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1
Lacity, Mary Cecelia, and Leslie Willcocks. Advanced outsourcing practice: Rethinking ITO, BPO and cloud services. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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2
Cusack, John Thomas. An empirical investigation into the effects of IT outsourcing in IT infrastructure flexibility. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.
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3
Victoria. Parliament. Public Accounts and Estimates Committee. Report of the inquiry into outsourcing of government services in the Victorian public sector: Thirty-fourth report to Parliament. [Melbourne: Parliament of Victoria, 2000.
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4
France/ILO Symposium (2005 Annecy, France). Offshoring and the internationalization of employment: A challenge for a fair globalization? : proceedings of the France/ILO symposium, Annecy, 2005. Geneva: International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies, 2006.
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5
Willcocks, Leslie P., and Mary C. Lacity. Advanced Outsourcing Practice: Rethinking ITO, BPO and Cloud Services. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
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6
Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare, and Darie Moldovan. Economia Clujului. Municipiul Cluj-Napoca și Zona Metropolitană Cluj:Dezvoltarea economiei locale în deceniul 2008-2018. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710452.
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În ultima decadă s-au intensificat procesele de globalizare care localizează procesele secundare ale organizațiilor globale către noi spații specializate în operațiuni (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cea mai mare parte din procesele care fac obiectul externalizărilor de outsourcing și offshoring sunt cele de Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) și Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015).
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Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare, and Darie Moldovan. The Economy of Cluj. Cluj-Napoca and the Cluj Metropolitan Area: The development of the Local Economy in the 2008-2018 decade. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710445.
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Over the last decade, globalization processes have intensified, and as such, global organizations relocated their secondary processes to new spaces specialized in operations (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Most of the processes that are being externalized are Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). The global outsourcing hotspots are India, China and the Philippines, that concentrate over 80% of outsourced processes. At European level, Central and Eastern Europe has capitalized most of the outsourcing in the West, particularly in regards to German capital (Marin 2018; Dustmann et al. 2014). Almost half (45.4%) of the total foreign investments of German companies is outsourced to Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania 63.7% of the German foreign investments are processes that were outsourced to our country (Marin, Schymik, and Tarasov 2018). As Peck (2018) points out, the logic behind the process is finding the cheapest labor force pools. Initially, outsourcing was focused on industrialized labor, however, now it is mostly skilled and highly skilled workforce that is being outsourced (Pavlínek 2019). Even if it is work performed by white collars, it has a high level of repetitiveness; however, in sectors such as IT there are also R&D operations (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cluj is an example of a city whose local economy and workforce composition changed dramatically after the 2008-2010 financial crisis. The city is one of the Central and Eastern European hubs that benefited from the globalization of outsourcing operations. In particular, Cluj-Napoca excels in four transnational fields: Information & Communications Technology, Business Support Services, Engineering, Research & Development and Financial Services. In 2018, Cluj-Napoca was one of the most developed cities in the European Union in the GDP per capita group 19.000 – 27.000 at Purchasing Power Parity, cities that made a credible commitment at European level to promote knowledge, culture and creativity. In particular, participation in global production chains has generated the emergence of two types of internal markets: An internal market for the well-paid labor force employed in internationalized sectors that consumes a series of dedicated products and services: hospitality (restaurants, cafes, bars), food stuffs (meat products, pastries, premium alcoholic products), lifestyle services (hair salons , spas, gyms), cultural services (festivals, theatres, operas), location services (real estate services, interior design services, furniture manufacturing services). A set of markets that serve the global capital in reproducing their location (cleaning services, security, construction of type A office buildings, human resources). Both domestic and internationalized markets are responsible for the impressive development of the city between 2008 and 2018. The GDP of the Cluj Metropolitan Area and the private revenues of companies have doubled in the last decade.
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O’Madagain, Cathal. Outsourcing Concepts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0003.
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It appears to be the case that some of our concepts have their content fixed by the minds of others. For example, we might have thoughts involving the concept QUARK, without knowing quite what quarks are. In such a case, we are likely to accept the authority of a physicist to tell us what exactly we are thinking about. This phenomenon, known as ‘social externalism’ about concepts, is puzzling both in terms of how such concepts are supposed to work, but also in terms of why we should have concepts whose content is fixed by the minds of others. In this chapter it is argued that if we think about social externalism in terms of extended mind reasoning we find a better account of how deferential concepts work, and why we have them, than has hitherto been available.
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Turning Lead into Gold: The Demystification of Outsourcing. Executive Excellence Publishing, 2000.
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10
Van Puyvelde, Damien. Outsourcing US Intelligence. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450225.001.0001.
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In the 21st century, more than any other time, US agencies have relied on contractors to conduct core intelligence functions. This book charts the swell of intelligence outsourcing in the context of American political culture and considers what this means for the relationship between the state, its national security apparatus and accountability within a liberal democracy. Through analysis of a series of case studies, recently declassified documents and exclusive interviews with national security experts in the public and private sectors, the book provides an in-depth and illuminating appraisal of the evolving accountability regime for intelligence contractors.
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Germano, Roy. Outsourcing Social Welfare. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862848.003.0002.
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What does it mean to say that austerity has caused the burden for providing social welfare to shift from governments to international migrants? This chapter reports findings from fieldwork I conducted in Mexican communities with high rates of emigration to the United States. I explore how many agrarian communities used remittances to cope with economic shocks associated with Mexico’s transition to a market-oriented economy in the 1990s. I argue that austerity caused the welfare burden to shift increasingly from the state to transnational families, and that counting on emigrants to send money home became Mexico’s de facto social policy in the rural areas.
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Bhagat, Rabi S. Outsourcing, Offshoring, and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241490.003.0005.
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Three techniques for accessing strategic resources and talent on a worldwide basis are outsourcing, offshoring, and innovation. Offshoring is the process of manufacturing in foreign locations of strategic significance. It can enable global organizations to create strategic centers for providing services in locations where there is significant cost advantage. The strategy of outsourcing white collar jobs to foreign locations in an attempt to reduce overall costs is a regular practice for large global organizations. Offshore outsourcing enhances global competitiveness by enabling small- and medium-scale enterprises to reduce costs, expand relational ties, serve customers, free up scarce resources, and leverage the capacities of joint venture and strategic alliance partners. Given that these strategies are increasingly common, the chapter devotes a significant amount of attention to their discussion. The technique of innovation for improving products and services on an ongoing basis is discussed, with attention to the factors that foster innovation.
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Blokker, Niels. Outsourcing the Use of Force. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses developments in operations authorized by the UN Security Council in the context of the rules governing use of force in international relations. It considers three elements surrounding criticism of the carte blanche nature of Resolution 678 authorizing the use of ‘all necessary means’ against Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait. First, the authorization has no time limit; secondly, it has an extremely broad mandate; thirdly, coalition forces were asked ‘to keep the Security Council regularly informed’. The chapter examines whether the trend towards more Security Council control of authorized operations has persisted. It analyses elements of the authorization resolutions adopted by the Council between 2000 and 2012 and their implications for potential UN responsibility. It argues that operational decision-making is outsourced to implementing states or international organizations but that there are cases when the UN may be held responsible for wrongful acts committed by the authorized operation.
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Sako, Mari. Outsourcing and Offshoring of Professional Services. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.15.
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This chapter analyzes the causes and consequences of outsourcing and offshoring by professional service firms (PSFs). Outsourcing and offshoring result from the same strategic drivers triggering firms to reconfigure their activities organizationally (make-or-buy) and geographically (onshore or offshore). The chapter reviews various economic and management theories that are relevant to outsourcing and offshoring, and makes links to professional services. It then discusses trends towards disaggregation and standardization of professional work, along with digital technology, as prerequisites for outsourcing and offshoring. The chapter homes in on PSFs, and argues that the mode of decisions over outsourcing and offshoring is affected by PSFs’ governance structure. It identifies reasons why professional partnerships make reluctant outsourcers and offshorers compared to managed professional business, and discusses the consequences of outsourcing and offshoring by PSFs, focusing on the ecology of professions, with non-professionals competing with professionals, and the disruptive nature of new entrants in business services.
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Clark, Gordon L., and Ashby H. B. Monk. Outsourcing and the Principal–Agent Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793212.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 relates the conventional model of pension-fund governance and management to the theory and practice of investment. It recommends that the search for an alternative is due. Outsourcing is discussed as an alternative to insourcing. Rather than managing providers through service contracts insourcing utilizes employment contracts with terms and conditions reflecting the objectives of the organization and the market premium available to those with skills and expertise. An alternative model of pension-fund governance and management is introduced. This chapter tables the ways in which the outsourced chief investment officer (OCIO) model has emerged and how this model compares with others. The principles and practices associated with best practice are reviewed, as well as the challenges associated with governing relationships with entities charged with responsibility for managing the entire value chain. Nine interdependent principles underpinning best-practice OCIO management are identified and described.
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Global Strategic Management - Outsourcing in Domestic Electronics Industry: Gaming - Microsoft XBox 360: Research Case Study - Electronics OEM manufacturing. London, UK: GRIN Verlag oHG, 2010.
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Clark, Gordon L., and Ashby H. B. Monk. Scope of Financial Institutions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793212.003.0005.
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In expanding on the model introduced in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 delves deeper in its explanation about the scope of tasks and functions of financial institutions. In discussing Coase’s theory of the firm in the context of insourcing versus outsourcing, it explains the logic behind insourcing and outsourcing, and the geographical reach of financial institutions. Furthermore, it provides a more detailed account of the distinctive attributes of the financial institution as it pertains to the structure and governance of a firm. An explanation is provided of the representative financial institution as relating to the maximization of the risk-adjusted rate of return, how this is conceived and how its various elements drive the ‘production’ of the financial ‘product’. The imperatives behind offshoring are looked at, treating insourcing and outsourcing as expressions of geographical footprints and identifying a summary of current offshoring strategies in the financial industry along with emerging hybrid strategies and trends.
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Kalan, Barnaby. Outsourcing Yourself: How to Turn Your Job Into a Business for Greater Wealth and Security. Trafford, 2004.
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Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture Changed From "We the People" Into a One World Government. Outskirts Press, 2006.
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Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture has Changed From "We the People" Into a One World Government. Outskirts Press, 2007.
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21
Hodkinson, Stuart. Safe as houses. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526141866.001.0001.
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As the tragedy of the Grenfell Tower fire has slowly revealed a shadowy background of outsourcing and deregulation, and a council turning a blind eye to health and safety concerns, many questions need answers. Stuart Hodkinson has those answers. Safe as Houses weaves together Stuart’s research over the last decade with residents’ groups in council regeneration projects across London to provide the first comprehensive account of how Grenfell happened and how it could easily have happened in multiple locations across the country. It draws on different examples of unsafe housing either refurbished or built by private companies under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) to show the terrible human consequences of outsourcing and deregulation that have enabled developers, banks, and investors to profiteer from highly lucrative, taxpayer-funded contracts. The book also provides shocking testimonies of how councils and other public bodies have continuously sided with their private partners, doing everything in their power to ignore, deflect, and even silence those who speak out. The book concludes that the only way to end the era of unsafe regeneration and housing provision is to end the disastrous regime of self-regulation for good. This means strengthening safety laws, creating new enforcement agencies independent of government and industry, and replacing PFI and similar models of outsourcing with a new model of public housing that treats the provision of shelter as ‘a social service’ democratically accountable to its residents.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. Complexity and Public Health Informatics in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0007.
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This chapter enriches the Expanded PHI perspective through the lens of complexity. Current technical health systems and institutional developments, including the increasing inter-connections between them, and the uncertainities associated with both context and goals are enhancing complexity exponentially. Simple linear approaches to design and develop systems can no longer work, as they imply trying to bring order into processes which by definition defy them. Cloud computing and big data are offered as examples to depict this rising complexity, providing rich opportunities to materialize them. Many organizations are adopting outsourcing models as a means to manage this complexity. However, outsourcing comes in multiple hues and shades, from a simple use of third party hardware to the externalization of the whole value chain of activities, including the analysis and use of data. Public health informatics in LMICs, which are population-based and taking place in largely resource-constrained and unstructured settings, are by definition problematic to outsource and should be approached with caution. An incremental approach where a ‘cultivation strategy’ addresses uncertainities, and ‘attractors’ draw in user-participants are more likely to succeed.
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Jutterström, Mats. Experience-Based Learning and Market Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0005.
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This chapter describes radical change in market organization, addressing the questions of why and how market organization changes over time. The discussion is based on a case in which Stockholm Municipality, after outsourcing, tried to arrange the market for snow clearance from its position as a buyer. The type and amount of the market’s organization changed significantly over time—from a ‘free’ market with relatively little organization, eventually evolving into a ‘bureaucratized’ market with significant amounts of organization. Arguably, the shifting market organizational forms derived from organizers’ learning levels—single-loop and double-loop learning. Through higher levels of experience-based learning the standard market model of neoclassical economics lost some of its performative power over the individual market organization, opening it up for more unorthodox solutions.
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Kapila, Garima Gupta. From Treatments for Illness to Yog for Wellness: Stop Outsourcing Your Health and Tap into the Power Within You to Be Healthy, NOW. Independently Published, 2019.
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Sajó, András, and Renáta Uitz. Parliamentarism and the Legislative Branch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732174.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the relationship between parliamentarism and the legislative branch. It explores the evolution of the legislative branch, leading to disillusionment with the rationalized law-making factory, a venture run by political parties beyond the reach of constitutional rules. The rise of democratically bred party rule is positioned between the forces favouring free debate versus effective decision-making in the legislature. The chapter analyses the institutional make-up and internal operations of the legislature, the role of the opposition in the legislative assembly, and explores the benefits of bicameralism for boosting the powers of the legislative branch. Finally, it looks at the law-making process and its outsourcing via delegating legislative powers to the executive.
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Biberman, Yelena. Gambling with Violence. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190929961.001.0001.
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State outsourcing of violence to nonstate actors is a global practice that challenges our notions of legitimate warfare, statehood, and citizenship. It matters for counterinsurgency, civil war outcomes, the humane treatment of civilians and former combatants, and the prospects of post-conflict peace. In South Asia, the use of nonstate proxies is deeply entwined with questions of state fragility, the postcolonial social contract, and the rivalry between two nuclear powers. This book explains the origins of state-nonstate alliances in times of civil war. A new balance-of-interests framework is generated through systematic fine-grained analyses of violence outsourcing by Pakistan and India in Kashmir, East Pakistan/Bangladesh, and their respective tribal belts. Central to this framework are the distribution of power inside the theater of war and varied interests of both the state and the nonstate actors. The cases drawn from Pakistan and India demonstrate how different configurations of local power and actors’ priorities result in distinct alliance patterns. The potential applicability of the balance-of-interests approach beyond South Asia is then demonstrated with analyses of Russia’s counterinsurgencies in Chechnya and Turkey’s operations against Kurdish rebels. The book builds on and contributes to the existing scholarship on civil war and counterinsurgency, in particular the burgeoning literature on militias, alliances, and South Asian security.
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Sajó, András, and Renáta Uitz. Dangerous Liaisons. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732174.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the idea of separating distinct governmental functions into at least three branches (horizontal separation) as a means to safeguard individual liberty. The three branches of government have different functions: the legislature legislates, the executive branch executes the laws, and the judiciary administers justice. This corresponds to the functional distribution of essential governmental tasks and competences. The chapter explores how governments based on separated (or at least divided) powers work, in a perpetual balancing exercise as a result of the operation of checks and balances. Finally, it discusses independent agencies that are now routinely added to the old constitutional mix of powers and the problem of outsourcing public powers to private actors.
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Tucci, Christopher L., Allan Afuah, and Gianluigi Viscusi. Introduction to Creating and Capturing Value Through Crowdsourcing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0001.
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Partly fueled by the pervasiveness of information technologies that facilitate the broadcasting of problems to crowds, and by anecdotal examples of phenomenally high-value solutions from outsourcing some problems to crowds, growth in the research and practice of crowdsourcing for problem solving has been remarkable. Research streams have been emerging in different disciplines. In this introduction to the volume, we introduce twelve chapters by scholars—from different disciplines—who explore interesting topics from some of these emerging research streams. The chapters fall into different groups distinguished by whether value is created and captured via tournament-based, collaboration-based, or hybrid crowdsourcing activities. We also offer future research directions and conclusions.
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Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo. Independent ATM Deployers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782810.003.0007.
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The challenges to colonize non-branch locations by banks were first touched on Chapter 5. This discussion continues in Chapter 7 (‘Independent ATM Deployers’) on how populating those locations comes about by the combination of an economic incentive (surcharging), the development of the so-called ‘low end’ ATM, and the diversification into the payments space of second-party processors. This chapter starts to bring the discussion to contemporary themes as IADs are increasingly recipients of outsourcing banks’ strategies to the extent that some of the biggest IADs control networks across continents and ten times the size of the ATMs owned by even the largest banks.
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Menz, Georg. Labour Markets and their Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199579983.003.0004.
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This first empirical chapter provides an in-depth analysis of changes to the models of industrial relations in six countries, considering general patterns of change, their sources, and their precise impact. A general trend towards liberalization plays out differently depending on power resources, institutional constellations, and historical trajectory. Societal trends, including increasing female and ethnic minority labour market participation and increases in atypical forms of employment, present challenges for trade unions. Employer associations are losing members, but can wield the powerful threat of outsourcing abroad. Finally a tour d’horizon of education and training systems establishes how they link into the structure of labour markets.
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Phelps, Nicholas A. Global Production Networks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668229.003.0009.
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This chapter outlines the emergence of global production networks (GPNs) from the outsourcing and offshoring processes centred on multinational enterprises. It is important in any relational perspective that understanding of GPNs is not reduced to a flat ontology of a universe of point instants. The territoriality of both the state and the MNE are central to understanding the uneven geography and impacts of GPNs. The chapter underscores the importance of intermediaries to the emergence of GPNs. It then goes on to emphasize how the geography of international trade and production cannot be understood with reference to the network metaphor alone; agglomerations and enclaves persist alongside network forms of economic activity.
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Rhodes, R. A. W. The Hollowing Out of the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0008.
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The chapter asks if the British state is being hollowed out. It identifies four trends that are redrawing the boundaries of the state: privatization; alternative service delivery systems; the impact of the EU; and the new public management. The resulting problems include: fragmentation; accountability; catastrophe; central capability. It discusses the case for a return to bureaucracy. The Afterword shows the trends in public spending and public employment, the emergence of the ‘franchise state’, and austerity narrative mean that the pressures redrawing the boundaries of the state persist. Over the past twenty years the state has been rolled back to create the minimalist state and rolled out to extend its influence by outsourcing and incorporating others in public governance. The original version of hollowing out did not allow for both these trends
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Batt, Rosemary. Service Strategies. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0021.
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This article first reviews the alternative theoretical approaches to human resource management that have been developed in the academic literature and discusses why these need to incorporate conceptual advances from services' marketing and operations management. Here, it also discusses the evidence regarding what strategies lead to better service and sales, under what conditions, and why. It then examines alternative organizational models that rely on outsourcing and supply chain management for customer service and sales and the arguments for and against these approaches. The next section reviews real world trends: what strategies are companies actually pursuing and what are the results for consumers and employees? The article closes with conclusions about the future direction of service management strategies and the role of HRM in them.
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Spritzgießen 2016. VDI Verlag, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783182443445.
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Industrie 4.0 – ein pragmatischer Ansatz zur Einordnung Das Zukunftsprojekt „Industrie 4.0“ ist Bestandteil der Hightech-Strategie 2020 der deutschen Bundesregierung zur Sicherung und Stärkung des Produktionsstandorts Deutschland. Ziel ist es, den Trend zum Outsourcing und zur Dienstleistung zu stoppen. Dieser neue Denkansatz reagiert damit auf die veränderten Rahmenbedingungen enger, dynamischer Märkte, die vom „Hyperwettbewerb“ geprägt sind. Der nachfolgende Beitrag diskutiert dabei einen pragmatischen Ansatz zur Einordnung des Denkansatzes „Industrie 4.0“ in Bezug auf dessen Transformationsgeschwindigkeit. Table of contents conference proceedings The table of contents of the conference proceedings is generated automatically, so it can be incomplete, although all articles are available in the TIB. 1 Industrie 4.0 – Ein pragmatischer Ansatz zur Einordnung Frank, T. | 2016 15 Verarbeitung von Thermoplasten mit Langfasern und Endlosfasern Bonten, C. / Ko...
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Cordery, John, and Sharon K. Parker. Work Organization. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0010.
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The past three decades have witnessed major changes to organizations and the work that is performed by their members, brought about in the main by technological changes and global competition. Terms such as lean production, manufacturing business process re-engineering, outsourcing, team-based working, kaizen, just-in-time production, empowerment, call centers, contingent workers, virtual teams, tele-work, and the learning organization are just some of the words that have entered the lingua franca of management, denoting ways in which organizations have attempted to respond to such changes. This article outlines a systems framework for describing the ways in which work activities are structured and coordinated by organizations in response to technological, economic, and social imperatives. In doing so, it is particularly mindful of the impact that evolving work configurations have upon an organization, its members, and the broader environment within which that organization operates.
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Arbache, Jorge. Manufacturing, Services, and the Productivity Gap. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.16.
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This chapter examines a little explored and yet important aspect of the poor productivity in Brazil: the performance of the service sector. It shows evidence that the meager long-term performance of the services sector is a key factor in explaining the poor aggregate productivity and manufacturing competitiveness in Brazil. The reasons for that are twofold. First, Brazil is experiencing a profound structural transformation in favor of the services sector, mainly at the expense of the manufacturing sector, to the point that the shares of services in output and in employment have become unusually high by emerging market standards. Second, manufacturing firms in Brazil are increasingly outsourcing all types of services to the point where the share of services in total costs have become comparable to that of advanced economies.
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Manning, Stephan, Marcus Møller Larsen, and Chacko George Kannothra. Global Sourcing of Business Processes: History, Effects, and Future Trends. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.49.
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The chapter reviews key drivers, trends, and consequences of global sourcing of business processes—the sourcing of administrative and more knowledge-intensive processes from globally dispersed locations. It is argued that global sourcing, which is also associated with ‘offshoring’ and ‘offshore outsourcing’, has co-evolved over the last three decades with the advancement of information and communication technology, a growing pool of low-cost, yet-often-qualified labour and expertise in developing countries, and increasing client-side global sourcing experience. It is shown how this dynamic has led firms to develop new global capabilities, governance and business models, changed the geographical distribution of work and expertise, and promoted the emergence of new geographical knowledge services clusters. Further, three new trends are introduced—the emergence of global delivery models, information technology-enabled service automation, and impact sourcing—and discuss future directions for research.
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McGrath, Sarah. Moral Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805410.001.0001.
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This book is an exploration of moral knowledge: its possibility, its sources, and its characteristic vulnerabilities. It addresses such questions as: what are the strengths and weaknesses of the method of reflective equilibrium as an account of how we should make up our minds about moral questions? What would count as evidence for or against a fundamental moral conviction? Are observation and testimony potential sources of moral knowledge? What, if anything, would be wrong with simply outsourcing your views about moral questions to a moral expert? How fragile is our knowledge of morality, compared to other kinds of knowledge? Does knowledge of the difference between right and wrong fundamentally differ from knowledge of other kinds in that it cannot be forgotten? To what extent are our moral views vulnerable to being “debunked” by empirical discoveries about why we hold them? What is the relationship between being able to justify a moral judgment and knowing that it is true? Should we invest more confidence in relatively abstract, general moral principles that strike us as true, or more confidence in our judgments about the rightness and wrongness of particular actions?
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Cloud, Dana L. “To Get to Boeing, We First Had to Take on the Union”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036378.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter begins with a review of the state of labor unions in the United States. Unionization rates in the United States declined steadily from the late 1940s (when unions represented 36 percent of U.S. workers) until the present economic recession (12.4 percent). Favorability ratings of labor unions fell sharply between 2007 and 2010—years of heightened economic crisis—to an all-time low of 42 percent. There are many factors in this decline, including the postwar pact labor leaders made with American business, the McCarthyist purge from unions of the most progressive activists during the Cold War, and a relentless employers' offensive dating from the 1970s that included rampant union busting alongside the off-loading, subcontracting, and outsourcing of previously unionized work. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to situate the struggle at Boeing inside broader narrative frames, one about the history of unions and movements for union democracy, and the other about the history of the Boeing Company and its unions in particular. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
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Keats, Jonathon. Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.001.0001.
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The technological realm provides an unusually active laboratory not only for new ideas and products but also for the remarkable linguistic innovations that accompany and describe them. How else would words like qubit (a unit of quantum information), crowdsourcing (outsourcing to the masses), or in vitro meat (chicken and beef grown in an industrial vat) enter our language? In Virtual Words: Language on the Edge of Science and Technology, Jonathon Keats, author of Wired Magazine's monthly Jargon Watch column, investigates the interplay between words and ideas in our fast-paced tech-driven use-it-or-lose-it society. In 28 illuminating short essays, Keats examines how such words get coined, what relationship they have to their subject matter, and why some, like blog, succeed while others, like flog, fail. Divided into broad categories--such as commentary, promotion, and slang, in addition to scientific and technological neologisms--chapters each consider one exemplary word, its definition, origin, context, and significance. Examples range from microbiome (the collective genome of all microbes hosted by the human body) and unparticle (a form of matter lacking definite mass) to gene foundry (a laboratory where artificial life forms are assembled) and singularity (a hypothetical future moment when technology transforms the whole universe into a sentient supercomputer). Together these words provide not only a survey of technological invention and its consequences, but also a fascinating glimpse of novel language as it comes into being. No one knows this emerging lexical terrain better than Jonathon Keats. In writing that is as inventive and engaging as the language it describes, Virtual Words offers endless delights for word-lovers, technophiles, and anyone intrigued by the essential human obsession with naming.
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Bhattacharya, Sreedeep. Consumerist Encounters. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190125561.001.0001.
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Economic liberalization and globalization in India in the early 1990s resulted in a whirlwind of consumerist activities. New material and visual temptations swept markets, infiltrated consumer minds through media, and aroused inhibited desires. This has engendered a fast-paced and relentless relationship with things and images that permeate our everyday lives. Consumerist Encounters elucidates how our all-consuming relationship with objects and their representations have transformed rapidly over the last few decades in contemporary urban India. It argues that ephemerality, frivolousness, and multiplicity of choice regulate our flirtatious encounters with commodities and their images as we restlessly use, exhaust, dispose, and move on. Such a trend is illustrated by examining a plethora of commodity-centric phenomena such as exclusion through apparel, eroticization of body images, population of the T-shirt surface with graphics and text, rise of business process outsourcing, instantaneous seeing and sharing of images, and rejection of material goods in junkyards and ruins. These explorations collectively shed light on the constant negotiation of our identities, statuses, and mobilities in the image-saturated commodity landscape.
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Cummings, Scott L. An Equal Place. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190215927.001.0001.
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This book is about the role of lawyers in the movement to challenge economic inequality in one of America’s most unequal cities: Los Angeles. Covering a transformative period of city history—from the 1992 riots to the 2008 recession—the book examines how law has been used, and what it has achieved, in the struggle to make Los Angeles a more equal place. The backdrop is the dramatic growth of low-wage work powered by global outsourcing, declining unionism, increasing labor contingency, and surging immigration. The book’s narrative focus is on five pivotal campaigns in which lawyers allied with the city’s dynamic labor, immigrant rights, and environmental movements mobilize law to transform key sectors of the regional economy. These campaigns, analyzed through in-depth case studies, reveal how law has shaped low-wage work in Los Angeles—and at times provided a potent weapon to contest it. Drawing upon archival research, extensive interviews with key actors, and a review of court files, this book explores the role of lawyers in defining the city as a space for redefining work. Challenging critical accounts of lawyers in social movements, its central claim is that by advancing an innovative model of legal mobilization, the L.A. campaigns have achieved meaningful regulatory reform, while strengthening the position of workers in the field of local politics. Through multidimensional advocacy to promote worker organizing, lawyers and activists have succeeded in converting policy change into greater interest group power—forging a new model of progressive city-building for the twenty-first century.
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Scott, Juliette R. Legal Translation Outsourced. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190900014.001.0001.
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This highly interdisciplinary practitioner research explores the outsourced legal translation environment, with a view to optimizing fundamental aspects of procurement—commissioning and performance. The results of a global survey are analysed: participants comprised 84 principals, for the most part from leading law firms and corporations, and 303 legal translation practitioners (41 countries, 6 continents). Concepts from corporate agency theory are used to shed light on market dysfunctions, such as a tortuous chain of supply, while perspectives from genre theory, comparative law, and functionalist translation studies are applied to offer a multidimensional model for legal translation performance, and to foreground its risks and constraints. Fitness-for-purpose is examined as a workable quality criterion associated with translation briefs supplied. Professionalization and empowerment are raised as key factors with potential to significantly improve target text quality. Extensive fieldwork has brought to light ‘hot spots’ for risk, such as severely impeded information flows, insufficient interaction between market actors, and deficient translation briefs. The groundwork for dissemination to practice has already been laid, for example using a briefing template specifically developed for the outsourcing of legal translation, set to benefit commissioning clients by increasing the fitness-for-purpose of translated texts. The types of legal texts outsourced have proved in many instances to be highly sensitive, which further emphasizes the gravity of the problem and the need to take action.
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Garcia Calvo, Angela. State-Firm Coordination and Upgrading. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864561.001.0001.
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Since the 1980s, Spain and South Korea have experienced a dramatic transformation from middle-income to advanced economies. How did Spain and South Korea upgrade? While market liberalization and globalization were important forces for change, and states continue to be central in the organization of the Spanish and Korean economies, the liberal and the developmental state perspectives do not provide an comprehensive explanation of these transformations. Building on a combination of historical institutionalism and international business literatures, this book argues that upgrading was underpinned by cooperative models based on interdependencies and quid pro quo exchanges between national governments and large firms. The negotiated nature of these arrangements opened the door to institutional variation and enabled Spain and Korea to pursue different strategies. Spain adopted an integrational approach based on foreign direct investment, technological outsourcing, and regional integration. Korea pursued a techno-industrial strategy that prioritized self-sufficiency and the development of local technological capacity. These strategies enabled Spanish and Korean firms across multiple complex sectors to reach the efficiency frontier, but resulted in different productive specializations in complex services and manufacturing respectively. Through this comparative study of transformation in Spain and Korea, this book shifts our perspective on the political economy of economic transformation from markets or states to state–firm coordination as a driver for economic transformation, from one to at least two different pathways to upgrading, and from a world divided into emerging economies and world leaders to a more nuanced perspective that recognizes the perspective of new advanced economies.
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Nowak, Dariusz, ed. Production–operation management. The chosen aspects. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-059-3.
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The aim of the e-book is to present the theoretical, cognitive and practical aspects of the essence and complexity of operational management in a production company. The presented modern production methods together with the challenges and problems of contemporary enterprises should better help to understand the issues of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on waste. The book consists of six chapters devoted to relevant and topic issues relating to the core business of an industrial enterprise. Chapter 1 The nature of the industrial enterprise is an introduction to further considerations and deals with the essence of the basic aspects of the company. Both popular and less known definitions of an enterprise, its features, functions and principles of operation are presented. An important part of the chapter is the presentation and formulation of strategic, tactical and operational goals. Moreover, the division of enterprises is presented with the use of various criteria and the features of the industrial market, which make it distinct. Chapter 2 The operational management evolution and its role in the industrial enterprise discusses the evolution and concept of production and operational management. The management levels were also presented, indicating their most important functions. An integral part of the chapter is the essence of the production system, viewed through the prism of the five elements. Chapter 3 Functions and role in operations management presents the issues concerning the organization of production processes, production capacity and inventory management. This part also presents considerations on cooperation and collaboration between enterprises in the process of creating value. Chapter 4 Traditional methods used in operational activities focuses on methods such as benchmarking, outsourcing, core competences, JIT, MPR I and MRP II, as well as TQM and kaizen. Knowledge of these methods should contribute to understanding the activities of modern enterprises, the way of company functioning, the realization of production activities, as well as aspects related to building a competitive position. Chapter 5 Modern methods used in production-operations management discusses the less common and less frequently used production methods, based on a modern and innovative approach. In particular, it was focused on: Shop Floor Control and cooperative manufacturing, environment-conscious manufacturing (ECM) and life-cycle assessment ( LCA), waste management and recycling, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), virtual enterprise, World Class Manufacturing (WCM), Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and House of Quality (HOQ), theory of constraints (TOC), Drum Buffer Rope (DBR), group technology (GT) and cellular manufacturing (CM), Demand Chain Management and competitive intelligence (CI). In the last section discusses: the role of sustainable statistical process control and Computer-Aided Process Planning in context formatting of information management. Chapter 6 Problems of sustainable development and challenges related to production and operations management describes the problem and challenges related to production and operations activities. In particular, attention was paid to the threats related to changes in global warming, the growing scale of waste, or the processes of globalization. It was pointed out that the emerging problem may be both a threat and a chance for the development of enterprises. An integral part of the chapter are also considerations on technical progress, innovation and the importance of human capital in operational activities.
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Mpedi, Letlhokwa George, ed. Santa Claus: Law, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Decolonisation and Covid-19. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928314837.
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The origins of Santa Claus, or so I am told, is that the young Bishop Nicholas secretly delivered three bags of gold as dowries for three young girls to their indebted father to save them from a life of prostitution. Armed with immortality, a factory of elves and a fleet of reindeer, his has been a lasting legacy, inextricably linked to Christmas. Of course, this Christmas looks a little different. Amidst a global pandemic, shimmying down the chimneys of strangers certainly does not adhere to social distancing guidelines. Some borders remain closed, and in some instances, the quarantine period is far too long. After all, he only has 24 hours to spread cheer across the world. As with the rest of us, Santa Claus is likely to get the remote working treatment. The reindeers this year are likely to be self-driving, reminiscent of an Amazon swarm of technology, and the naughty and nice lists are likely to be based on algorithms derived from social media accounts. In the age of the fourth industrial revolution, it is difficult to imagine that letters suffice anymore. How many posts were verified as real before shared? Enough to get you a drone. Fake news? Here is a lump of coal. Will we see elves in personal protective equipment (PPE) and will Santa Claus, high risk because of age and his likely comorbidities from the copious amount of cookies, have to self-isolate in the North Pole? In fact, will there be any toys at all this year? Surely production has been stalled with the restrictions on imports and exports into the North Pole. Perhaps, there is a view to outsourcing, or perhaps, there is a shift towards local production and supply chains. More importantly, as we have done in many instances in this period, maybe we should pause to reflect on the current structures in place. The sanctification of a figure so clearly dismissive of the Global South and to be critical, quite classist must be called into question. From some of the keenest minds, the contributions in this book make a strong case against this holly jolly man. We traverse important topics such as, is the constitution too lenient with a clear intruder who has conveniently branded himself a Good Samaritan? Allegations of child labour under the guise of elves, blatant animal cruelty, constant surveillance in stark contrast to many democratic ideals and his possible threat to national security come to the fore. Nevertheless, as the song goes, he is aware when you are asleep, and he knows when you are awake. Is feminism a farce to this beloved man – what role does Mrs Claus play and why are there inherent gender norms in his toys? Then is the worry of closed borders and just how accurate his COVID-19 tests are. Of course, this brings his ethics into question. While there is an agreement that transparency, justice and fairness, nonmaleficence, responsibility, and privacy are the core ethical principles, the meaning of these principles differs, particularly across countries and cultures. Why are we subject to Santa Claus’ notions of good and evil when he is so far removed from our context? As Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein would tell you, this is fundamentally a nudge from Santa Claus for children to fit into his ideals. A nudge, coined by Thaler, is a choice that predictably changes people’s behaviour without forbidding any options or substantially changing their economic incentives. Even with pinched cheeks and an air of holiday cheer, Santa Claus has to come under scrutiny. In the process of decolonising knowledge and looking at various epistemologies, does Santa still make the cut?