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1
Chernovolov, V. A., L. V. Kravchenko, V. B. Litvinov, A. N. Nikitina, and A. A. Filina. "Probabilistic modeling of overhead irrigation processes." Computational Mathematics and Information Technologies 1, no. 1 (2019): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2587-8999-2019-1-1-50-63.
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Schuch, Ursula K., Jack J. Kelly, and Trent Teegerstrom. "Capillary Mats for Maintenance of Plants in the Retail Nursery." HortTechnology 18, no. 2 (January 2008): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.2.250.
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Capillary mats and overhead sprinkler irrigation were used in a simulated retail environment to maintain annual and perennial plants in containers for various time periods during summer and winter. Combining the results from both seasons, four species with dense canopies had larger canopy sizes when maintained on the capillary mats, three species requiring more drainage had larger canopies with overhead irrigation, and five species were unaffected by irrigation systems. Substrate electrical conductivity was higher for some species in winter for plants on capillary mats, conserving fertilizer compared with overhead irrigation. Most species tolerated either irrigation system well. Water application was 71% less in summer and 62% less in winter to maintain plants on capillary mats compared with overhead irrigation. An economic analysis compared the investment required for setup and maintenance of plants in a retail situation using hand watering, overhead sprinkler, or capillary mat irrigation. The partial budget indicates that capillary mats are a labor-saving alternative to hand watering in a retail nursery and will compensate for the higher initial investment within less than 1 year. The overhead sprinklers are the most cost-effective system of the three because of less costly initial set-up and maintenance than the capillary mats; however, they are not a true alternative to hand watering in a retail situation because they interfere with customer traffic and worker activities.
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Ferguson, J. Connor, L. Jason Krutz, Justin S. Calhoun, Drew M. Gholson, Luke H. Merritt, Michael T. Wesley, Kayla L. Broster, and Zachary R. Treadway. "Optimizing Overhead Irrigation Droplet Size for Six Mississippi Soils." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040574.
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Optimizing overhead irrigation practices will ensure that water loss is minimized, and each unit of water is used most effectively by the crop. In order to optimize overhead irrigation setup, a study was conducted over two years in Mississippi to quantify the optimal overhead irrigation duration and intensity for six soil types commonly found in row-crop production regions in the state. Each soil type was transferred to containers and measured for total water infiltration and water infiltration over time using a two-nozzle rainfall simulator in a track sprayer. The rainfall simulator was calibrated to apply 2.1 mm of water per minute. The rainfall simulator ran on a 2.4 m track for 90 s, with 3.2 mm total water applied during that time. After the 90 s overhead irrigation event, each container was undisturbed for 150 s and assessed for irrigation penetration through the soil profile. Commercially available irrigation nozzles were measured for droplet size spectrum. Results showed that across soil type, organic matter was the primary factor affecting water infiltration through the profile, followed by soil texture. Irrigation nozzle volumetric median droplet sizes ranged from 327 µm to 904 µm. The results will improve overhead irrigation setup in Mississippi, improving irrigation water use efficiency and reducing losses from soil erosion over the application of water and reduced crop yield.
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Moore, Jenny C., Brian Leib, Zachariah R. Hansen, and Annette L. Wszelaki. "Comparing Overhead versus Drip Irrigation for Production of Three Cultivars of Romaine Lettuce on Biodegradable Plastic Mulch." HortTechnology 32, no. 1 (January 2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04916-21.
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Growers seeking alternatives to traditional polyethylene plastic mulch may use biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs). However, plasticulture systems typically also use plastic drip tape underneath the mulch, which must be removed from the field and disposed of at the end of the season, making tilling the BDM into the soil more difficult and expensive. A potential solution to this dilemma may be to use other irrigation methods, such as overhead sprinklers, that could be more easily removed from the field and reused from year to year. At Knoxville, TN, in 2019 and 2020, we grew three cultivars of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on BDM with two irrigation systems (overhead sprinklers above the mulch and drip irrigation tape under the mulch) to compare water use, disease, and yield in these two irrigation systems. Water use was higher in overhead vs. drip irrigation in both years; however, the difference in water use was much smaller in 2019 due to higher rainfall amounts during the time period the lettuce was growing in the field (March to May). Disease incidence and severity were very low both years for both irrigation systems. There were no differences in marketable yield (number of heads) between irrigation treatment in 2019. In 2020, marketable yield by number was greater in the drip vs. overhead irrigation treatment. Unmarketable yield in 2019 was due to heads that were too small; in 2020, unmarketability was predominantly due to tipburn in overhead irrigated ‘Jericho’. Overall, marketable lettuce yield did not differ between irrigation treatments in 2019 and was similar for ‘Parris Island Cos’ in 2020. Although quantitative weed counts were not made, observations of weed pressure between rows showed that weed pressure was higher in overhead irrigated compared with drip irrigated subplots. This highlights the need to have a between-row weed management program in place. The results of this study suggest that with attention to cultivar and weed management, overhead irrigation could be a viable alternative to drip irrigation for lettuce production on BDM, especially for early spring lettuce when rainfall is historically more plentiful.
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Yang, Wenzhu, Yuehu Kang, Zhiwen Feng, Peng Gu, Huiyang Wen, Lijia Liu, and Yongqin Jia. "Sprinkler Irrigation Is Effective in Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Potato Field in an Arid Region: A Two-Year Field Experiment." Atmosphere 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050242.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, water-saving irrigation is the primary mode of local agricultural production. Since the chemical fertilizer is the principal source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we present results from a two-year (2016–2017) field experiment on a potato field to verify the general influence of water-saving irrigation on N2O emissions. A split-plot experiment was established with two irrigation systems and two fertilizer treatments, which give a total of four treatments. Two different irrigation systems were investigated: (i) flood irrigation with nitrogen fertilizer (NF-FI) combined with a control without any fertilizer (C-FI) and (ii) overhead sprinkler irrigation with a nitrogen fertilizer (NF-SI) accompanied with a control without any fertilizer (C-SI). The N2O emissions of the fertilizer treatment were greater than those of the control under each irrigation system. In plots where the fertilizers were applied, using overhead sprinkler irrigation reduced the average cumulative N2O emissions between 40.72% and 59.65% compared with flood irrigation. This was mainly due to the lower amount of water applied and the lower availability of NO3−-N and NH4+-N of soil associated with an overhead sprinkler irrigation. This work shows that the overhead sprinkler irrigation is an effective strategy to use to save water and mitigate emissions of the atmospheric pollutants N2O in comparison to flood irrigation.
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Liu, Jinrong, W. Roland Leatherwood, and Neil S. Mattson. "Irrigation Method and Fertilizer Concentration Differentially Alter Growth of Vegetable Transplants." HortTechnology 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.1.56.
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In the United States, overhead irrigation is common to apply water and dissolved nutrients to vegetable transplants during greenhouse production. Overhead irrigation allows for the control of salt accumulation in the growing medium because excess water can leach salts out of the container. Alternatively, subirrigation saves labor and improves water use efficiency, but soluble salts can accumulate in the upper profile of the containers. Consequently different sets of fertilizer and electrical conductivity (EC) guidelines are required for overhead and subirrigation systems. The objective of this project was to determine the influence of fertilizer concentration and irrigation method (subirrigation vs. overhead irrigation) on the growth of several vegetable transplant crops intended for retail sale. Seedlings of collards (Brassica oleracea var. acephala ‘Vates’), kale (B. oleracea var. acephala ‘Nagoya Mix’), lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Buttercrunch’), pepper (Capsicum annuum ‘Sweet Banana’), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Sweet 100’) were transplanted into 4-inch-diameter containers and grown in a greenhouse for 4 weeks. Irrigation was provided via ebb and flow benches (subirrigation) or hand-watering (overhead irrigation). Plants received a complete fertilizer solution provided at a concentration of 50, 100, 200, 350, and 500 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). The treatments resulting in maximum shoot dry weight (DW) for overhead irrigated plants were 100 mg·L−1 N for pepper, 200 mg· L−1 N for tomato, and 350 mg·L−1 N for collards, kale, and lettuce. Irrigation method and fertilizer treatment significantly affected fresh weight (FW) and DW for kale, lettuce, and pepper. For kale and lettuce, regression analysis indicated that maximum DW was reached at a lower fertilizer concentration with overhead irrigation than subirrigation. The treatments resulting in maximum DW for subirrigated plants were 200 mg·L−1 N for kale, lettuce, pepper, and tomato and 350 mg·L−1 N for collards. Reducing fertilizer concentration was an effective method for controlling plant height for all crops we examined except for ‘Sweet Banana’ pepper. However, in many cases height control via nutritional limitation comes at substantial expense to other growth parameters. Our results suggest that, in some cases, fertilizer concentration guidelines for overhead irrigation can be reduced when growing vegetable transplants with subirrigation due to reduced leaching of nutrients and greater potential for accumulation of fertilizer salts.
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Fare, D. C., C. H. Gilliam, G. J. Keever, and R. B. Reed. "IRRIGATION METHOD AND MEDIA EFFECTS ON AGERATUM GROWTH AND CONTAINER LEACHATE." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1178f—1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1178f.
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The effects of overhead pulse irrigation versus conventional overhead irrigation on growth of Ageratum houstonianum `Blue Puff' in 2 media, container leachate volumes and leachate NO3-N and NH4-N levels were evaluated. Container leachate volumes, and NO3-N and NH4-N levels were higher with pinebark:sand medium. Container leachate volumes tended to be lower with pulse irrigation compared to conventional irrigation. Shoot dry weights of plants grown in pinebark:peat were greater under conventional irrigation compared to pulse irrigation; however, growth indices, flower number, and NO3-N and NH4-N levels were not affected by irrigation method in either medium.
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Beeson, Richard C. "105 PULSING MICROIRRIGATION IN CONTAINERS INCREASES TREE GROWTH." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 443c—443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.443c.
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Pulsing consists of applying subvolumes of a normal daily irrigation volume several times per day. Previous studies have shown splitting overhead irrigation into two subapplications increased growth of container-grown landscape ornamentals in the southeastern U.S. In Florida, water restrictions prohibit overhead irrigation during the critical mid-afternoon when irrigation is most beneficial. Using individual microirrigation spray stakes, only 25% of the water required for overhead irrigation per bed area was necessary to produce similar plants if irrigated once per day. When the same daily volume was pulsed as 2 or 3 subvolumes, tree growth was significantly increased. Data suggest 2 pulses are sufficient for trees with a xeric nature while mesic trees prefer 3 pulses per day. Root:shoot ratios were unchanged by pulsing. Lower cumulative diurnal water stress was measured on pulsed trees.
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Yang, Leqi, Xiao Yang, Hong Zhao, Danfeng Huang, and Dongqin Tang. "Ebb-and-flow Subirrigation Strategies Increase Biomass and Nutrient Contents and Reduce Nitrate Levels in Lettuce." HortScience 53, no. 7 (July 2018): 1056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13065-18.
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Overhead irrigation is widely used to water lettuce during commercial production in China but exerts potential water wastage and pollution. Subirrigation is thought as a water-saving, high-efficiency fertigation strategy. However, few studies have compared the nutritional value and nitrate content of lettuce grown using subirrigation with plants cultivated with overhead irrigation. Therefore, this study explored the ability of ebb-and-flow subirrigation strategies to produce high yields of a leafy lettuce (cultivar Biscia Rossa) with high nutritional value and low nitrate content. Lettuce plants were cultivated in an ebb-and-flow subirrigation system with different irrigation frequencies (every 2 or 3 days) and immersion times (5, 10 or 15 minutes); overhead irrigation was used as control. Ebb-and-flow subirrigation significantly enhanced several lettuce growth parameters, significantly increased the level of vitamin C, and significantly decreased the nitrate content of lettuce leaves compared with overhead irrigation. The optimal subirrigation strategy for lettuce production was irrigation every 3 days with 15 minutes immersion; this ebb-and-flow subirrigation protocol could potentially be used to save water and resources, improve yield and nutrient contents and reduce nitrate content in commercial greenhouse lettuce production.
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Opit, George P., Greg K. Fitch, David C. Margolies, James R. Nechols, and Kimberly A. Williams. "Overhead and Drip-tube Irrigation Affect Twospotted Spider Mites and their Biological Control by a Predatory Mite on Impatiens." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.691.
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The effects of overhead and drip tube irrigation on twospotted spider mite (TSMs) (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and predatory mite (PMs) (Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot) populations, as well as the biological control of TSMs by PMs, were investigated on Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. `Impulse Orange'. To determine the effects of the two irrigation methods on TSM populations, plants were inoculated with female TSMs 6 weeks after seeding. Plants were then irrigated twice every three days, and TSM counts were taken 3 weeks later. To assess the effects of irrigation method on PMs, plants were inoculated with TSMs 6 weeks after seeding, PMs were released 10 days later, plants were irrigated about once per day, and the number of predatory mites on plants was counted 3 weeks after release. To assess the effects of irrigation method on the biological control of TSMs by PMs, plants were inoculated with TSMs and PMs were released as before, but then plants were irrigated either three times every 2 days or three times every 4 days using either drip or overhead irrigation. The number of TSMs on plants and the number of leaves showing TSM feeding injury were measured 3 weeks after predator release. Overhead watering significantly reduced TSM and PM populations as much as 68- and 1538-fold, respectively, compared to drip irrigation with microtubes. Perhaps more important, overhead watering with or without predators significantly reduced the number of leaves sustaining TSM feeding injury as much as 4-fold compared to drip irrigation. These results confirm the common observation that TSM infestations and injury may be reduced by irrigation systems that wet plant foliage. However, predators still reduced TSMs even though overhead irrigation had a suppressive effect on predatory mites. Predators are particularly useful for reducing TSM injury when plants are watered infrequently. Overhead watering could be used in tandem with biological control as a component of an integrated crop management program for TSMs in ornamental greenhouses by rapidly lowering TSM population levels in hot spots before PMs are released.
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Broschat, Timothy. "Effects of Leaf Removal, Leaf Tying, and Overhead Irrigation on Transplanted Pygmy Date Palms." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 20, no. 4 (July 1, 1994): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1994.038.
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The effects of leaf removal, leaf tying, and overhead irrigation during transplanting were determined using mature pygmy date palms (Phoenix roebelenii). In one experiment palms had all, 2/3, or none of their leaves removed and were irrigated overhead or on the soil surface only. In the second experiment, palms had 2/3 of their lower leaves removed and those remaining were eithertied up into a bundle or left untied. Half of the palms in each experiment were irrigated daily while the other half were subjected to water stress cycles. Results showed that leaf tying had no positive effect on the palms, but when coupled with overhead irrigation, was responsible for fungal infections in the crowns of some palms. With regular irrigation, palm quality and root growth were increased as the number of leaves retained was increased, but under water stress conditions, the reverse was true. Overhead irrigation had no positive effect on transplanted palms.
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Bush, Edward, Ann Gray, Virginia Thaxton, and Paul Wilson. "A Comparison of Overhead Irrigation Scheduling and Switch Tensiometers." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 554A—554. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.554a.
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Proper irrigation management is essential for producing quality container-grown woody ornamentals and reducing off-site runoff. Research has shown that tensiometers can be used as an effective tool to schedule irrigation for woody ornamentals. The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of cyclic and tensiometric irrigation methods on growth of lantana. Lantana camara `New Gold' liners were established in a 3 pine bark: 1 peat:1 mason sand (by volume) medium. Low-tension switch tensiometers were compared to scheduled overhead [one time a day (1×) at 0600 and cyclic irrigation three times a day (3×) at 0600, 1200, and 1800] for the production of 1-gallon lantana plants. Three low-tension tensiometers (1/block) were set at 7 cb and allowed to irrigate over a 12-hour period. Three separate planting dates occurred and then terminated after ≈7 weeks. Tensiometric irrigation increased root and shoot growth compared to scheduled irrigation for the 24 May 1999 harvest date. Cyclic irrigation produced plants with shoot and total root weights >1× and tensiometer treatments for the September harvest date. Tensiometers sharply reduced irrigation requirements compared to scheduled irrigation volume by at least 50% of the 1× and 3× treatments weekly. Analysis of nutrients in leachate for June indicated increased B and Fe concentrations in the 3× irrigation treatment. Lower concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Na were measured in August. Lantana growth was acceptable for all irrigation treatments and harvest dates.
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Calkins, James B., Bert T. Swanson, Daniel G. Krueger, and Karin R. Lundquist. "COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR CONTAINER NURSERY STOCK PRODUCTION." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 602b—602. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.602b.
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A study was designed to ascertain the efficacy, water use efficiency, runoff potential, and cost effectiveness of four container irrigation systems: overhead sprinkler irrigation, in-line trickle irrigation, capillary mat with leaky hose, and sub-irrigation. Results were species dependent. Plant growth was best under capillary mat and trickle irrigation treatments, however, differences in plant growth and performance between irrigation treatments were minimal. Differences in water use, however, were quite significant. Overhead irrigation was inefficient regarding water use while capillary mat and trickle systems used much lower volumes of water. Conservative irrigation systems which maintain acceptable plant growth using less water and reduce runoff from container production areas can clearly benefit growers by reducing production and environmental costs.
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Elliott, George C. "WATER RETENTION IN SOILLESS POTTING MEDIA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1099G—1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1099.
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Water retention was measured in soilless potting media irrigated by capillary mat, flood and drain, drip or overhead sprinkler. Media were amended with wetting agent or hydrophilic polymeric gel. Pots 12 cm high with a volume of 465 cm3 were loose-filled to the top with media. Potted media were wetted overhead with 120 ml water, then pots were randomly assigned to irrigation treatments. Capillary mat irrigation was continuous; other irrigation treatments were applied daily. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until no further retention was measured. Water retention was significantly affected by irrigation method and medium amendments. Irrigation method followed the order overhead >= drip > flood and drain >= mat. Hydrophilic gel increased water retention, but in contrast to previous results, wetting agent did not, nor was any interaction of gel and wetting agent observed. Retention of water at container capacity, measured in situ at the end of each experiment, was significantly larger than actual retention.
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Elliott, George C. "WATER RETENTION IN SOILLESS POTTING MEDIA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1099g—1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1099g.
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Water retention was measured in soilless potting media irrigated by capillary mat, flood and drain, drip or overhead sprinkler. Media were amended with wetting agent or hydrophilic polymeric gel. Pots 12 cm high with a volume of 465 cm3 were loose-filled to the top with media. Potted media were wetted overhead with 120 ml water, then pots were randomly assigned to irrigation treatments. Capillary mat irrigation was continuous; other irrigation treatments were applied daily. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until no further retention was measured. Water retention was significantly affected by irrigation method and medium amendments. Irrigation method followed the order overhead >= drip > flood and drain >= mat. Hydrophilic gel increased water retention, but in contrast to previous results, wetting agent did not, nor was any interaction of gel and wetting agent observed. Retention of water at container capacity, measured in situ at the end of each experiment, was significantly larger than actual retention.
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Goodwin, P. B., M. Murphy, P. Melville, and W. Yiasoumi. "Efficiency of water and nutrient use in containerised plants irrigated by overhead, drip or capillary irrigation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 2 (2003): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02030.
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This paper reports an assessment of the potential of an irrigation system based on capillary matting in comparison to the industry standard, overhead irrigation, and to drip irrigation, for plants growing in pots. The systems were evaluated on the basis of the dry weights of the plants grown, water-use efficiency (volume of runoff) and the environmental impact of the systems. The environmental impact was assessed by the volumes of runoff and the amounts of nitrate nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus in the runoff. Rose and tomato grew on capillary mat as large as or larger than (dry weight) with drip or overhead irrigation when controlled-release fertiliser (Osmocote Plus, 5–6 month release) was mixed through the medium. Lavender and pansy showed no significant difference between the irrigation systems. However, when the fertiliser was applied to the surface or in the dibble hole, pansy, dianthus and anisodontea grew larger with overhead than with capillary irrigation.The volumes of water used by the drip and capillary systems were about equal at 2.6 and 3.3 L/pot.week, respectively, as were the volumes of runoff produced, 0.43 and 0.39 L/pot.week, but both were far lower than the corresponding values for the overhead system, where water use was 7.13 L/pot.week, and the runoff 3.00�L/pot.week. At the end of the trial, plants grown with capillary irrigation had a high electrical conductivity in the surface layers of the pots when controlled-release fertiliser was either mixed evenly through (1997, EC 2.04 dS/m) or was applied to the top of the mix (1998, EC 0.87 dS/m). On the other hand, with overhead watering the EC was more evenly distributed (1997, EC range 0.30–0.36 dS/m) or highest at the bottom of the pot (1998, EC 0.97 dS/m). The concentrations of nutrients in the runoff from the capillary mat system, nitrate nitrogen 6.2 mg/L and phosphate phosphorus 0.12 mg/L, were lower than those for either of the other systems, overhead giving 9.7 and 0.49 mg/L and drip 11.5 and 0.49 mg/L of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Total nutrient leaching per week for nitrate and phosphate, respectively, was 320 and 16.2 mg/m2 for overhead, 53.9 and 3.1 mg/m2 for drip and 26.4 and 0.50 mg/m2 for capillary irrigation. Thus, capillary irrigation gave more efficient water and nutrient use and reduced nutrient contamination of the environment compared with the drip or overhead irrigation systems.
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Davis, Anthony S., Matthew M. Aghai, Jeremiah R. Pinto, and Kent G. Apostol. "Growth, Gas Exchange, Foliar Nitrogen Content, and Water Use of Subirrigated and Overhead-irrigated Populus tremuloides Michx. Seedlings." HortScience 46, no. 9 (September 2011): 1249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.9.1249.
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Because limitations on water used by container nurseries has become commonplace, nursery growers will have to improve irrigation management. Subirrigation systems may provide an alternative to overhead irrigation systems by mitigating groundwater pollution and excessive water consumption. Seedling growth, gas exchange, leaf nitrogen (N) content, and water use were compared between overhead irrigation and subirrigation systems used to produce trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedlings. After 3 months of nursery culture, subirrigation resulted in a 45% reduction in water use compared with overhead irrigation. At the end of the growing season, subirrigated seedlings had lower net photosynthetic assimilation, stomatal conductance (gS), and leaf area, indicating earlier leaf senescence. However, no significant differences were detected for biomass, leaf N content, height, root-collar diameter, or root volume. Thus, we suggest that subirrigation systems offer promising potential for aspen seedling production when compared with overhead irrigation given the added benefits of water conservation and reduced nutrient runoff. Continuing emphasis on refinement such as determining the plant water requirements based on growth and development as well as container configuration is needed so that the intended benefits of using subirrigation can be realized.
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Beyaert, R. P., R. C. Roy, and B. R. Ball Coelho. "Irrigation and fertilizer management effects on processing cucumber productivity and water use efficiency." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-012.
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Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) to irrigation and fertilization strategies on a loamy sand in southwestern Ontario from 2001 to 2003. Dry matter accumulation, fruit yield, economic returns and water use efficiency were compared for (a) non-irrigated with conventional broadcast fertilizer applications (NI/B), (b) overhead sprinkler irrigated with conventional broadcast fertilizer applications (OHI/B), (c) surface drip irrigated with fertigation (DI/F) and (d) subsurface drip irrigated with fertigation (SDI/F). All irrigation methods enhanced yields, with drip irrigation coupled with fertigation showing significant advantages in terms of yield and economic returns compared with overhead irrigation and conventional fertilization practices. Irrigation increased dry matter accumulation, fruit yield and economic returns over non-irrigated treatments in a dry year, but only DI/F and SDI/F irrigation with fertigation increased these parameters in a wet year. Irrigation water use efficiency was greatest with SDI/F in 2 of 3 yr. This study indicates that processing cucumbers in Ontario benefit from irrigation, with drip irrigation/fertigation being more beneficial than overhead sprinkler irrigation. Subsurface drip irrigation systems increase irrigation water use efficiency over sprinkler and surface drip systems when higher than average temperatures coupled with lower than average rainfall are experienced on coarse-textured soils. Key words: Irrigation, fertigation, Cucumis sativus, yield
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Klock-Moore, Kimberly A., and Timothy K. Broschat. "Effect of Four Growing Substrates on Growth of Ornamental Plants in Two Irrigation Systems." HortTechnology 11, no. 3 (January 2001): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.3.456.
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In this study, areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), crossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis), pentas (Pentas lanceolat), and philodendron (Philodendron) `Hope' plants were transplanted into containers filled with four growing substrates and watered daily, every 2 days, or every 3 days using subirrigation or overhead irrigation. Plants were grown in either a pine bark/sedge peat/sand substrate (BSS), Metro-mix 500 (MM), Pro-mix GSX (PM), or a 60% biosolid substrate (SYT). For both irrigation systems, final shoot dry weight of pentas, crossandra, philodendron, and areca palm plants in each substrate was greatest for plants watered every day and least for plants watered every 3 days. At all three irrigation frequencies, pentas, crossandra, and philodendron shoot dry weight in subirrigated pots filled with PM was greater than in overhead watered pots filled with PM. PM had the highest total pore space and moisture content of the four substrates examined. There was no difference in pentas, crossandra, or philodendron shoot dry weight between the irrigation systems, at all three irrigation frequencies, when plants were grown in BSS, MM, or SYT. However, for all four substrates and at all three irrigation frequencies, areca palm shoot dry weight was greater in overhead watered pots than in subirrigated pots. The final substrate electrical conductivity (EC) in all four subirrigated palm substrates was more than double the concentrations in overhead watered palm substrates. In this study, largest pentas, crossandra, and philodendron plants were grown in pots filled with PM and subirrigated daily, while largest areca palm plants were grown in pots filled with MM or SYT and watered overhead daily.
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Zekri, Mongi, and Lawrence R. Parsons. "Grapefruit Leaf and Fruit Growth in Response to Drip, Microsprinkler, and Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1989): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.25.
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Abstract Fruit and vegetative growth of 21-year-old grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on well-drained sandy soil was studied in central Florida. Drip, microsprinkler, and overhead sprinkler irrigation was compared at two levels of irrigation (150 and 450 mm·year−1). Significant differences in leaf area, fruit size, fruit growth, new flush growth, and canopy area were found with different irrigation systems applying similar amounts of water. Growth was improved by irrigation even in a year of high rainfall (1410 mm). With mature trees, drip systems promoted the least growth, while overhead sprinkler systems promoted the most. Leaf fresh and dry weights and individual leaf areas in the overhead sprinkler treatments were 40% to 50% greater than in the drip or nonirrigated treatments, while specific leaf weight and leaf water content per unit dry weight were similar for all treatments. Final fruit size and tree canopy area were 9% to 20% greater in the overhead sprinkler treatments than in the corresponding drip or nonirrigated treatments. Responses to microsprinklers were generally intermediate between the overhead sprinkler and the drip treatments. Because of the low soil area coverage, applying water at the higher rate with the drip system did not improve growth as well as the overhead system at the lower rate. With mature grapefruit trees under central Florida conditions, systems providing greater soil area coverage gave better leaf and fruit growth than systems providing less soil coverage.
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LeBude, A. V., J. S. Owen, and C. Holmes. "High pH, Low Alkalinity Pond Water Used for Overhead Irrigation Does Not Affect Plant Growth of Select Flowering Shrubs1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.1.22.
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Abstract In southeast U.S., pH of source water from ponds used for overhead-irrigating container crops can exceed the range (pH 5.8-7.0) for best management practices. Artificially maintaining this pH range is not common among producers using surface water for irrigation, nor is it known whether this would affect growth. Therefore, the objective was to test whether this source water affects growth of five flowering shrubs in nurseries in eastern North Carolina. Pond water at six nurseries with a pH range of 4.9-8.1 (control) was injected before irrigation with sulfuric acid (lower) or potassium bicarbonate (raise) onsite to maintain a pH of 5.8-6.2 (treatment). Ambient photosynthesis (Aambient) and stomatal conductance (gs) was measured in July, August, and September on leaves of forsythia (Forsythia x intermedia 'Mindor‘ ShowOff®) during irrigation runtime mini-experiments at three nurseries. For mini-experiments, pre- and post-treatment physiology was measured for plants receiving 0 (hand watered), 30, or 60 minutes of treated or nontreated overhead irrigation. Dry weight of all shrubs and gas exchange of forsythia was not affected by high pH, low alkalinity (<100 ppm) irrigation water. Southeastern producers using this source water for overhead irrigation may not need to adopt a system that reduces pH to improve growth. Index words:, Container-grown, plant physiology, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, ornamental. Chemicals used in this study: Potassium bicarbonate, sulfuric acid. Species used in this study: fragrant abelia, Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H.Hara 'SMNAMDS‘ Sweet Emotion®; butterfly bush, Buddleia x ‘Miss Molly'; border forsythia, Forsythia x intermedia ‘Mindor‘ Show Off®; panicled hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata Siebold ‘SMHPLQF' Little Quick Fire®; landscape rose, Rosa x ‘ChewPatout' Oso Easy®.
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Elder, R. J., W. N. B. Macleod, K. L. Bell, J. A. Tyas, and R. L. Gillespie. "Growth, yield and phenology of 2 hybrid papayas (Carica papaya L.) as influenced by method of water application." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 5 (2000): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98140.
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Highly variable, outcrossed papaya lines irrigated with overhead sprinklers were grown at Yarwun (151.3˚E, 23.75˚S) in Queensland, Australia. The inherent variability made scientifically based comparative studies impractical. The advent of uniform hybrid papaya lines allowed the testing of 2 of these hybrids under 3 irrigation methods, 2 of which had the potential to greatly reduce water use compared with overhead sprinklers. Yields of 92 t/ha.year were achieved by both papaya Hybrids 29 and 1E. Water application method did not influence yield. About 26% of plants were lost due to the phytoplasma diseases dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic over the life of the trial. Downward yield fluctuations were related to poor fruit set in winter when pollinators (Family Sphingidae) were not present and growth was slow due to hot dry periods affecting fruit set. The resultant fruit (about 6 months later) were small and reduced in number. Irrigation with overhead sprinklers using saline water (1400–4000 S/cm) damaged leaves and reduced growth of plants. Winter spot was most severe in July, August and September, in Hybrid 29 with overhead irrigation. Height of plants 13 weeks after planting was greater under trickle irrigation due to less damage from the saline water supply than in the overhead sprinkler treatment. Hybrid 29 set fruit at 94.3 cm above ground compared with 117.6 cm for Hybrid 1E.
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Antille, Diogenes L. "Evaluation of Fertigation Applied to Furrow and Overhead Irrigated Cotton Grown in a Black Vertosol in Southern Queensland, Australia." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 1 (2018): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12519.
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Abstract.Field trials were conducted at gated pipe surface and overhead irrigation sites established to cotton ( L.) to evaluate irrigation and fertigation management using a model-based control system. The control strategies determined the timing and volume of irrigation, and the rate of fertilizer-N to apply through fertigation. For this, nitrogen (N) was applied in-crop season using urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 30% N solution) at a rate of 40 kg ha-1 N. At the furrows site, the uniformity of distribution of fertilizer-N applied through fertigation was satisfactory, which was achieved both at distance (600 m) and depth (0-600 mm). Applying fertilizer-N through fertigation, at the rate used in this study, showed relatively small (=8%) improvements in cotton yield, which was explained by relatively high N rates (180 kg ha-1 N) applied before planting. Given current price ratios (fertilizer-to-cotton), application of N through fertigation appears to be economical in both systems, but relative agronomic efficiencies and economic return from the fertilizer applied were lower in furrow compared with overhead (P<0.05). Fertigation may be recommended when pre-season N application rates are low (e.g., <100 kg ha-1 N), particularly in overhead irrigation as significantly higher efficiencies both in terms of water and N use can be achieved with this system. This would enable some of the operational constraints associated with application of N in-crop season to be overcome; thereby, reducing the need for high rates of N applied up-front. For the overhead system, there were also advantages compared with the furrow system in terms of reduced potential for N2O emissions after irrigation or fertigation. Overall, short-term (30-day period) soil emissions of N2O were approximately eight times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from non-fertigated crops were approximately two times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from the fertigated crop under the overhead system were comparable to the non-fertigated crop of the furrow system (P>0.05). In both systems, fluxes were highest within five days of irrigation or fertigation, but they decreased significantly after that time as soil moisture content (water-filled pore space) and soil nitrate levels decreased due to crop uptake. Nitrous oxide fluxes were similar in furrow and overhead 15 days after the irrigation or fertigation event. Areas that warrant further investigation are presented and discussed, including the need for improved timing of fertilizer delivery during the irrigation cycle to ensure that N losses through leaching or gaseous evolution (e.g., N2O, N2) are not economically or environmentally significant. Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions, Irrigated cotton, Nitrogen use efficiency, Urea ammonium nitrate, Water-run urea.
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Harbaugh, B. K., C. D. Stanley, J. F. Price, and J. B. Jones. "Irrigation and Fertilization Management of Cut Chrysanthemums." HortScience 24, no. 1 (February 1989): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.1.150.
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Abstract In Florida, most producers of cut chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) use overhead irrigation systems and fertilize with soluble fertilizer injected through the system. Trickle irrigation can be used to produce cut chrysanthemums with substantial savings in water (2). Controlled-release fertilizers can be successfully used to produce cut chrysanthemums (1) and may be advantageous in certain production situations (3). Direct yield comparisons influenced by the four possible combinations of irrigation and fertilization practices have not been researched in previous studies. We, therefore, evaluated main and interactive effects of overhead or trickle irrigation in conjunction with soluble or controlled-release fertilization on the yield and postharvest quality of cut chrysanthemums.
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Clough, G. H., S. J. Locascio, and S. M. Olson. "Mineral Concentration of Yellow Squash Responds to Irrigation Method and Fertilization Management." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 5 (September 1992): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.5.725.
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Squash (Cucurbita pepo L. var. melopepo) was grown at two locations with different soil types as a second crop in a succession cropping study that used previously cropped polyethylene-mulched beds. Squash was produced with drip or overhead irrigation and with concurrent N-K fertilization or residual fertilizer from the previous crop. Tissue mineral concentration responses to irrigation method were variable; in early fruit, N and K concentrations were higher with overhead than for drip, but leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were higher with drip than with overhead irrigation. Concentrations of N and K were higher with concurrent than with residual fertilization and increased with an increase in application rate. In contrast, concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg decreased with concurrent fertilization and an increase in application rate.
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Ahmed, A. K., G. C. Cresswell, and A. M. Haigh. "Comparison of sub-irrigation and overhead irrigation of tomato and lettuce seedlings." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 75, no. 3 (January 2000): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2000.11511249.
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Thomas, Berl M. "STATUS OF TRANSPLANT TECHNOLOGY IN THE USA." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 615c—615. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.615c.
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The containerized transplant commercial industry started in the United States in the 1960's. Since then, several different types of growing containers have been developed for the vegetable, tobacco, ornamental and forestry seedling industries. Two basic irrigation methods have developed including overhead and sub-irrigation systems. The irrigation system used depends on the crop needs, value, availability of water, and the need to reduce pesticide use and risk of disease. Sub-irrigation systems have reduced the spread of seed-borne and naturally occurring diseases. Overhead irrigation systems were predominantly used during the early years, but at present, both systems are used and selected for their respective advantages. Future developments in the transplant industry include reduction of production risks and to improve cost per production unit by reducing both nursery and farm labor requirements.
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Pinto, Jeremy R., Rhiannon A. Chandler, and R. Kasten Dumroese. "Growth, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Leachate Comparison of Subirrigated and Overhead Irrigated Pale Purple Coneflower Seedlings." HortScience 43, no. 3 (June 2008): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.897.
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Pale purple coneflower [Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.] was grown within three container volumes (90, 105, and 340 cm3) under subirrigation and overhead irrigation treatments. Subirrigated coneflowers showed increased seedling quality with more biomass (14%), better nitrogen use efficiency (13%), greater nitrogen content (N; 11%), more height (15%), and lower mortality compared with overhead-irrigated seedlings. Plants also showed increasing height, biomass, and N content with increasing container volume. Overhead irrigated coneflowers had more leachate compared with subirrigated seedlings, which produced none. Leachate electrical conductivity and N were monitored throughout the growing season and decreased at similar rates, whereas subirrigation effluent levels remained constant. Subirrigation offers a viable alternative to traditional overhead irrigation systems by producing this native plant with equal or better quality without discharging potentially harmful leachate into the environment.
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Nabayi, Abba, Christopher Boon Sung Teh, and Zulkefly Sulaiman. "Influence of Irrigation Systems on the Plant Growth and Leaf Ratio Analyses of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Seedlings." Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 45, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): 1095–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.4.14.
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The sprinkler irrigation system is the most widely used system for rubber irrigation in a nursery. However, the method is associated with high water loss during irrigation. In view of this, an experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different irrigation systems on the growth dynamics, leaf ratio analyses, water productivity, and water use efficiency of rubber seedlings. The treatments were the irrigation systems; soil + overhead sprinkler (CON), growing media (GM) + drip irrigation (DRP), GM + capillary wick system (WCK), and GM + overhead sprinkler (SPR). Each treatment was replicated three times, and the experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that the DRP and WCK had significantly (p<0.05) higher seedlings’ growth parameters by 15–39% than obtained in the SPR and CON. However, the DRP, WCK, and SPR had statistically comparable seedlings’ root length and volume by 14–43% higher relative to the CON. Similar trends of plant growth dynamics, such as crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), and leaf ratio analyses, were observed for all treatments. However, the CON had lower CGR and LAI, which could be attributed to the lower water retention of the soil used in the treatment. The DRP and WCK had comparable water productivity with 56–60% higher than the SPR and CON treatments. The sprinkler irrigation treatments (SPR and CON) had 84% lower water use efficiency than the DRP and WCK. The DRP and WCK are the best treatments in this study because their higher water application uniformity led to higher seedlings’ growth dynamics and water productivity. The sprinkler system had higher water loss due to the lack of application uniformity, leading to lower plant growth than other irrigations. However, the SPR shows the potential to be more cost-effective due to its lower recurrent cost of labor than drip and wick irrigation.
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Beeson, R. C. "Restricting Overhead Irrigation to Dawn Limits Growth in Container-grown Woody Ornamentals." HortScience 27, no. 9 (September 1992): 996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.9.996.
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Elaeagnus pungens Thunb., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Photinia ×fraseri `Red Top', and Rhododendron sp. `Fashion' (azalea) growing in 10.4-liter containers were irrigated only at dawn with overhead impact sprinklers or pulse-irrigated three or four times each day with a drip system. Plant water potential was measured diurnally each week for 24 weeks, and growth was measured at the end of the growing season in December. Overhead irrigation resulted in less growth of all species than plants maintained near 100% container moisture with pulse irrigation. With the exception of photinia, more growth was associated with significantly lower daily accumulated water stress. Water stress of overhead-irrigated plants was generally not severe enough to cause stomata1 closure.
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Hicklenton, Peter R., and Kenneth G. Cairns. "Plant water relations and mineral nutrition of containerized nursery plants in relation to irrigation method." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-032.
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Cotoneaster dammeri C. K. Schneid. 'Coral Beauty' and (Forsythia ovata × Forsythia europaea Deg. and Bald.) Forsythia 'Northern Gold' were grown in 3.8-L containers in a softwood bark–peat–sand medium, using overhead, pulse, drip or subirrigation methods. N, P and K were supplied from Nutricote 16N-4.4P-8.1K (type 140) controlled-release fertilizer. Overhead sprinklers irrigated containers during two 45-min periods each day. Daily pulse irrigation was from sprinklers for four 7-min periods, and drip irrigation to individual containers occurred during two 5-min periods. For subirrigation, plants were placed on permanently saturated sand beds. Subirrigation resulted m significantly higher plant dry weights at the end of the growing season than all other treatments. Measured daily leaching volumes were greatest from overhead-irrigated containers, followed by drip- and then pulse-irrigated containers. Leaching from the subirrigated treatment was small and sporadic, occurring only after moderate rainfall. Shoot water potential (ψT) was measured at weekly intervals through the middle of the growing season. There were no differences in predawn or dusk ψT values between treatments, but midday ψT was generally lower in subirrigated plants. At the end of the growing season, electric conductivity of the medium was highest for subirrigation, intermediate for drip and pulse irrigation, and lowest for overhead irrigation. This pattern was repeated for foliar K levels. It appears that superior growth of subirrigated plants is due more to better nutrient retention in the medium than to any effect on plant water status. Key words: Capillary irrigation, nutrient leaching
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Blom, Theo, David Kerec, Wayne Brown, and Dave Kristie. "Irrigation Method and Temperature of Water Affect Height of Potted Easter Lilies." HortScience 39, no. 1 (February 2004): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.1.71.
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Potted greenhouse-forced `Nellie White' Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were irrigated from emergence with water at 2, 5, 8, 11, or 15 °C either onto the shoot apex (overhead) or onto the substrate for a 0, 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, or 12-week period. Control treatment was at 18 °C, either overhead or on substrate. When irrigation water was applied overhead for the entire period between emergence and flowering (12 weeks), plant height increased linearly with the temperature of irrigation water (1.75 cm/°C). As the period of application with cold water increased from 0 to 12 weeks, plant height decreased both in a linear and a quadratic manner. Forcing time was negatively correlated with height with the shortest plants delayed by 3 to 6 days. Water temperature did not affect bud abortion or the number of yellow leaves. Irrigation water temperature had no effect on plant parameters when applied directly on the substrate.
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Monks, C. Dale, Glenn Wehtje, Charles Burmester, Andrew J. Price, Michael G. Patterson, Dennis P. Delaney, Wilson Faircloth, and Marshall R. Woods. "Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton Response to Glyphosate Applied in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Conditions." Weed Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-06-117.1.
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Field experiments were conducted in Alabama during 1999 and 2000 to test the hypothesis that any glyphosate-induced yield suppression in glyphosate-resistant cotton would be less with irrigation than without irrigation. Yield compensation was monitored by observing alterations in plant growth and fruiting patterns. Glyphosate treatments included a nontreated control, 1.12 kg ai/ha applied POST at the 4-leaf stage, 1.12 kg/ha applied DIR at the prebloom stage, and 1.12 kg/ha applied POST at 4-leaf and postemergence directed (DIR) at the prebloom cotton stages. The second variable, irrigation treatment, was established by irrigating plots individually with overhead sprinklers or maintaining them under dryland, nonirrigated conditions. Cotton yield and all measured parameters including lint quality were positively affected by irrigation. Irrigation increased yield 52% compared to nonirrigated cotton. Yield and fiber quality effects were independent of glyphosate treatments. Neither yield nor any of the measured variables that reflected whole plant response were influenced by glyphosate treatment or by a glyphosate by irrigation interaction.
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Haydu, J. J., and R. C. Beeson. "Economic Feasibility of Micro-Irrigating Container-Grown Landscape Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 15, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-15.1.23.
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Abstract While past research has examined certain technical efficiencies, little effort has been directed at the economic feasibility of various irrigation systems for container-grown landscape plants. Two irrigation systems, cyclic micro-irrigation and overhead impact sprinkler, were examined to determine economic advantages of one system over the other for container-grown landscape plants. Seedlings of Acer rubrum L. and Quercus virginiana Mill. produced in #3, #7, #10 and #15 (10.2, 26.5, 37.8, and 56.8 liter) polyethylene containers were considered. A two-step methodology was used to establish the biological and economic parameters of the study. Three major conclusions were arrived at in this paper. First, with the exception of the smallest container size, there was little difference in initial investment costs and variable costs of production between the two systems. Second, water costs were shown to be prohibitive for larger container sizes when reclaimed water is used in conjunction with overhead systems. Third, the potential impact of cyclic microirrigation on a firm's economic returns were shown to be positive. Cyclic micro-irrigation markedly speeds up the production process, utilizes less material inputs and a fraction of the water of an overhead system.
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Silva, Richardson Barbosa Gomes da, Mônica Moreno Gabira, Débora Zanoni do Prado, Gláucia Uesugi, Danilo Simões, and Magali Ribeiro da Silva. "Influence of Mean Leaf Angles and Irrigation Volumes on Water Capture, Leaching, and Growth of Tropical Tree Seedlings." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111198.
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Research Highlights: The mean leaf angle and crown projection area can be used as criteria for grouping tree seedling species in different irrigation zones in tree nurseries with overhead microsprinkler systems, preventing water and fertilizer waste, and increasing growth. Background and Objectives: There are important gaps in current functional knowledge about how plant architecture, especially the mean leaf angles of tree seedlings, affect water and nutrient solution capture in overhead microsprinkler systems. These gaps contribute to water and fertilizer waste in tree nurseries. This research aimed to ascertain how mean leaf angles affect irrigation water capture, leaching, and the growth of tree seedlings given different volumes of irrigation. Materials and Methods: Nine species of tree seedlings with different mean leaf angles were submitted to four irrigation volumes (8, 10, 12, and 14 mm) applied daily by overhead microsprinklers in a split-plot design completely randomized. The variables leaching fraction, height, stem diameter, shoot, root, and total dry mass, Dickson quality index, crown projection area, root system quality, and leachate electrical conductivity were evaluated. Results: For species with mean leaf angles of −54, 31, 38, 42, 55, 57, and 58°, the 8 mm irrigation volume was sufficient to produce greater growth and less leaching. For species with angles of −56 and −14°, the 14 mm irrigation volume was required to produce greater growth. Conclusions: The tree seedling species with positive mean leaf angles facilitate irrigation water and nutrient solution capture, allowing the application of lower irrigation volume. On the other hand, some tree seedling species with negative mean leaf angles hinder irrigation water and nutrient solution capture, requiring the application of higher irrigation volume. When the tree seedling species have a negative mean leaf angle, but the crown projection area is small, the difficulty of water and nutrient solution reaches directly the substrate is attenuated.
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Zekri, Mongi, and Lawrence R. Parsons. "Water Relations of Grapefruit Trees in Response to Drip, Microsprinkler, and Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 6 (November 1988): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.6.819.
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Abstract Water relations responses of 21-year-old grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf.) irrigated by three types of irrigation systems were compared. Drip, undertree microsprinkler, and overhead sprinkler with application levels of 150 and 450 mm of water per year were compared. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and soil water status were measured under field conditions on a deep, well-drained sandy soil in central Florida. In the early part of a dry spring period, there were no differences in midday or early morning leaf water potential, but, by the end of this period, significant differences in leaf water potential were found among all three irrigation treatments. Highest leaf water potential and stomatal conductance values were maintained in the overhead sprinkler blocks. No midday stomatal closure was observed under the conditions of this study. Relationships among diurnal leaf water potentials, vapor pressure deficits, and stomatal conductance showed hysteresis; this affected the correlations among these factors. Greater water stress occurred in trees irrigated with drip than in trees irrigated with overhead sprinkler systems, but responses to microsprinklers were generally intermediate between the overhead sprinkler and the drip treatments. In an area with high rainfall and sandy soils, increased irrigation coverage can reduce leaf water stress.
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Tardif, P., J. Caron, I. Duchesne, and J. Gallichand. "Recycling Irrigation Water in Nursery Production." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 895C—895. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.895c.
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Overhead sprinkler systems in nurseries use large amount of water and fertilizers and generate runoff losses that may alter the quality of surface or subsurface water. Moreover, the cost associated with these losses is important. Water recycling may reduce that cost and the losses to the environment. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of two recycling systems (recycling and storing water in a tank and recycling solution through subirrigation on capillary mats) relative to a conventional overhead sprinkler system with no recycling. Two species (Prunus × Cistena and Spirea japonica `Little Princess') and seven substrates were used on plots subject to these irrigation practices. Treatments were compared for the water balance and the plant growth. After the first season, preliminary results showed that water and nutrient consumption were 65% less for sprinkler irrigation with recycling and with subirrigation on capillary mats. Plant yield and soil water content were statistically the same for the three treatments.
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Hand, Lavesta C., Kayla M. Eason, Taylor M. Randell, Timothy L. Grey, and A. Stanley Culpepper. "2,4-D and dicamba removal from the surface of plastic mulch using overhead irrigation: analytical analysis and cucurbit bioassay crop response." Weed Technology 35, no. 4 (June 21, 2021): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2021.48.
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AbstractGlyphosate and paraquat are effective preplant burndown herbicide options for multicrop vegetable production that uses plastic mulch, but problematic weeds such as wild radish, cutleaf evening primrose, annual morningglory, or horseweed may not be adequately controlled with these herbicides alone. The herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba could help control these troublesome weeds prior to planting if they can be removed from plastic mulch and thus avoid crop damage. Treatments included 2,4-D (1,065 and 2,130 g ae ha−1) and dicamba (560 and 1,120 g ae ha−1) applied broadcast over plastic mulch a day before transplanting. Just before transplanting, treatments received either 0.76 cm of water via overhead irrigation or no irrigation. Plastic mulch samples were collected at application and planting to determine herbicide presence using analytical techniques, and cantaloupe and zucchini squash were subsequently transplanted on the plastic beds. Analytical ultra-high performance liquid chromatography revealed that 88% to 99% of the initial herbicide concentration was present at crop planting when irrigation was not implemented. At most, a 1/50 rate of dicamba and a 1/500 rate of 2,4-D was present at planting when overhead irrigation was applied prior to transplanting. Maximum cantaloupe and squash injury from 2,4-D with irrigation was 10% and did not influence plant growth, biomass, or yield. For dicamba with overhead irrigation, cantaloupe injury was 35%, vine lengths were reduced by 24%, and maturity was delayed, whereas squash injury ranged from 9% to 12%, with no influence on growth or yield. Without irrigation to wash herbicides from the mulch prior to planting, 60% to 100% injury of both crops occurred with both herbicides. Zucchini squash was more tolerant to dicamba than cantaloupe. Results demonstrated that 2,4-D can be adequately removed from the surface of plastic mulch with irrigation, whereas a single irrigation event was not sufficient to remove dicamba.
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Elliott, George C. "Imbibition of Water by Rockwool-Peat Container Media Amended with Hydrophilic Gel or Wetting Agent." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 5 (September 1992): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.5.757.
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Water retention at effective water-holding capacity (EWHC) and container capacity (CCAP) were measured in four rockwool-peat potting media amended with a wetting agent and/or a hydrophilic gel in pots 12 cm tall containing 445 cm3 medium, and irrigated by capillary mat, flood-and-drain, trickle emitter, or overhead sprinkler. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until EWHC (i.e., net water retention when no weight increase could be obtained by further irrigation) was reached. CCAP (i.e., net water retention following saturation and free drainage) was measured at the end of each experiment. Irrigation method and medium amendments significantly affected EWHC. Rank order of irrigation treatments was sprinkler ≥ trickle > flood and drain ≥ mat. Hydrophilic gel increased both EWHC and CCAP, while the wetting agent increased EWHC but decreased or had no effect on CCAP. Significant interactions of gel and wetting agent were observed in some media. EWHC was less than CCAP, and EWHC was better correlated with CCAP with trickle emitter and overhead sprinkler irrigation than with capillary mat and flood-and-drain irrigation.
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Beeson, R. C., and E. F. Gilman. "Water Stress and Osmotic Adjustment during Post-digging Acclimatization of Quercus virginiana Produced in Fabric Containers." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 10, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-10.4.208.
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Abstract Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in in-ground 61 cm (24 in) diameter fabric containers were overhead misted and given root ball irrigation after harvesting during early summer. Duration and frequency of overhead misting was reduced to zero over a 3 week period. Water potentials (ΨT) were measured diurnally and osmotic potentials measured from leaves at midday. Intermittent overhead misting was as effective as continuous overhead misting in maintenance of ΨT above −1.0 MPa. Water potentials of −1.5 to −2.0 MPa were measured when the period between overhead misting was expanded from 30 min to 45 min. Osmotic adjustment occurred only in trees receiving overhead misting. Trees receiving only root ball irrigation developed ΨT below −2.5 MPa within 5 days after harvesting. After 3 weeks, ΨT and osmotic potentials were the same for all treatments. In a second experiment, trees were root pruned inside the fabric container 11 weeks before harvest. All root pruned trees survived acclimatization, but only 50% of unpruned trees survived. Water relations were similar to trees in Experiment 1. Surviving trees, both pruned and unpruned, had a significantly higher percentage of fine root weight (roots < 2 mm diameter) than trees that did not survive.
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Yimam, Abdu Y., Tewodros T. Assefa, Feleke K. Sishu, Seifu A. Tilahun, Manuel R. Reyes, and P. V. Vara Prasad. "Estimating Surface and Groundwater Irrigation Potential under Different Conservation Agricultural Practices and Irrigation Systems in the Ethiopian Highlands." Water 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121645.
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This study was conducted at the Dangishta watershed in the Ethiopian highlands to evaluate irrigation potential from surface and groundwater sources under different farming and water application systems. Daily streamflow and the groundwater table were monitored from 2015 to 2017. Shallow groundwater recharge was estimated using the water table fluctuation method. Automated baseflow separation techniques were used to determine the amount of runoff and baseflow from the total streamflow records. The potential of groundwater and runoff to sustain dry season irrigation (i.e., low flow) was evaluated considering two tillage systems (i.e., conservation agriculture, CA; and conventional tillage, CT), and water application (i.e., drip and overhead) systems for major irrigated crops (i.e., onion, garlic, cabbage, and pepper) grown in the Dangishta watershed. We found that the annual groundwater recharge varied from 320 to 358 mm during the study period, which was about 17% to 22% of the annual rainfall. The annual surface runoff depth ranged from 192 to 268 mm from 2015 to 2017. The results reveal that the maximum seasonal irrigable land from groundwater recharge was observed under CA with drip irrigation (i.e., 2251 and 2992 ha from groundwater recharge and surface runoff, respectively). By comparison, in the CT practice with overhead irrigation, the lowest seasonal irrigable land was observed (i.e., 1746 and 2121 ha from groundwater and surface runoff, respectively). From the low flow analysis, about 199 and 173 ha of one season’s irrigable land could be irrigated using the CA and CT systems, respectively, both with drip irrigation. Similarly, two-season overhead irrigation potential from low flow under CA and CT was found to be about 87 and 76 ha, respectively. The dry season irrigable land using low flow could be increased from 9% to 16% using the CA system for the various vegetables, whereas drip irrigation could increase the irrigable land potential by 56% compared to overhead irrigation. The combined use of groundwater recharge and runoff could sustain up to 94% of the dry season low flow irrigation through the combination of the CA system and drip irrigation. Decision makers must consider the introduction of feasible and affordable technologies to make use of groundwater and direct runoff, to maximize the potential of dry season production through efficient and appropriate CA and water management practices.
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Beeson, R. C., and G. W. Knox. "Analysis of Efficiency of Overhead Irrigation in Container Production." HortScience 26, no. 7 (July 1991): 848–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.7.848.
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Volume of water captured in a container as a function of sprinkler type, spacing, plant type, and container size was measured for marketable-sized plants. Percent water captured was calculated and a model to predict this value derived. Percent water captured was inversely related to the leaf area contained in the cylinder over the container when containers were separated, and with total plant leaf area at a pot-to-pot spacing. This relationship was independent of leaf curvature (concave vs. convex). Canopy densities were less related to percent water captured than leaf areas. Irrigation application efficiencies separated by spacing ranged from 37% at a close spacing to 25% at a spacing of 7.6 cm between containers. Container spacing, canopy shedding, and possibly some canopy retention of water later lost by evaporation were determined to be the main factors associated with the low efficiencies. The results suggest that higher irrigation application efficiencies would be maintained only if plants were transplanted to larger containers before reaching maximum canopy size rather than spacing existing containers to achieve more room for canopy growth.
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Uddin, M. J., and S. R. Murphy. "Evaporation Losses and Evapotranspiration Dynamics in Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 146, no. 8 (August 2020): 04020023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001469.
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Million, Jeff, Tom Yeager, and Joseph Albano. "Consequences of Excessive Overhead Irrigation on Runoff during Container Production of Sweet Viburnum." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-25.3.117.
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Abstract The effects of irrigation rate on volume and nutrient content of runoff were investigated. Runoff (leachate plus un-intercepted irrigation and rain) was collected weekly for 20 weeks during production of trade #1 (2.7-liter) sweet viburnum [Viburnum odoratissimum (L.) Ker-Gawl.] fertilized with a resin-coated, controlled-release fertilizer [Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12), 8–9 month 21C (70F)]. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two irrigation rates [1 (IRR1) or 2 (IRR2) cm/day (0.39 or 0.79 in)] and two fertilizer rates [15 (FRT15) or 30 (FRT30) g/container (0.53 or 1.06 oz)]. Total runoff volume was 970 liters/m2 (2380 gal/100 ft2) for IRR1 and 2220 liters/m2 (5450 gal/100 ft2) for IRR2 which was 49 and 69%, respectively, of total irrigation plus rainfall. Increasing the irrigation rate from 1 to 2 cm/day increased leaching losses of N, P, and K 34, 38, and 45%, respectively, with FRT15 and 21, 28, and 23%, respectively, with FRT30. Increasing the irrigation rate increased nutrient loads (g/m2) but decreased nutrient concentrations (mg/liter) in runoff.
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Giannakoula, Anastasia, I. F. Ilias, Jelena Dragisic-Maksimovic, V. M. Maksimovic, and Branka Zivanovic. "Does overhead irrigation with salt affect growth, yield, and phenolic content of lentil plants?" Archives of Biological Sciences 64, no. 2 (2012): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1202539g.
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Overhead irrigation of lentil plants with salt (100 mM NaCl) did not have any significant impact on plant growth, while chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm were affected. Under such poor irrigation water quality, the malondialdehyde content in leaves was increased due to the lipid peroxidation of membranes. In seeds, the total phenolic content (TPC) was correlated to their total antioxidant capacity (TAC). High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) detection showed that flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid and resveratrol) appear to be the compounds with the greatest influence on the TAC values. Catechin is the most abundant phenolic compound in lentil seeds. Overhead irrigation with salt reduced the concentration of almost all phenolic compounds analyzed from lentil seed extracts.
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Fox, Laurie J., J. Norman Grose, Bonnie L. Appleton, and Stephen J. Donohue. "Evaluation of Treated Effluent as an Irrigation Source for Landscape Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.4.174.
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Abstract Treated effluent from the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) Virginia Initiative Plant (VIP) was evaluated in 2000 and 2001 as an irrigation source for landscape plants. Landscape plants common to eastern Virginia were installed in raised beds and overhead irrigated at the rate of 2.5 cm (1 in) per week for five months. Aesthetic quality ratings, and soil and water analyses, were conducted monthly. Aesthetic quality ratings were lower on certain plants irrigated with treated effluent in both years of the study. Damage appeared to result from foliar contact by irrigation water high in dissolved salts. Soil tests showed salt accumulation in the planting soil. Damage that occurred on plants irrigated with treated effluent was species specific and included leaf burn, chlorosis, defoliation, stunting, and death. All symptoms were consistent with and typical of salt damage. Salt concentrations in this treated effluent were too high to allow use of this water as an overhead irrigation source for many landscape plants without further treatment or dilution. Irrigation with treated effluent should be based on landscape species composition, local climate conditions, and irrigation method.
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Stamps, Robert H. "Cold Protection of Leatherleaf Fern Using Crop Covers and Overhead Irrigation in Shadehouses." HortScience 26, no. 7 (July 1991): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.7.862.
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Four spunbonded crop covers were evaluated for use with and without irrigation for cold protection of leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst.) Ching]. Heavier and less porous covers provided the most protection when used without over-the-crop irrigation. However, differences in cover weight and porosity did not affect temperatures under covers when over-the-crop irrigation was applied. Damage to immature fronds was decreased by 75% to 99% when the covers were used alone and by 98% to 99% when the covers were used with over-the-crop irrigation. Covers had no effect on frond vase life.
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Abbas, Haider, and Ramanathan Sri Ranjan. "Effect of overhead irrigation on corn yield and quality under shallow water table conditions." Canadian Biosystems Engineering 58, no. 1 (February 5, 2017): 1.33–1.44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2016.58.1.33.
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Murphy, Anna-Marie, G. Brett Runion, Stephen A. Prior, H. Allen Torbert, Jeff L. Sibley, and Charles H. Gilliam. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Ornamental Crop as Impacted by Two Best Management Practices: Irrigation Delivery and Fertilizer Placement1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-36.2.58.
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Abstract Agriculture is one of the largest contributors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To date, much work on reducing GHG emissions has centered on row crops, pastures, forestry, and animal production systems, while little emphasis has been placed on specialty crop industries such as horticulture. In this horticulture container study, Japanese boxwood (Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc.) was used to evaluate the interaction of irrigation (overhead vs drip) and fertilizer placement (dibble vs incorporated) on GHG emissions (CO2, N2O, and CH4). Plants were grown in 11.4 L (#3) containers with a 6:1 pine bark:sand substrate with standard amendments. All containers received 6.35 mm (0.25 in) water three times daily. Gas samples were collected in situ using the static closed chamber method according to standard protocols and analyzed using gas chromatography. Total cumulative CO2 loss was not affected by differences in irrigation or fertilizer placement. Total cumulative N2O efflux was least for drip-irrigated plants, regardless of fertilizer placement. For overhead-irrigated plants, N2O efflux was greatest for those with incorporated fertilizer. Efflux of CH4 was generally low throughout the study. Findings suggest that utilizing drip irrigation could decrease N2O emissions, regardless of fertilizer placement. However, when limited to overhead irrigation, dibbled fertilizer placement could decrease N2O emissions. Index words: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, trace gas Species used in this study: Japanese boxwood (Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc.)
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Davies, Michael J., Richard Harrison-Murray, Christopher J. Atkinson, and Olga M. Grant. "Application of deficit irrigation to container-grown hardy ornamental nursery stock via overhead irrigation, compared to drip irrigation." Agricultural Water Management 163 (January 2016): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.09.015.
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