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Journal articles on the topic 'Over the counter Medicines'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Albrecht, Helmut H. "Over-the-counter medicines." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine 16, no. 1 (2002): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00124363-200202000-00033.

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2

Aronson, J. K. "Over-the-counter medicines." British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 58, no. 3 (September 2004): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j..2004.02191.x.

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3

Eccles, Ronald. "What is the Role of Over 100 Excipients in Over the Counter (OTC) Cough Medicines?" Lung 198, no. 5 (September 5, 2020): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-020-00390-x.

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Abstract Most medicines are white bitter powders that are formulated as tablets and capsules but cough medicines are an exception where the taste and appearance of the medicine are more important to the patient than the pharmacology of the active ingredient. Excipients are generally defined as any ingredient in a medicine other than the active ingredient. In most medicines excipients play a supportive role in delivering the medicine, but in the case of cough medicines, excipients have more important and complex roles and they can also be the main active ingredient of the cough medicine as menthol, glycerol, and sugars, which are declared as active ingredients. This review searched the United Kingdom electronic medicines compendium (emc) and found over 100 excipients in 60 different liquid formulations of over the counter cough medicines. The excipients were divided into functional groups: sweeteners, thickeners, flavors, colors, antimicrobials, and buffers, and the incidence and function of the different excipients is discussed. When considering the efficacy of a cough medicine, clinicians and pharmacists tend to think of the pharmacology of antitussives such as dextromethorphan or expectorants such as guaifenesin, and they rarely consider the role of excipients in the efficacy of the medicine. This review discusses the functions and importance of excipients in cough medicines and provides some new information for clinicians, pharmacists, and all interested in the treatment of cough when considering the composition and efficacy of a cough medicine.
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4

Grubb, Derek. "Promotion of over-the-counter medicines." Australian Prescriber 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2004.031.

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Sunderland, V. Bruce. "Over-the-Counter Status of Medicines." Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 39, no. 2 (June 2009): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2055-2335.2009.tb00426.x.

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6

Birchley, Nicola, and Sharon Conroy. "Parental management of over-the-counter medicines." Paediatric Nursing 14, no. 9 (November 2002): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed.14.9.24.s21.

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7

Ferner, Robin E., and Keith Beard. "Over the counter medicines: proceed with caution." BMJ 336, no. 7646 (March 27, 2008): 694–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39504.389676.ad.

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8

Morice, Alyn H. "Over-the-counter cough medicines: New approaches." Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 35 (December 2015): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2015.07.006.

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9

Rutter, Paul M. "Over-the-counter medicines: perils and pitfalls." Nurse Prescribing 9, no. 12 (December 2011): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2011.9.12.609.

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10

Taylor, Jeff. "Over-the-Counter Medicines and Diabetes Care." Canadian Journal of Diabetes 41, no. 6 (December 2017): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.015.

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11

Mlinar, Suzana, and Rosanda Raskovic-Malnarsic. "Analysis of over-the-counter medicines use among nursing students." Vojnosanitetski pregled 72, no. 9 (2015): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp140606068m.

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Background/Aim. The use of over-the-counter (OTC) medication is widespread among the adult and student populations in Slovenia. The aim of the study was to analyse the prevalence of OTC medicines use among nursing students with respect to sociodemographic characteristics. Methods. A total of 241 nursing students in the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, were included in the cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was created for the purposes of the study. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 20. Descriptive statistics, t-test and the contingency coefficient were calculated. Statistical significance was set at the p-value of < 0.05. Results. The study showed that the use of prescription drugs was significantly higher in women (p = 0.029), students living in rural areas (p = 0.005) and students who described themselves as being of bad health (p = 0.008). At the same time, a third of the respondents had been taking one OTC medicine within the last month; those taking several prescription drugs commonly administered several over-the-counter medicines (p = 0.027). Women used OTC medicines to treat pain and fever (p = 0.001), respiratory issues (p = 0.015), and fungal infections (p < 0.000) more often than men. OTC medicines were also used to treat minor mental health issues by a higher proportion of respondents over 21 years of age (p = 0.005) and women (p < 0.000), while over-the-counter medicines for treating skin conditions were more frequently used in rural areas (p = 0.006). Conclusion. Nursing students tend to use OTC medicines on their own accord, receiving instructions for safe use with their purchase, which points to adequate promotion of safe use of medications in Slovenia. Men's assessment of their personal health tends to be better than that of women, who also use medication more frequently. A connection between poor health and a higher incidence of the use of OTC medicines was established. The use of OTC medicines to treat minor mental health issues increased with age and was more typical of women. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of personal control over the safe use of medicines, motivation for personal good health and a healthy lifestyle.
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12

Oborne, C. Alice, and Michal L. Luzac. "Over-the-Counter Medicine Use Prior to and During Hospitalization." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 2 (February 2005): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1d160.

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BACKGROUND: In the UK, medicines are being reclassified from prescription-only drugs to allow supply without prescription. This allows faster and easier access to medicines to treat minor ailments and allows patients to take greater responsibility for their health. However, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs may pose risks to patients; thus, it is important to understand patients' OTC medicine use. OBJECTIVE: To assess use of OTC drugs prior to and during hospital stay of inpatients of all ages and specialties. METHODS: Data were collected for 186 randomly selected patients. Patients were interviewed about OTC medicine use. Clinical notes and drug charts were examined for documentation of OTC medicine use. RESULTS: A total of 268 OTC medicines were used by 119 (64.0%) patients, and 117 (43.7%) were taken at least daily. Only 13 (4.9%) OTC drugs were recorded in the drug history taken at admission. Twenty-six (9.7%) OTC agents were still taken during hospitalization, but only 8 (31%) were recorded on drug charts. Patients bought 183 (68.3%) items from pharmacies, 28 (10.4%) in health food shops, and 57 (21.7%) elsewhere including supermarkets, homeopaths, or mail order. Patients had little knowledge of potential adverse effects or contraindications. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients use OTC medication prior to and during hospital stay, but documentation in hospital notes is poor. Healthcare professionals must pay closer attention to patients' use of OTC drugs.
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13

Volmer, Daisy, John Lilja, and David Hamilton. "How well informed are pharmacy customers in Estonia about minor illnesses and over-the-counter medicines." Medicina 43, no. 1 (October 24, 2005): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina43010010.

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Objective. To determine how knowledgeable pharmacy customers are regarding their own health and information about minor illnesses and over-the-counter medicines. Methods. A written questionnaire was sent in the period of January to April 2003 to a sample of pharmacies in different regions of Estonia. Questionnaires were then distributed to randomly selected pharmacy customers. Of 886 questionnaires given out, 727 were answered and returned; a response rate was 82%. Results. Half of the respondents assessed their health as good or excellent. When minor illnesses occurred, most used home remedies or over-the-counter medicines. Their knowledge of such illnesses was better than that of over-the-counter medicines. In both cases, the pharmacist was the most frequently used information source. Drug administration, which preparation should be chosen for which illness, and the drug price were the three most often asked questions in the pharmacy. The information about over-the-counter medicines given in the pharmacies was regarded as sufficient by 51% of the respondents. Conclusion. Although lay people do know about over-the-counter medicines and especially about minor illnesses, pharmacists play a very important part in providing information about medicines. However, drug communication by healthcare professionals regarding over-the-counter medicines should be given more attention in the future.
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14

The Lancet. "Over-the-counter medicines: in whose best interests?" Lancet 373, no. 9661 (January 2009): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60115-x.

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15

Mennick, Fran. "New Warnings About Over-the-Counter Cold Medicines." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 107, no. 3 (March 2007): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200703000-00012.

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16

Wong, Ian CK, Siew Siang Chua, and Hilary Edmondson. "Children's over-the-counter medicines pharmacoepidemiological (COPE) study." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 15, no. 1 (March 2007): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/ijpp.15.1.0004.

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17

Walmsley, J. "Over the counter cough medicines for acute cough." BMJ 324, no. 7346 (May 11, 2002): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7346.1158.

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18

&NA;. "Using over-the-counter pain relief medicines safely." Nursing 44, no. 10 (October 2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000453725.92993.e2.

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19

Rehman, Shakeel-Ul, and M. Selvaraj. "The Purchase of Over the Counter Medicines (OTCM)." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 11 (2019): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.03560.5.

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20

Purssell, E. "Treatment of fever and over-the-counter medicines." Archives of Disease in Childhood 92, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2007.118810.

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21

McIntyre, John, Sharon Conroy, Jacqueline Collier, Nicola Birchley, Sarah Rodgers, Karen Neil, Imti Choonara, and Anthony Avery. "Use of over-the-counter medicines in children." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357022629.

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22

Wazaify, M. "Societal perspectives on over-the-counter (OTC) medicines." Family Practice 22, no. 2 (January 17, 2005): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmh723.

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23

Ledges, Matt. "Treatment of Fever and Over-the-Counter Medicines." Journal of Emergency Medicine 34, no. 3 (April 2008): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.12.010.

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24

Ali, Mohammad, Bilal Haider Abbasi, Nisar Ahmad, Hina Fazal, Jafar Khan, and Syed Shujait Ali. "Over-the-counter medicines in Pakistan: misuse and overuse." Lancet 395, no. 10218 (January 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32999-x.

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25

Stuart, Bruce, and James Grana. "Are Prescribed and Over-the-Counter Medicines Economic Substitutes?" Medical Care 33, no. 5 (May 1995): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199505000-00004.

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26

Stevenson, Fiona A., Miranda Leontowitsch, and Catherine Duggan. "Over-the-counter medicines: professional expertise and consumer discourses." Sociology of Health & Illness 30, no. 6 (September 2008): 913–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01108.x.

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27

Kamat, SK, PA Marathe, RK Tripathi, SB Raut, and NP Khatri. "Over-the-counter medicines: Global perspective and Indian scenario." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 66, no. 1 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_381_19.

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28

Nathan, Alan. "Problems with over-the-counter medicines in older people." Prescriber 17, no. 4 (February 19, 2006): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psb.340.

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29

Rutter, Paul M. "Over-the-counter medicines: their place in self-care." British Journal of Nursing 21, no. 13 (July 12, 2012): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2012.21.13.806.

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30

Krajnović, Dušanka, Stana Ubavić, and Nataša Bogavac-Stanojević. "Pharmacotherapy Literacy and Parental Practice in Use of Over-the-Counter Pediatric Medicines." Medicina 55, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55030080.

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Background and objectives: Pharmaceutical literacy skills of parents are crucial for appropriate and safe medication use in pre-school children (ages 1–7 years). A recent study on pharmacotherapy literacy from Serbia showed that one in five parents have difficulty understanding common information about the use of medicines. Because antipyretics are considered to be the most frequently used group of over-the-counter (OTC) medications during the pre-school period, we aimed to: (i) examine parental practice and expectations in antipyretic medication use, and (ii) analyze associations of parental practice and expectations related to socio-economic status and pharmacotherapy literacy. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey using a self- report validated specific instrument was conducted with the parents of pre-school children in kindergartens in Belgrade, Serbia. Pharmacotherapy literacy refers to the knowledge and personal skills needed to meet the complex demands of medicine use in both healthcare and non-healthcare settings. A comprehensive literature review, expert-focus group consultation, and pre-testing were employed in 4-item multiple-choice test development to explore practice and expectations related to the use of OTC pediatric antipyretic medicines. Results: The final analytical cohort was comprised of 813 participants, the majority (63.3%) chose a medicine based on a physician’s suggestion and only 15.4% of parents reported they would follow the advice of a pharmacist. More than a half of parents (54.1%) would need advice about antipyretic medicine from a pharmacist, firstly in a simpler language. Parents satisfied with the information given by a pharmacist had higher pharmacotherapy literacy, compared to parents with lower levels (OR–0.718, 95%CI (0.597–0.865), p < 0.001). Men had a higher expectation of pharmacists to explain medicine use in a simpler language (OR–1.630, 95%CI (1.063–2.501), p = 0.025), as well as parents with three or more children (OR–2.527, 95%CI (1.43–4.459), p = 0.001). Parents with higher knowledge about medicine use were less likely to ask for simpler information (OR–0,707; 95%CI (0,583–0,856), p < 0,001). Conclusions: Our main finding is that practice in antipyretic OTC medicine use was associated with levels of parental pharmacotherapy literacy. The expectations of pharmacists were higher among parents with lower levels of pharmacotherapy literacy, who expected more information in a simpler and more precise language. This study highlighted the need for pharmacists to identify risks in parental practice and to provide information about medicines to parents of pre-school children in a simpler and more appropriate way.
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31

Oppong, Peter Kwasi, and Maxwell A. Phiri. "The Influence of Packaging and Brand Equity on Over-The-Counter Herbal Medicines in Kumasi, Ghana." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 5(J) (November 3, 2018): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i5(j).2498.

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In today`s competitive business environment, packaging and brand equity provide a competitive advantage to a firm which may increase and maintain its market share. However, the role of packaging in supporting the brand equity is relatively new in the over-the-counter pharmaceutical market and currently, there is a lack of empirical research to uncover its significance in this product segment. This paper seeks to investigate the impact of packaging on brand equity through the mediating effect of dimensions of brand equity in the over-the-counter drug market in Kumasi metropolis. Based on Aaker`s customer-based brand equity model, eight hypotheses were formulated and tested through structural equation modelling. Using systematic sampling, data was collected through survey questionnaires from a sample of 348 consumers who patronize in herbal medicines from herbal stores in Kumasi Metropolis. The study found that packaging significantly contributes to support brand equity of plant medicines through the mediating effect of brand awareness, brand association and brand loyalty. These results indicate that brand managers in the plant medicine industry need to consider packaging as an important brand-building tool in their marketing strategy to enhance brand equity in the over-the-counter pharmaceutical market. This will enh0ance their competitive distinctiveness in the over-the-counter market.
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32

Madhumita, Dr G., Dr G. Rajini, and Dr B. Subisha. "Investigation Of Over The Counter (Otc ) Pharmaceutical Brands Prefered By New Age Indian Women." Restaurant Business 118, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i4.7204.

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The study investigates the preference of OTC Medicines among the pharmaceutical brand.OTC Medicines means medicines lawfully permitted to sell “Over the Counter”, i.e. devoid of the prescription of a Registered Medical Practitioner. In India, although the expression has no lawful acknowledgment, all the medicines that are not incorporated in the list of ‘prescription only medicines’ are measured as non-prescription medicines (or OTC Medicines).Pharmaceutical over the counter products (OTC) be the medicines which can be sold without prescription. Also termed as “Non Prescription Medicines” discussed by Arti(2010).This article talks about top pharmaceutical company brands Aventis Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Surya Pharma, Torrent Pharma,Glenmark,Divis Labs,Biocon, Orchid Chemical, Abbott Indi, Sterling Bio, Alembic Pharma etc, the brand preference of New Age Indian Women. A 736 questionnaire was composed of different age and different New Age Indian Women in around Urban :Chennai ;Semi Urban :Neyveli ; Rural :Soolurpet ;Tirupur. The findings of the study shows that the highest preferred generic brand is balms, Medicines chosen for fever is Crocin, Idoex is most ideal pain blams, volini spray is also most preferred brand, ENO is ideal Antacid brand, Sadiron is another chosen brand for cough and cold, the other brands are Metfal SPS, Johnson, Revital are the other favored brands. The study will be a great instrument for the pharmaceutical companies brands to understand today’s New Age Indian Women.
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33

Halme, Merja, Kari Linden, and Kimmo Kääriä. "Patientsʼ Preferences for Generic and Branded Over-the-Counter Medicines." Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research 2, no. 4 (December 2009): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11314130-000000000-00000.

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34

Basger, Ben. "Letters to the Editor: Over-the-counter medicines in children." Australian Prescriber 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2002.028.

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35

MacLennan, Alastair H., and David W. Sturdee. "Time for evidence-based labelling of over-the-counter medicines." Climacteric 10, no. 3 (January 2007): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697130701371508.

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36

Hanna, Lezley-Anne, Carmel Hughes, and Margaret Watson. "Where's the evidence? Over-the-counter medicines and pharmacy practice." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, no. 5 (September 6, 2012): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2012.00244.x.

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37

&NA;. "Just how safe and effective are over-the-counter medicines?" Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 821 (January 1992): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208210-00006.

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38

Habash, Raeda, and Hani Al-Dmour. "Factors influencing the intention to buy over-the-counter medicines: empirical study." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-07-2019-0050.

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Purpose This study aims to examine the antecedent factors (internal and external) that influence intentions to buy over-the-counter (OTC) medicines in Jordan. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework was developed based on consumer buying behavior theoretical background and a review of the relevant literature. A quantitative approach and a convenience sampling method were used to obtain data from self-administered questionnaires, which were completed by 351 academic staff from selected Jordanian universities. Findings The results indicate that all antecedent factors (internal, external and combined) have significant positive influences on the intentions to buy OTC medicines. Internal factors are more influential than external factors; however, the combination of internal and external factors resulted in the greatest influence on buying OTC medicines compared to each category separately. Originality/value This paper has integrated and examined empirically the antecedent factors that influence intentions to buy OTC medicines (internal, external and combined) in Jordan’s business environment context as a developing country for the first time.
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39

Goyal, Aditya, Ankit Gaur, Manpreet Singh, Ravi Ranjan, and Kanad Deepak. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF OVER THE COUNTER (OTC) MEDICINES AMONG URBAN POPULATION - A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY." Indian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science 5, no. 1 (March 2018): 1302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2018.5.1.8.

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40

Sidiq, Fahmi. "Counseling on the Use of Over-the-counter and Limited-Free Medicines for recitation mothers in Cibungur Village, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Community Services 2, no. 4 (October 4, 2021): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v2i4.224.

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Over-the-counter medicines can be purchased without a doctor's prescription and can be purchased at pharmacies and licensed drugstores to treat non-specific minor illnesses. Limited over-the-counter drugs, also known as list W drugs (W: Waarschuwing = warning/alert) are strong drugs that can be purchased without a doctor's prescription, but their use must pay attention to the drug information on the packaging. The results of this counseling are the mothers of recitation in Cibungur village, Parungponteng sub-district, namely knowing about, how to use, get, store and dispose of good and correct medicines. The selection of over-the-counter and over-the-counter drugs is limited. As well as the characteristics of damaged drugs. people are becoming more careful in the use of drugs. Therefore, the University Pharmacy Study Program takes the initiative to provide community service by providing over-the-counter and limited-free drugs and ways to find out damaged drugs.
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41

Sansgiry, Sujit, Archita Bhansali, Shweta Bapat, and Qingqing Xu. "Abuse of over-the-counter medicines: a pharmacist’s perspective." Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice Volume 6 (December 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s103494.

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42

Smith, Susan M., Martin Henman, Knut Schroeder, and Tom Fahey. "Over-the-counter cough medicines in children: neither safe or efficacious?" British Journal of General Practice 58, no. 556 (November 1, 2008): 757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08x342642.

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43

Sesselberg, Tracy S., Nicola J. Gray, and Jonathan D. Klein. "Adolescents and media coverage of over-the-counter and complementary medicines." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 10, S1 (September 2002): R61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2002.tb00666.x.

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44

Trajanovska, Misel, Elizabeth Manias, Noel Cranswick, and Linda Johnston. "Use of over-the-counter medicines for young children in Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 46, no. 1-2 (January 2010): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01609.x.

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45

Bradley, B., M. Singleton, and A. Li Wan Po. "Readability of patient information leaflets on over-the-counter (OTC) medicines." Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 19, no. 1 (February 1994): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1994.tb00802.x.

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46

Hill, Duncan, Amanda McCabe, Kelly Paterson, Jayne Stuart, and Derna Campbell. "Misuse of over the counter medicines in community pharmacies in Scotland." Journal of Substance Use 23, no. 1 (May 26, 2017): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1316783.

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47

BLOWEY, D. "Nephrotoxicity of over-the-counter analgesics, natural medicines, and illicit drugs." Adolescent Medicine Clinics 16, no. 1 (February 2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.admecli.2004.10.001.

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48

Martínez-Jiménez, Mario, Pilar García-Gómez, and Jaume Puig-Junoy. "The Effect of Changes in Cost Sharing on the Consumption of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medicines in Catalonia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052562.

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Many universal health care systems have increased the share of the price of medicines paid by the patient to reduce the cost pressure faced after the Great Recession. This paper assesses the impact of cost-sharing changes on the propensity to consume prescription and over-the-counter medicines in Catalonia, a Spanish autonomous community, affected by three new cost-sharing policies implemented in 2012. We applied a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference method using data from 2010 to 2014. These reforms were heterogeneous across different groups of individuals, so we define three intervention groups: (i) middle-income working population—co-insurance rate changed from 40% to 50%; (ii) low/middle-income pensioners—from free full coverage to 10% co-insurance rate; (iii) unemployed individuals without benefits—from 40% co-insurance rate to free full coverage. Our control group was the low-income working population whose co-insurance rate remained unchanged. We estimated the effects on the overall population as well as on the group with long-term care needs. We evaluated the effect of these changes on the propensity to consume prescription or over-the-counter medicines, and explored the heterogeneity effects across seven therapeutic groups of prescription medicines. Our findings showed that, on average, these changes did not significantly change the propensity to consume prescription or over-the-counter medicines. Nonetheless, we observed that the propensity to consume prescription medicines for mental disorders significantly increased among unemployed without benefits, while the consumption of prescribed mental disorders medicines for low/middle-income pensioners with long-term care needs decreased after becoming no longer free. We conclude that the propensity to consume medicines was not affected by the new cost-sharing policies, except for mental disorders. However, our results do not preclude potential changes in the quantity of medicines individuals consume.
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49

Chauhan, Sanjeev, Kirti Rana, Manjeet Kumar, Pamposh Raina, Kailash C. Barwal, and Girish K. Sharma. "Priapism in a Healthy Male: A Rare Side Effect of Herbal Medicines Containing Withania somnifera." Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 7, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2021.9800015.

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Priapism is an uncommon urological emergency. Drugs are known causes of priapism. Self-medication and use of over-the-counter drugs are very common in India. Withania somnifera is common over the counter herb used in India for anxiety, depression, boosting immunity, infertility, etc. Despite the unprohibited and over-the-counter use of drug, the efficacy and adverse events data are not available. We report a patient of anxiety and depression self-medicating with W. somnifera and multivitamins presenting with ischemic priapism.
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50

Dzeparoski, Marjan, and Suzana Trajkovic-Jolevska. "Analysis of Marketing Strategy for Food Supplements and Over-The-Counter Medicines." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 4, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2016.075.

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Marketing strategy is correlated with the regulations for the corresponding product category. Accordingly, there is a big difference in the marketing strategy of food supplements and over-the-counter medicines. In this paper are presented 2 different marketing strategies of a new small pharmaceutical company in two studies. The findings of studies analysis can be used for developing marketing strategies in the wider sense and other products, for other small to medium sized companies in other countries of interest with similar regulations and help them understand how to position and promote themselves and their products.
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