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Journal articles on the topic 'Ovarian follicular growth'
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1
Zyuzyun, A. B. "CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCH OTSYT-CUMULUS COMPLEXES RABBIT FROM WITH OVARIAN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE ESTROUS CYCLE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 53 (April 27, 2017): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.53.39.
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The analysis of the research results revealed that the largest number (86.4%) of oocytes suitable for further development outside the body can be obtained with ovarian follicular phase of growth. It should be noted that statistically significant difference was observed between the groups OCC rabbit derived from ovaries at different phases of the estrous cycle by the number oocytes unsuitable for further cultivation. Thus, the phase of the ovarian follicular growth of gametes was obtained only 13.6% of ovarian and with signs of ovulation and the luteal phase, 35.4% and 31.4% respectively. When comparing the results of the analysis of cytogenetic preparations oocytes from ovaries removed rabbit at different stages of the estrous cycle, found that regardless of the phase of the estrous cycle Yachnik mostly larger number of oocytes were under dyploteny. The largest number of gametes with diffuse chromatin at the stage dyploteny (37.3%) received from the stage ovarian follicular growth. At the stage of fibrillar dyploteny increasing number of gametes was removed from ovarian luteal phase of the estrous cycle. In step dyploteny visible bivalent were more likely gametes obtained from stage ovarian follicular growth (18,1%, p <0,05). The highest percentage of oocytes degeneration chromatin was observed in the group removed from the ovaries to the rabbit lyutealniy phase (21.6%).
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Rak, Agnieszka, and Ewa Gregoraszczuk. "Ghrelin levels in prepubertal pig ovarian follicles." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.57.2009.1.11.
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Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide originally identified in the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor. Recent work suggests that ghrelin plays an important role in reproductive function. In this study, prepubertal pig ovaries were used to examine ghrelin levels in the ovarian follicles. Ghrelin levels in the follicular fluid, follicular wall and culture medium were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The ghrelin level in the follicular fluid (18 pg/ml) was the sum of the amounts found in the follicular wall (13.7 pg/ml) and the culture medium (4.6 pg/ml). In conclusion, the data presented in this paper suggest local production of this hormone in ovarian follicles.
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Steckler, Teresa, Jinrong Wang, Frank F. Bartol, Shyamal K. Roy, and Vasantha Padmanabhan. "Fetal Programming: Prenatal Testosterone Treatment Causes Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Reduces Ovarian Reserve and Increases Ovarian Follicular Recruitment." Endocrinology 146, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 3185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1444.
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Abstract Exposure to testosterone (T) during d 30–90 of fetal life results in low-birth-weight offspring, hypergonadotropism, multifollicular ovaries, and early cessation of cyclicity. The multifollicular phenotype may result from failure of follicles to regress and consequent follicular persistence or, alternatively, increased follicular recruitment. We tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to excess T causes intrauterine growth retardation and increases ovarian follicular recruitment. Time-mated pregnant ewes were treated with 100 mg T propionate in cottonseed oil or vehicle twice weekly from d 30–90 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized near term, from d 139–141 of gestation (term is 147 d). After determining fetal measures and organ weights, ovaries were removed from fetuses of control and T-treated dams, and follicular distribution in each ovary was determined by morphometric quantification. Total number and percentage distribution of the various classes of follicles (primordial, primary, preantral, and antral follicles) were compared between treatment groups. Prenatally T-treated female fetuses were smaller in size, had an increased head circumference to fetal weight ratio (P < 0.01), increased adrenal to fetal weight ratio (P < 0.05), decreased number of follicles (P < 0.05), a decrease in percentage of primordial follicles (P < 0.001), and a corresponding increase in the remaining classes of follicles (P < 0.05). Ovarian findings support decreased ovarian reserve and enhanced follicular recruitment, potential contributors of early reproductive failure. The extent to which metabolic changes associated with intrauterine growth retardation contribute toward altered trajectory of ovarian folliculogenesis remains to be determined.
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CC, Pérez, I. Rodríguez, F. Espańa, J. Dorado, M. Hidalgo, and J. Sanz. "Follicular growth patterns in repeat breeder cows." Veterinární Medicína 48, No. 1 - 2 (March 30, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5743-vetmed.
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The aim of this study was to examine follicular development patterns in eighteen repeat breeder cows through natural oestrus cycles. Ovarian ultrasonographic examinations over 32 days after artificial insemination revealed that two follicular waves were the predominant patterns in animals with this syndrome (72.2%). Cycles with one or four waves rarely appeared. The ovulatory follicular diameter (day 0) was larger (P < 0.01) in cycles with a small number of waves; no differences were detected between ovulatory and anovulatory dominant follicles. Progesterone plasmatic concentrations were determined by RIA and differences were not significant when cycles with two or three waves were compared. The number of follicular waves was higher (2 or 3 waves) with longer interovulatory intervals (22.3 ± 1.89 vs 23.0 ± 2.0; n.s.) and older cows (7.0 ± 2.64 vs. 4.38 ± 1.66 years; P < 0.05). Mean ovulatory follicular diameter was 1.78 ± 0.36 cm. It can be concluded that cows with the RBC syndrome more frequently present two follicular waves, corresponding to longer cycles.
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Bachelot, Anne, Philippe Monget, Prune Imbert-Bolloré, Karen Coshigano, John J. Kopchick, Paul A. Kelly, and Nadine Binart. "Growth Hormone Is Required for Ovarian Follicular Growth." Endocrinology 143, no. 10 (October 2002): 4104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-220087.
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Juengel, Jennifer L., Derek A. Heath, Laurel D. Quirke, and Kenneth P. McNatty. "Oestrogen receptor α and β, androgen receptor and progesterone receptor mRNA and protein localisation within the developing ovary and in small growing follicles of sheep." Reproduction 131, no. 1 (January 2006): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00704.
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A first step to elucidating the roles that steroids may play in the processes of ovarian development and early follicular growth is to identify the cell types that are likely to be receptive to steroids. Thus, cell types expressing receptors for oestrogen (α and β form; ERα and ERβ respectively), androgen (AR) and progesterone (PR) were determined by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry in ovine ovarian tissues collected during ovarian development and follicular formation (days 26–75 of fetal life) as well as during the early stages of follicular growth. Expression of ERβ was observed early during ovarian development and continued to be expressed throughout follicular formation and also during the early stages of follicular growth. ERβ was identified in germ cells as well as in the granulosa cells. At the large preantral stage of follicular growth, expression of ERα was also consistently observed in granulosa cells. AR was first consistently observed at day 55 of fetal life in stroma cells throughout the ovary. Within the follicle, expression was observed in granulosa and thecal cells from the type-2 to -3 stage of follicular growth. PR mRNA did not appear to be expressed during ovarian development (days 26–75 of gestation). However, PR (mRNA and protein) was observed in the theca of type-3 (small preantral) and larger follicles, with mRNA – but not protein – observed in granulosa cells of some type-4 and 5 follicles. Expression of ERβ, ERα and AR, as well as PR, was also observed in the surface epithelium and ovarian stroma of the fetal, neonatal and adult ovary. Thus, in sheep, steroid hormones have the potential to regulate the function of a number of different ovarian cell types during development, follicular formation and early follicular growth.
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Juengel, Jennifer L., Norma L. Hudson, Martin Berg, Keith Hamel, Peter Smith, Stephen B. Lawrence, Lynda Whiting, and Kenneth P. McNatty. "Effects of active immunization against growth differentiation factor 9 and/or bone morphogenetic protein 15 on ovarian function in cattle." REPRODUCTION 138, no. 1 (July 2009): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0009.
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Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are essential for ovarian follicular growth in sheep, whereas only GDF9 is essential in mice suggesting that the roles of these oocyte-derived growth factors differ among species. At present, however, there is only limited information on the action of BMP15 and GDF9 in other species. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of neutralizing GDF9 and/or BMP15in vivoon ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate in cattle through active immunization using the mature regions of the proteins or peptides from the N-terminal area of mature regions. Immunization with the BMP15 peptide, with or without GDF9 peptide, significantly altered (increased or decreased) ovulation rate. In some animals, there were no functional corpora lutea (CL), whereas in others up to four CL were observed. From morphometric examination of the ovaries, immunization with GDF9 and/or BMP15 reduced the level of ovarian follicular development as assessed by a reduced proportion of the ovarian section occupied by antral follicles. In addition, immunization against GDF9 and/or BMP15 peptides reduced follicular size to <25% of that in the controls. In conclusion, immunization against GDF9 and BMP15, alone or together, altered follicular development and ovulation rate in cattle. Thus, as has been observed in sheep, both GDF9 and BMP15 appear to be key regulators of normal follicular development and ovulation rate in cattle.
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Dissen, Gregory A., Cecilia Garcia-Rudaz, Alfonso Paredes, Christine Mayer, Artur Mayerhofer, and Sergio R. Ojeda. "Excessive Ovarian Production of Nerve Growth Factor Facilitates Development of Cystic Ovarian Morphology in Mice and Is a Feature of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Humans." Endocrinology 150, no. 6 (March 5, 2009): 2906–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1575.
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Although ovarian nerve growth factor (NGF) facilitates follicular development and ovulation, an excess of the neurotrophin in the rodent ovary reduces ovulatory capacity and causes development of precystic follicles. Here we show that ovarian NGF production is enhanced in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and that transgenically driven overproduction of NGF targeted to the ovary results in cystic morphology, when accompanied by elevated LH levels. NGF levels are increased in the follicular fluid from PCOS ovaries and in the culture medium of granulosa cells from PCOS patients, as compared with non-PCOS patients. Ovaries from transgenic mice carrying the NGF gene targeted to thecal-interstitial cells by the 17α-hydroxylase gene promoter produce more NGF than wild-type (WT) ovaries and are hyperinnervated by sympathetic nerves. Antral follicle growth is arrested resulting in accumulation of intermediate size follicles, many of which are apoptotic. Peripubertal transgenic mice respond to a gonadotropin challenge with a greater increase in plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol, and testosterone levels than WT controls. Transgenic mice also exhibit a reduced ovulatory response, delayed puberty, and reduced fertility, as assessed by a prolonged interval between litters, and a reduced number of pups per litter. Sustained, but mild, elevation of plasma LH levels results in a heightened incidence of ovarian follicular cysts in transgenic mice as compared with WT controls. These results suggest that overproduction of ovarian NGF is a component of polycystic ovarian morphology in both humans and rodents and that a persistent elevation in plasma LH levels is required for the morphological abnormalities to appear.
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Fortune, J. E. "Ovarian Follicular Growth and Development in Mammals1." Biology of Reproduction 50, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod50.2.225.
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Bruno, J. B., J. J. H. Celestino, I. B. Lima-Verde, L. F. Lima, M. H. T. Matos, V. R. Araújo, M. V. A. Saraiva, et al. "Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor in goat ovaries and improvement of in vitro caprine preantral follicle survival and growth with VEGF." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 5 (2009): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08181.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the survival and growth of goat preantral follicles after in vitro culture and to verify the expression of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 in goat ovaries. Ovarian fragments were cultured for 1 or 7 days in minimal essential medium (MEM) with different concentrations of VEGF (1, 10, 50, 100 or 200 ng mL–1). Non-cultured (fresh control) and cultured tissues were processed for histological and ultrastructural studies. The results showed that 200 ng mL–1 VEGF resulted in a similar percentage of normal preantral follicles after 1 and 7 days of culture compared with control. Compared with basic culture medium alone, an increase in follicular and oocyte diameters was observed in the presence of 10 ng mL–1 VEGF after 7 days culture. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed follicular integrity after 7 days culture in the presence of 200 ng mL–1 VEGF. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the expression of VEGFR-2 in oocytes and granulosa cells of all follicular stages, except in granulosa cells of primordial follicles. In conclusion, the present study has shown that VEGF maintains follicular ultrastructural integrity and promotes follicular growth. In addition, VEGFR-2 is expressed in oocytes of caprine ovarian follicles at all developmental stages and in granulosa cells of developing follicles.
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McWilliam, R., R. E. Leake, and J. R. T. Coutts. "Growth Factors in Human Ovarian Follicle Fluid and Growth Factor Receptors in Granulosa-Luteal Cells." International Journal of Biological Markers 10, no. 4 (October 1995): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460089501000405.
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The levels of oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), transforming growth factor a (TGFa), transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were measured in follicular fluids obtained from patients undergoing ovarian stimulation as part of an in vitro fertilisation program. Each of the substances was detected in all of the fluid samples tested, except TGFα (which was detected in 90% of samples tested), PDGF-AB (70%) and EGF (2%). Comparisons were made between each of these factors, follicular maturity, successful oocyte recovery and the outcome of fertilisation and embryo transfer. No statistically significant correlations were found. The presence of receptors for EGF, IGF-I and PDGF in extracts from granulosa-luteal cells isolated from follicular fluids was detected by means of Western blotting. The co-localisation of these growth factors and their receptors within the ovarian follicle suggests a likely role in control of follicular development.
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Chaves, R. N., F. S. Martins, M. V. A. Saraiva, J. J. H. Celestino, C. A. P. Lopes, J. C. Correia, I. B. Lima Verde, et al. "Chilling ovarian fragments during transportation improves viability and growth of goat preantral follicles cultured in vitro." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 5 (2008): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd07195.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of storage of goat ovarian fragments at different temperatures and for different incubation times on the viability and growth of cultured preantral follicles in vitro. Caprine ovaries were collected and divided into 19 fragments, with one fragment being fixed immediately (fresh control). The remaining fragments were placed in minimal essential medium (MEM) and maintained at 4, 20 or 35°C for 2 or 4 h. After each incubation period, some of the fragments were fixed (non-cultured), whereas others were cultured in vitro for 1 or 7 days. Fragments were processed to enable routine histological and transmission electron microscopic examination. After 7 days of culture, only ovarian fragments stored at 4°C for 4 h maintained a percentage of morphologically normal follicles similar to that in the fresh control. For all other treatments groups, there was a significant increase in follicular activation observed. In addition, there was an increase in oocyte and follicular diameter after culture of ovarian cortex that had been chilled previously at 4°C for 2 or 4 h. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that chilling ovarian fragments at 4°C during transportation is best for maintaining follicle viability and to increase follicular growth during in vitro culture.
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Girsh, E., A. Harlev, and L. Grin. "IN-VITRO ACTIVATION OF OVARIAN FOLLICULAR RESIDUAL RESERVE." Reproductive Medicine, no. 4(45) (December 20, 2020): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37800/rm2020-1-34.
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The newly developed in-vitro activation (IVA) method provides a novel fertility treatment for patients with premature ovarian insufficiency. The IVA method pretends to promote growth of residual ovarian follicles at early stages of their development. Based on preliminary data, poor ovarian response (POR) patients with decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) who have multiple secondary follicles, IVA is a promising technique to promote growth of secondary follicle as well.
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Rybska, Marta, Sandra Knap, Maurycy Jankowski, Michal Jeseta, Dorota Bukowska, Paweł Antosik, Michał Nowicki, Maciej Zabel, Bartosz Kempisty, and Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski. "Characteristic of factors influencing the proper course of folliculogenesis in mammals." Medical Journal of Cell Biology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2018-0006.
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AbstractFolliculogenesis is the process of ovarian follicle formation,, taking presence during foetal period. During the follicular development, oogoniums undergo meiosis and oocytes are formed. In the ovaries of new born sows, primary and secondary follicles are present and, 90 days after birth, tertiary follicles appear. During development in the ovarian follicles growth of granulosa cells and differentiation of the thecal cells can be observed. A cavity filled with follicular fluid appears. Granulosa cells are divided into: mural cells and corona radiata, which together with the oocyte form the cumulus oophorus. Corona radiata cells, mural layers and oolemma contact each other by a network of gap junctions. Secreted from the pituitary gland, FSH and LH gonadotropin hormones act on receptors located in granular and follicular cells. In the postnatal life tertiary follicles and Graafian follicles are formed. When the follicle reaches a diameter of 1 mm, further growth depends on the secretion of gonadotropins. Mature ovarian follicles produce: progestins, androgens and oestrogens. The growth, differentiation and steroidogenic activity of ovarian follicles, in addition to FSH and LH, is also affected by prolactin, oxytocin, steroid and protein hormones, numerous proteins from the cytokine and interleukin family, metabolic hormones like insulin, glucocorticoids, leptin, thyroid hormones and growth hormones. Despite numerous studies, many processes related to folliculogenesis have not been discovered Learning the mechanisms regulating reproductive processes would allow to easily distinguish pathological processes and discover more and more genes and mechanisms of their expression in cells that build ovarian follicles.
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Takahashi, Noriyuki, Wataru Tarumi, and Bunpei Ishizuka. "Involvement of hyaluronan synthesis in ovarian follicle growth in rats." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 2 (February 2014): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0464.
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Most of the previous studies on ovarian hyaluronan (HA) have focused on mature antral follicles or corpora lutea, but scarcely on small preantral follicles. Moreover, the origin of follicular HA is unknown. To clarify the localization of HA and its synthases in small growing follicles, involvement of HA in follicle growth, and gonadotropin regulation of HA synthase (Has) gene expression, in this study, perinatal, immature, and adult ovaries of Wistar-Imamichi rats were examined histologically and biochemically and byin vitrofollicle culture. HA was detected in the extracellular matrix of granulosa and theca cell layers of primary follicles and more advanced follicles. Ovarian HA accumulation ontogenetically started in the sex cords of perinatal rats, and its primary site shifted to the intrafollicular region of primary follicles within 5 days of birth. TheHas1–3mRNAs were expressed in the ovaries of perinatal, prepubertal, and adult rats, and the expression levels ofHas1andHas2genes were modulated during the estrous cycle in adult rats and following administration of exogenous gonadotropins in immature acyclic rats. TheHas1andHas2mRNAs were predominantly localized in the theca and granulosa cell layers of growing follicles respectively. Treatments with chemicals known to reduce ovarian HA synthesis induced follicular atresia. More directly, the addition ofStreptomyceshyaluronidase, which specifically degrades HA, induced the arrest of follicle growth in anin vitroculture system. These results indicate that gonadotropin-regulated HA synthesis is involved in normal follicle growth.
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Tao, Jingli, Liangliang Zhang, Xuan Zhang, Yuanyuan Chen, Qianqian Chen, Ming Shen, Honglin Liu, and Shoulong Deng. "Effect of Exogenous Melatonin on the Development of Mice Ovarian Follicles and Follicular Angiogenesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 11262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011262.
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In mammalian, the periodic growth and development of ovarian follicles constitutes the physiological basis of female estrus and ovulation. Concomitantly, follicular angiogenesis exerts a pivotal role in the growth of ovarian follicles. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, Mel), exists in follicle fluid, was suggested to affect the development of follicles and angiogenesis. This research was conducted to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Mel on the development of ovarian follicles and its angiogenesis. In total, 40 ICR mice at age of 3 weeks were allocated into four groups at liberty: control, Mel, FSH and FSH + Mel for a 12-day trial. Ovaries were collected at 8:00 a.m. on Day 13 for detecting the development of ovarian follicles and angiogenesis. Results indicated that Mel promoted the development of ovarian follicles of 50–250 μm (secondary follicles) and periphery angiogenesis, while FSH remarkably increased the number of antral follicles and periphery angiogenesis. Mechanically, Mel and FSH may regulate the expression of VEGF and antioxidant enzymes in different follicular stages. In conclusion, Mel primarily acted on the secondary follicles, while FSH mainly promoted the development of antral follicles. They both conduced to related periphery angiogenesis by increasing the expression of VEGF. These findings may provide new targets for the regulating of follicular development.
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Robker, R. L., W. V. Ingman, and S. A. Robertson. "220.TGFβ1 deficient mice exhibit impaired follicle growth and luteal maintenance." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs220.
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Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1) is essential for normal female reproduction. Mice with a targeted deletion in the TGFβ1 gene (TGFβ1–/–) have severely impaired fertility with pregnancy occurring in <25% of mated females. TGFβ1 is implicated in several aspects of ovarian function, including potentiation of granulosa cell proliferation and suppression of luteal cell apoptosis. Our initial observations indicate that estrous cycling is disrupted in TGFβ1–/– mice and that ovulation rate is reduced. To further investigate how impaired ovarian function contributes to the infertility of TGFβ1–/– mice, ovaries were isolated from TGFβ1+/+ and TGFβ1–/– littermates at proestrus and fixed and sectioned for examination of follicle morphology and growth. BrdU labelling was performed to detect granulosa cell proliferation and blood samples were obtained for analysis of gonadotrophins and ovarian steroid hormones. Histological examination showed that ovaries from TGFβ1–/– mice were smaller than those of TGF–1+/+ mice, however large antral follicles were observed, indicating that TGFβ1 is not essential for granulosa cell proliferation. Compared to TGFβ1+/+ ovaries however, there were fewer antral follicles and only rare corpora lutea. Interestingly, in some cases there were large numbers of macrophages surrounding small follicles suggesting increased follicular atresia and/or altered macrophage activity in the TGFβ1–/– ovaries. Ovaries and serum were also isolated from females at d4 post-coital for assessment of corpora lutea morphology. TGFβ1–/– ovaries weighed less and had fewer corpora lutea than TGFβ1+/+ ovaries. TGFβ1–/– corpora lutea also contained increased numbers of apoptotic cells and infiltrating macrophages indicative of premature luteal regression. Circulating progesterone levels were reduced in TGFβ1–/– females, as was progesterone production per corpus luteum further indicating a functional defect in luteal maintenance. Cumulatively these observations show that TGFβ1 has essential roles in regulation of ovarian macrophage populations, in normal follicular development and in the generation, maintenance and steroidogenic function of corpora lutea.
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Ma, Mengnan, Jinbi Zhang, Xiaomeng Gao, Wang Yao, Qifa Li, and Zengxiang Pan. "miR-361-5p Mediates SMAD4 to Promote Porcine Granulosa Cell Apoptosis through VEGFA." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091281.
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Follicular atresia is an inevitable degenerative process that occurs in mammalian ovarian follicles. The molecular events involved in atresia, particularly granulosa cell apoptosis, have long attracted researchers’ attention. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is downregulated during follicular atresia in porcine ovaries and serves as an inhibitor of apoptosis in granulosa cells. In addition, transforming growth factor (TGF)-βsignaling has been considered a central trigger in granulosa cell apoptosis. However, the link between TGF-β signaling and VEGFA is unknown. We proved that miR-361-5p is significantly upregulated during the atresia process and that it promotes GC apoptosis by directly targeting the VEGFA 3′UTR. In addition, we revealed that the miR-361-5p coding gene MIR361 was significantly downregulated by SMAD4, the central intracellular mediator of TGF-β signaling, that bound to the MIR361 promoter. In conclusion, our findings expanded what is known about VEGFA posttranscriptional regulation and revealed a complete SMAD4/miR-361-5p/VEGFA regulatory network in ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. These data provide useful references for follicular atresia and ovarian physiological function studies.
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Shi, Xuan, Tao Tang, Qiyuan Lin, Hongbo Liu, Yufeng Qin, Xinyu Liang, Peiqing Cong, et al. "Efficient generation of bone morphogenetic protein 15-edited Yorkshire pigs using CRISPR/Cas9†." Biology of Reproduction 103, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 1054–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa138.
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Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, plays an essential role in ovarian follicular development in mono-ovulatory mammalian species. Studies using a biallelic knockout mouse model revealed that BMP15 potentially has just a minimal impact on female fertility and ovarian follicular development in polyovulatory species. In contrast, our previous study demonstrated that in vivo knockdown of BMP15 significantly affected porcine female fertility, as evidenced by the dysplastic ovaries containing significantly decreased numbers of follicles and an increased number of abnormal follicles. This finding implied that BMP15 plays an important role in the regulation of female fertility and ovarian follicular development in polyovulatory species. To further investigate the regulatory role of BMP15 in porcine ovarian and follicular development, here, we describe the efficient generation of BMP15-edited Yorkshire pigs using CRISPR/Cas9. Using artificial insemination experiments, we found that the biallelically edited gilts were all infertile, regardless of different genotypes. One monoallelically edited gilt #4 (Δ66 bp/WT) was fertile and could deliver offspring with a litter size comparable to that of wild-type gilts. Further analysis established that the infertility of biallelically edited gilts was caused by the arrest of follicular development at preantral stages, with formation of numerous structurally abnormal follicles, resulting in streaky ovaries and the absence of obvious estrous cycles. Our results strongly suggest that the role of BMP15 in nonrodent polyovulatory species may be as important as that in mono-ovulatory species.
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Giudice, L. C. "Insulin-like growth factors and ovarian follicular development." Endocrine Reviews 13, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 641–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.13.4.641.
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GIUDICE, LINDA C. "Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Ovarian Follicular Development*." Endocrine Reviews 13, no. 4 (November 1992): 641–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-13-4-641.
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Hillier, S. G. "Gonadotropic control of ovarian follicular growth and development." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 179, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00469-5.
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Leung, Peter C. K. "Ovarian follicular development and regression." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-149.
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Many exciting developments in mammalian reproductive research with far-reaching consequences have occurred in recent years. To highlight the significance of some of these developments, a symposium on the theme of ovarian follicular development and regression was organized, and held at the joint meeting of the American Physiological Society and the Canadian Physiological Society, in Montréal in October 1988. Several leading researchers, from both Canada and the U.S.A., in various aspects of ovarian research, participated in the symposium. The topics of discussion ranged from the role of growth factors and novel intraovarian regulators during follicular development, to molecular aspects of ovarian hormone production, to the functional regression of the corpus luteum. It is expected that the following proceedings will serve as a reference for researchers concerned with reproductive endocrinology as well as providing a foundation for future collaborative study.
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Moran, C., L. Morales, U. Quiroz, and R. Dominguez. "Effects of unilateral or bilateral superior ovarian nerve section in infantile rats on follicular growth." Journal of Endocrinology 166, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1660205.
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We report the effects that sectioning the superior ovarian nerve of infantile female rats has on their follicular development at different ages before puberty. Compared with the control group, sham-operated animals showed a significant decrease in the number of measured follicles in right and left ovaries, although no difference in the follicular atresia ratio was observed. Animals with a sectioned left superior ovarian nerve (SON), killed 12 days after surgery had a significant increase in the number of follicles in the ovaries. Most of the follicles were atretic. Sectioning the right SON induced contrasting effects in the ovaries of animals killed 4 and 16 days after surgery. Rats with a denervated (right) ovary showed a decrease in the number of follicles and a greater number of atretic follicles compared with the control group, whereas the innervated (left) ovary showed an increase in measured follicles compared with the control group. Bilateral sectioning had no apparent effect on the total number of follicles measured, although an increased number of atretic follicles in both ovaries was observed. Animals with a unilateral section of the SON, killed 8 and 12 days after surgery, showed a decrease in serum concentrations of estradiol. In turn, animals killed 16 days after surgery showed a significant increase in estradiol and a decrease in the progesterone serum concentration. These results suggest that sympathetic innervation of the ovary via the SON has a stimulatory role in the regulation and differentiation of follicular growth.
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Rajmon, R., J. Šichtař, L. Vostrý, and D. Řehák. "Ovarian follicle growth dynamics during the postpartum period in Holstein cows and effects of contemporary cyst occurrence." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 12 (November 16, 2012): 562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6414-cjas.
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The indicators of follicle development with regard to the growth wave order, the first ovulation, animal parity, and also with regard to the simultaneous presence or absence of a follicular cyst were determined in cows in the course of 60 days postpartum. Follicular dynamics were monitored daily by ultrasonography. The animals were assigned to three groups based on the time of the 1<sup>st</sup> ovulation: G1 (n = 9) – the 1<sup>st</sup> dominant follicle (DF) ovulated, G2 (n = 10) – ovulation occurred on the 2<sup>nd</sup> or later follicular waves, and G3 (n = 5) – no ovulation occurred during the experimental period. G1 animals showed better fertility later (no cyst, less days open, P = 0.07, less hormonal treatment, P = 0.008). The rhythm of follicular wave development was generally similar in all the animals (based on emergence of the first follicular wave, the interval from emergence to deviation, and the number of all follicular waves). Nevertheless, emergence of follicular waves and deviation occurred by 0.5–0.9 day earlier in primiparous than in multiparous cows and in G1 vs. G2, or G3, respectively (in all P < 0.05). DF development was independent of parity as well as group effects, but the maximum size and growth rate (1.2 vs. 0.8 cm/day, P < 0.05) were higher in ovulatory follicles (OF) than in regressive ones (rDF). The presence of a growing cyst decreased the probability of rDF as well as OF development (P < 0.0001). The OF growth rate was faster in the milieu of a stagnating cyst than without any cyst (P < 0.04). Therefore, the development of follicles was dramatically suppressed beyond, but nor before, deviation in the milieu of a growing cyst. Cessation of the cyst growth accelerated the development of OFs. On the contrary, a cystic structure without any significant growth can persist for weeks with no effect on successful follicular development.
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Bhattarai, Manoj. "Monitoring of Ovarian Follicular Development and Ovulation with Transvaginal Sonography (TVS) in Infertile Women in Eastern Region of Nepal." Journal of Nobel Medical College 5, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v5i1.15764.
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Background Ultrasonography is the first line imaging modality for evaluation of ovaries, monitoring ovarian follicular development and detecting ovulation in infertile women; thus plays a significant role in infertility management. This study was undertaken to evaluate the pattern of ovarian follicular growth and to predict and detect ovulation in infertile women by transvaginal sonography in eastern region of Nepal.Material and Methods Hospital based prospective cross-sectional study on 100 infertile patients referred for ultrasonographic monitoring of ovarian follicle was conducted over duration of 26 months. Serial transvaginal sonography of the patients was performed using standard procedure daily from day 10 of menstrual cycle till detection of ovulation. Identification of ovarian dominant follicle, monitoring of dominant follicle development and detection of ovulation was assessed in relation to the day of menstrual cycle.Results Increase in mean diameter of the dominant follicle was seen in serial ultrasound scan till ovulation, which occurred in all cases by day 16 of menstrual cycle. The average daily follicular growth rate ± SD from day 10 of menstrual cycle till detection of ovulation was 2.2 ± 0.2 mm per day and the mean diameter ± SD of dominant follicle on the day prior to ovulation was 21.4 ± 2.8 mm (range: 17.2 – 26.3 mm).Conclusion Transvaginal sonography is an excellent method for monitoring of ovarian follicular development and shows a linear increase in mean diameter of dominant follicle from day 10 of menstrual cycle till detection of ovulation.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 5, Number 1, Issue 8, January-July 2016, 43-48
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Silva, José R. V., Robert van den Hurk, and José R. Figueiredo. "Expression of mRNA and protein localization of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in goat ovaries." Zygote 14, no. 2 (May 2006): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199406003650.
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SummaryTo examine the possibility that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R) are expressed throughout folliculogenesis, we studied the presence and distribution of EGF and EGF-R in goat ovaries. Ovaries of goats were collected and either fixed in paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemical localization of proteins, or used for the isolation of follicles, luteal cells and ovarian surface epithelium to study mRNA expression for EGF and EGF-R, using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. EGF protein and mRNA were found in primordial, primary and secondary follicles as well as in small and large antral follicles and in surface epithelium, but in corpora lutea only the protein could be detected. Antral follicles expressed EGF mRNA in oocyte, cumulus, mural granulosa and theca cells. For EGF-R, both protein and mRNA were present at all stages of follicular development and in all antral follicular compartments. EGF-R protein and mRNA were also found in corpora lutea and surface epithelium. It is concluded that EGF and its receptor are expressed in goat ovarian follicles at all stages of follicle development, in corpora lutea, and in ovarian surface epithelium.
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Zhang, Lingna, Tao Feng, and Leon J. Spicer. "The role of tight junction proteins in ovarian follicular development and ovarian cancer." Reproduction 155, no. 4 (April 2018): R183—R198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0503.
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Tight junctions (TJ) are protein structures that control the transport of water, ions and macromolecules across cell layers. Functions of the transmembrane TJ protein, occluding (OCLN) and the cytoplasmic TJ proteins, tight junction protein 1 (TJP1; also known as zona occludens protein-1), cingulin (CGN) and claudins (CLDN) are reviewed, and current evidence of their role in the ovarian function is reviewed. Abundance ofOCLN,CLDNsandTJP1mRNA changed during follicular growth.In vitrotreatment with various growth factors known to affect ovarian folliculogenesis indicated thatCGN,OCLNandTJP1are hormonally regulated. The summarized studies indicate that expression of TJ proteins (i.e.,OCLN,CLDN,TJP1andCGN) changes with follicle size in a variety of vertebrate species but whether these changes in TJ proteins are increased or decreased depends on species and cell type. Evidence indicates that autocrine, paracrine and endocrine regulators, such as fibroblast growth factor-9, epidermal growth factor, androgens, tumor necrosis factor-α and glucocorticoids may modulate these TJ proteins. Additional evidence presented indicates that TJ proteins may be involved in ovarian cancer development in addition to normal follicular and luteal development. A model is proposed suggesting that hormonal downregulation of TJ proteins during ovarian follicular development could reduce barrier function (i.e., selective permeability of molecules between theca and granulosa cells) and allow for an increase in the volume of follicular fluid as well as allow additional serum factors into the follicle that may directly impact granulosa cell functions.
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Lopes, Tania P., Lorena Padilla, Alfonso Bolarin, Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez, and Jordi Roca. "Ovarian Follicle Growth during Lactation Determines the Reproductive Performance of Weaned Sows." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061012.
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Factors causing variability in ovarian follicle size among weaned sows are not well known. This field study aimed to disclose influencing factors and evaluate if the differences at weaning were established during lactation. Ovaries were scanned using transrectal ultrasound. The first experiment was conducted over a year with 191 randomly chosen sows that were hierarchically grouped (p < 0.001) according to ovarian follicle diameter reached at weaning: Small (0.20–0.30 cm; n = 37), medium (0.31–0.39 cm; n = 75), and large (0.40-1.00 cm; n = 69). Sows with small follicles showed a higher incidence of post-weaning anestrus (p < 0.01), longer wean-to-estrus/ovulation intervals (p < 0.01) and farrowing smaller litters (p < 0.05). Ovaries with small follicles were more common among sows weaned in summer–autumn than in winter–spring (p < 0.01) and among sows of lower parity (1–3) (p < 0.05). In the second experiment, with 40 sows randomly chosen at farrowing, the ovaries were scanned at 7, 14, and 21 d post-partum. Sows showed great variability in ovarian follicular size during lactation with a consistent relationship between the three measurement times (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). Follicle size was smaller in sows nursing in summer–autumn than in winter–spring (p < 0.05). In conclusion, early lactation dictates the great variability in ovarian follicular diameter at weaning shown by sows. Sows with smaller follicles at weaning had longer intervals for estrus and ovulation and smaller litters at farrowing and they were in greater numbers among sows weaned during the summer and fall and among those with fewer previous farrowing.
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Araújo, Valdevane Rocha, Ana Beatriz Graça Duarte, Jamily Bezerra Bruno, Cláudio Afonso Pinho Lopes, and José Ricardo de Figueiredo. "Importance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ovarian physiology of mammals." Zygote 21, no. 3 (October 13, 2011): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199411000578.
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SummaryOvarian folliculogenesis in mammals is a complex process. Several compounds have been tested during in vitro culture of follicular cells for a better understanding of the mechanisms and factors related to ovarian folliculogenesis in mammals. From these compounds, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can be highlighted, as it is strongly associated with angiogenesis and, in recent years, its presence in ovarian cells has been investigated extensively. Previous studies have shown that the presence of VEGF protein, as well as mRNA expression of its receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) increases during follicular development. Therefore, it is likely that the interaction between VEGF and VEGFR-2 is crucial to promote follicular development. However, few studies on the influence of this factor on follicular development have been reported. This review addresses aspects related to the structural characterization and mechanism of action of VEGF and its receptors, and their biological importance in the ovary of mammals.
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Vanorny, Dallas A., Rexxi D. Prasasya, Abha J. Chalpe, Signe M. Kilen, and Kelly E. Mayo. "Notch Signaling Regulates Ovarian Follicle Formation and Coordinates Follicular Growth." Molecular Endocrinology 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2013-1288.
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Abstract Ovarian follicles form through a process in which somatic pregranulosa cells encapsulate individual germ cells from germ cell syncytia. Complementary expression of the Notch ligand, Jagged1, in germ cells and the Notch receptor, Notch2, in pregranulosa cells suggests a role for Notch signaling in mediating cellular interactions during follicle assembly. Using a Notch reporter mouse, we demonstrate that Notch signaling is active within somatic cells of the embryonic ovary, and these cells undergo dramatic reorganization during follicle histogenesis. This coincides with a significant increase in the expression of the ligands, Jagged1 and Jagged2; the receptor, Notch2; and the target genes, Hes1 and Hey2. Histological examination of ovaries from mice with conditional deletion of Jagged1 within germ cells (J1 knockout [J1KO]) or Notch2 within granulosa cells (N2 knockout [N2KO]) reveals changes in follicle dynamics, including perturbations in the primordial follicle pool and antral follicle development. J1KO and N2KO ovaries also contain multi-oocytic follicles, which represent a failure to resolve germ cell syncytia, and follicles with enlarged oocytes but lacking somatic cell growth, signifying a potential role of Notch signaling in follicle activation and the coordination of follicle development. We also observed decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in the somatic cells of both conditional knockout lines. As a consequence of these defects, J1KO female mice are subfertile; however, N2KO female mice remain fertile. This study demonstrates important functions for Jagged1 and Notch2 in the resolution of germ cell syncytia and the coordination of somatic and germ cell growth within follicles of the mouse ovary.
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Terazono, T., V. V. Luu, L. T. K. Do, Y. Sato, M. Taniguchi, M. Takagi, and T. Otoi. "119 ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MONITORING OF CANINE OVARIES CLAMPED AT SUBCUTANEOUS SITE AFTER HORMONE TREATMENT." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 1 (2014): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab119.
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Follicular growth in bitches is usually detected indirectly through behaviour observation, vaginal smears, and hormonal assay in blood. Although real-time ultrasonography can reveal the development of canine ovarian follicles, no method has been established to determine or predict ovulation accurately. Moreover, the location and small size of the ovaries make imaging technically difficult. This study was conducted to investigate follicular waves of canine ovaries stimulated by hormone treatment, in which ovaries had been clamped at a subcutaneous site. Bilateral malacotomy of 3 bitches (4 years of age) at the anestrous (2 bitches) and proestrous (1 bitch) stages of the oestrous cycle was performed using a ventral flank abdominal approach with routine techniques and materials. Each ovary that maintained blood circulation from the suspensory ligament was clamped at a subcutaneous site through muscles of the abdomen. Oestrus was induced using subcutaneous administration of 500 IU of eCG and 1000 IU of hCG (eCG/hCG). Each bitch was given 1000 IU of hCG at 11 days after eCG/hCG administration. Examinations with ovarian ultrasonography using a 7.5-MHz sector transducer, vaginal cytology, and serum progesterone assay were performed daily until 20 days after eCG/hCG administration, and every 10 days thereafter from 20 days to 60 days. Serosanguineous vaginal discharges and vaginal cytology of 2 of the bitches were observed. Follicular growth (>1.1 mm in diameter) was observed in all bitches after eCG/hCG administration. The appearance of new follicular growth was observed on 2 days, 6 days, and 8 days after eCG/hCG administration. The mean diameter of follicles reached 4.3 to 5.5 mm, and the maximum numbers of follicles in bitches were 11 to 16. However, all follicles regressed, irrespective of hCG administration. Elevation in progesterone levels (>2 ng mL–1) after eCG/hCG administration was observed from 2 days to 12 days after eCG/hCG administration. No correlation was found between follicular development, progesterone profiles, and vaginal smear characteristics. Follicular growth clamped at the subcutaneous site can be monitored easily using ultrasound without an experienced operator. Moreover, ultrasonography proved that hormonal stimulation can induce follicular growth, but the day of appearance of new follicles varied.
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Inazu, N., and T. Fujii. "hCG-stimulated ovarian carbonyl reductase in relation to preovulatory ovarian follicular growth." Reproduction 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1120115.
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Gougeon, Alain. "Ovarian follicular growth in humans: ovarian ageing and population of growing follicles." Maturitas 30, no. 2 (October 1998): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5122(98)00069-3.
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Charlton, S. T., J. R. Cosgrove, D. R. Glimm, and G. R. Foxcroft. "Ovarian and hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression and associated metabolic responses in prepubertal gilts subjected to feed restriction and refeeding." Journal of Endocrinology 139, no. 1 (October 1993): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1390143.
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ABSTRACT The effects of feed restriction and refeeding on ovarian and hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression, systemic and ovarian IGF-I concentrations and on associated metabolic changes were measured in prepubertal gilts. Eleven pairs of littermate gilts (70·7 ± 4·7 kg) were placed on a maintenance level of feeding for 7 days (days 1–7). On day 8, littermates were either fed at a maintenance level of energy or fed to appetite for a further 6 days. Blood samples were taken on day 13 (07.00–16.00 h) to determine plasma insulin and IGF-I, and on day 14 (02.00–06.00 h) to determine plasma GH levels. Following slaughter on day 14, one ovary from each animal was retained to measure follicular fluid IGF-I and oestradiol concentrations. The remaining ovary and a sample of liver were retained for IGF-I mRNA analysis using a ribonuclease protection assay. Six days of refeeding significantly increased plasma IGF-I (P<0·005) and basal insulin (P<0·05) but there was no effect on plasma GH. Ovarian follicular volume and diameter were significantly larger after refeeding (P<0·05), with no effect on follicular fluid oestradiol concentrations. Mean follicular fluid IGF-I concentrations were unaffected by treatment. However, the relationships between individual follicular IGF-I concentrations, absolute follicular fluid IGF-I contents and follicle volume were affected by feeding level (P<0·05). Regression analysis of the same data also revealed that at this stage of maturity, small follicles had greater follicular fluid concentrations of IGF-I than larger follicles. Refeeding increased the amount of IGF-I mRNA in hepatic but not ovarian tissue. We conclude that there is differential regulation of the IGF-I gene in porcine hepatic and ovarian tissues, and that ovarian factors other than, or as well as, IGF-I are involved in the regulation of ovarian responses to refeeding. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 139, 143–152
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Evans, A. C. O., and N. C. Rawlings. "Effects of a long-acting gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (Leuprolide) on ovarian follicular development in prepubertal heifer calves." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-094.
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We studied the effects of reducing gonadotrophin secretion on ovarian follicular development in young prepubertal heifer calves. Calves received a GnRH agonist (n = 5, 15 mg of Leuprolide acetate, i.m.) or carrier (n = 5) at 8 and 12 w of age. Starting at 8 and 34 w of age, ovarian follicles were monitored daily for 17 d, and at 10, 15, 25 and 35 w of age, blood samples were collected every 15 min for 12 h for measurement of serum concentration of LH and FSH. GnRH agonist treatment did not affect the age and body weight at puberty (P > 0.05). Agonist treatment suppressed follicle numbers and in two heifers follicle emergence (growth above 4–5 mm) was blocked immediately. In three agonist-treated heifers, follicle emergence was blocked after one extended wave of follicular growth. At 34 w of age the pattern of ovarian follicular growth did not differ between groups but oestradiol secretion was lower in agonist-treated heifers. During agonist treatment basal and mean concentrations of FSH, and LH and FSH pulse amplitude were decreased but basal LH concentrations increased (P < 0.05). At 25 and 35 w of age some rebound in gonadotrophin secretion was seen.We concluded that disrupting gonadotrophin secretion in young prepubertal heifer calves by GnRH agonist treatment, suppressed ovarian follicular growth but that a rebound in gonadotrophin secretion prevented long term-effects on sexual development. Key words: Follicle stimulating hormone, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, heifer calves, luteinising hormone ovarian follicles
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Kobayashi, Noriko, Makoto Orisaka, Mingju Cao, Fumikazu Kotsuji, Arthur Leader, Noriaki Sakuragi, and Benjamin K. Tsang. "Growth Differentiation Factor-9 Mediates Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Thyroid Hormone Interaction in the Regulation of Rat Preantral Follicular Development." Endocrinology 150, no. 12 (October 15, 2009): 5566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0262.
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Abstract FSH regulates follicular growth in a stage-development fashion. Although preantral follicle stage is gonadotropin responsive, FSH is not required for preantral follicular growth. With the antrum, the follicles continue growing under the influence of FSH and become gonadotropin dependent. Although thyroid hormone is important for normal female reproductive function, its role and interaction with FSH in the regulation of preantral ovarian follicular growth is yet to be defined. In the present study, we have examined the action and interaction of FSH and T3 in the regulation of the growth of preantral follicles, especially in their transition from preantral to early antral stage, using an established follicle culture system and evaluated the involvement of growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) in this process in vitro. We have demonstrated that although T3 alone had no effect on follicular development, it markedly enhanced FSH-induced preantral follicular growth. Although FSH alone significantly down-regulated FSH receptor (FSHR) mRNA abundance in the preantral follicles and T3 alone was ineffective, expression of the message was significantly increased in the presence of both hormones. In addition, intra-oocyte injection of GDF-9 antisense oligonucleotides (GDF-9 morpholino) induced follicular cell apoptosis and suppressed follicular growth induced by FSH and T3. These responses were attenuated by exogenous GDF-9. Our findings support the concept that thyroid hormone regulates ovarian follicular development through its direct action on the ovary and that promotes FSH-induced preantral follicular growth through up-regulation of FSHR, a mechanism dependent on the expression and action of oocyte-derived GDF-9.
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Hamori, Miklos, Attila Török, Manfred Zwirner, and Hans-Rudolf Tinneberg. "Ovarian response patterns to human menopausal gonadotropin in mixed hyperandrogenemia." Acta Endocrinologica 123, no. 6 (December 1990): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1230598.
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Abstract. Twenty-eight hyperandrogenemic women suffering from infertility owing to chronic anovulation were treated with hMG. Only 7 patients exhibited the typical polycystic ovarian appearance of multiple subcortical cysts, however, a wide range (6-15 cm3) of ovarian volume was observed. The LH/FSH ratio was consistently lower than 2.5 and circulating androgens of both ovarian and adrenal origin were elevated. The 4 days dexamethasone suppression test showed more than 80% suppression of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate and a variable (40-60%) reduction of testosterone and androstenedione levels. Two different patterns of follicular development were observed in response to hMG. Sixteen patients exhibited polycystic ovarian reaction, whereas 12 women had a follicular growth pattern similar to that seen in hMG-stimulated normo-ovulatory subjects. Patients with polycystic ovarian reaction showed a significantly increased androstenedione response to hMG when compared with the other group. Moreover, the non-stimulated ovarian volume was found to be markedly greater than in subjects without polycystic reaction. Thus, ovarian stimulation of patients with mixed hyperandrogenemia may elucidate the presence of borderline polycystic ovaries; furthermore the increased accumulation of androstenedione may suggest an inherent ovarian failure.
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Kim, Yoon Young, Jun-Won Yun, Jong Min Kim, Chung Gyu Park, Zev Rosenwaks, Hung Ching Liu, Byeong-Cheol Kang, and Seung-Yup Ku. "Gonadotropin ratio affects the in vitro growth of rhesus ovarian preantral follicles." Journal of Investigative Medicine 64, no. 4 (March 15, 2016): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2015-000001.
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In vitro follicle growth (IVFG) strategy is critical in the fertility preservation of cancer survivors; however, its optimal protocol needs to be developed using primate models since the availability of human samples is limited. Only a few previous studies have reported the successful IVFG of rhesus monkey ovaries using low-dose follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (0.3 or 3 ng/mL) and long-term culture (up to 5 weeks) and it is still uncertain in regard to the optimal culture duration and effective dose of treated gonadotropins applicable to the IVFG of rhesus preantral follicles. Recently, we have reported that the FSH to luteinizing hormone (LH) ratio affects the in vitro growth of murine ovarian follicles. We aimed to investigate whether gonadotropin ratios affect the efficiency of rhesus follicular growth in vitro. Ovaries were collected from six necropsied rhesus macaques (4–9 years) and preantral follicles were retrieved and cultured for 14 days using 200 mIU/mL FSH. The characteristics of follicular growth were compared between the FSH:LH=1:1 (n=24) and FSH:LH=2:1 (n=24) groups. High concentration gonadotropin treatment shortened the duration required for in vitro maturation of rhesus preantral follicles. The FSH:LH=2:1 group showed a faster follicular growth and enabled the acquisition of mature oocytes, although the expression of growth differentiation factor (GDF)-9 and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Taken together, high dose gonadotropin treatment can shorten the duration of IVFG and the gonadotropin ratio is important in the IVFG of rhesus monkey ovaries.
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Stankiewicz, Tomasz, and Barbara Błaszczyk. "Concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) in follicular cysts, mono - and polyoocyte follicles in gilts." Acta Veterinaria 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2014-0003.
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Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the concentration of BMP-15 and GDF-9 in the fluid of follicular cysts and ovarian follicles, and to compare their concentrations in mono- and polyoocyte follicles in gilts. The study involved two experiments conducted on the ovaries collected post-slaughter from gilts (7-8 months old). The first experiment covered 31 follicular single cyst gilts (15-25 mm in diameter) and 41 gilts without cysts. Follicular fluid from follicles of 8-10 mm in diameter (n=41) and 5-8 mm in diameter (n=41), and cystic fluid (n=31) were collected for analysis. The second experiment involved collecting follicular fluid from poly- (n=19) and monooocyte (n=22) follicles. The concentration of BMP-15 and GDF-9 was then determined in the samples using specimen-specific ELISA kits. The differences in the concentration of these factors were calculated by means of analysis of variance and a posthoc test. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to verify the significance of differences at P<0.05 and P<0.01. In addition, correlations between the factors were calculated. BMP-15 and GDF-9 levels in the cystic fluid were significantly higher than those in the follicular fluid (P<0.01). However, no differences were observed between various size follicles or between mono- and polyoocyte follicles. BMP-15 and GDF-9 concentrations were found to be positively correlated (P<0.01). Differences in BMP-15 and GDF-9 concentrations in ovarian follicles and follicular cysts, as evidenced by our study, indicate that these factors may be related to folliculogenesis disorders in gilts. What is more, the number of oocytes in ovarian follicles does not influence the intrafollicular concentration of BMP-15 and GDF-9.
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Agarwal, Sanjay K., Klara Vogel, Stacy R. Weitsman, and Denis A. Magoffin. "Leptin Antagonizes the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Augmentation of Steroidogenesis in Granulosa and Theca Cells of the Human Ovary1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 84, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.3.5543.
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There is increasing evidence that leptin is a physiological link between obesity and infertility. Although leptin receptors have been demonstrated in human ovaries, there is no information regarding the effects of leptin on cells from developing ovarian follicles. To test the direct effects of leptin on human ovarian cells, granulosa cells (GC) and theca cells were isolated from the ovaries of regularly cycling women. Serum was obtained at the time of surgery, and follicular fluid was aspirated from the follicles before isolation of the ovarian cells. Leptin concentrations were similar in follicular fluid and serum. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the long, signaling form of the leptin receptor was expressed in both theca and GC. In cultured GC, leptin had no effect on estradiol production, alone or in the presence of FSH, but caused a concentration-related inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) augmentation of FSH-stimulated estradiol production. The effect of leptin was specific, because there was no effect on progesterone production. In cultured theca cells, leptin did not alter androstenedione production, alone or in the presence of LH. Leptin caused a concentration-related inhibition of the IGF-I augmentation of LH-stimulated androstenedione production. These data demonstrate that leptin can directly inhibit IGF-I action in ovarian theca and GC at concentrations commonly present in obese women.
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Rossavik, Ivar K., and William E. Gibbons. "Variability of ovarian follicular growth in natural menstrual cycles." Fertility and Sterility 44, no. 2 (August 1985): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)48735-2.
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Abedal-Majed, Mohamed A., Shelby A. Springman, Courtney M. Sutton, Alexandria P. Snider, Brooke E. Bell, Mariah Hart, Scott G. Kurz, et al. "VEGFA165 can rescue excess steroid secretion, inflammatory markers, and follicle arrest in the ovarian cortex of High A4 cows." Biology of Reproduction 106, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab201.
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Abstract A population of cows with excess androstenedione (A4; High A4) in follicular fluid, with follicular arrest, granulosa cell dysfunction, and a 17% reduction in calving rate was previously identified. We hypothesized that excess A4 in the ovarian microenvironment caused the follicular arrest in High A4 cows and that vascular endothelial growth factor A would rescue the High A4 phenotype. In trial 1, prior to culture, High A4 ovarian cortex (n = 9) had greater numbers of early stage follicles (primordial) and fewer later-stage follicles compared to controls (n = 11). Culture for 7 days did not relieve this follicular arrest; instead, High A4 ovarian cortex had increased indicators of inflammation, anti-Mullerian hormone, and A4 secretion compared to controls. In trial 2, we tested if vascular endothelial growth factor A isoforms could rescue the High A4 phenotype. High A4 (n = 5) and control (n = 5) ovarian cortex was cultured with (1) PBS, (2) VEGFA165 (50 ng/mL), (3) VEGFA165B (50 ng/mL), or (4) VEGFA165 + VEGFA165B (50 ng/mL each) for 7 days. Follicular progression increased with VEGFA165 in High A4 cows with greater early primary, primary, and secondary follicles than controls. Similar to trial 1, High A4 ovarian cortex secreted greater concentrations of A4 and other steroids and had greater indicators of inflammation compared to controls. However, VEGFA165 rescued steroidogenesis, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. The VEGFA165 and VEGFA165b both reduced IL-13, INFα, and INFβ secretion in High A4 cows to control levels. Thus, VEGFA165 may be a potential therapeutic to restore the ovarian steroidogenic microenvironment and may promote folliculogenesis.
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Rodrigues, G. Q., I. M. T. Lima, R. N. Chaves, R. Rossetto, S. L. Costa, S. V. Castro, V. R. P. Barros, et al. "Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) maintains follicular ultrastructure and stimulates preantral follicle growth in caprine ovarian tissue cultured in vitro." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 2 (April 2014): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-41626023.
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The objectives of this study were to investigate whether TGF-β affect the survival, activation and further growth of goat primordial follicles enclosed in ovarian cortex after in vitro culture. Goat ovaries were collected from an abattoir and pieces of ovarian tissues were cultured for one or seven days in a supplemented alpha Minimum Essential Medium, alone or containing TGF-β (1, 5, 10 or 50ng/mL). Ovarian tissues from the fresh control as well as those cultured were processed for histological and ultrastructural studies. The results showed that when compared with fresh control, there was decrease in the percentages of histologically normal follicles in all treatments only after seven days culture. TGF-β did not affect the activation of preantral follicles regardless of its concentration, however, larger follicles diameter (P<0.05) was observed using 10ng/mL TGF-β than in the fresh control and other treatments. Moreover, this concentration maintained the normal ultrastructure after seven days of culture. In conclusion, TGF-β showed additional effect on the follicle growth and the maintenance of ultrastructural integrity of goat preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue when used at 10ng/mL during seven days of culture.
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Myers, M., K. L. Britt, N. G. M. Wreford, F. J. P. Ebling, and J. B. Kerr. "Methods for quantifying follicular numbers within the mouse ovary." Reproduction 127, no. 5 (May 2004): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00095.
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Accurate estimation of the number of ovarian follicles at various stages of development is an important indicator of the process of folliculogenesis in relation to the endocrine signals and paracrine/autocrine mechanisms that control the growth and maturation of the oocytes and their supporting follicular cells. There are 10-fold or greater differences in follicular numbers per ovary at similar ages and/or strains reported in earlier studies using various methods, leading to difficulties with interpretation of ovarian function in control vs experimental conditions. This study describes unbiased, assumption-free stereological methods for quantification of early and growing follicular numbers in the mouse ovary. A fractionator approach was used to sample a defined fraction of histological sections of adult wild-type ovaries. Primordial and primary follicles were counted independently with the optical and physical disector methods. The fractionator/disector methods, which are independent of follicular size or shape, gave estimations of 1930 ± 286 (S.E.M.) and 2227 ± 101 primordial follicles, and 137 ± 25 and 265 ± 32 primary follicles per ovary at 70 and 100 days of age respectively. From exact counts on serial sections, secondary and later follicular numbers at 100 days of age were estimated at 135 per ovary. Remnants of zona pellucidae (a marker of previous follicular atresia) were estimated using a fractionator/physical disector approach and were approximately 500 per ovary. The application of the quantitative methods described will facilitate an improved understanding of follicular dynamics and the factors that mediate their growth and maturation and allow for a better comparison between different studies.
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Oberlender, Guilherme, Luis D. S. Murgas, Márcio G. Zangeronimo, Thais P. Pontelo, Tila A. Menezes, and Adriana C. Silva. "Porcine follicular fluid concentration of free insulin-like growth factor-I collected from different diameter ovarian follicles." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 10 (October 2013): 1269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013001000013.
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The study aimed to quantify the concentrations of free IGF-I in serum and fluid of ovarian follicles in pre-pubertal gilts and describe the ovarian morphology by measuring the size of the ovaries and counting the number of surface follicles. Ovaries (n=1,000) from pre-pubertal gilts were obtained immediately after slaughter. A total of 10 samplings were performed, with ovaries obtained from 50 females for each collection. The follicles situated on the surface of each ovary were classified as small (SFs, 2 to 5mm in diameter) or large (LFs 6 to 10mm in diameter) and the follicular fluid was obtained by follicle aspiration. The collection of serum samples was performed after the gilts exsanguination using sterile tubes. From the pool of serum and follicular fluid obtained from 50 females, the concentration of free IGF-I was determined in each sample using an enzyme immunoassay kit (ELISA). The description of ovarian morphometry was performed in 100 ovaries from randomly selected gilts. The larger and smaller lengths of ovaries were measured, and the total number of SFs and LFs present on the surface of each ovary were also counted. The IGF-I concentration was greater (P<0.05) in LFs (170.92±88.29 ng/mL) compared with SFs (67.39±49.90ng/mL) and serum (73.48±34.63ng/mL). The largest and smallest length of the ovaries was 26.0±3.0 and 19.0mm ±2.0mm, respectively. The number of SFs (70.86±25.76) was greater (P<0.01) than LFs (6.54±5.26). The study concluded that LFs present greater levels of IGF-I when compared with SFs and blood, which is related to increased activity of the LFs and its differentiation to ovulation. In addition, ovaries of pre-pubertal gilts have a higher number of SFs compared to LFs. Therefore, our study demonstrated unique data regarding the physiological concentration of free IGF-I in ovarian follicles, that can be used in future research to evaluate the addition of this hormone in the in vitro production media of porcine embryos with the goal to improve the technique efficiency.
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Alan, Emel, and Yasin Kulak. "The immunoexpression patterns of fibroblast growth factors in the pregnant and postpartum rat ovary." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 16 (2021): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd21025.
Full textAbstract:
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are polypeptides involved in the regulation of oogenesis and folliculogenesis by inducing ovarian mitogenic, homeostatic and angiogenic activity. This study was aimed at determining the localisation of FGF ligands (FGF1 and FGF2) and FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) in the rat ovary by immunohistochemical analyses, at pregnancy and the postpartum period. During pregnancy and the postpartum period, positive FGF1 immunoreactions were observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of germinative epithelial cells, granulosa cells of follicles in different developmental stages, theca interna cells, interstitial cells, luteal cells and atretic follicles. FGF2 immunoreactivity was strong in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of the ovarian blood vessels and in the smooth muscle cells of the ovarian cortex and medulla. Strong FGFR2 immunoreactivity was observed in the stromal cells surrounding the blood vessels and rete ovarii. Immunoreaction intensity of the FGF1, FGF2 and FGFR2 had relatively similar abundances between the periods examined. Considering that FGFs act as local regulators in oogenesis, folliculogenesis, follicular atresia, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression and angiogenesis, this study supports the idea that FGFs may also be involved in these physiological functions in rat ovaries during pregnancy and postpartum period.
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Chen, Yingjun, Qinghua Liu, Ruiyan Liu, Chan Yang, Xiaodong Wang, Zaohong Ran, Shanshan Zhou, Xiang Li, and Changjiu He. "A Prepubertal Mice Model to Study the Growth Pattern of Early Ovarian Follicles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105130.
Full textAbstract:
Early folliculogenesis begins with the activation of the follicle and ends with the formation of the follicular antrum, which takes up most of the time of folliculogenesis. In this long process, follicles complete a series of developmental events, including but not limited to granulosa cell (GC) proliferation, theca folliculi formation, and antrum formation. However, the logical or temporal sequence of these events is not entirely clear. This study demonstrated in a mouse model that completion of early folliculogenesis required a minimum of two weeks. The oocyte reached its largest size in the Type 4–5 stage, which was therefore considered as the optimum period for studying oogenesis. Postnatal days (PD) 10–12 were regarded as the crucial stage of theca folliculi formation, as Lhcgr sharply increased during this stage. PD13–15 was the rapid growth period of early follicles, which was characterized by rapid cell proliferation, the sudden emergence of the antrum, and increased Fshr expression. The ovarian morphology remained stable during PD15–21, but antrum follicles accumulated gradually. Atresia occurred at all stages, with the lowest rate in Type 3 follicles and no differences among early Type 4–6 follicles. The earliest vaginal opening was observed at PD24, almost immediately after the first growing follicular wave. Therefore, the period of PD22–23 could be considered as a suitable period for studying puberty initiation. This study objectively revealed the pattern of early folliculogenesis and provided time windows for the study of biological events in this process.
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Tisdall, D. J., K. Watanabe, N. L. Hudson, P. Smith, and K. P. McNatty. "FSH receptor gene expression during ovarian follicle development in sheep." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 15, no. 3 (December 1995): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0150273.
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ABSTRACT A key question in elucidating the role of FSH in ovarian function is to determine when during follicular growth the FSH receptor first appears. The aim of this study was to examine the site and time of FSH receptor gene expression during early follicular growth. This study was carried out on ovaries of adult sheep during the luteal and prostaglandin-induced follicular phase of the oestrous cycle and also on ovaries of fetal sheep at 90, 100, 120 and 135 days of gestation (term=day 147). Using reverse transcription-PCR and a set of PCR primers spanning exons 8/9/10, two partial FSH receptor cDNAs (500 and 310 bp) were isolated from adult sheep ovary. It was shown by sequencing that exon 8 was deleted in the 310 bp cDNA, implying that this was part of an alternatively spliced FSH receptor transcript. Using RNA in situ hybridisation on ovaries of adult sheep, FSH receptor mRNA was observed in granulosa cells of early preantral follicles with one to two cell layers and it was seen that gene expression continued throughout folliculogenesis into advanced stages of atresia. Moreover, in the fetus, FSH receptor gene expression was detected in follicles with two or more layers of granulosa cells in ovaries taken at 100, 120 and 135 days of gestation. These results suggest that the FSH receptor gene is expressed after the granulosa cells of a folllicle have begun to divide but not during the earliest stages of follicle growth, namely the transformation of a primordial follicle to a primary follicle.
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Hsu, Chao-Chin, Isabel Hsu, Li-Hsuan Lee, Rosie Hsu, Yuan-Shuo Hsueh, Chih-Ying Lin, and Hui Hua Chang. "Ovarian Follicular Growth through Intermittent Vaginal Gonadotropin Administration in Diminished Ovarian Reserve Women." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040869.
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It is a challenge to obtain enough oocytes during in vitro fertilization (IVF) in women who have a poor ovarian response (POR) in achieving conception. We have adopted the characteristics of the first uterine pass effect, which we pioneered in employing the vaginal administration of gonadotropins in women receiving IVF treatments. In our previous study employing vaginal administration, faster absorption and slower elimination of gonadotropins were demonstrated, and, female subjects presented proper ovarian follicle growth and pregnancy rates. In this study, during 2016–2020, 300 to 675 IU of gonadotropins were administered vaginally every three days in 266 POR women for their controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). The injections were performed with needles angled at 15–30° towards the middle-upper portions of the bilateral vaginal wall, with an injection depth of 1–2 mm. For the COH results, these women, on average, received 3.0 ± 0.9 vaginal injections and a total dose of 1318.4 ± 634.4 IU gonadotropins, resulting in 2.2 ± 1.9 mature oocytes and 1.0 ± 1.2 good embryos. Among these embryos, 0.9 ± 1.0 were transferred to reach a clinical pregnancy rate of 18.1% and a live birth rate of 16.7%. In conclusion, the intermittent vaginal administration of gonadotropins proved to be effective in POR women for their IVF treatments.