationhood and the empire.

This chapter deals with rules governing precisely how and when a partnership is or is not established and the circumstances in which the question might be raised. It considers the importance of establishing a partnership or partnership liability, which arises in three basic situations. First, when a person who has dealt with a business seeks to make another person liable as a partner in that business — sometimes this is called the ‘outsider question’. The second situation arises when one person seeks to enforce a duty or obligation on another — this can be called the ‘insider question.’ The third case is in the field of taxation and other public regulation areas, since it may be in the parties' interest to establish a partnership for such purposes (or, alternatively, for the authorities to establish one).

Ken Nedimyer is founder and president of the Coral Restoration Foundation. He has lived and worked in the Florida Keys for over forty years and has witnessed firsthand the degradation of the Florida Reef Tract. He established one of the largest coral nurseries in the world and has been training restoration groups, especially in the Caribbean, on how to use his unique coral tree technique. Nedimyer won multiple awards, including a CNN Hero in 2012 and a Disney Conservation Hero in 2014. I first interviewed him over the phone on January 4, 2016, then met him in person in Hawai‘i, and finally interviewed him a couple of weeks after Hurricane Irma hit the Florida Keys. Nedimyer is the only nonscientist among the interchapter interviews. His narrative is important, in my view, precisely because he is an outsider to that world, therefore providing a fresh reflection on both scientists and the existing legal regimes....

This chapter discusses the clergy as a potential profession for young men. Only a minority of the clergy in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries came from the aristocracy or landed gentry: one expert on the subject estimates that these amounted to about one in five. A much larger number came from families already established in the gentlemanly professions: many clergymen were themselves the sons, grandsons, and even great-grandsons of clergymen, while the fathers of others were lawyers, soldiers and sailors. There were also many who had their origin at a slightly lower social level: the sons of apothecaries, successful shopkeepers, and farmers. On the whole they tended to come from small towns and the countryside rather than the cities, and commercial backgrounds were underrepresented. Only a few are known to have come from humble families, but it was possible for an outsider to rise to the very top of the hierarchy.

This chapter reflects on the role that foreigners play in Chinese modernism. In numerous interactions, Chinese people drew on circulating images and discourses as models of identity defining the nature of both these foreign others and themselves. No longer simply a national outsider, the “foreigner” is perceived as a particular racialized, gendered, and classed figure in a process called “erasure.” This erasure is significant for two reasons. First, emptying foreigners of agentive individuality makes them complicit within the discursive formation of chronotopic modernity. Foreigners are necessary to the English language enterprise in Shenyang not merely because they are native speakers but, even more importantly, because they are catalytic intermediaries. The path to modernity exists through them and the template established by the West, and their presence (or absence) authenticates (or delegitimates) the actions of Shenyangers who engage with this discourse. Second, however, such erasures also make them ripe for appropriation. Without individuality, the foreigner is a caricature of the semiotic values attributable to “the West,” allowing a subject position called “the otherness of self.”