Academic literature on the topic 'Overhead irrigation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Overhead irrigation"
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Chernovolov, V. A., L. V. Kravchenko, V. B. Litvinov, A. N. Nikitina, and A. A. Filina. "Probabilistic modeling of overhead irrigation processes." Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies 1, no. 1 (2019): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2587-8999-2019-1-1-50-63.
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Schuch, Ursula K., Jack J. Kelly, and Trent Teegerstrom. "Capillary Mats for Maintenance of Plants in the Retail Nursery." HortTechnology 18, no. 2 (January 2008): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.2.250.
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Capillary mats and overhead sprinkler irrigation were used in a simulated retail environment to maintain annual and perennial plants in containers for various time periods during summer and winter. Combining the results from both seasons, four species with dense canopies had larger canopy sizes when maintained on the capillary mats, three species requiring more drainage had larger canopies with overhead irrigation, and five species were unaffected by irrigation systems. Substrate electrical conductivity was higher for some species in winter for plants on capillary mats, conserving fertilizer compared with overhead irrigation. Most species tolerated either irrigation system well. Water application was 71% less in summer and 62% less in winter to maintain plants on capillary mats compared with overhead irrigation. An economic analysis compared the investment required for setup and maintenance of plants in a retail situation using hand watering, overhead sprinkler, or capillary mat irrigation. The partial budget indicates that capillary mats are a labor-saving alternative to hand watering in a retail nursery and will compensate for the higher initial investment within less than 1 year. The overhead sprinklers are the most cost-effective system of the three because of less costly initial set-up and maintenance than the capillary mats; however, they are not a true alternative to hand watering in a retail situation because they interfere with customer traffic and worker activities.
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Ferguson, J. Connor, L. Jason Krutz, Justin S. Calhoun, Drew M. Gholson, Luke H. Merritt, Michael T. Wesley, Kayla L. Broster, and Zachary R. Treadway. "Optimizing Overhead Irrigation Droplet Size for Six Mississippi Soils." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040574.
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Optimizing overhead irrigation practices will ensure that water loss is minimized, and each unit of water is used most effectively by the crop. In order to optimize overhead irrigation setup, a study was conducted over two years in Mississippi to quantify the optimal overhead irrigation duration and intensity for six soil types commonly found in row-crop production regions in the state. Each soil type was transferred to containers and measured for total water infiltration and water infiltration over time using a two-nozzle rainfall simulator in a track sprayer. The rainfall simulator was calibrated to apply 2.1 mm of water per minute. The rainfall simulator ran on a 2.4 m track for 90 s, with 3.2 mm total water applied during that time. After the 90 s overhead irrigation event, each container was undisturbed for 150 s and assessed for irrigation penetration through the soil profile. Commercially available irrigation nozzles were measured for droplet size spectrum. Results showed that across soil type, organic matter was the primary factor affecting water infiltration through the profile, followed by soil texture. Irrigation nozzle volumetric median droplet sizes ranged from 327 µm to 904 µm. The results will improve overhead irrigation setup in Mississippi, improving irrigation water use efficiency and reducing losses from soil erosion over the application of water and reduced crop yield.
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Moore, Jenny C., Brian Leib, Zachariah R. Hansen, and Annette L. Wszelaki. "Comparing Overhead versus Drip Irrigation for Production of Three Cultivars of Romaine Lettuce on Biodegradable Plastic Mulch." HortTechnology 32, no. 1 (January 2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04916-21.
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Growers seeking alternatives to traditional polyethylene plastic mulch may use biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs). However, plasticulture systems typically also use plastic drip tape underneath the mulch, which must be removed from the field and disposed of at the end of the season, making tilling the BDM into the soil more difficult and expensive. A potential solution to this dilemma may be to use other irrigation methods, such as overhead sprinklers, that could be more easily removed from the field and reused from year to year. At Knoxville, TN, in 2019 and 2020, we grew three cultivars of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on BDM with two irrigation systems (overhead sprinklers above the mulch and drip irrigation tape under the mulch) to compare water use, disease, and yield in these two irrigation systems. Water use was higher in overhead vs. drip irrigation in both years; however, the difference in water use was much smaller in 2019 due to higher rainfall amounts during the time period the lettuce was growing in the field (March to May). Disease incidence and severity were very low both years for both irrigation systems. There were no differences in marketable yield (number of heads) between irrigation treatment in 2019. In 2020, marketable yield by number was greater in the drip vs. overhead irrigation treatment. Unmarketable yield in 2019 was due to heads that were too small; in 2020, unmarketability was predominantly due to tipburn in overhead irrigated ‘Jericho’. Overall, marketable lettuce yield did not differ between irrigation treatments in 2019 and was similar for ‘Parris Island Cos’ in 2020. Although quantitative weed counts were not made, observations of weed pressure between rows showed that weed pressure was higher in overhead irrigated compared with drip irrigated subplots. This highlights the need to have a between-row weed management program in place. The results of this study suggest that with attention to cultivar and weed management, overhead irrigation could be a viable alternative to drip irrigation for lettuce production on BDM, especially for early spring lettuce when rainfall is historically more plentiful.
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Yang, Wenzhu, Yuehu Kang, Zhiwen Feng, Peng Gu, Huiyang Wen, Lijia Liu, and Yongqin Jia. "Sprinkler Irrigation Is Effective in Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Potato Field in an Arid Region: A Two-Year Field Experiment." Atmosphere 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050242.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, water-saving irrigation is the primary mode of local agricultural production. Since the chemical fertilizer is the principal source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we present results from a two-year (2016–2017) field experiment on a potato field to verify the general influence of water-saving irrigation on N2O emissions. A split-plot experiment was established with two irrigation systems and two fertilizer treatments, which give a total of four treatments. Two different irrigation systems were investigated: (i) flood irrigation with nitrogen fertilizer (NF-FI) combined with a control without any fertilizer (C-FI) and (ii) overhead sprinkler irrigation with a nitrogen fertilizer (NF-SI) accompanied with a control without any fertilizer (C-SI). The N2O emissions of the fertilizer treatment were greater than those of the control under each irrigation system. In plots where the fertilizers were applied, using overhead sprinkler irrigation reduced the average cumulative N2O emissions between 40.72% and 59.65% compared with flood irrigation. This was mainly due to the lower amount of water applied and the lower availability of NO3−-N and NH4+-N of soil associated with an overhead sprinkler irrigation. This work shows that the overhead sprinkler irrigation is an effective strategy to use to save water and mitigate emissions of the atmospheric pollutants N2O in comparison to flood irrigation.
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Liu, Jinrong, W. Roland Leatherwood, and Neil S. Mattson. "Irrigation Method and Fertilizer Concentration Differentially Alter Growth of Vegetable Transplants." HortTechnology 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.1.56.
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In the United States, overhead irrigation is common to apply water and dissolved nutrients to vegetable transplants during greenhouse production. Overhead irrigation allows for the control of salt accumulation in the growing medium because excess water can leach salts out of the container. Alternatively, subirrigation saves labor and improves water use efficiency, but soluble salts can accumulate in the upper profile of the containers. Consequently different sets of fertilizer and electrical conductivity (EC) guidelines are required for overhead and subirrigation systems. The objective of this project was to determine the influence of fertilizer concentration and irrigation method (subirrigation vs. overhead irrigation) on the growth of several vegetable transplant crops intended for retail sale. Seedlings of collards (Brassica oleracea var. acephala ‘Vates’), kale (B. oleracea var. acephala ‘Nagoya Mix’), lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Buttercrunch’), pepper (Capsicum annuum ‘Sweet Banana’), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Sweet 100’) were transplanted into 4-inch-diameter containers and grown in a greenhouse for 4 weeks. Irrigation was provided via ebb and flow benches (subirrigation) or hand-watering (overhead irrigation). Plants received a complete fertilizer solution provided at a concentration of 50, 100, 200, 350, and 500 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). The treatments resulting in maximum shoot dry weight (DW) for overhead irrigated plants were 100 mg·L−1 N for pepper, 200 mg· L−1 N for tomato, and 350 mg·L−1 N for collards, kale, and lettuce. Irrigation method and fertilizer treatment significantly affected fresh weight (FW) and DW for kale, lettuce, and pepper. For kale and lettuce, regression analysis indicated that maximum DW was reached at a lower fertilizer concentration with overhead irrigation than subirrigation. The treatments resulting in maximum DW for subirrigated plants were 200 mg·L−1 N for kale, lettuce, pepper, and tomato and 350 mg·L−1 N for collards. Reducing fertilizer concentration was an effective method for controlling plant height for all crops we examined except for ‘Sweet Banana’ pepper. However, in many cases height control via nutritional limitation comes at substantial expense to other growth parameters. Our results suggest that, in some cases, fertilizer concentration guidelines for overhead irrigation can be reduced when growing vegetable transplants with subirrigation due to reduced leaching of nutrients and greater potential for accumulation of fertilizer salts.
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Fare, D. C., C. H. Gilliam, G. J. Keever, and R. B. Reed. "IRRIGATION METHOD AND MEDIA EFFECTS ON AGERATUM GROWTH AND CONTAINER LEACHATE." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1178f—1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1178f.
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The effects of overhead pulse irrigation versus conventional overhead irrigation on growth of Ageratum houstonianum `Blue Puff' in 2 media, container leachate volumes and leachate NO3-N and NH4-N levels were evaluated. Container leachate volumes, and NO3-N and NH4-N levels were higher with pinebark:sand medium. Container leachate volumes tended to be lower with pulse irrigation compared to conventional irrigation. Shoot dry weights of plants grown in pinebark:peat were greater under conventional irrigation compared to pulse irrigation; however, growth indices, flower number, and NO3-N and NH4-N levels were not affected by irrigation method in either medium.
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Beeson, Richard C. "105 PULSING MICROIRRIGATION IN CONTAINERS INCREASES TREE GROWTH." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 443c—443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.443c.
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Pulsing consists of applying subvolumes of a normal daily irrigation volume several times per day. Previous studies have shown splitting overhead irrigation into two subapplications increased growth of container-grown landscape ornamentals in the southeastern U.S. In Florida, water restrictions prohibit overhead irrigation during the critical mid-afternoon when irrigation is most beneficial. Using individual microirrigation spray stakes, only 25% of the water required for overhead irrigation per bed area was necessary to produce similar plants if irrigated once per day. When the same daily volume was pulsed as 2 or 3 subvolumes, tree growth was significantly increased. Data suggest 2 pulses are sufficient for trees with a xeric nature while mesic trees prefer 3 pulses per day. Root:shoot ratios were unchanged by pulsing. Lower cumulative diurnal water stress was measured on pulsed trees.
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Yang, Leqi, Xiao Yang, Hong Zhao, Danfeng Huang, and Dongqin Tang. "Ebb-and-flow Subirrigation Strategies Increase Biomass and Nutrient Contents and Reduce Nitrate Levels in Lettuce." HortScience 53, no. 7 (July 2018): 1056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13065-18.
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Overhead irrigation is widely used to water lettuce during commercial production in China but exerts potential water wastage and pollution. Subirrigation is thought as a water-saving, high-efficiency fertigation strategy. However, few studies have compared the nutritional value and nitrate content of lettuce grown using subirrigation with plants cultivated with overhead irrigation. Therefore, this study explored the ability of ebb-and-flow subirrigation strategies to produce high yields of a leafy lettuce (cultivar Biscia Rossa) with high nutritional value and low nitrate content. Lettuce plants were cultivated in an ebb-and-flow subirrigation system with different irrigation frequencies (every 2 or 3 days) and immersion times (5, 10 or 15 minutes); overhead irrigation was used as control. Ebb-and-flow subirrigation significantly enhanced several lettuce growth parameters, significantly increased the level of vitamin C, and significantly decreased the nitrate content of lettuce leaves compared with overhead irrigation. The optimal subirrigation strategy for lettuce production was irrigation every 3 days with 15 minutes immersion; this ebb-and-flow subirrigation protocol could potentially be used to save water and resources, improve yield and nutrient contents and reduce nitrate content in commercial greenhouse lettuce production.
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Opit, George P., Greg K. Fitch, David C. Margolies, James R. Nechols, and Kimberly A. Williams. "Overhead and Drip-tube Irrigation Affect Twospotted Spider Mites and their Biological Control by a Predatory Mite on Impatiens." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.691.
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The effects of overhead and drip tube irrigation on twospotted spider mite (TSMs) (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and predatory mite (PMs) (Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot) populations, as well as the biological control of TSMs by PMs, were investigated on Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. `Impulse Orange'. To determine the effects of the two irrigation methods on TSM populations, plants were inoculated with female TSMs 6 weeks after seeding. Plants were then irrigated twice every three days, and TSM counts were taken 3 weeks later. To assess the effects of irrigation method on PMs, plants were inoculated with TSMs 6 weeks after seeding, PMs were released 10 days later, plants were irrigated about once per day, and the number of predatory mites on plants was counted 3 weeks after release. To assess the effects of irrigation method on the biological control of TSMs by PMs, plants were inoculated with TSMs and PMs were released as before, but then plants were irrigated either three times every 2 days or three times every 4 days using either drip or overhead irrigation. The number of TSMs on plants and the number of leaves showing TSM feeding injury were measured 3 weeks after predator release. Overhead watering significantly reduced TSM and PM populations as much as 68- and 1538-fold, respectively, compared to drip irrigation with microtubes. Perhaps more important, overhead watering with or without predators significantly reduced the number of leaves sustaining TSM feeding injury as much as 4-fold compared to drip irrigation. These results confirm the common observation that TSM infestations and injury may be reduced by irrigation systems that wet plant foliage. However, predators still reduced TSMs even though overhead irrigation had a suppressive effect on predatory mites. Predators are particularly useful for reducing TSM injury when plants are watered infrequently. Overhead watering could be used in tandem with biological control as a component of an integrated crop management program for TSMs in ornamental greenhouses by rapidly lowering TSM population levels in hot spots before PMs are released.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Overhead irrigation"
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Palumbo, John C., C. A. Sanchez, and Jr C. H. Mullis. "Suppression of Western Flower Thrips by Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation in Romaine Lettuce." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214950.
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A two year study was conducted from 2000-2002 to evaluate the use of overhead sprinkler irrigation for suppressing thrips populations in romaine lettuce. Specifically we looked at how the duration and frequency of sprinkler irrigation use reduced adult and larval populations following various irrigation applications employed specifically for thrips suppression. We also evaluated combinations of insecticide spray regimes, used in association with sprinkler irrigation runs, for suppressing thrips populations in both fall and spring seasons. The results of the study demonstrated that overhead sprinkler irrigation has the ability to suppress thrips populations in romaine lettuce. At best, we experienced about 50% population reduction using only sprinkler irrigation compared with the untreated control during these trials. Sprinkler ruins of durations of > 4 hrs and more than 4 cm of water appeared to provide the minimal necessary for suppression. Furthermore, sprinkle runs of 2 or 3 times weekly appeared to provide the most consistent suppression. In contrast, insecticide sprays consistently provided >80% suppression and provided higher yielding and better quality lettuce than sprinklers. The use of sprinkler irrigation, in addition to insecticide sprays did not significantly improve thrips suppression or yields. However, sprinkler irrigation is being used season long in some romaine fields and in organic production and should be of benefit for thrips suppression, particularly in organic systems where effective insecticide alternatives are not currently available.
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Karam, Nabila Subhi. "Overhead sprinkler irrigation strategies to reduce water and nitrogen loss from container-grown plants." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40069.
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The overall objective of this study was to determine the influence of intermittent water application via overhead irrigation on water and N leaching, substrate water distribution, and plant growth in a pine bark substrate. Intermittent irrigation was defined as the application of a plants' daily water allotment in multiple applications with prescribed intervals between applications. Specifically, experiments were conducted to determine: 1) the influence of water application rate and pre-irrigation substrate moisture content on water application efficiency, 2) the influence of the number of intermittent applications and interval duration between applications on application efficiency, 3) substrate water distribution after intermittent irrigation, 4) efficiency of intermittent irrigation in unamended and sand-amended pine bark, and 5) influence of intermittent irrigation on plant growth. In all experiments, Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. 'Apollo') was grown in unamended or sand-amended pine bark in 3.8-liter containers. After saturation, bark was allowed to dry via evapotranspiration to targeted moisture deficits after which irrigation treatments were applied via a simulated overhead irrigation system. In experiments evaluating intermittent irrigation, water was applied intermittently (multiple applications with intervals between applications) or continuously (single application). After 1 h drainage, collected leachate was measured and analyzed (in two experiments) for electrical conductivity, N0₃-N and NH₄-N and water application efficiency (percentage of applied water that is retained in the substrate) determined. There was an inverse linear relationship between water application rate and efficiency. Leachate N (total) increased linearly as application rate increased. Efficiency increased curvilinearly and leachate N (total and concentration) increased linearly as pre-irrigation substrate moisture content decreased. Efficiency of intermittent irrigation was greater than continuous irrigation over a range of pre-irrigation substrate moisture contents, and in both unamended and sand-amended pine bark. Intermittent efficiency increased linearly as interval duration between applications increased. Efficiency of five 60 ml applications was greater than three 100 ml applications. Gravimetric moisture content of the bottom third of the substrate was greater with intermittent than continuous irrigation. Intermittent efficiency was greater in pine bark than in sand-amended pine bark when the water deficit from container capacity was the same for both substrates. Repeated intermittent irrigations resulted in less water and N leaching compared to continuous irrigation. Intermittent irrigation did not result in substrate nutrient accumulation and had no adverse effect on plant growth. Fresh and dry root weights and shoot and root N concentrations were greater with intermittent irrigation than continuous irrigation.Ph. D.
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Zakikhani, Hamed. "Assessing soil nitrogen dynamics in Vertosols cropped to cotton in subtropical Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211433/1/Hamed_Zakikhani_Thesis.pdf.
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This project assessed the contribution of Vertosols to the nitrogen supply of cotton in Darling Downs region, Australia. Two years of nitrogen dynamics measurements throughout the soil profile under field and laboratory conditions demonstrated that, on average, 87 per cent of nitrogen was supplied by the soil to the cotton crop. This research provides a practical framework for establishing a sustainable nitrogen management strategy to enable efficient use of nitrogen in irrigated cotton production. The results of this research are potentially applicable to similarly managed cropping systems in vertosols.
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Basson, Nicolaas Cornelius Johannes. "The survival of Heliothis Armiger (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs on cotton plants in relation to simulated rain and overhead irrigation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002048.
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Crop pests are known to be adversely affected by rain. Because limited information on this aspect was available for Heliothis spp. occurring on cotton, this study was undertaken to examine the effect of water droplets from overhead irrigation and simulated rain on the survival of H. armiger eggs on cotton. Three aspects were examined: the effects of submersion, the physical impact of droplets on the eggs and the washing off of the eggs from cotton plants in the field. The first two aspects were examined in terms of the structure and respiratory system of the eggs, confirming that H. armiger eggs are able to survive initial wetting in the field. The wash-off of H. armiger eggs from cotton plants is explained in the light of the selection of oviposition sites by the moths, adhesion of the eggs to the plant parts and the dislodging and wash-off by water from simulated rain and overhead irrigation. The data are discussed in terms of the other mortality factors which occur in commercial cotton fields. All in all, it was found that while overhead irrigation should be taken into account in surveys of H. armiger for pest management purposes, it does not offer a viable control strategy and should not be investigated further
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Whitaker, Jared. "A comparative agronomic analysis of subsurface drip irrigation and overhead irrigation in Georgia cotton." 2006. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/whitaker%5Fjared%5Fr%5F200605%5Fms.
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Abbas, Haider. "Impact of overhead irrigation on nitrogen dynamics and marketable yield of potato." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30335.
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In Southern Manitoba, potato producers are experiencing wetter and drier conditions within the soil profile during the growing season leading to poor quality and inconsistent yields. Russet Burbank Potato cultivar was grown in Southern Manitoba on fine sandy loam soil in a two year (2013-2014) study using two water management treatments: (i) overhead irrigation and (ii) no-irrigation. The main objectives of the study were (i) to assess the impact of overhead irrigation on water table depth and potato yield (ii) to estimate the shallow groundwater contribution to potato water requirement through upward flux (iii) to track the nitrogen dynamics within the potato root-zone under overhead irrigation and no-irrigation scenarios (iv) to examine the effects of no-irrigation and overhead irrigation system at critical growth stages on marketable yield and quality of potatoes. In 2013, water was applied using a linear move irrigation system and in 2014 a rain gun irrigation system was used for the irrigated treatment. Volumetric soil water content, precipitation, irrigation depth, water table depth, nitrate concentration and electrical conductivity in potato root-zone, groundwater electrical conductivity, weather variables, total potato yield, marketable yield, and quality parameters were measured. The total yield was not significantly different between the two treatments in both years. The marketable yield of the irrigated treatment (36.89 MT/ha) was 20% higher (p = 0.017) compared to the non-irrigated treatment (30.74 MT/ha) in 2013. However, no significant difference was found between the irrigated (39.0 MT/ha) and non-irrigated (43.7 MT/ha) treatments in 2014. Potato yields from both treatments were significantly correlated with the average groundwater depth. Water balance analysis within the root-zone during rainy and rain-free periods showed that nitrate rich groundwater may have contributed to some of the crop water demand. The lack of rainfall and high temperature during tuber initiation and tuber bulking stages resulted in the accumulation of high concentration of nitrates within the root-zone by the late release of nitrates from the polymer-coated urea and the upward migration of groundwater containing 55 ppm and 70 ppm of nitrates in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, respectively. Overhead irrigation was found to be economically advantageous to produce better quality potatoes with higher marketable yields.
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Graham, Gary Thomas. "New Perspectives on the Maintenance of Aqueous Ozone Residuals in Greenhouse and Nursery Irrigation Solutions." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3871.
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Ozonation has been utilized for water treatment for over 100 years. During that time, the range of applications has grown considerably, and includes the remediation of nursery and greenhouse irrigation water. Ozone is dissolved into irrigation water to kill pathogens and degrade chemical contaminants. By convention, growers remove ozone from solutions, prior to distribution to the crop, to avoid phytotoxic effects. The available literature regarding aqueous ozone (O3(aq)) phytotoxicity is limited, making this a sagacious practice, although the removal does preclude any ancillary benefits beyond the point of treatment.
The effects of applying O3(aq) under two irrigation systems are examined. Initial studies suggested O3(aq) concentrations as high as 20 mg⋅L-1 could be applied directly to mineral wool substrate in a limited (one time) fashion without a negative response. To be effective as a remediation tool, however, ozone would need to be applied more frequently (e.g. daily). The effects of daily O3(aq) application, via drip irrigation in mineral wool hydroponic tomato culture, was examined. In the first of two studies, daily applications of 3.0 mg⋅L-1 O3(aq) elicited an overall positive growth response. In a follow-up study, 6.0 mg L-1 elicited a negative response.
Nursery operators often utilize overhead irrigation. A study was conducted to determine if overhead irrigation utilizing O3(aq) was compatible with select woody perennial nursery species. The amount of ozone lost from solution during application was examined, as well as crop response to the ozone environment generated. It was shown that 60 to 70% of the ozone was unaccounted for at canopy level, while phytotoxic effects were elicited at emitter concentrations above 1.5 mg L-1.
Marchantia polymorpha is a significant weed species in greenhouse and nursery production; a species with few control options. Anatomical features of M. polymorpha suggested sensitivity to O3(aq). Studies were performed to examine contact time (CT) and exposure frequencies required for M. polymorpha suppression. A CT of 0.84 mg⋅L-1⋅min at an application frequency of 3-times/week achieved measurable suppression.Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSEARC); Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA); Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE); Purification Research Technologies INC (PRTI); Flowers Canada (Ontario).
Books on the topic "Overhead irrigation"
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Carkner, Richard W. An economic and engineering comparison of replacing overhead with trickle irrigation in red raspberries. Pullman, Wash: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Overhead irrigation"
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Kalma, Jetse D., Gregory P. Laughlin, Joseph M. Caprio, and Paul J. C. Hamer. "A Model to Predict Required Rates of Water Application in Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation." In Advances in Bioclimatology, 99–108. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58132-8_10.
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Miya, Javed, M. A. Ansari, Ranjit Kumar, Shamimul Qamar, and Sanjay Kumar. "Water Monitoring System in Agriculture Through Wireless Devices." In Constraint Decision-Making Systems in Engineering, 41–57. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7343-6.ch003.
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Irrigation of farmlands is a tough task to farmers, and due to electricity issues in villages, the overhead increases. Breaking of bund and overflow of water to other farmlands is a big issue to a farmer in spite of his/her loss due to drowning of crops. India being the economy of farmlands, farmers are contributing 74% to it. Therefore, any problem of farmers is the problem of the country. To protect this, farmers have to watch over tube well and bunds the whole time until the irrigation is done. Due to electricity issues in village areas, farmers many times need to spend their complete night in the farmlands, and especially in winters when it's chilly out there. So, to help farmers in this, the authors propose a device that helps farmers do so in an easy way. The visual surveillance and machine learning will now do this job for the farmer.
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Stensrud, Astrid B. "Dreams of growth and fear of water crisis: the ambivalence of “progress” in the Majes-Siguas Irrigation Project, Peru." In An Overheated World, 101–16. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315182322-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Overhead irrigation"
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"Impact of overhead irrigation on nitrogen dynamics within the potato root zone." In 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20141913085.
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Antille, Diogenes L. "<i>Effect of fertigation on crop and soil established to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under furrow and overhead irrigation</i>." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201700454.
Full textReports on the topic "Overhead irrigation"
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Agassi, Menahem, Michael J. Singer, Eyal Ben-Dor, Naftaly Goldshleger, Donald Rundquist, Dan Blumberg, and Yoram Benyamini. Developing Remote Sensing Based-Techniques for the Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Rate and Surface Roughness. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586479.bard.
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The objective of this one-year project was to show whether a significant correlation can be established between the decreasing infiltration rate of the soil, during simulated rainstorm, and a following increase in the reflectance of the crusting soil. The project was supposed to be conducted under laboratory conditions, using at least three types of soils from each country. The general goal of this work was to develop a method for measuring the soil infiltration rate in-situ, solely from the reflectance readings, using a spectrometer. Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid, semi-arid regions, e.g. much of Israel and vast area in US, where water is a limiting factor for crop production. A major reason for runoff of rain and overhead irrigation water is the structural crust that is generated over a bare soils surface during rainfall or overhead irrigation events and reduces its infiltration rate (IR), considerably. IR data is essential for predicting the amount of percolating rainwater and runoff. Available information on in situ infiltration rate and crust strength is necessary for the farmers to consider: when it is necessary to cultivate for breaking the soil crust, crust strength and seedlings emergence, precision farming, etc. To date, soil IR is measured in the laboratory and in small-scale field plots, using rainfall simulators. This method is tedious and consumes considerable resources. Therefore, an available, non-destructive-in situ methods for soil IR and soil crusting levels evaluations, are essential for the verification of infiltration and runoff models and the evaluation of the amount of available water in the soil. In this research, soil samples from the US and Israel were subjected to simulated rainstorms of increasing levels of cumulative energies, during which IR (crusting levels) were measured. The soils from the US were studied simultaneously in the US and in Israel in order to compare the effect of the methodology on the results. The soil surface reflectance was remotely measured, using laboratory and portable spectrometers in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral region (0.4-2.5mm). A correlation coefficient spectra in which the wavelength, consisting of the higher correlation, was selected to hold the highest linear correlation between the spectroscopy and the infiltration rate. There does not appear to be a single wavelength that will be best for all soils. The results with the six soils in both countries indeed showed that there is a significant correlation between the infiltration rate of crusted soils and their reflectance values. Regarding the wavelength with the highest correlation for each soil, it is likely that either a combined analysis with more then one wavelength or several "best" wavelengths will be found that will provide useful data on soil surface condition and infiltration rate. The product of this work will serve as a model for predicting infiltration rate and crusting levels solely from the reflectance readings. Developing the aforementioned methodologies will allow increased utilization of rain and irrigation water, reduced runoff, floods and soil erosion hazards, reduced seedlings emergence problems and increased plants stand and yields.
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Two equipment operators electrocuted when irrigation pipe made contact with an overhead electrical line in California. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface94ca001.
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