Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ouverture de la barrière hématoencéphalique'
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Blanchette, Marie. "Acheminement et chimiorésistance, deux grandes limitations dans le traitement des tumeurs cérébrales." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5344.
Full textDrean, Antonin. "Potentialisation des chimiothérapies dans le traitement du glioblastome : étude des transporteurs ABC et ouverture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique par ultrasons." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS110/document.
Full textGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and severe brain cancer for adults. Its dark prognosis in partly due to the resistance of these tumors to chemotherapies. One of the main causes of these resistances is the incapacity of chemotherapies to enter the brain from the blood circulation because of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB), a specificity of cerebral blood vessels. By the injection of microbubbles and the delivery of ultrasound into the brain, it is possible to open this BBB to allow chemotherapies to enter the brain. We have showed that the chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin gained efficacy when it was injectedafter this procedure. GBM can also exhibit resistance to chemotherapies by genetic mechanisms intrinsic to the tumor. We studied the expression and the impact on prognosis for GBM patients of the genes of the ABC transporters family, which member ABCA13 appeared important
Constans, Charlotte. "Modulation of brain activity with low intensity focused ultrasound." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC006/document.
Full textConsidering the extent of neurodegenerative diseases consequences on the society, focused ultrasound appears as a promising technique combining non-invasiveness, millimetric spatial accuracy and ability to reach deep brain structures. However, efforts still need to be made to amplify the effects of focused ultrasound neuromodulation, understand its mechanism and control the safety of the technique before moving towards human trials.The ultrasound propagation inside the brain of rodents and monkeys was first studied numerically to estimate the maximum intensity in the brain, the pressure distribution in the skull cavity and the thermal rise. To evaluate physiologically the ultrasound effects at the cellular level, the activity of individual neurons was measured on awake macaques during ultrasonic neuromodulation. To further increase the duration of the modulation, a longer sonication was tested successfully on macaques performing a visual task. Functional MRI was then used to highlight the connectivity changes between the stimulated area and distant cerebral regions. Finally, the advantages of ultrasound neurostimulation were combined with the efficiency of a neuroactive agent (GABA). Using microbubbles and ultrasound, the blood brain barrier was opened locally and reversibly in the visual cortex of anesthetized macaques to deliver an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. The amplitude of the EEG response of the visual cortex to stimuli decreased after GABA injection, demonstrating the feasibility of delivering neuroactive drugs non-invasively and locally to any brain region.Overall, ultrasound parameters were optimized with both numerical tools and in vivo experiments to amplify neuromodulation effects while controlling the safety. This work opens the way to the development of novel therapeutic applications and new tools for connectivity studies
Asquier, Nicolas. "Etude des moyens de caractérisation de l’ouverture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique induite par un dispositif ultrasonore implantable." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1330/document.
Full textThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protection of the central nervous system. However, it limits the delivery of many drugs to the brain tissues. It can be temporarily disrupted by ultrasound exposure combined with intravenous injection of microbubbles. In this manuscript, BBB disruption with an implantable unfocused ultrasound device is studied. An automatic method for quantifying the volume of BBB disruption using MR images from a phase 1/2a clinical study in patients with reccurent glioblastoma was assessed and validated. A correlation between the probability of disruption and the local acoustic pressure was found. Microbubbles cavitation activity was studied in vitro to better understand its effect on BBB disruption. The uncertainty on the amplitudes of cavitation signals recorded with a passive single-element detector (PCD) through the skull was quantified. A position-based correction of the PCD signal was assessed and validated. The effect of the volume of a cavitation cloud in the unfocused ultrasound field on the signal amplitude recorded by the PCD during the clinical treatment was discussed. Two methods for localizing and discriminating cavitation sources in a transcranial context were evaluated by simulations and in vitro
Dehouck, Marie-Pierre. "Barrière hémato-encéphalique "in vitro"." Lille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL10150.
Full textPagis-De, Micco Catherine. "Rôle de la barrière hémato-encéphalique dans l'établissement des réponses immunitaires contre les tumeurs cérébrales : étude expérimentale dans le système virus polyome - hamster syrien." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX21904.
Full textBérézowski, Vincent. "Transporteurs et barrière hémato-encéphalique : nouveaux acteurs d'une barrière sélective." Artois, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ARTO0402.
Full textThe maintenance of the brain interstitial fluid homeostasis, which constitutes the special microenvironment for neurons, is established by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the transition area from capillary endothelial cells (ECs) to brain tissue. Glial cells (GCs), the nearest neighbours of brain capillaries, have been shown to induce some of the specialised properties of the ECs. Using an in vitro model of the BBB, consisting of a co-culture of brain capillary ECs and GCs, we have demonstrated the involvement of several transporters (Tps) in the transport of different compounds across the BBB endothelium. Besides P-glycoprotein, involved in drug efflux activity at the EC luminal side, the transcripts of MRP1, 4, 5 and 6 have been detected in ECs and GCs but also in pericytes with the ability to influence endothelial MRP6 expression. This proteins act as efflux pumps limiting drug delivery to the brain. Furthermore, drug-drug interactions could be toxic for BBB integrity. However, nutrients need to be provided to the brain to insure its good functionning. This supply requires specialised Tps. Carnitine is known to accumulate in brain where it enhances acetylcholine synthesis, which could explain its beneficial effects observed in the treatment of senile dementia. The first steps of this transport process have been characterised, demonstrating the involvement of the OCTN2 and B0,+ Tps. Our studies underline the necessity for our in vitro BBB model to be characterised, in a view to an optimal control leading to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the BBB metabolic barrier with constitutes the obstacle to clear in order to treat cerebral deseases
Dehouck, Bénédicte. "Une nouvelle fonction du LDL récepteur : transcytose des LDL au travers de la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10058.
Full textHallier-Vanuxeem, Dorothée. "Modélisation de la barrière hémato-encéphalique et ses applications en neuropharmacotoxicologie." Artois, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ARTO0410.
Full textThe blood-brain barrier (BBB), located at the level of cerebral capillaries, is responsible for cerebral homeostasis and regulates exchanges between the blood and the brain. The importance and anatomical complexity of this barrier have lead researchers to develop cellular systems allowing to reproduce in vitro cerebral endothelial features, in order to study and predict its permeability. Therefore our laboratory has set up an in vitro BBB model consisting of in a co-culture of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells and rat glial cells. This model provides an interesting tool for pharmaceutical industry since it allows, among other things, to predict compounds cerebral entrance. Should identifying compounds which easily reach the brain be important in the frame of cerebral diseases, the cerebral permeability parameter can also give useful information about the potential side effects of pharmaceutical agents with peripheral target. Indeed, our co-culture model has allowed us to better apprehend the extra pyramidal side effects differences clinically observed between metopimazine and 3 other antiemetic drugs (domperidone, chloropromazine and metoclopramide), according to cerebral permeability differences. Although our co-culture model represents one of the most relevant tools in terms of cerebral permeability assessment and mechanistic studies, it doesn‟t seem appropriate for High Throughput Screening use. To meet the industrial field demand, we have taken part in the setting up of a new in vitro BBB model, matching all the HTS use criteria. This model, developed on the basis of the laboratory expertise, matches every need for an in vitro BBB model to be exploitable for cerebral permeability assessment. It also limits animals use and offers numerous advantages in terms of cost, technical needs and time reduction, inherent to its setting up and use. The toxicological field shows an increasing interest in toxicity data and BBB permeability, in the frame of toxicological profiling of compounds. Thanks to studies sponsored by ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods), we have demonstrated the relevance of this new in vitro HTS BBB model as well as its usefulness for neurotoxicological studies
Damaj, Mohamad Imad. "Évaluation pharmacocinétique et neurochimique chez l'animal d'un nouvel antidépresseur, le COR3224." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA114811.
Full textAlata, Wael, and Wael Alata. "Étude de la barrière hématoencéphalique dans des modèles animaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26149.
Full textTableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2015-2016
La barrière hématoencéphalique (BHE) est une barrière biologique qui protège le cerveau de molécules potentiellement toxiques pour le SNC. Plusieurs études laissent penser que des modifications de la BHE ont lieu au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Ainsi, la BHE demeure un grand défi dans le développement de médicaments pour les maladies cérébrales. Cependant, des systèmes de transport biologique au niveau de la BHE pourraient être ciblés par des anticorps afin d’améliorer la disponibilité cérébrale de différents médicaments. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la BHE dans la MA et de quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps monoclonal ciblant le récepteur de la transferrine (RTf). Dans la première partie du projet, nous avons évalué la BHE chez deux modèles de souris de la MA, des souris doubles (APP/PS1) et triples (3xTg-AD) transgéniques. Une diminution du volume vasculaire a été observée dans l’hippocampe des souris 3xTg-AD âgées de 6 à 18 mois par rapport aux souris témoins. Ces souris ont démontré une diminution du transport cérébral du glucose et de l'expression de GLUT1 à l’âge de 18 mois. En revanche, aucune différence n’a été observée chez les souris APP/PS1. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’allèle ε4 de l’apolipoprotéine E, un facteur de risque génétique majeur de la MA, sur la BHE. Les souris APOE4 ont démontré une réduction de la vascularisation cérébrale et du transport cérébral du glucose de manière dépendante de l’âge. De plus, une réduction de l’épaisseur de la lame basale, une augmentation de l’expression de RAGE et une diminution du passage cérébral du DHA ont été observées chez les souris APOE4 par rapport aux souris APOE2 et APOE3. Finalement, nous avons développé la technique de la perfusion cérébrale in situ pour quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps fluorescent (Ri7) ciblant le RTf. Ainsi, nous avons confirmé l’accumulation cérébrale de Ri7 au niveau des cellules endothéliales en utilisant un mécanisme saturable et sans affecter l’intégrité physique de la BHE. Cet anticorps pourrait donc être utilisé pour modifier l’expression capillaire de différents récepteurs/transporteurs, ce qui pourrait être efficace dans le traitement de la MA.
La barrière hématoencéphalique (BHE) est une barrière biologique qui protège le cerveau de molécules potentiellement toxiques pour le SNC. Plusieurs études laissent penser que des modifications de la BHE ont lieu au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Ainsi, la BHE demeure un grand défi dans le développement de médicaments pour les maladies cérébrales. Cependant, des systèmes de transport biologique au niveau de la BHE pourraient être ciblés par des anticorps afin d’améliorer la disponibilité cérébrale de différents médicaments. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la BHE dans la MA et de quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps monoclonal ciblant le récepteur de la transferrine (RTf). Dans la première partie du projet, nous avons évalué la BHE chez deux modèles de souris de la MA, des souris doubles (APP/PS1) et triples (3xTg-AD) transgéniques. Une diminution du volume vasculaire a été observée dans l’hippocampe des souris 3xTg-AD âgées de 6 à 18 mois par rapport aux souris témoins. Ces souris ont démontré une diminution du transport cérébral du glucose et de l'expression de GLUT1 à l’âge de 18 mois. En revanche, aucune différence n’a été observée chez les souris APP/PS1. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’allèle ε4 de l’apolipoprotéine E, un facteur de risque génétique majeur de la MA, sur la BHE. Les souris APOE4 ont démontré une réduction de la vascularisation cérébrale et du transport cérébral du glucose de manière dépendante de l’âge. De plus, une réduction de l’épaisseur de la lame basale, une augmentation de l’expression de RAGE et une diminution du passage cérébral du DHA ont été observées chez les souris APOE4 par rapport aux souris APOE2 et APOE3. Finalement, nous avons développé la technique de la perfusion cérébrale in situ pour quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps fluorescent (Ri7) ciblant le RTf. Ainsi, nous avons confirmé l’accumulation cérébrale de Ri7 au niveau des cellules endothéliales en utilisant un mécanisme saturable et sans affecter l’intégrité physique de la BHE. Cet anticorps pourrait donc être utilisé pour modifier l’expression capillaire de différents récepteurs/transporteurs, ce qui pourrait être efficace dans le traitement de la MA.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier which protects the brain from potential toxic molecules. Several studies suggest that changes in the BBB occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, the BBB is a major challenge in the development of drugs for cerebral diseases. However, biological transport systems at the BBB, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR), could be targeted with monoclonal antibodies to develop the technology of Trojan horse and improve the brain availability of different drugs. The aim of my PhD project was to assess the BBB in AD and quantify the brain uptake of a monoclonal antibody targeting the TfR. In the first part of the project, we evaluated the BBB in two mouse models of AD, doubles (APP / PS1) and triple (3xTg-AD) transgenic mice. A reduction of the vascular volume was observed in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice aged 6-18 months compared to control mice. These mice showed a decrease in glucose cerebral transport and expression of GLUT1 at the age of 18 months. However, no difference was observed in APP/PS1 mice. In the second part of the project, we studied the effect of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, a major genetic risk factor of AD, on the BBB. The APOE4 mice showed a reduction of the cerebral vascularization and glucose cerebral transport in age dependent manner. Moreover, a reduction in the thickness of the basement membrane, an increase in the expression of RAGE and a decrease in cerebral passage of DHA were observed in APOE4 mice compared to APOE2 and APOE3 mice. Finally, we developed the in situ brain perfusion technique to quantify the brain uptake of a fluorescent antibody (RI7) targeting the TfR. In this section, we confirmed the cerebral accumulation of RI7 in the endothelial cells. This accumulation was made without affecting the physical integrity of the BBB and using a saturable mechanism. Hence, this antibody could be used to modify the expression of various receptors/transporters in the cerebral capillary, which may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier which protects the brain from potential toxic molecules. Several studies suggest that changes in the BBB occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, the BBB is a major challenge in the development of drugs for cerebral diseases. However, biological transport systems at the BBB, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR), could be targeted with monoclonal antibodies to develop the technology of Trojan horse and improve the brain availability of different drugs. The aim of my PhD project was to assess the BBB in AD and quantify the brain uptake of a monoclonal antibody targeting the TfR. In the first part of the project, we evaluated the BBB in two mouse models of AD, doubles (APP / PS1) and triple (3xTg-AD) transgenic mice. A reduction of the vascular volume was observed in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice aged 6-18 months compared to control mice. These mice showed a decrease in glucose cerebral transport and expression of GLUT1 at the age of 18 months. However, no difference was observed in APP/PS1 mice. In the second part of the project, we studied the effect of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, a major genetic risk factor of AD, on the BBB. The APOE4 mice showed a reduction of the cerebral vascularization and glucose cerebral transport in age dependent manner. Moreover, a reduction in the thickness of the basement membrane, an increase in the expression of RAGE and a decrease in cerebral passage of DHA were observed in APOE4 mice compared to APOE2 and APOE3 mice. Finally, we developed the in situ brain perfusion technique to quantify the brain uptake of a fluorescent antibody (RI7) targeting the TfR. In this section, we confirmed the cerebral accumulation of RI7 in the endothelial cells. This accumulation was made without affecting the physical integrity of the BBB and using a saturable mechanism. Hence, this antibody could be used to modify the expression of various receptors/transporters in the cerebral capillary, which may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
Kim, Hyun Ryoung. "Nanotechnologies pour l'adressage de médicaments au cerveau : études du mécanisme de passage des nanoparticules pegylées à travers la barrière hématoencéphalique." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA114826.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study of the translocation mechanism of poly(PEG-cyanocarylate-co-hexadecylcyanoacrylate) (PEG-PHDCA) nanoparticles in rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) to understand the higher transport of these nanoparticles across BBB in vivo in comparison with non-PEGylated nanoparticles. Intracellular distribution and internalization experiments of nanoparticles in RBEC showed that this passage occurred via a specific endocytosis. The inhibition of nanoparticles endocytosis by chlorpromazine and by the anti-low density lipoprotein receptor (anti-LDLR) antibody and at the opposite the increase of cell uptake of ApoE- and ApoB-100-preincubated nanoparticles demonstrated that the LDLR-mediated and clathrin-dependent pathway was involved in the internalization of PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles. The adsorption of ApoE and/or ApoB-100 onto the surface of PEG-PHDCA nanoparticles in serum was also revealed as the first step of the mechanism allowing their recognition by LDLR in the RBEC membrane and leading to their endocytosis. The design of new and more efficient colloidal carrier for brain targeting will be based on the comprehension of this mechanism
Barros, Viegas Pedro José. "Expression et fonctions cellulaires couplées à la protéine prion PrPc au niveau de la barrière hemato-encéphalique." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077018.
Full textThe prion protein PrPC is a GPI-anchored sialoglycoprotein, its conformational shift into the pathological form PrPSc being responsible for the prion diseases, transmissible fatal neurodegenerative encephalopathies that affect man (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Fatal Familial Insomnia) and animals (scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy). A number of progresses have been made regarding the implication of PrPSc in transmission and development of prion diseases. Nonetheless, the normal function of PrPC is still ill-defïned. We decided to study the expression and functions of PrPC in brain endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a physiological barrier that protects the central nervous System and that constitutes a possible entry site for infectious prion. We have shown that PrPC is expressed at the intercellular junctions of brain endothelial cells of the BBB, at raft-like membrane microdomains. As for numerous adhesion molecules, its junctional localization is maintained by homophilic interactions between molecules in adjacent cells. We have also shown that PrPC, if not implicated in immune cell adhesion to the endothelium, is important for the transendothelial migration of monocytes. In addition, it should interact with the junctional proteins PECAM-1 through heparan sulfate proteoglycans. PrPC is also implicated in copper buffering at the cell membrane, and could completely abolish the copper- induced potentialization of cell death induced by homocystein. Taken together, these results show that PrPC is a junctional protein involved in transendotheliale migration and BBB integrity
Duport, Sophie. "Description et validation d'un modèle in vitro de barrière hémato-encéphalique." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10259.
Full textGiraud, Elie. "NGPLS : Algorithme Génétique Nicheur couplé à la Projection en Structures Latentes. Un nouvel outil de constructions de relations structure-activité quantitatives. Applications pharmaceutiques aux domaines de l'oncologie et du système nerveux central." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30022.
Full textIn the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) research field, a common solution to perform variable selection and QSAR model building is the use of a simple genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with partial least squares (GAPLS). Variable selection and QSAR model building is a polyoptima problem and we demonstrated that a simple GA is a poor tool for such problem. We investigated an alternative solution to better handle the search space polyoptimality and to identify more predictive QSAR models. We proposed a new algorithm that is a combination of a niching genetic algorithm with partial least squares (NGPLS). Niching genetic algorithms have the ability to divide the search space in niches and to promote useful diversity. We demonstrated on different reference QSAR datasets that NGPLS outperforms GAPLS and allows to identify more predictive and diverse QSAR models than GAPLS. However, NGPLS is slower. We also highlighted that NGPLS can induce a cooperative effect between maintained QSAR models that can be decisive to find better final solutions. Finally, we worked on two different pharmaceutical applications lying on the oncology and the central nervous system areas. In both studies, we confirmed that NGPLS permits to discover more predictive and diverse QSAR models than GAPLS. We also proposed a new directional QSAR approach combining a D-optimal design, PLS and principal component analysis that proved in combination with NGPLS to be efficient decision making tools for the lead optimisation process
Monnaert, Véronique. "Comportement de systèmes moléculaires et nanoparticulaires à base de cyclodextrines au niveau de la barrière hémato-encéphalique : application à la délivrance de médicaments vers le cerveau." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0406.
Full textMore than 95% of the molecules coming from the pharmacological research programs are unable to reach the cerebral parenchyma because of the presence of a barrier between the blood and the brain : the blood brain barrier (BBB). Many researches are devoted to develop new brain drug delivery strategies. We have studied the behaviour of molecular and nanoparticular cyclodextrins based systems and their ability to deliver drugs to the brain. In order to perform these studies, an in vitro BBB model developed in our laboratory was used. A preliminary study allowed us to evaluate the potential toxicity (loss of the BBB integrity) and the passage of the different cyclodextrins through the BBB. The toxicity of native cyclodextrins followed the order : α-> β-> γ-cyclodextrin. This result can be explained by the different efflux membrane components. The passage of cyclodextrins through the BBB, in physiologic conditions, had an average value of 20%. We have observed that the β-cyclodextrins increased the delivery of some P-glycoprotein substrates to the brain. Nanoparticles with an average size of 100 nm were synthesized from β-cyclodextrins and malodextrin. The toxicity of these nanoparticules depended of the β-cyclodextrin structure. Their passage through the BBB was very weak (2% on average). Contrary to β-cyclodextrins, the synthesized nanoparticleswere unable to improve the delivery of some drugs to the brain
Jolliet-Riant, Pascale. "Les transferts des médicaments à travers la barrière hématoencéphalique : mécanismes, évaluations, modélisations, effets des liaisons sanguines." Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120008.
Full textKhuth, Seng-Thuon. "La barrière sang-liquide céphalo-rachidien dans un environnement proinflammatoire : perturbations fonctionnelles de l'épithélium des plexus choroi͏̈des exposé à des lymphocytes T activés par une infection rétrovirale." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10178.
Full textCoisne, Caroline. "Étude in vitro du rôle de la barrière hémato-encéphalique dans les pathologies cérébrales à caractère inflammatoire : développement d'un modèle de barrière hémato-encéphalique chez la souris." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0403.
Full textBlood-brain exchanges are regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Highly specialized endothelial cells form the BBB and restrict paracellular diffusion of molecules, while selective transports occur using receptor or transporter-mediated transcytosis. Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are associated with BBB breakdown which leads to the increase in BBB permeability to blood-borne molecules and immune cells. We developed a mouse syngenic in vitro BBB model, consisting in a primary coculture of mouse brain capillary endothelial cells (MBCECs) and glial cells. MBCECs exhibit in vivo BBB properties (cell border localisation of tight junction proteins, P-glycoprotein expression and efficiency). Compound permeability through MBCEC monolayer was performed and compared to in vivo data. As immune cell recruitment across the BBB involves cell surface molecules. We investigated the expression of ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and VCAM-1 on MBCECs and demonstrated cell surface upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 during inflammatory events. In vivo, a controversy remains concerning the role of selectins. MBCECs were shown to be negative for E and P-selectins under basal condition, while a differential expression of selectins is observed under inflammatory stimuli. This well-characterised mouse in vitro BBB model which mimics in vivo situation will be a valuable tool to study BBB permeability changes during CNS inflammatory events
Pottiez, Gwënaël. "Analyse protéomique de cellules endothéliales de capillaires cérébraux ayant acquis le phénotype de barrière hémato-encéphalique." Artois, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ARTO0402.
Full textThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes to the brain homeostasis by regulation of the passage of endogenous and exogenous compounds. This BBB is formed by the circular and close up assembly, all along the length of the vessel, of differentiated endothelial cells resting on a basal membrane in which few pericytes are inserted. This cellular structure as a whole is encircled by a tubular sheath of astrocytic endfeet. The induction and differentiation of the brain capillary endothelial cells are, in part, under control of astrocytes which surround the endothelial wall. The aim of our study is to better define and understand the establishment mechanisms of BBB phenotype, using proteomic approaches. The in vitro BBB model, developed in our laboratory, is made up of brain capillary endothelial cells cocultured with glial cells. The first challenge consisted to adapt the usual proteomic method to our in vitro BBB model. Therefore, to identify the main pathways involved in the dynamic regulation of BBB function, we have initiated a differential proteomic approach which intends to characterize the phenotypic differences between fully differentiated brain endothelial cells, cultured with glial cells, and undifferentiated cells, cultured without glial cells. Our results described, on one hand, that actin cytoskeleton remodelling is closely involved in the BBB differentiation, and on the other hand, that this differentiation seems to be linked to the methylation of proteins and the nitric oxide pathway. Finally, we tried to confirm the observed changes by in situ identification of constitutive proteins of the BBB to complete the BBB knowledge database
Milbreta, Ulla. "Cellular and molecular remodeling in the adult rat spinal cord injury after chondroitinase ABC treatment." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066107.
Full textJallouli, Youssef. "Etude des mécanismes d'endocytose et de transcytose de nanoparticules polysaccharidiques à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Artois, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ARTO0411.
Full textThe brain is one of the least accessible organs of the body, due to the presence of blood brain barrier (BBB), thus making the delivery of neurotherapeutics almost a challenge. In order to develop vectors to deliver drugs to the brain we studied the influence of surface charge and inner composition of 60 nm maltodextrin nanoparticles to cross BBB. We prepared neutral and cationic maltodextrin nanoparticles and an anionic lipid was inserted in cationic NP frame to make DPPG-NP. Studies were performed on an in vitro model of BBB made of a co-culture brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes. We observed at 4°C that cationic NP are bound in a saturable manner on areas surrounding the tight junction area, this binding is inhibited by protamin and their endocytosis and transcytosis to the brain by clathrin inhibitors. The insertion of lipids inside cationic NP didn’t change neither their size nor their zeta potential suggesting that the lipids are inserted in the core of these NP. However, highly change in their binding on endothelial cells was observed at 4°C showing that the lipids inside the particles participate to their interaction with membrane. Moreover, only DPPG-NP were found to have a high binding on the collagen of collagen coated filters. . Neutral nanoparticles binding at 4°C contrary to cationic ones was observed on all the surface of the cells, their binding was followed by endocytosis and transcytosis which was inhibited by filipin. This result suggest that neutral NP enter the cells via a cholesterol dependent pathway highly suggesting that the caveolae pathway is implied as these cells have a high level of caveolae on their membrane surface. Taken together these results show that 60 nm polysaccharidic NP can cross BBB using either clathrin or caveolae depending on their surface charge, these pathways can be targeted in brain delivery strategies to improve drug delivery to the brain using colloids
Binkowski-Machut, Cécile. "Élaboration d'un vecteur nanoparticulaire liposomial par assemblage supramoléculaire d'un dérivé adamantyle et de cyclodextrine modifiée : application à la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0405.
Full textCerebral diseases have attracted a growing interest among the scientific community during these last ten years because of their impact on our society in terms on public health and economic factors. In particular, strategies have been targeted at delivering drugs through the endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier (B. B. B. ), one of them consisting in encapsulating drugs inside nanoparticules such as liposomes. To increase the delivery of these nanoparticular vectors and understand the mechanism of their transport through the B. B. B. , a new supramolecular approach has been developed. Gluco-adamantoyl molecules have been synthesized and included, via the adamantoyl moiety, inside the cavity of amphiphilic alkylammonium b-cyclodextrins (b-CD) in which alkyl chain length ranges from 2 to 16 carbons. The glucosidic moiety is expected to play the role of ligand towards the receptors of the B. B. B. . The resulting host-guest complexes have been fully characterized by NMR measurements which revealed a concomitant inclusion of the adamantoyl part and an intra-molecular recognition process of the alkyl chain in the CD cavity. When mixing these supramolecular assemblies with cholesteryl-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC) liposomes, the alkyl chain was excluded from the CD cavity and is incorporated in the lipidic bilayer. The obtained surface-modified liposomes have shown great potentialities of transport on a in vitro model of B. B. B. Since 30% of these liposomes succeeded in penetrating the endothelial cells
Tilloy-Fenart, Laurence. "Mise en évidence d'une voie originale de transcytose à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique in vitro : application à la vectorisation de médicaments vers le cerveau." Lille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL10070.
Full textA l'inverse de l'endothélium des autres organes, l'endothélium des capillaires cérébraux exprime un récepteur aux lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL). Nos résultats établissent un rôle nouveau de ce récepteur ; le transport des lipides à travers la BHE. Ce transport spécifique est régulé par le statut lipidique des astrocytes. Les premières étapes de ce transport ont été caractérisées et démontrent l'implication des cavéoles dans la transcytose des LDL. La mise en évidence de cette voie originale de transcytose, court-circuitant le compartiment lysosomal, nous a permis d'envisager l'utilisation de cette voie pour vectoriser des protéines incorporées dans des vecteurs synthétiques, vers le cerveau
Culot, Maxime. "Modèles d'étude in vitro de la barrière hémato-encéphalique et leurs applications pharmacotoxicologiques." Artois, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ARTO0406.
Full textThe blood-brain barrier (BBB), which possesses both physical and metabolic properties at the level of the cerebral capillaries, performs a neuroprotective function by tightly controlling access to the brain. Therefore, it also impedes access of proteins as well as pharmacological and potentially neurotoxic agents to cerebral tissues. Furthermore, the BBB is also implicated in several pathologies such as neurodegenerative disorders (e. G. Alzheimer´s and multiple sclerosis), stroke and traumatic brain injury. The anatonomical complexity of the BBB implies that cellular and molecular mechanisms would be difficult, or even impossible, to investigate in vivo. Consequently, since two decades, many laboratories have turned their intention in developing cell-based models of the BBB which enable to make predictions about brain uptake of compounds and to study the effect of therapeutic interventions at the level of the cerebral capillaries. The use of our in vitro model of the BBB, consisting of in a coculture of capillary endothelial and glial cells, has proved useful in elucidating the mechanism of action of NXY-059. The fact that this neuroprotective drug failed to achieve the expected efficacy in phase III clinical studies, despite considerable efforts in its development, put strong emphasis on the need for improvement of the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for its neuroprotective action in preclinical models. The limited permeability of NXY-059 across the BBB prompted an investigation on possible action related to the cerebral capillary endothelium. Our results demonstrate that the effects of NXY-059 observed in preclinical studies could at least partly be attributed to its ability to restore functionality of the brain endothelium in ischemia. In many cases, the intended use of in vitro BBB models in the drug discovery process is to predict whether investigational drugs are likely to achieve relevant CNS exposure to elicit the desired pharmacological effect. However, the screens that are currently available usually do not allow high enough throughput to efficiently evaluate the large number of compounds generated by pharmaceutical and chemical companies. Adapted from our coculture model, a new BBB in vitro model has been developed to fit with the increasing needs for BBB screening. All BBB features tested, attest to the reliability of this in vitro BBB model to support drug discovery or development programs of pharmaceuticals companies. This new procedure, which substantially limits the use of animals, offers advantages over conventional procedure including reduction of time, cost and technical needs. Within the framework of the Acute-Tox consortium, activities are ongoing to validate this high-throughput BBB cell model as a tool to assess potential toxicity problems related to the brain endothelium and associated cells. The data presented here demonstrate that in vitro models are of central importance in efforts to expand our knowledge of the BBB, and may contribute to the development of CNS therapeutics with enhanced activity and improved BBB permeability
Boisdron-Celle, Michèle. "Préparation de microparticules de 5-FU implantables par stéréotaxie et évaluation thérapeutique chez le rat porteur d'un gliome malin." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA114806.
Full textChatelut, Etienne. "Etude pharmacocinétique clinique de la diffusion de médicaments anticancéreux à travers les membranes physiologiques : application à l'administration intrapéritonéale et à la diffusion dans le liquide céphalorachidien." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30001.
Full textMiller, Florence. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la transcytose dans un modèle de barrière hémato-encéphalique in vitro." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0404.
Full textCerebral homeostasis is regulated by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier is located in brain capillaries endothelial cells, which possess some morphological and enzymatic properties. Cerebral endothelium firmly reduces passages between blood and brain. Carrier-mediated transport expressed in endothelial cells takes part in nutrient contribution to the brain. BBB properties come from brain vicinity and especially from glial cells. Using a BBB in vitro model, that consists in a coculture of brain capillary endothelial cells and glial cells, an in vivo status can be mimicked. In this in vitro model, a transcytosis way, that ensures blood-borne molecule transport into the brain, has been discovered. This transcytosis occurs in a receptor-dependent manner and electronic microscopy enables to observe specialized cellular vesicles involvement such as caveolae and cavesomes. The use of biochemical engineering (Western Blot, pharmacological inhibitors) demonstrates that this process is governed by p42-44 MAPK, which are themselves regulated by Protein Kinase C and Ras. These signalling events involved in the regulation of transcytosis seem to take place in caveolae as indicated by immuno-precipitates results. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying transcytosis will allow many curative prospects for brain illnesses
Mercier, Claire. "Expression cérébrale et régulation de quatre transporteurs ABC impliqués dans les mécanismes de multirésistance médicamenteuse, P-gp, Mrp1, Mrp5 et Mxr, chez les rongeurs : le modèle astrocytaire." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P634.
Full textCellular barriers separate the brain from the rest of the body and preserve hydro-ionic balance and volume. These barriers express many transporters including ABC protein implicated in multidrug resistance. We have studied the expression and regulation of four ABC transporters (P-gp, Mrp1, Mrp5 and Mxr) in rodent brain. By immunohistochemistry, we showed the presence of P-gp, Mrp1 and Mrp5 on different cell types including astrocytes. In rat astrocyte primary cultures, we showed an up-regulation, time and concentration dependant, of P-gp by doxorubicine but not Mrp1 and Mrp5. By RT-PCR, we showed an Abcg2 mRNA enrichment of brain capillaries and an up-regulation of Abcg2 mRNA in mdr1a(-/-) mice
Vautier, Sarah. "Etude de l'influence d'une pompe d'efflux, la P-glycoprotéine, sur le transport intracérébral des médicaments antiparkinsoniens : Application à l'aide de modèles in vitro et in vivo." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA114847.
Full textBromocriptine is an antiparkinsonian drug that leads to excessive daytime sleepiness, hallucination or confusion, due to brain accumulation. P-glycoprotein (Pgp/ ABCB 1) is an ATP binding cassette transporter involved in drug phannacokinetics and plays a role in detoxification against xenobiotics. At the blood brain barrier Pgp leads to extrusion of its substrates in cerebral blood flow. We show that bromocriptine is a Pgp substrate in vitro an in vivo in mice, and inhibitor in vitro. Ln a murine model of dopaminergic degeneration, bromocriptine bram transport is increased. Bromocriptme is a potential drug for medicinal interactions. Knowledge of Pgp functionality and/or expression could be useful to anticipate prescription of Pgp substrates and avoid neurotoxicity in treatment of Parkinson' s disease
Bougoin, Sylvain. "Implication des plexus choroïdes dans les échanges des stéroïdes entre plasma sanguin et liquide cérébrospinal : recherche d'une modulation par la photopériode." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR4015.
Full textPrevious studies in the female sheep have shown a photoperiodically different passage of progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In the present studies, we assessed the presence of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and its involvement in this efflux transport of P4 and E2 in the choroid plexuses (CP) in female sheep. Using perfusion of CP, we showed a significant lower efflux of P4 during long days than short days. With flow cytometry, we demonstrated the presence of Pgp in the epithelial cell from the choroid plexuses (CPEC). Using primary culture of the CPEC, we showed a significant transport of P4 and E2 from the apical to the basolateral side culture. However, Pgp inhibitors, did not modify the transport of P4 and E2 in the culture while this transport were suppressed by cyclodextrine. We concluded that E2 and P4 were actively transported but by a mechanism independent of Pgp
Bernoud-Hubac, Nathalie. "Etude, sur un modèle in vitro de la barrière hémato-encéphalique, de la biosynthèse des acides gras polyinsaturés essentiels et du passage de l'acide docoahéxaénoïque estérifié ou non dans une lysophosphatidylcholine." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0099.
Full textThe brain contains high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids. The mechanisms responsible for this selective accumulation are still unknown. The first objective of this work was to determine the respective roles of endothelial cells from brain capillaries and astrocytes in the conversion of circulating linoleic (18:2n-6) and linolenic (18:3n-3) acids into 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3, respectively, by using an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Endothelial cells cultured on an insert were set above the medium of a Petri dish containing or not a stabilized culture of astrocytes. Endothelial cells cultured alone weakly converted the precursor fatty acids into 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3. When endothelial cells were co cultured with astrocytes, their content of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased dramatically. This effect was associated with the uptake of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the lower medium (astrocyte medium). These fatty acids were released by astrocytes after they were synthesized from the precursor fatty acids that passed through the endothelial cell monolayer into the lower medium. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were released by astrocytes as unesterified fatty acids and as phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysaPC). These results suggest that astrocytes could play a role in the delivery of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids to the barrier itself and to the brain. The brain can also take up AGPI from the circulation. The second objective was to study the passage of either labeled unesterified 22:6n-3 or 22:6n-3 esterified in a lysoPC, bound to albumin, through the in vitro BBB. We show that "22:6-lysoPC is preferentially transferred through the endothelial cell monolayer and taken up by astrocytes over the unesrerified 22:6n-3. This preferential passage was not observed in aortic endothelium. Finally, our results show that this preferential passage involve the presence of specific carriers in the astrocyte medium, particularly lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein E and principally secreted by astrocytes
Roger, Christine. "Intoxication cérébrale par la bilirubine chez le rat immature : effets sur le métabolisme énergétique et la perméabilité régionale." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10461.
Full textAndré, Pascal. "Caractérisations fonctionnelle et moléculaire de transporteurs impliqués dans les échanges de cations organiques au niveau des barrières hémato-encéphalique et hémato-oculaire chez la souris." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P609.
Full textThe molecular exchanges located at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) constituted of the endothelia of brain capillaries and at the retinal capillaries and at the retinal pigmentary epithelium forming respectively the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers (BRB), which could be assimilated to the blood ocular barriers, are regulated by the presence of transporters which facilitate influx in and/or efflux from brain or retinal parenchyma. Our research dealt with the identification, in vivo, in mice, of organic cation transporters present at these interfaces and responsible in particular for the psychotropic permeation, using the in situ carotid perfusion method, the real-time PCR technique and the immunofluorescence technique in fixed tissues. We were interested in the cationic/proton antiporter “of tertiary amine” or said to be transporter “of clonidine” and in the organic cation transporter (Oct) family. We demonstrated the expression at the brain and ocular interfaces of the “high-capacity, low-affinity” transporter said to be “of clonidine”, not yet molecularly identified. Its functional characterization was accomplished, showing the lack of direct coupling with sodium, potassium and chloride but the proton influence allowing an antiporter functioning. The identification of other substrates notably opiate-type drugs and nicotine could be achieved. However, the expression of Oct1, 2 and 3 could not be shown at the BBB whereas an expression of the Oct2 transporter could be functionally established at the BRB; moreover, at the BRB, the expression of the monoamine Net-like transporter could be functionally characterized
Join-Lambert, Olivier. "Physiopathologie de la listériose neuro-méningée : rôle du système des phagocytes mononucléés." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D013.
Full textListeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to survive and grow within mononucleated phagocytes and induces meningoencephalitis. In a murine model of listeriosis, we demonstrate that bone marrow is a previously unrecognized reservoir of L. Monocytogenes-infected myeloid CD31pos-Ly-6Cpos-CD11bpos-Ly-6Glow cells during listeriosis that can play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of meningoencephalitis by releasing infected cells into the circulation that ultimately invade the central nervous system. Despite the phenotype of infected blood monocytes was consistent with that of inflammatory monocytes, both wild-type and CCR2 knock-out mice developed CNS infection and migration of Ly-6Chigh monocytes was CCR2-independent, suggesting that other overlapping recruitment mechanisms may facilitate the crossing of the blood brain barrier by infected monocytes
Dirson, Grégoire. "Passage cérébral de l'efavirenz : intéractions avec les protéines d'efflux ATP dépendantes et influence de la protéine gp120 du VIH." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA114807.
Full textThe poor brain distribution of antiretrovirals (ARVs), owing to the restrictive properties of the blood-brain barrier, may be a major problem of AIDS treatments. Therefore, we have shown in rats and mice that the brain uptake of efavirenz (EFV) is higher than that previously described for the other ARVs. Moreover, we have determined that the brain uptake of EFV in rats and mice is not affected by transporters such as ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC2 and 4 (proteins responsible for endothelial efflux of numerous compounds). Studying the short- and long-term effect of EFV on these proteins, it has been concluded that ABCG2 was the only one to be modulated by EFV (long-term functional induction) in rats, without altering the brain uptake of zidovudine (ABCG2-transported ARV). In a last point, we have observed no change in the brain accumulation of EFV in a rat model of brain HIV encephalitis
Shawahna, Ramzi. "Expression génomique et protéomique quantitative des transporteurs et des enzymes du métabolisme au niveau de la barrière hémato-encéphalique humaine." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P622.
Full textDrug entry and distribution into the brain is a delicate process as modulated by the interaction between the drug molecule with influx and/or efflux drug transporters as well as metabolizing enzymes at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The transport and metabolic activities of transporters and enzymes are often correlated with their protein amounts. In the first study, we are reporting a relatively exhaustive quantitative gene expression and absolute protein quantification of 71 solute carrier (SLC) and organic solute (OST) transporters, 34 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and 51 phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes in freshly isolated human brain microvessels. Our study showed that glucose and amino acid transporters were the main uptake transporters expressed. Interestingly, our study showed that ABCG2/BCRP protein was 1. 6-fold more than ABCB1/MDR1. CYP1B1 and CYP2U1 were quantifiable at both gene and protein levels. Interestingly, microvessels highly expressed GSTs, whereas, UGTs were completely absent. In the second study, we quantitatively investigated the gene expression of cell type markers, SLC and ABC transporters, phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes and some transcriptional factors in an optimized in vitro human BBB model (hCMEC/D3). The hCMEC/D3 cells were less fenestrated as compared to non-cerebral (HUVEC) cells as shown by PLVAP which was less expressed by 70. 7-fold in hCMEC/D3 cells. In accordance with human brain microvessels, hCMEC/D3 expressed glucose and amino acids transporters. Treatment with the Wnt/β-catenin agonist, lithium chloride (LiCl), enriched the gene expression of ABCG2/BCRP and ABCC5/MRP5 and CYP1A1 by 5. 6-fold, 2. 5-fold and 9. 1-fold, respectively. Similar to microvessels hCMEC/D3 cells highly expressed GSTs and the transcriptional factor AhR
Mouren, Patrice. "La des-tyrosyl gamma endorphine : effets neuroendocriniens (mélatonine, catécholamines, axe corticotrope) et passage à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique des endorphines de la série gamma après injection périphérique, chez le rat." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO1T024.
Full textLopez-Atalaya, Martinez José Pascual. "Interaction entre l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène et le système glutamatergique dans le système nerveux central : implication dans la mort d'origine excitotoxique." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2004.
Full textGervaise, Cédric. "Nanovecteurs à base de cyclodextrines amphiphiles." Amiens, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AMIE0100.
Full textTo improve drugs delivery through biological membranes, the preparation of nanovectors with drug inside can be developed. The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is an efficient biological barrier which protects the brain but it prevents many drugs from passing into the brain reducing efficacy of the treatment of tumors or Alzheimer’s disease for example. Nanovectors based on amphiphilic cyclodextrins have been planned to cross the BBB without toxicity. Two new amphiphilic cyclodextrins families have been synthesized: Glycerolipidyl-Cyclodextrins by chemo-enzymatic way and Lipophosphoramidyl-Cyclodextrins, using the Atherton-Todd reaction. Tensioactive properties of compounds of these two families were interesting. A compound has been chosen to form nanoparticles in different aqueous solutions which were able to encapsulate drugs First results on in vitro BBB model have shown improvement of drug quantity which crossed the BBB when drug was encapsulated
Milane, Aline. "Impact des pompes d'efflux (abcb1 et abcg2) de la barrière hémato-encéphalique sur le passage cérébral du riluzole et de la minocycline : application à la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA114801.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative fatal disease. Riluzole (RLZ) is the only approved drug used in ALS treatment. Minocycline (MNC) showed to be neuroprotective in a murine model of ALS. The objectif of our work was to study the cerebral transport of RLZ and MNC, emphasizing on the role played by P-gp and BCRP in this transport. We also studied the interaction between RLZ and MNC. We showed that both RLZ and MNC are substrates of P-gp and that RLZ is a substrate for BCRP. MNC inhibits P-gp and increases RLZ brain concentrations, while RLZ induces BCRP. In a murine model of ALS, P-gp was induced and RLZ brain concentrations decreased. These studies should be taken into consideration in preclinical studies, especially one two or more drugs are combined
Drapeau, Annie. "Effet d'un traitement au témozolomide par infusion intra-artérielle avec ou sans ouverture osmotique de la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11311.
Full textAbstract : Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Its’ standard treatment, maximal surgical resection followed by an adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy and temozolomide [TMZ]) offers only a modest median survival benefit of 14.6 months (vs. 12.1 months with post-surgery radiotherapy alone) (Stupp et al., 2005). TMZ remains the therapeutic agent of choice for the treatment of GBM. Despite its bioavailability approaching 100% after a per os administration (Diez et al., 2009), its cerebrospinal fluid penetration is only of 20% (Ostermann et al., 2004). Thus, TMZ’s therapeutic limitations could be due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Alternative routes of drug delivery attempt to bypass these barriers. For example, intra-arterial (IA) administration with an osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption (OBBBD) allows greater drug distribution to the central nervous system (CNS). Its use with TMZ, with or without radiotherapy, has never been studied. We hypothesized that it will increase TMZ concentration in the CNS and that, when combined to radiotherapy, it will intensify its anti-neoplastic activity. The project was divided in three parts: (1) the evaluation of F98 cells’ in vitro sensitivity to TMZ; (2) the in vivo caracterization of TMZ’s neuropharmacokinetics, following different routes of administration; and (3) the in vivo evaluation of TMZ’s anti-tumoral effect, following different routes of administration. The syngenic glioma Fischer-F98 model was used in all in vivo experiments. Our results showed the F98 cells to be resistant to TMZ in vitro. The methodology developed showed that an IA infusion with and without OBBBD increased TMZ’s peak concentration and area under the curve in the brain tumor and ipsilateral brain parenchyma in the Fischer-F98 rat. All the while limiting systemic exposure. However, no survival benefit was observed with the use of these alternative strategies. More so, TMZ’s enhanced delivery to the CNS seemed toxic. A survival benefit was measured following the addition of radiotherapy. This was independent of the route of delivery of TMZ or normal saline. In summary, our results provide evidence that the method of TMZ administration does impact its CNS delivery. By bypassing the BBB, the judicious use of local delivery approaches combined with the appropriate therapeutic agent can have a great clinical potential in the treatment of glioblastomas.
Dauchy, Sandrine. "Expression, localisation et régulation des transporteurs ABC et des cytochromes P450 au niveau de la barrière hémato-encéphalique humaine." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P652.
Full textThe brain uptake of a drug can be reduced by ABC transporters and enzymes expressed in endothelial cells of brain microvessels. Relative expression of ABC transporters and cytochromes P450 (CYP) has never been investigated at the adult human BBB. We have established the expression patterns of the gene encoding some ABC transporters, CYPs and transcription factors using isolated human brain microvessels from neurosurgery. The genes encoding BCRP, CYP1B1 and the transcription factor AhR are mainly expressed. We investigated the expression of the same genes in the hCMEC/D3 cell line, an in vitro model of the human BBB. We shown that the AhR-mediated regulatory pathway is involved in the induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes expression in this cell line. Finally, in a third study, we investigated the transcript expression profile of several ABC transporters in different areas of the adult normal brain
Brillault, Julien. "Étude des modifications cellulaires et moléculaires de la barrière hémato-encéphalique "in vitro" soumise à une ischémie." Artois, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ARTO0406.
Full textBrain ischemia is followed by the occurrence of an edema which is a consequence of the opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). By means of an in vitro model of the BBB, which consists of a coculture of brain capillary endothelial cells with glial cells, we showed a non specific and transcellular permeability increase in ischemia and the intercommunication between the glial cells and endothelial cells, responsible of the BBB opening. One of the ischemia induced factors is the VEGF : its mRNA is up-regulated in glial cells by ischemia. Its receptor Flt-1 mRNA is up-regulated in the ECs during ischemia. Flt-1 is polarized at the abluminal membrane of the ECs and its presence is limited to few hours after the onset of ischemia. These results suggest several opening phases of the BBB in ischemia
Bihorel, Sébastien. "Distribution cérébrale du mésylate d'imatinib (glivec®) : impact des protéines de transport d'efflux et de leur modulation par des inhibiteurs sélectifs." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P613.
Full textImatinib is an antitumor drug that could be active against brain glial tumors, via the inhibition of PDGFR. This potential is however offset by its poor brain distribution in human. The present work shows using P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or Bcrp1 deficient mice, that these two efflux proteins limit the penetration of imatinib across the blood-brain barrier. It also demonstrates that the use of efflux transporter inhibitors (valspodar, zosuquidar or elacridar) can enhance the brain distribution of imatinib. This work also shows that the therapeutic benefit of the combination of imatinib and hydroxyurea given in patients with glioblastoma was probably not related to a cross-influence of these drugs on their respective brain penetration. Finally, it shows that the uptake of imatinib and its active metabolite, CGP74588, in a rat glial tumor cell line can be modulated with specific efflux transporters inhibitors
Yousif, Salah. "Optimisation de modèles in vitro et in vivo de la barrière hémato-encéphalique : application à l'étude des effets de la morphine sur l'expression cérébrale de la P-glycoprotéine." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P614.
Full textThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the main interface between the bloodstream and the brain parenchyma controlling the passage of endogenous and exogenous substances into and out of the central nervous system. The first part of our work was to optimised models to study this barrier. Hence, we’d developed a protocol for isolating brain microvessel that provided the least contamination with astrocyte and neuron and the highest yield of endothelial cells. We used the yield obtained from this protocol to evaluate the gene expression of drug transporters (Mdr1a, Mdr1b, Mrp1 à 5, Bcrp and Oatp-2) to determine their location in cells at the BBB. Additionally, we’d participated in the functional characterization of a reproducible in vitro model of the rat BBB and its validation for investigating mechanisms involved in BBB regulation and in the physiological and pharmacological characterization of drug transporters. The second part of our work involved the determination of the effect of chronic morphine treatment on the expression and function of some blood-brain barrier (BBB) markers in the rat. Our results show that the expression of genes Mdr1a, Mrp1, Bcrp, Glut-1 and Occludin, was increased, while that of Flk-1 was slightly decreased in isolated cortex microvessels from morphine-treated rats. The expression of the Mrd1a and Mdr1b genes encoding the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) also increased in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex of morphine-treated rats. The Immunoblotting revealed increases in P-gp expression in the hippocampus and cortex of morphine-treated rats, but no increase in P-gp in isolated cortex microvessels. The integrity of the BBB and the activity of P-gp at the BBB were not modified by morphine treatment. Immunohistoflouorescence experiments revealed the absence of Pgp induction occurring in the brain parenchyma outside the cerebral vessels. P-gp induction was observed in isolated large vessel-enriched fraction rather than in isolated microvessels
Vilatte, Sylvie. "Influence du neuropaludisme sur l'expression et la fonctionnalité des pompes d'efflux cérébrales : application au passage cerebral de la mefloquine." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA114828.
Full textCerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. In this work, we studied the influence of CM on the cerebral uptake of mefloquine (MQ). Cerebral transport of drugs are restricted by efflux pumps in the blood-brain barrier as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). We studied the cerebral transport of MQ in healthy mice and infected mice and evaluated the role of the cerebral efflux pumps in this uptake. We showed that, in healthy mice, MQ is a P-gp substrate and that its cerebral uptake is stereoselective. In infected mice P-gp and BCRP activity is not altered by CM but the cerebral uptake of MQ is decreased. This modification of the cerebral pharmacokinetic of MQ could be due to the decrease of the cerebral blood flow reported by other authors in CM models
Pifferi, Fabien. "Rôle des acides gras polyinsaturés sur le métabolisme énergétique cérébral : impact sur le transport de glucose des cellules endothéliales de la barrière hémato-encéphalique des astrocytes." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112057.
Full textAlterations in cognitive performance in animals deficient in omega-3 fatty acids (FA) have been linked to the decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) level in brain membranes. It has also been reported that DHA may modulate ion channels, synaptic signaling, and the storage and release of neurotransmitter. Since neuronal activity depends on brain energy metabolism, we hypothesized that the omega-3 FA deficiency-induced alterations in neuronal activity could partly result from changes in brain energy metabolism. Objective - To explore this hypothesis, first we examined in vivo the effects of omega-3 FA deficiency on oxidative phosphorylation and glucose uptake in several brain areas with high rate of energy consumption. Glucose is translocated from the bloodstream to brain cells through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via specific membrane glucose transporters (GLUTs), mainly GLUT1 and GLUT3. Rats raised with an omega-3 FA deficient diet throughout one generation were compared with rats fed a diet with adequate amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 FA. The omega-3 deficiency decreased by 20 to 40% the cytochrome oxidase activity and by 30% the glucose uptake in the three brain areas. In order to determine whether the decreased glucose uptake was due to reduced protein expression, the main GLUTs were quantified by immunohistochemical staining. In a second time, in vitro effects of supplemental arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and DHA on membrane FA contents and glucose transport activity were investigated and compared on two culture models of rat brain endothelial cells generally used for glucose transport studies, the cell primary culture (RBEC) and the cell line RBE4
Clé, Marion. "Etude du neurotropisme de deux arbovirus émergents : les virus Zika et Usutu." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT024.
Full textEmerging viruses are defined as viruses gaining new territories or as known viruses that have mutated or recombined and become more pathogenic and contagious in the population. These viruses represent major public health problems as they can sometimes cause unknown and potentially serious disorders, particularly neuroinvasive diseases. This is the case, for example, with the recent emergence of two neurotropic viruses: Zika virus (ZIKV) and Usutu virus (USUV). ZIKV is responsible for epidemics mainly in French Polynesia in 2013 and Latin America in 2015-2016, where it was also responsible for neurological disorders (encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, microcephaly, and others) in some patients. USUV has recently emerged in Europe, where it has been implicated in significant avian mortality, mainly in blackbirds, but also in neuroinvasive infections in humans (encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and others). Despite this, the pathogenesis of these two emerging viruses remained poorly explored. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the effects of ZIKV infection on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) structure and homeostasis and to evaluate and compare the neuropathogenicity of different USUV lineages by combining in vivo and in vitro approaches. Our results first suggest a complex interaction between ZIKV and the BBB that could trigger local inflammation, leukocyte recruitment, and possible long-term cerebrovascular impairment. Secondly, regarding USUV, our data suggest that the virus can reach the brain and cause massive inflammation leading to the recruitment of immune cells, which correlates with human brain inflammatory pathologies such as encephalitis. Also, following the analysis of circulating USUV lineages, our results suggest that some USUV lineages may have a higher degree of neurovirulence, notably the Europe 2 lineage. The emergence and rapid spread of new viruses constitute a complex and constant challenge for human health. Today, many factors such as ecological changes, increased animal movements, world population density, and improved means of transport are contributing to emerging virus appearance and facilitating their transmission. For these reasons, it is necessary to study in greater detail mechanisms of viral infection (entry of the virus into cells, transmission, multiplication, and etc.) to develop appropriate antiviral treatments or specific vaccines.Key Words: Zika Virus, Usutu Virus, flavivirus, central nervous system, neurovirulence and neurotropism
Rousselle, Christophe. "Etude du passage des médicaments au travers de la barrière hémato-encéphalique : évaluation d'une nouvelle stratégie de vectorisation peptidique." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05P631.
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