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1
Foster, Josh. "Over-the-counter drugs and non-febrile thermoregulation : is there cause for concern?" Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622541.
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Core temperature (Tc) regulation is fundamental to mammalian survival, since hypothermia (Tc ≤ 35°C) and hyperthermia (Tc ≥ 40°C) are major risk factors for health and wellbeing. The purpose of this thesis was to determine if acetaminophen, an analgesic and antipyretic drug, increased the onset of hypothermia or hyperthermia during passive cold and heat stress, respectively. It was later investigated if acetaminophen induced inhibition of cyclooxygenase mediated these side-effects. In Study 1a, the plasma acetaminophen response to a dose of 20 mg·kg-1 of lean body mass was determined through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In Study 1b, the effect of acetaminophen administration on internal temperature (rectal; Tre) during a passive 2-hour mild cold (20°C, 40% relative humidity) exposure was examined. Study 1a showed that the plasma response was homogenous between subjects, reaching peak concentrations between 80-100 minutes (14 ± 4 μg·ml-1). In Study 1b, acetaminophen reduced Tre in all participants compared with baseline, and the average peak reduction was 0.19 ± 0.09°C. In contrast, Tre remained stable when participants ingested a sugar placebo. Study 1 is the first experiment which confirms a hypothermic side-effect of acetaminophen in healthy humans. Study 2 investigated whether acetaminophen augmented the rate of Tre rise during exposure to passive dry (45°C, 30% r.h.) and humid (45°C, 70% r.h.) heat stress for 2-hours and 45-minutes, respectively. This study showed that the rate of Tre rise in the dry (0.005 vs 0.006°C∙min-1) and humid (0.023 vs 0.021 °C∙min-1) conditions were similar between the acetaminophen and placebo trials (p > 0.05). Study 2 is the first experiment which confirms acetaminophen has no meaningful effect on thermoregulation during passive dry or humid heat exposure. Study 3 determined how the hypothermic effect of acetaminophen changes during exposure to a thermoneutral (25°C, 40% r.h.) and cold (10°C, 40% r.h.) environment for 2-hours. In summary, there was no hypothermic effect of acetaminophen in a thermoneutral environment (p > 0.05), whereas Tre fell by 0.40 ± 0.15°C compared with baseline during cold stress (p < 0.05). Compared with the placebo, Tre was ~0.35°C lower at 120 minutes, but was significantly lower from 70-minutes. Study 3 confirmed that there is a relationship between the level of cold stress and magnitude of the hypothermic effect of acetaminophen. Study 4 determined whether ibuprofen (400 mg), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, reduced Tre during 2-hour passive cold stress (10°C, 40% r.h.) to a level comparable with acetaminophen. Ibuprofen administration did not influence Tre, vastus medialis shivering, or energy expenditure compared with a placebo throughout the cold exposure (p > 0.05). Taken together, this renders it unlikely that cyclooxygenase activity is required for thermogenesis induced by skin cooling. Study 4 provides evidence that acetaminophen induced hypothermia is not exclusively mediated by cyclooxygenase inhibition. In Summary, this series of experiments has shown that acetaminophen has a hypothermic side effect in healthy humans, which is amplified during acute cold stress. Ibuprofen had no such effect on thermoregulation during cold exposure, so it is unlikely that cyclooxygenase inhibition mediates the hypothermic side-effect of acetaminophen.
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Richard, Lisette. "Understanding the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in French Canadian elderly women /." Thèse, Rochester, N.Y. : University of Rochester, 1999. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/03-2193613R.html.
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Popa, Michelle. "An Examination of Awareness of Over-the-Counter Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Adverse Events." Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3629344.
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The elderly population is among the fastest growing populations in the United States. Finding and consuming medications safely and effectively are challenging endeavors for this population. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a widely consumed class of medications among the elderly population, with 70% of individuals consuming over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDs once a week and 34% using them daily. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine whether (a) patients are aware of the risks associated with the consumption of NSAIDs, and (b) there are differences in awareness based upon specific demographic characteristics and levels of patient-physician communication. The health belief model (HBM) was used to interpret the results. The HBM is a social cognition framework that takes into account different perceptions, namely, perceived susceptibility of acquiring a health condition, perceived severity of the condition and its consequences, perceived barriers to engaging in the recommended behavior, perceived benefits of engaging in the recommended behavior, and perceived costs of engaging in the recommended behavior. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. The results, which were based upon a cross-sectional survey of 124 participants, showed that the participants' awareness of adverse events associated with NSAIDs use was not associated with sociodemographic variables, rates of consumption, or patient-physician communication. The findings will give the key stakeholders more insight into the issue of preventable adverse events that might lead to the establishment of more safety programs and informatics structural systems to monitor the consumption of OTC NSAIDs and improve lines of communication to protect the elderly population.
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Popa, Michelle. "An Examination of Awareness of Over-the-Counter Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Adverse Events." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1143.
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The elderly population is among the fastest growing populations in the United States. Finding and consuming medications safely and effectively are challenging endeavors for this population. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a widely consumed class of medications among the elderly population, with 70% of individuals consuming over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDs once a week and 34% using them daily. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine whether (a) patients are aware of the risks associated with the consumption of NSAIDs, and (b) there are differences in awareness based upon specific demographic characteristics and levels of patient-physician communication. The health belief model (HBM) was used to interpret the results. The HBM is a social cognition framework that takes into account different perceptions, namely, perceived susceptibility of acquiring a health condition, perceived severity of the condition and its consequences, perceived barriers to engaging in the recommended behavior, perceived benefits of engaging in the recommended behavior, and perceived costs of engaging in the recommended behavior. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. The results, which were based upon a cross-sectional survey of 124 participants, showed that the participants' awareness of adverse events associated with NSAIDs use was not associated with sociodemographic variables, rates of consumption, or patient-physician communication. The findings will give the key stakeholders more insight into the issue of preventable adverse events that might lead to the establishment of more safety programs and informatics structural systems to monitor the consumption of OTC NSAIDs and improve lines of communication to protect the elderly population.
5
Abuya, Timothy Osebe. "A comparative analysis of malaria control programmes targeting delivery of over-the-counter anti-malarial drugs in Kenya." Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499448.
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Background: The retail sector is an important channel for increasing access to adequate treatment of fevers in Africa. The objectives of the thesis were to assess the performance of three malaria control programmes targeting private medicine retailers (PMRs) by addressing coverage, utilisation, impact on PMRs' knowledge, practices and implementation processes in Kisii central, Kwale and Bungoma districts of Kenya. Methods: The thesis used mixed methods including retail audits, surrogate client surveys based on post intervention cross sectional surveys in intervention and controls and mapping of outlets in intervention areas. Qualitative methods including record reviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with programme stakeholders were analysed using thematic framework and policy analysis. Results: There was a significant impact on PMR knowledge and practice of an NGO-led participatory training programme in Kisii-central district with 60.5% of trained PMRs selling AQ medicines adequately compared to 2.8% in the untrained ones (OR; 53.5: 95% CI 6.7, 428.3). There was some evidence of a limited impact for the MoH-led participatory training programme in the Kwale district, where 18.8% of trained PMRs sold AQ medicines adequately compared to 2.3% of control PMRs (OR; 9.4: 95% CI 1.1, 83.7). This study was unable to show evidence of impact in the social marketing programme in Bungoma district.
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Těšínská, Edita. "Vliv marketingové komunikace ve farmaceutickém průmyslu na rozhodování spotřebitele." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205199.
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This master thesis introduces the pharmaceutical industrys marketing communication from the consumers point of view. It is aimed at consumers perception of the marketing communication in this area and at the way it influences their choice in purchases of over-the-counter drugs. Its goal is to find out which source of information leading to the final decision over the purchase of an over-the-counter drug the consumer considers to be the most reliable one, what role the marketing communication plays in the process and what other factors effect consumers while they are choosing and purchasing an over-the-counter drug. The thesis consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part introduces the pharmaceutical industry, the marketing mix and consumer behaviour. The practical part is based on a questionnaire survey through which the main goal of the thesis is to be reached.
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Momodu, Rametu Omamegbe. "Knowledge and practices of patent medicine vendors in the use of artemisinin based combination therapy in the treatment of malaria in an urban community in Lagos." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2704_1271017667.
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Malaria is a health, social and economic burden in Nigeria and consistently ranks amongst the four most common causes of childhood deaths. Treatment of malaria is usually started at home
care is only sought from the health facility when the treatment is ineffective (McCombie, 1996). Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) have been identified as a widely patronized source for drugs used in the home treatment of malaria (Breiger et al, 2001
Goodman, et al, 2007
Salako et al, 2001). Inadequate or poor knowledge and practices in the use of anti-malaria drugs (AMDs) increases morbidity and mortality, undermines therapeutic efficacy, and promotes the emergence and spread of drugresistant malaria. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and self-reported practices of PMVs in the use of antimalarials, particularly artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), in a poor urban community in Lagos state, Nigeria.
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Hughes, Glenda F. "Drug abuse and misuse : a community pharmacy perspective." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326347.
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Potnis, Priyanka Shirish. "Ohio Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Over-the-Counter Drug Advertising." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1353036130.
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Barrenberg, Eva [Verfasser], Edeltraut [Akademischer Betreuer] Garbe, Hajo [Gutachter] Zeeb, and Falk [Gutachter] Hoffmann. "Over-the-counter (OTC) drug regulation and the epidemiology of OTC drug use in Germany / Eva Barrenberg ; Gutachter: Hajo Zeeb, Falk Hoffmann ; Betreuer: Edeltraut Garbe." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118624853X/34.
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Kang, Li. "Marketing strategy of establishing a brand of cold & flu medicine in China OTC market." Thesis, University of Macau, 2001. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636651.
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Norková, Silvie. "Optimalizace a kontrola komunikační strategie léku na předpis (spolupráce se společností Sanofi- Aventis)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12185.
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The thesis addresses the analysis of the marketing mix in the pharmaceutical industry with a detailed focus on the promotion and communication channels of the prescription drug. The aim is to help a company with a control and optimization of the communication strategy so that it is adapted to the new trends. The differences between the prescription drug and the over-the-counter drug in the aspects of communication, promotion and the role of branding is drawn. Several methods such as analysis, description and marketing research are used. The thesis is divided into five main chapters.
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Aziz, Omer. "An exploration of the practice of prescribing and use of medicines, with a special focus on self-medication practices in the context of developing reform within the health care system in Kurdistan-Iraq." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/16083.
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This research has been undertaken to evaluate factors with an association with the practice of self-medication amongst respondents living within three cities within Kurdistan. The research was designed to be a cross-sectional one by arranging for data collection through the direct interviewing of respondents via the use of a questionnaire that had been prepared previously. In total, the investigation involved 627 pharmacist participants, 647 general participants, and 28 interviewees from various age groups. An explanatory design is a mixed methods approach with two phases, with quantitative data collection in the first phase, and qualitative data collection in a second; data collection was conducted using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The primary reason for self-medication practice was that participants with previous experience of attending to the same disease. The information source regarding self-medicated drugs were previous prescriptions, community pharmacies and friends. The most common indication for self-medication was the common cold or fever/headache/infection, the drugs used to treat these conditions being most commonly antibiotics, then painkillers and preparations for coughs. From the general public, a sample of 647 participants was taken that consisted of 38.4% females and 61.6% males, with participant ages ranging from 18-70 years. Within the study, 12.4% of the cohort had a degree level of education from a university. Moreover, 243 participants had the belief that it was an acceptable practice to purchase antibiotics without a prescription. Self-medication was practiced by 14/28 of the interviewees, and 28/28 (100%) of the interviewees held the belief that the pharmacy always has someone with knowledge of medicines, and who can advise and provide medication. There were 627 pharmacist participants, of which 28.1% were female and 71.9% were male, and 57.2% of them holding a Diploma in Health Institution, and 39.2% of them having a Bachelors Pharmacy degree. 20.7% of participants disagreed with keeping records for the dispensing of drugs, and approximately 20% of participants had little or no ideas regarding the characteristics of pharmacy practice that are considered professional. It was discovered that, if asked by the customer, advice was provided by 82.5% of community pharmacists. The sale of antibiotics was the most common, followed by pain-killers. A 95.5% proportion of pharmacists sold all of the medicines as OTC medicine without prescription. In conclusion, medicines are used by the people of Kurdistan in an inventive way, with suggestions provided by lay people and members of family or friends, which is acted upon without a qualified healthcare professional being consulted.
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Crosswy, Kara Kelley. "Metabolic interactions between over-the-counter and illicit drugs at cytochrome P450." 2007. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-2542.pdf.
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Σιμονοβίκης, Σταύρος. "Ανάλυση περιεχομένου τηλεοπτικών διαφημίσεων μη συνταγογραφούμενων (OTC) φαρμάκων." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/7896.
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Η εργασία που ακολoυθεί εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού
προγράμματος σπουδών "Φαρμακευτικό Μάρκετινγκ", του τμήματος Φαρμακευτικής
του Πανεπιστήμιου Πατρών, κατά την ακαδημαϊκή περίοδο σπουδών 2009-2011.
Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να γίνει μια εκτίμηση της κατάστασης στο χώρο της αγοράς
των μη υποχρεωτικώς συνταγογραφούμενων φαρμάκων, έχοντας υπόψη τις
διαφημιστικές στρατηγικές που εφαρμόζονται από τις φαρμακευτικές εταιρίες, καθώς
επίσης και άλλων προϊόντων που διατίθενται από τα φαρμακεία. Στα προϊόντα αυτά
περιλαμβάνονται συμπληρώματα διατροφής, υποκατάστατα νικοτίνης για τη ρύθμιση
της διάθεσης για κάπνισμα, προϊόντα για το αδυνάτισμα, προϊόντα στοματικής
υγιεινής, κρέμες για αντηλιακή προστασία, για αντιγήρανση και ενυδάτωση κ.ά.
Για την πραγματοποίηση της παρούσας μελέτης συλλέχτηκαν οι τηλεοπτικές
διαφημίσεις των προϊόντων αυτών είτε από τις διαφημιστικές εταιρείες είτε από το
διαδίκτυο προκειμένου να αναλυθούν. Τα διαφημιστικά που αναλύσαμε ήταν 78 και
τα δεδομένα που προέκυψαν αναλύθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του στατιστικού
προγράμματος SPSS. Πραγματοποιήσαμε ανάλυση παραγόντων (factor analysis) από
την οποία προέκυψαν 14 διαφορετικά προφίλ διαφημίσεων. Τα ερευνητικά
συμπεράσματα υποδεικνύουν πως στις διαφημίσεις χρησιμοποιούνται σε υψηλό
ποσοστό πληροφοριακά στοιχεία (ποιότητα, απόδοση και συστατικά μέρη/στοιχεία)
καθώς επίσης και πληθώρα διαφημιστικών εκτελεστικών στυλ με κυρίαρχα: το
κομμάτι της καθημερινότητας, φαντασία/όνειρο και διάθεση/εικόνα.The following research was acomplished for the Master Program "Pharmaceutical Marketing" during the academic year 2009-2011. The purpose of this study is to conduct a content analysis of the advertisements of OTC products. The advertisements contain food supplements, NRT, diet products as well as dental hygiene products. In order to perform the content analysis, 78 television ads were collected and then analysed using SPSS. From the factor analysis that we performed we came up with 14 different kinds (profiles)of advertisments. The main conclusions dictate that in OTC advertisments are extensively used informational clues regarding the quality, the performance and the parts of its product. Moreover, a variety of advertising executive styles are also used, such as slice of life and fantasy dream.
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Chou, His-Feng, and 周杏芬. "A Study of Factors Associated with Purchasing Over-the-counter Drugs among Community Elderly." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62791813756020175831.
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碩士臺北醫學大學
護理學系
91
The purpose of this study was to determine the associate factors of purchasing over-the-counter (OTC) drugs among the community elderly in Taipei. Cross-sectional study was conducted via quota sampling were employed. A total of 238 community elderly who were above 60 interview by trained communitynurses. Major findings were summarized as follows. 1. 34.5% of the community elderly reported once bought OTC drugs in the past 3 months. The most frequently purchased products were mucolytics, nutritional supplements, and anti-pyretics & analgesics. The major reasons for people not using OTC were “no tendency/habit to take OTC drugs”, “feeling healthy and without a need”, and “not convinced of the efficacy”. The locations where people obtained OTC drugs were mainly drug stores. Most people irregularly purchased OTC drugs. Mostly NT$100 ~ NT$500 were spent each time. 2. considering season factor, lower score of perceived health status, price advantage, brands, TV advertisement, opinions from pharmacists, friends, and relatives also were associated with higher tendency to buy OTC drugs. 3. Urban community elderly higher scores of satisficatic of health services, and expensiveness OTC drugs, were associated with more money on purchasing OTC. 4. For the community elderly who ever felt unwell in the past 3 months, the association between numbers of symptoms reported and the kinds of OTC drugs they purchased were found statistically significant. In a linear regression model, it was further noted that the more the symptoms a subject reported, the more kinds of OTCs he/she bought. Recommendations based on the study findings were as follows. 1. Community health nurse should exercise her/his professional role and identify the existing or potential problems of self-medication in a timely manner, and further provide continuing case management, including nursing assessment, nursing diagnosis, nursing plan and implementation for the community elderly. 2. Community health nurse may adopt a series of primary, secondary, tertiary preventative strategy in the self-medication nursing plan for the community elderly and 1) provide education to increase and improve their knowledge of accessing and taking OTC medicines and further change their viewpoints toward OTC drugs; 2) detect factors influencing their patterns of buying and using OTC medicines and framing the intervention plan for the community; 3) establish a self-medication reporting system for the community elderly, in order to understand the causes of adverse drug reactions and to provide necessary health education for discharged patients.
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Κοτρωνίας, Νικόλαος. "Οι στρατηγικές προώθησης των φαρμακευτικών σκευασμάτων και οι σύγχρονες τάσεις της διαφήμισης: η περίπτωση των μη συνταγογραφούμενων φαρμάκων (ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ.)." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/4821.
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Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, έχει σκοπό να δώσει στον αναγνώστη µια εικόνα των ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών της αγοράς των Over the Counter (OTC), καθώς και των στρατηγικών προώθησης των φαρμακευτικών σκευασμάτων.
Για την επίτευξη του ως άνω σκοπού, διενεργήθηκε έρευνα, η οποία παρουσιάζεται στην εργασία αυτή, μαζί με μελέτες, άρθρα, προτάσεις και απόψεις επιστημόνων του Marketing, των Οικονομικών της Υγείας, και της Πολιτικής στο χώρο του φαρμάκου, από τη σχετική βιβλιογραφία.The present thesis aims to present to the reader the particular characteristics of the Over the Counter (OTC) drug market as well as strategies for their promotion. For the achievement of the above-mentioned aim, a reasearch was held, which is presented in this work, with studies, articles, proposals and opinions of scientists of Marketing, Finances of Health, and Policy in the space of medicine, from the relative bibliography.
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Huang, Yuan-Chang, and 黃元璋. "The Effect of Outpatient Prescription Patterns by Health Insurance Cancel Drug Payment about Part of Over-The-Counter Drugs." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66791257884599263136.
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碩士長榮大學
醫務管理學系(所)
99
Abstract Research purposes. Drug expenditures had increased continuously. Bureau of National Health Insurance(BNHI) in Taiwan expected to restrain the phenomenon by restricting the payment of drugs items. This study explore the effect of delisting over-the-counter (OTC) drugs from National Health Insurance(NHI) on outpatient prescription patterns. This study wants to investigate the relationship of drugs substitution, among delisting OTC drugs, prescription drugs and uncanceled OTC drugs. Designs. The quasi-experimental design is Pre-test/Post-test Design. The analysis unit bases on hospital.The data is from NHI program during the period 2005-2006. The hospitals changed their prescribing behavior if BNHI delisted OTC drugs. This study estimates the occurrence of drugs substitution that tested by paired t-test and t-test. These controlled variables are the hospital level and hospital ownership. Data. The databases came from NHI including details of ambulatory care orders (OO) of systematic samples and registry for contracted medical facilities (HOSB). And the ATC 7-digit coding system of the NHI Pharmaceutical Subsidy will be used. And delisting OTC drugs of the NHI Pharmaceutical file listed price with items. Subjects. 429 hospitals. Main outcome measures. Prescription frequency and substitution indicator of drugs(S value). Main results. (A) For the same ATC category, the prescription frequency of prescription drugs and uncanceled OTC drugs increased from 2005 to 2006. Total hospitals and hospitals at every level increased but not significant (p >0.05); For hospitals ownership, Non-Profit Proprietary hospitals increased significantly (p <0.05); but the others do not. (B) Substitution indicator of drugs (S value) is not significant by t test (p >0.05). Conclusions. After NHI executed the policy of delisting OTC drugs, hospital prescription frequency of prescription drugs and uncanceled OTC drugs were not increased obviously. Moreover, the expected drugs substitution did not appear. However , Non-Profit Proprietary Hospitals increased significantly. Key words: over-the-counter, drugs substitution, prescription patterns, National Health Insurance.
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"How the Media Framed Weight-loss Drugs: A Content Analysis of Newspaper Coverage Of Prescription and Over-the-counter Weight-loss Drugs." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.9480.
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abstract: This study explores how newspapers framed the weight-loss drugs Xenical®(orlistat) and Alli® (over-the-counter orlistat) during the time period of three months prior to their approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration until one year after each became available on the market. As of June 2011, orlistat is the only weight-loss drug available for long-term use in the U.S. Newspapers are influential sources of information about health issues. Agenda-setting, framing, and priming in news articles can have a powerful effect on public perceptions and behaviors. To conduct the content analysis, researchers first developed a codebook containing variables that described the sources of attribution and the features of each drug. They tested the codebook in a series of pilot tests to ensure inter-rater reliability. The sample of texts for the content analysis, drawn from LexisNexis Academic, contained 183 newspaper articles composed of 85 Xenical articles and 98 Alli articles. The overlap was 25% for inter-rater reliability as well as intra-rater reliability. Frequencies were tabulated using Predictive Analytics SoftWare, version 18.0.3. Results demonstrated that Xenical and Alli were framed differently in some critical ways. For example, there were twice as many quotes from the manufacturer for Alli than for Xenical. Researchers concluded that the reporting on Alli was heavily influenced by the manufacturer's multi-media public relations campaign in the months prior to the market-release date.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Nutrition 2011
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Fakudze, Fortunate. "Retail pharmacy network sales trends of over-the-counter codeine containing medicines in Gauteng, Western Cape and Kwazulu Natal." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/23347.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Science in Medicine in Pharmaceutical Affairs
Johannesburg, South Africa 2017In the Republic of South Africa codeine containing medicines are either sold as prescription only medicines or over the counter depending on the strength of codeine contained in the medicine. The analgesic properties of codeine are thought to be derived from the conversion of codeine to morphine. Codeine is often combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Codeine is a relatively weak opioid analgesic that has seemingly addictive properties; the misuse of codeine-containing-medicines can cause morbidity in patients with known codeine addiction. The Regulation of codeine has been reviewed in a number of countries to try and curb the misuse of the product. This involves the reduction in the strength of codeine, reduction in the package size and duration of treatment of over-the-counter (OTC) codeine containing products and in some countries the OTC codeine containing products have been rescheduled into prescription only medicines. The study aims to monitor and describe trends in the sales of OTC codeine-containing medicines from Pick n Pay retail pharmacies in Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal provinces of South Africa from July 2011 to June 2014. Secondary data on the sales of OTC codeine-containing medicines from Pick n Pay Pharmacies database was obtained, which described the(1) pharmacy name, (2) the trade name of the medicine items sold, (3) the quantities of the medicines sold, (4) the purchase date of medicine, (5) the cost of the medicine, (6) the age of the purchaser, (7) the gender of the purchaser and (8) the mode of payment used when purchasing for the study period. A statistical software system, SPSS® version 20 was used to analyse the data. The study findings indicate a steady increase in the sales of the OTC codeine containing medicine over the years. Females were found to be the main purchasers of these products and the age group which purchased most of the products is the 40 to 45 years age group. The top three selling brands of the OTC codeine containing medicines were found to be Genpayne Capsules (30%), Myprodol Capsules (27%) and Mybuline Tablets (14%) of all the sales of these products in the three provinces combined. The mode of payment used for these purchases was mainly cash payment which accounted for sixty-five percent of the payments. There is a need to review the Codeine Car Initiative to monitor and audit the sales of these products so as to make an informed decision on their appropriate regulation.
MT2017
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Zadorozynj, Maria. "An analysis of the effects of gender and employment on the use of over the counter and prescription drugs." 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12841837.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-50).
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Broughton, Tymara Catheryn. "A survey to determine the perception of registered homoeopaths in South Africa toward the availability of over the counter (OTC) homoeopathic medicines." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/372.
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Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)--Durban University of Technology, 2008. xix, 122 leavesDiscussion among homoeopaths in South Africa provides the impression that there is a degree of misunderstanding and ignorance about homoeopathy, and opinions are varied on its application and efficacy amongst the South African public. An over the counter (OTC) medicine, is a medicine which is sold without a prescription directly to the public, which includes homoeopathic medicines. OTC medicines may be sold at any retail outlet, i.e. a pharmacy or general store. There is much evidence pointed towards the growth and rise in over the counter sales in complementary and alternative medicine, a growth of more than 17% in total, homoeopathy is a major part of the complementary and alternative medicine group, having its own growth of more than 16% over a four year period. Self-medication in the form of over the counter medicines forms the main part of this industry (Caldis, 2000). The market was previously examined by the Mintel Group for complementary medicines and its growth in sales, in April 2003. Since then, the market has continued to expand, growing by 45% in real terms from 1999 to 2004. Greater consumer awareness of alternative medicines, an interest in healthy lifestyles, and the willingness to self-medicate certain conditions have all contributed to the increased value of sales (Mintel, 2005). Whenever the economic and public health benefits of self-medication are discussed, it is important to address inequalities in health. This means that not every citizen may feel sufficiently confident to practice responsible self-medication. It is also evident that not everybody has the financial means to do iii so. The whole notion of responsible self-medication both in a traditional sense and in the future is based on the concept of choice. Allowing individuals certain options when they suffer minor, self-limiting or chronic diseases is the fundamental consideration behind responsible self-medication (AESGP, 2004). Methodology A non-experimental descriptive survey was conducted to determine the perceptions of registered South African Homoeopaths regarding the availability of over the counter homoeopathic remedies. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed and 68 anonymous responses were obtained. Raw data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the relationships between variables tested for correlations. Results Respondents perceived homoeopathic OTC medicine sales and their availability in health shops and pharmacies, as contributing to the promotion of the profession as well as increasing its accessibility to the public. Other benefits perceived were the cost effectiveness of homoeopathic OTC medicines and convenience for home usage. The majority of respondents felt that there should be certain restrictions regarding the availability of OTC homoeopathic medicines, such as, the limitations regarding the availability of certain potencies. Participants also expressed concern over the degree of training held by retail outlet staff. Certain respondents felt that homoeopathic medicines should only be iv available with a prescription or used under the guidance of their practitioner. Other negative aspects of over the counter homoeopathic medicines were: incorrect use of medication, overdosing, and potential negative effects the patient may experience if the OTC medicine interacts with other medication, as well as the concern over the risks of self-medicating without the advice from a practitioner. Conclusions and recommendations The majority of respondents were in favour of the availability of homoeopathic OTC medicines to the public, provided that they are suitably regulated to ensure patient safety and quality control. Furthermore the regulation of the relevant retail outlets including education of staff in this regard was recommended. Respondents also were in favour of the awareness of the profession that homoeopathic OTC medicines created.
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Λυρής, Νικόλαος. "Η άποψη των καταναλωτών για την τοποθέτηση των μη συνταγογραφούμενων φαρμάκων σε πολυκαταστήματα." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8499.
Full textAbstract:
Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελεί ερευνητική μελέτη στα ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ. και της πώλησης τους από τα supermarket, καθώς και της καταναλωτικής συμπεριφοράς σε σχέση με αυτά. Πρόκειται για μία περιγραφική ποσοτική έρευνα, η οποία διεξήχθη μέσω ερωτηματολογίων με δείγμα ποσοστών, με αντιπροσωπευτικότητα ως προς το φύλο και την ηλικία με βάση την απογραφή της ΕΛΣΤΑΤ(2011) για τον Δήμο Πατρών.
Αρχικά, περιλαμβάνει την εισαγωγή, όπου παρατίθενται ο σκοπός της έρευνας, βασικές εισαγωγικές έννοιες σχετικά με τα ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ. και το μάρκετινγκ, ενώ ακολουθεί η χρησιμότητα του προβλήματος, η ακολουθητέα μέθοδος ανάλυσης και οι περιορισμοί που παρουσιάστηκαν κατά τη μελέτη. Στη συνέχεια, αναπτύσσεται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο της ανάλυσης, με όλα εκείνα τα απαραίτητα στοιχεία της καταναλωτικής συμπεριφοράς, του μίγματος μάρκετινγκ και πώς αυτά εφαρμόζονται στην περίπτωση των ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ.
Ακολουθεί το ερευνητικό μέρος της εργασίας, με αναλυτική ανάπτυξη της μεθοδολογίας έρευνας, παράθεση πινάκων, γραφημάτων και αποτελεσμάτων και λεπτομερής εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων. Το ερωτηματολόγιο περιλαμβάνει ερωτήσεις που αποσκοπούν στη μελέτη της αντίληψης του καταναλωτή σχετικά με τα ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ., της συχνότητας χρήσης και αγοράς αυτών, αλλά και των μεταβλητών κάθε στοιχείου του μίγματος μάρκετινγκ ως προς το προϊόν, τη διανομή, την προβολή και την τιμολόγηση. Η ανάλυση πραγματοποιείται μέσω του στατιστικού πακέτου SPSS και περιλαμβάνει περιγραφική στατιστική ανάλυση και ανάλυση παραγόντων, η οποία ομαδοποιεί τις μεταβλητές μας και παρουσιάζει τους τελικούς παράγοντες που ομαδοποιούν τους καταναλωτές με βάση την άποψη και την συμπεριφορά τους.
Τέλος, ακολουθούν τα συμπεράσματα σε συνοπτική μορφή, ώστε να είναι κατανοητά και να δείχνουν ευκρινώς τις προτιμήσεις και το καταναλωτικό προφίλ του δείγματος που συμμετείχε στην έρευνα αυτή, ενώ αναπτύσσονται συνοπτικά κάποιες προτάσεις για άσκηση πολιτικής εκ μέρους των φαρμακευτικών εταιρειών σχετικά με τα ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ. προϊόντα και το μίγμα μάρκετινγκ αυτών. Στο παράρτημα παρατίθεται αυτούσιο το ερωτηματολόγιο, στο οποίο βασίστηκε η παρούσα έρευνα.This thesis is a research study in OTC and selling them from the supermarket, and consumer behavior in relation thereto. This is a descriptive quantitative research, conducted through questionnaires with sample rates, with representativeness gender and age based on census ELSTAT (2011) for the Municipality of Patras. Initially, includes import, which lists the purpose of the research, basic concepts and principles regarding the OTC and marketing, followed by the utility of the problem, followed assay and limitations encountered during the study. Then develops the theoretical background of the analysis, with all the necessary elements of consumer behavior, marketing mix and how they apply in the case of OTC Below is the research part of the work, detailing the development of research methodology, tile tables, graphs and results and detailed conclusions. The questionnaire includes questions designed to study the perception of the consumer on the OTC, frequency of use and their market and the variables of each element of the marketing mix to the product, distribution, promotion and pricing. The analysis is performed through the statistical package SPSS and includes descriptive statistical analysis and factor analysis, which compiles our variables and presents the final factors grouping consumers based on the views and behavior. Finally, following the conclusions in summary form that is understandable and clearly indicate their preferences and the consumer profile of the sample participated in this research, and develop briefly some suggestions for a policy on the part of pharmaceutical companies on MI.SY .FA. products and the mixture of these marketing. In the appendix, as the whole questionnaire, to which this research was based.
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Govender, Theshni. "Adverse gastrointestinal effects of over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a cost study in two Gauteng Public Hospital." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24737.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine.
Johannesburg 2017.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used analgesics worldwide. NSAIDs are increasingly available as an expanding range of over the counter (OTC) and prescription formulations. Straube et al, in a systematic review, report the mortality rate of individuals with UGIT bleeding/perforation using chronic oral NSAIDs is 1 in 5 due to gastrointestinal complications. The economic implications to a challenged, South African public healthcare system of treating serious, potentially preventable upper gastrointestinal complications attributed to the consumption of OTC NSAIDs does not appear to have been quantified. A prospective observational study was conducted at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital over six months. Patients admitted to the surgical service with signs and symptoms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding were asked to complete a questionnaire-based survey. The cost to treat each patient was calculated. Over the study period, 321 patients were admitted with upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT) bleeding. The cost to treat patients included in the study sample (n=253) was R 10 463 668. Patients using NSAIDs (n=215) consumed 88% (R 9 194 698) of the expenditure, seven times more than the cost of treating patients who did not use NSAIDs (n=38; p = 0.043). Of the patients who used NSAIDS, 183 had purchased over the counter NSAIDs and consume 73% of the total expenditure. The average cost to treat a patient with UGIT complications secondary to OTC vs. Prescription NSAIDs was not statistically significant. Due the higher number of viii patients who used OTC NSAIDs the cost incurred to treat these patients was five fold more than to treat the patients taking prescription only NSAIDs. We recommend strict enforcement of existing regulations governing the sale and marketing of OTC NSAIDs and intensive consumer education of their adverse effects, which may decrease the substantial financial cost to the public health system and morbidity to the South African population at risk.
LG2018
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Lien, Shen-shing, and 連森興. "Metal Concentration and Human Exposure Assessment for Chinese Herbal Medicine''s Over-the-Counter Drugs---A Case Study of Maio-Li County." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48415218209207613725.
Full textAbstract:
碩士台北醫學院
公共衛生學研究所
89
Chinese medicine plays an important role in therapeutic behavior of Chinese. Accompanying by the Chinese medicine and Western medicine’s cooperation and some clinical trials, Chinese herbal medicine was proofed have efficiency in preventing cancer and evaluating immune response and increasing acceptable worldwide. Due to the heavy metal poisoning within the Chinese herbal medicine make some people doubt the safety of them and do not use them. Thus, this study attempts to measure heavy metal concentration in Chinese herbal medicine over-the-counter drugs, to analyse users’ motives and intensions, to assess the risk of health, and provide reference to regulatory authority. Data were collected through questionnaire in Miao-Li county, sampling, and laboratory measurement of the metal concentration in Chinese herbal medicine over-the-counter drugs. The analyzed results show: (1) the Arsenic concentration in 48 samples all lower than 5 ppm which the Singapore government regulated in drug. (2) the lead concentration in 48 samples all lower than 10 ppm which the current standard in China botanical drug. (3) the cadmium concentration in 48 samples lower than 0.3 ppm which the current standard in China botanical drug except Shen Zhong Su Wu Wan and Ba Wei Di Huang Wan . (4) the mercury concentration in 48 samples have 18 samples higher than 5 ppm which the Singapore government regulated in drug. In risk assessment aspect: (1) Target Hazard Quotient (THQ): when calculated by all sample, the value is lower than the acceptable value 1, but when calculated by therapeutic function, the over-the-counter drugs used for arthritis and vision its lead’s THQ values are higher than the acceptable value 1, and the over-the-counter drugs used for anemia and women diseases its mercury’s THQ values are higher than the acceptable value 1. (2) Target Cancer Risk (TR): The TR of arsenic in over-the-counter drugs taken for various diseases in the long term (30 years) are over 3.57 ± 0.21-31.50 ± 6.62 times than the acceptable value, especially the drugs used for vision.
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Παπαδάκη, Ευαγγελία. "Η επίδραση της διαφήμισης των μη συνταγογραφούμενων παυσίπονων φαρμάκων στη συμπεριφορά των καταναλωτών-ασθενών του φαρμακείου." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/5455.
Full textAbstract:
Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως σκοπό να μελετήσει αν η διαφήμιση των OTC παυσίπονων φαρμάκων επηρεάζει τη συμπεριφορά των καταναλωτών-ασθενών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετούνται διάφοροι παράγοντες που βρέθηκαν από τη βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση ότι επηρεάζουν τις επιλογές των καταναλωτών. Επίσης, διερευνήσαμε τη γνώμη των καταναλωτών για τα OTC παυσίπονα φάρμακα και πόσο σημαντικός είναι ο ρόλος του φαρμακοποιού για τις αποφάσεις που λαμβάνουν οι καταναλωτές.The aim of this thesis is the impact of advertising OTC painkilling drugs on consumer behavior.
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VODVÁŘKA, Stanislav. "Toxicita volně dostupných analgetik ve vztahu k lidskému zdraví." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-154225.
Full textAbstract:
Analgesics represent a large group of medicines which is used for suppresing subjectively perceived pain. Analgesics can be divided into two large groups, opioids and non-opioids. Some of the non-opioids can be used as anti-inflammatory and/or antipyretics as well. All non-opioids influence metabolism of prostaglandins. Diverse group of non-opioid analgesics is available in Czech pharmacies as prescription medicines or for sale over the counter. The aim of this work is mainly to assess the toxicity of over-the-counter analgesics and to find out the frequency of fatal intoxications caused by these analgesics in the Czech Republic and abroad. A list of peroral over-the-counter analgesics was created. A partial analysis of data from medical judicial departments of regional hospitals in the Czech Republic was performed in order to obtain total number of deaths caused by overdosing with these drugs. Using ÚZIS the number of deaths was extracted from information system Deceased. These logged deaths were caused only by acute intoxication with analgesics and were chosen on basis of precisely defined combinations of diagnostic codes (MKN10). Results were then expanded by similar enumeration from the National register of hospitalized, by which we specified the amount of intoxications where patients survived. Overall case report was evaluated from processed information. The number of deaths caused by analgesics and commonly misused addictive substances were compared by which the second hypothesis was clarified. The data was obtained from Annual reports about substance misuse and 6 years were compared in total. Identified risk of analgesic in Czech Republic was compared with registered cases of overdosing in world. Data used for comparing were gained from analysis of world literature. During the years 2006 ? 2011, 53 deaths and 2024 hospitalizations in the Czech Republic were caused by acute intoxication as a result of overdosing with mentioned medication. Our first hypotesis can be confirmed on the basis of these numbers, and therefor it can be said that over-the-counter medicines used for suppressing pain can cause death. On the basis of analysis of world literature a certain risk is seen in fact that these analgesics ? mainly paracetamol ? are often linked with suicides. For instance in United Kingdom thousands of cases of self-harm are caused by overdosing with paracetamol. In USA 16 500 deaths are thought to be caused by NSAIDS and 1600 acute liver failure incidents are caused by overdosing with paracetamol annualy. Illegal drugs caused 253 intoxications during the years 2006 -2011 compared to 53 cases of deaths caused by overdosing by analgesics. Annual reports about substance misuse report that deaths caused by illegal drugs are more common than deaths caused by over-the-counter analgesics in the Czech Republic. There remains a question: What percentage of analgesics intoxications, where patient survived or not, is caused only by over-the-counter analgesics without any other cause.
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Lávičková, Jana. "Medikace opioidních analgetik na lékařský předpis s alkoholem nebo jinou návykovou látkou ve věkové kohortě 50-64 let." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-310201.
Full textAbstract:
Background Based on the gathered data from the previous pilot study and the results of this study we proceeded to the following study which is being focused on the surveillance of the age group 50 - 64 years in the area of prescribed opioid analgesics. Alongside with this, we explored in what possible combinations the medications can be used by the chronic pain patients in the current moment. Methods The base of the research was the qualitative study which was performed by the half-structured deep interview with the participants from the chronic pain patients. The interviews were carried out during the year 2011. Within the main study were pursued two quantitative substudii during the January and March 2012. The first study was focused on the questionnaire survey about the number of the chronic pain patients in the Czech Republic. The second substudy followed the chronic pain patients and their influence by the environmental conditions with the help of the questionnaire in case of the combinations among the prescribed opioid analgesics with alcohol or non-alcohol addictive drugs. Results Half-structured interviews were carried out with 20 participants and with the help of this tool were gathered data pointing out the increasing trend in non-medical use of opioid analgesics and increasing interest...
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Johnsen, Donald E. "Price changes in prescription to over-the-counter drug switches." 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/45549278.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81).
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"Using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scores to Predict Polysubstance Use Among College Students." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.25128.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: The effects of over-the-counter drug (OTC) use on college students' health has been debated in the field of psychology with researchers arguing that poor sleep quality among college students is the result of polysubstance use. However, this explanation is not a foregone conclusion. These researchers have not adequately addressed the issue poor sleep quality among college students and its relationship to polysubstance use. This is an important issue because prolonged unsupervised OTC drug use and poor sleep quality can impact long-term health and lessen students' likelihood of being successful in college. This paper addresses the issue of OTC drug use with special attention to sleep quality. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scores were collected to assess subjective sleep quality and its relationship to OTC drug use. Several other risk factors including binge drinking, marijuana use, and illicit drug use were also accounted for in this model. This study argues that, although the current literature suggests that poor sleep quality is the effect of drug use rather than the cause; the relationships between these factors are still unclear. This study aims to fill a gap in the college drug use literature by establishing a relationship between poor sleep quality and OTC drug use in a college sample.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Psychology 2014
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Hsieh, Te-Chang, and 謝德璋. "The Effect of a Pharmacist’s Service Qualities on Consumers Switching Over-the-Counter Drug Brands." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05401331996470007445.
Full textAbstract:
碩士高雄醫學大學
藥學研究所碩士在職專班
95
Studies have shown that brand switching in over-the-counter (OTC) drug has a negative impact on market share and profit margin of a company Therefore, looking for what motivates consumers to switch brand is necessary to develop marketing strategies. By understanding the factors and motivations, drug companies can reduce current customers'' inclination to switch brand. Furthermore, companies can use those factors to design marketing strategy to attract potential customers and increase market share. Brown, Churchill and Peter (1993) suggest directly evaluating the difference between consumer’s expectation and perception, and come up with the Non-Difference model. Their study shows that the Non-Difference model is superior to the Service Quality Scale and Refined SERVQUAL. Although the service quality evaluating model has been evolving, Mittal and Lassar (1996) suggest that Service Quality Scale has been the most widely used in academia and the industry. Thus, Refined SERVQUAL was used in this study to design a survey consisting 25 questions covering 5 categories and distributed the survey to customers with potentials to switch brands. This study demonstrates correlations between a pharmacist''s service qualities and the consumers'' inclination to switch brands. The service qualities include five different variables: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Study is done by conducting survey in Taiwan to analyze consumers'' attitude toward switching brand. The study shows that out of the five different service qualities, "reliability, assurance, and empathy" will affect how willingly a customer to switch brand. On the other hand, "tangibility and responsiveness" has no impact on a customer''s attitude toward switching brand.
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Ζυγογιάννη, Γεωργία. "Direct marketing σε μη συνταγογραφούμενα φάρμακα, OTC." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4106.
Full textAbstract:
Το direct marketing αποτελεί μια ιδιαίτερη μορφή marketing, όπου κάθε ενέργεια που περιλαμβάνει δημιουργεί ένα είδος διαπροσωπικής σχέσης μεταξύ επιχείρησης και πελάτη. Αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι της Ολοκληρωμένης Επικοινωνίας Marketing. Είναι ένας προσωπικός τρόπος προσέγγισης δυνητικών πελατών. Σύμφωνα με τον ορισμό της Direct Marketing Association , direct marketing είναι ένα αμφίδρομο σύστημα marketing (interactive system marketing) που χρησιμοποιεί ένα ή περισσότερα διαφημιστικά μέσα, προκειμένου να πραγματοποιήσει μια μετρούμενη ανταπόκριση (response) ή συναλλαγή (transaction) σε οποιοδήποτε σημείο. Γίνεται αντιληπτό, λοιπό, ότι περιγράφεται ένα αμφίδρομο σύστημα μεταξύ marketer και καταναλωτή.
Τα βασικά εργαλεία του direct marketing αφενός δίνουν την ευκαιρία στους καταναλωτές να αποκριθούν θετικά ή μη στα μηνύματα που φέρουν προς αυτούς και αφετέρου δίνουν τη δυνατότητα στους marketers καταγράφοντας και μετρώντας τις αντιδράσεις των καταναλωτών να οδηγηθούν σε σημαντικά συμπεράσματα που θα τους βοηθήσουν σε μελλοντικό σχεδιασμό marketing. Τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά του direct marketing συνοψίζονται στο ότι βρίσκεται δίπλα στον καταναλωτή, κατανοεί τις ανάγκες του, ανταποκρίνεται σε προσωπικό επίπεδο με τον καταναλωτή και διατηρεί σχέση μαζί του και μετά την συναλλαγή. Η φιλοσοφία του direct marketing είναι ότι κάθε πελάτης είναι μοναδικός.
Βασικός σκοπός της έρευνας είναι πως επηρεάζει την καταναλωτική συμπεριφορά η εφαρμογή του direct marketing στο χώρο του φαρμακείου και συγκεκριμένα η εφαρμογή βασικών εργαλείων του direct marketing εντός του φαρμακείου όπως αυτή αποφασίζεται και σχεδιάζεται τόσο από τις εταιρίες όσο και από τον φαρμακοποιό. Η ερευνητική βάση της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν πως το direct marketing σε μη συνταγογραφούμενα φάρμακα- OTC δύναται να επηρεάσει την αγοραστική απόφαση του ασθενή ή δυνητικού πελάτη στο χώρο του φαρμακείου.
Αποδεικνύεται, λοιπόν, ότι τo direct marketing εφαρμόζεται επιτυχώς στο σύγχρονο ελληνικό φαρμακείο. Σκοπός μιας θεματικής προβολής ενός φαρμάκου ή άλλου φαρμακευτικού ενδιαφέροντος προϊόντος είναι να λειτουργήσει σαν έναυσμα για τη συμβουλευτική προσέγγιση και πώληση. Η οργάνωση της θεματικής προβολής ξεκινά με στόχο να δοθεί ένα ξεκάθαρο μήνυμα στον επισκέπτη. Όπως προκύπτει από την ανάλυση των δεδομένων, ιδανικό είναι να γίνεται παρουσίαση σε τουλάχιστον 3 βασικά σημεία όπως είναι η βιτρίνα του φαρμακείου (την πρώτη εικόνα που έχει ο πελάτης που έρχεται στο φαρμακείο), γόνδολες ή σταντ στο χώρο προς το σημείο εξυπηρέτησης και ο πάγκο εξυπηρέτησης.
Η έρευνα έγινε σε φαρμακεία δυο πόλεων της Ελλάδας( Πάτρα και Αθήνα) και απευθυνόταν σε ασθενείς και πελάτες των φαρμακείων, η επιλογή των οποίων ήταν τυχαία. Δημιουργήσαμε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο με 9 ερωτήματα και αντίστοιχα υπο-ερωτήματα. Αρχικά μοιράστηκαν 150 ερωτηματολόγια από τα οποία απαντημένα επεστράφησαν 102. Η συλλογή των απαντήσεων έγινε με την μέθοδο των προσωπικών συνεντεύξεων. Μετά τη συλλογή των ερωτηματολογίων και την καταγραφή των δεδομένων, έγινε η επεξεργασία τους με το στατιστικό πρόγραμμα spss.17 για τη εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων. Το 44,1% των συμμετεχόντων στην έρευνα ήταν άνδρες και το 55,9 % γυναίκες. Η κατηγορία φαρμάκων που κερδίζει την προτίμηση των καταναλωτών και την οποία αγοράζουν σε τακτική βάση είναι τα αναλγητικά- αντιπυρετικά σε ποσοστό 39,2% και ακολουθούν τα αντιφλεγμονώδη –αναλγητικά σε ποσοστό 14,7%. Από την πρώτη σε προτίμηση κατηγορία φαρμάκων, το depon είναι εκείνο που αγοράζουν τακτικά οι καταναλωτές, ενώ από τα αντιφλεγμονώδη- αναλγητικά προτιμούν το ponstan. Οι συμμετέχοντες στην έρευνα συνηθίζουν να αγοράζουν τα φάρμακα βασιζόμενοι στην εμπειρία τους, στην διαφήμιση αυτών και στην ελκυστική συσκευασία τους, φροντίζουν να ενημερώνονται για τα κυκλοφορούντα OTC φάρμακα στην αγορά, η αγοραστική τους απόφαση επηρεάζεται από τις προωθητικές δραστηριότητες και ενδιαφέρονται για την ανάπτυξη ουσιαστικής επικοινωνίας με τον φαρμακοποιό.Direct marketing is a special form of marketing, where every action creates a unique relationship between the venture and the customer. It is considered as an integral piece of Integrated Communication Marketing. Rather it can be characterized as a personal way to approach potential customers. According to the definition of the Direct Marketing Association, Direct Marketing is an interactive marketing system that uses one or more advertising means, so that it realises a measuring response or transaction at any point. As it is obvious, we have described an interactive system between the marketer and the consumer. The main philosophy of the direct marketing lies in the fact that every consumer is unique. We can summarize the basic characteristics of direct marketing in the following: • it tries to be near the customer, • understand his needs, • respond to them in a personal level • and to maintain a good relationship with him, even after the transaction. The basic tools of direct marketing enable on the one hand the consumers to respond directly in their own way (positively or negatively) to the messages of the marketers, and on the other hand enable the marketers to record and measure the counteractions of the consumers, so that they can actually conclude in significant results for their future marketing plans. The purpose of this study is to examine how the patient/consumer behavior is affected by the implementation of direct marketing in the actual area of a pharmacy, as this is applied either by companies or by the pharmacist himself. We restricted our research concern only to OTC medicines; therefore we could have a sample, where the final decision about drug consuming would be on the patient alone. We have seen that the direct marketing is successfully applied in today’s Greek pharmacy. The research took place in the pharmacies of two major cities of Greece, Athens and Patras, and was addressed to patients, who were randomly chosen. We handed out 150 questionnaires but finally gathered 102. We used SPSS 17 to process the data. 44,1% of the respondents were men and 55,9 % women. The first category of medicine that the patients buy is analgetics-antipyretics followed by anti-inflamatory drugs. As we have seen the major reasons that make patients decide what medicine to consume are experience, advertisements, and package.
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"A feasibility study for the marketing of over-the-counter pregnancy test in Hong Kong drug stores." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886013.
Full text
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Pratt, Pamela (Pamela Christine) 1943. "A behavioral perspective to determine appropriate prescription and over-the-counter medication utilization in a selected elderly population." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36069.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the behaviors relating to the utilization
of prescription and over-the-counter medications in a small group
of elderly subjects in the 65 years and over age range. This group
was attending an Elderhostel at Western Oregon State College
during the summer of 1991, when the information was obtained. The
objectives of this study were to ascertain specific medication taking
behaviors, and whether or not directions were adhered to as prescribed
by physicians for this highly educated group, or if their behaviors
were similar to those referred to in the literature for all elderly.
A sample of 38 elderly was obtained during an Elderhostel
Wellness Vacation at Western Oregon State College in Monmouth, Oregon
during July, 1991. Subjects completed questionnaires regarding
medication-taking behaviors as part of a wellness class session
regarding the safe use of medications. Questionnaires were filled out
prior to the class discussion.
Data were assembled using one survey instrument with questions
relating to medication usage. Descriptive statistics using histograms
showing frequency distributions were used for data analysis.
Sixty-five percent of this group were taking prescription
medications and sixty-eight percent of this group were taking
over-the-counter medications. Medications were being obtained from
more than one physician and more than one pharmacy. The subjects
took fewer doses of medications per day and less medication per
dose than prescribed. Medications were discontinued prematurely
if feeling better or worse. Leftover medications from previous
prescriptions were being taken. Outdated or expired medications
were being taken. Alcoholic beverages were being used in conjunction
with the use of prescription medications. In some cases,
prescriptions were not filled because they were considered to be
unnecessary.
Recommendations for education and future research in the
problematic area of drug use in the elderly include: 1) More time
spent by health care professionals to educate the elderly in the
correct and safe use of medications; 2) Community health promotion
programs targeted at the well elderly; 3) Personalized "brown bag"
medication counselling sessions; 4) Medication education programs
at Elderhostels throughout the country; 5) Education programs
through the American Association of Retired Persons; and 6) Further
studies of larger groups of well-educated, healthy and active
elderly.Graduation date: 1993
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Ορθοδόξου, Σκεύη. "Στρατηγικές προβολής των μη-συνταγογραφούμενων (OTC) φαρμάκων." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4031.
Full textAbstract:
Η εργασία που ακολουθεί εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών “Φαρμακευτικό Μάρκετινγκ”, του τμήματος Φαρμακευτικής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, κατά την ακαδημαϊκή περίοδο σπουδών 2008-2010.
Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να γίνει μια εκτίμηση της κατάστασης στο χώρο της αγοράς των μη συνταγογραφούμενων (over-the-counter/OTC) φαρμάκων, όπως οι φαρμακοποιοί το αντιλαμβάνονται, έχοντας υπόψη τις στρατηγικές που εφαρμόζονται στο χώρο τους από τις φαρμακευτικές εταιρίες. Τα μη συνταγογραφούμενα φάρμακα ή αλλιώς ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ είναι φαρμακευτικά προϊόντα τα οποία ο ασθενής μπορεί να προμηθευτεί από τον χώρο του φαρμακείου χωρίς να κρίνεται απαραίτητη η προσκόμιση ιατρικής συνταγής. Επιπλέον, τα φαρμακευτικά αυτά προϊόντα δεν αποζημιώνονται από τα ασφαλιστικά ταμεία, ενώ επιτρέπεται ή διαφήμιση τους στο καταναλωτικό κοινό, τηρουμένων ορισμένων προϋποθέσεων. Οι διάφορες παράμετροι που περικλείονται σε αυτές τις ιδιαιτερότητες της αγοράς των ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ μελετούνται και αξιολογούνται από τις φαρμακευτικές επιχειρήσεις, ώστε με βάση αυτές να καταστρωθούν οι κατάλληλες στρατηγικές που θα έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα μια επιτυχημένη πορεία του προϊόντος στην αγορά των OTC φαρμάκων.
Για την πραγματοποίηση της παρούσας μελέτης συντάχθηκε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο αποτελούμενο από 8 ερωτήσεις κλειστού τύπου και αντίστοιχα υπο-ερωτήματα, το οποίο στη συνέχεια συμπληρώθηκε από φαρμακοποιούς οι οποίοι λειτουργούν φαρμακείο στην πόλη της Πάτρας και Ρόδου, υπό τη μορφή προσωπικής συνέντευξης. Τα δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν από τα ερωτηματολόγια αναλύθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του στατιστικού προγράμματος SPSS .This work is the result of my thesis project carried out during the academic period 2008-2010 within the frames of ‘Pharmaceutical Marketing’, a postgraduate programme offered by Patras’s Pharmacy department. Primary objective of the study was to extract the beliefs of pharmacists concerning the (OTC) drug market, while having in mind familiar promotional strategies performed by pharmaceutical companies. The term ‘over the counter drugs’, specifies a category of drugs able to be purchased by the patient without doctor’s prescription necessary. Furthermore, OTC drugs are excluded from the government’s insurance cover drug list and their public advertisement (under certain conditions) is permitted. Numerous factors encircled in these specificities of OTC drug market are studied and evaluated by the pharmaceutical companies in order to develop the appropriate strategies that will ensure the success for an OTC product within this market. For the attainment of the study was conducted a questionnaire composed of 8 ‘closed type’ questions and correlative sub-questions. Afterwards, this questionnaire was filled in by pharmacists, through personal interview, operating a pharmacy in the city of Patras and Rhodes. Data collected, were analyzed using the statistical programme SPSS.