Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Overhead line network'

Society is increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of energy systems, and prefers to locate power lines underground. In future, certain socially/environmentally sensitive overhead transmission feeders will need to include underground cable sections. Fault location, especially when using travelling waves, become complicated when the combined transmission line includes a number of discontinuities, such as junction points, teed points and fault points. Consequently, a diverse range of fault locators were developed in this thesis, and the performance of the proposed fault locators investigated. For a combined transmission line (CTL), consisting of one or more overhead line sections and one or more underground cable sections, a hybrid fault location scheme is proposed. This utilises the robustness of an impedance based distance algorithm and the accuracy, but stability concerns, of a travelling wave based fault locator, to determine the faulted section. The distance algorithm can determine the approximate fault location, but if the fault is located near an “underground-overhead” junction point, the accuracy is not sufficient to decide whether the fault is located on the overhead or the underground section. This thesis proposes utilizing a single end travelling wave fault locator to improve the accuracy of the fault location decision. The single end travelling wave fault locator can determine the fault section according to the permutation of the polarity of the “special surges”, which is especially important when the fault is close to a junction point. However, this single end fault locator fails in certain “blind” areas, wand these require the use of a distance relay to help determine fault section. Simulation results demonstrated that this hybrid fault locator can reliably determine which section of the feeder is faulty. For all types of CTL, including teed networks, the multiple-end travelling wave fault locator, utilising the arrival time at the feeder ends of the first fault instigated surges, can estimate the fault location. One of the main features of the proposed fault locator is the classification of the time difference between the arrivals of a fault instigated surge at the feeder ends as standard values, when the fault is located at each of the junction points or teed points. Comparing the time differences measured during an actual fault with these standard values allows the faulted feeder section to be estimated. The simulation results show this multiple-end travelling wave fault locator is highly reliable and suitable for application on combined overhead and underground transmission lines.

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energias Renováveis – Conversão Eléctrica e Utilização Sustentáveis
One of the current challenges the electricity grid has is to actively connect future generation to its network without the need to fully reinforce it. This dissertation will study the use of dynamic ratings on overhead lines to increase its capacity and thus defer major investment on infrastructure reinforcement. The amount of current an overhead line can withstand in a given time is defined by the distance towards the ground, which is proportional to the conductor´s temperature, which is given by a static rating stated in the P27 standard – “Current Rating Guide for High Voltage Overhead Lines Operating in the UK Distribution System”. This rating changes from season to season and depends on specific values for ambient temperature, wind speed, wind direction and the probability that in a year the conductor exceeds its design temperature. This standard is seen as being very restrictive and a limiting factor on overhead line capacity for both future generation connections and demand. Wind speed and direction are extremely important on the cooling of overhead lines and in times of strong winds the conductor cools down, allowing extra amount of current to flow through it. By using real time weather data, it´s possible to obtain the maximum current that can flow in an overhead line for a specific operating temperature and assess the amount of headroom possible given by the difference between the static ratings and the new dynamic ratings is assessed. A view on the extra amount of energy produced, as well as CO2 emission savings and profit will also be presented, giving a practical result by applying dynamic ratings.

Over the last several decades, electricity consumption and generation have continually grown. Investment in the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) infrastructure has been minimal and it has become increasingly difficult and expensive to permit and build new power lines. At the same time, a growing increase in the penetration of renewable energy resources is causing an unprecedented level of dynamics on the grid. Consequently, the power grid is congested and under stress. To compound the situation, the utilities do not possess detailed information on the status and operating margins on their assets in order to use them optimally. The task of monitoring asset status and optimizing asset utilization for the electric power industry seems particularly challenging, given millions of assets and hundreds of thousands of miles of power lines distributed geographically over millions of square miles. The lack of situational awareness compromises system reliability, and raises the possibility of power outages and even cascading blackouts. To address this problem, a conceptual Power Line Sensor Network (PLSN) is proposed in this research. The main objective of this research is to develop a distributed PLSN to provide continuous on-line monitoring of the geographically dispersed power grid by using hundreds of thousands of low-cost, autonomous, smart, and communication-enabled Power Line Sensor (PLS) modules thus to improve the utilization and reliability of the existing power system. The proposed PLSN specifically targets the use of passive sensing techniques, focusing on monitoring the real-time dynamic capacity of a specific span of a power line under present weather conditions by using computational intelligence technologies. An ancillary function is to detect the presence of incipient failures along overhead power lines via monitoring and characterizing the electromagnetic fields around overhead conductors. This research integrates detailed modeling of the power lines and the physical manifestations of the parameters being sensed, with pattern recognition technologies. Key issues of this research also include design of a prototype PLS module with integrated sensing, power and communication functions, and validation of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology integrated to this proposed PLSN.

This thesis considers how an assessment method for reinvestments in the distribution grid can be designed and implemented. The assessment method was created to give long-term estimations of the amount overhead lines that could be substituted with underground cables and how to prioritize between different areas. The regulation of power grid companies was reviewed to highlight important factors for profitable reinvestments. The assessment method was implemented for overhead lines in Ellevio´s distribution grid using the database program FME and validated against real reinvestment decisions in a case study area called Sinntorp. The resulting reinvestment proposals mainly consist of replacing older grid sections and sections where expensive maintenance is planned in the future. The script show similar results as real reinvestment decisions but small differences are noticed related to the script’s hard focus on older grid sections. The script has potential to be used on Ellevio´s entire overhead line network but this requires work to complete essential data. Further validation on new areas are also desired to see if results are reasonable and if the script can be developed to consider more reinvestment factors.

The aim of this work is the reconstruction and development of the distribution network of DS to ensure electricity supply in the required quality to existing customers and new customers connecting to the planned industrial zone Šlapanice. The first part deals with the inclusion of a distribution network in power system, its distribution and composition. Subsequently, the work deals with the description of the management of distribution networks, cable and outdoor leadership and their parameters. It also contains guidelines for the design of high voltage networks. The end of the first part is devoted to calculating the steady operation of the network. In the second part, the proposed project using the PAS DAISY Off-line v 4.00 Bizon. Based on the available evidence is developed steady state operation. We found that lines are overloaded and need to be strengthened with regard to the development of industrial zones and adjusting the network to ensure safe and reliable operation. The conclusion focuses on the economic evaluation of proposed alternatives.

The aim of this Master’s thesis is the design and reconstruction of the high voltage distribution network for the company E. ON with focus on calculation of the stabilized operation and on the planning of new cable taps from the transformer substation Moravany u Brna. The first part of the theoretical analysis of the work deals with the inclusion of the distribution network into the power system and with principles of development and construction of high voltage networks. The second part includes a general calculation of stabilized operation of the power distribution network and a familiarization with the program PAS Off - Line Bison 4.0. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the calculation of the stabilized operation at the current state of transformer substation Moravany u Brna using the PAS Off - Line Bizon 4.0 V programme. This part also contains the design of six new cable lines which are needed to strengthen the power distribution in the southern part of the city Brno. The closing part of this chapter constitutes of a outdoor and indoor cable line renovation. These cables are connected to the transformer substation Moravany u Brna and a calculation of stabilized operation is also included in this part.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of the reconstruction of outdoor cables of low voltage distribution network in exchange for the cable line. It analyzes the important factors which are necessary for the preparation of the project documentation for the issue of the territorial consent. The thesis is divided into 4 main chapters. After the first chapter there is introduced chapter 2, which shows the differences between cable and outdoor cables with their advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 3 deals with the guiding principles for low-voltage cable design and the types of equipment needed for the proper operation of a particular distribution network while respecting the requirements of valid PNEs and ČSNs. Chapter 4 explains the chronology of the process leading to the formulation of a basic technical proposal, which is further addressed in Chapter 5, which deals with the complete formulation of the project documentation for the issue of territorial consent.

This diploma thesis is concerned with reconstruction of distribution network in Hruba Vrbka. The diploma thesis is divided in two parts. For better understanding to this issue, the first theoretical part is shortly dedicated to the history of electrical power system, to the several types of distribution network of low voltage and high voltage and their utilization in the area, considering the reliability and the quality of delivery of the electric energy. In this thesis there is mentioned division of distribution grids according to placing of cable lines, according to voltage and according to type of grid connection. Next part of this work is dedicated to the description of overhead lines and cable lines and their characteristics. For the proper concept of the grid we should know some characteristics of the electric line’s proposal: mechanical strength, warming, voltage drop, efficiency, degree of safety and provision of delivery. In the end of the theoretical part there are described methods for calculation of grid’s steady state as a linear task and also non-linear task, elimination of the balancing node, the iterative method, the reduction of external power take-off nodes and the solution of the steady state of the network through the direct current model. The second part of the diploma thesis is concerned with the calculation of the steady state in the village Hruba Vrbka. In this part is also described the KASI program which was used for the calculation of the grid’s steady state. Firstly low voltage grid’s balance in Hruba Vrbka was found out and evaluated and then there were proposed some solutions of the reconstruction for the grid improving. The suggested options of the reconstruction are considered from technical and economical point of view and the best solution is chosen. For this solution there is suggested the protection through program SICHR 9. In the end of this diploma thesis there is checked the load of the high voltage line.

The aim of this Master’s Thesis is to describe protections for overhead lines in distribution networks. Here are described requirements for the protection and the basic protections. Protections are divided according to their protective function. For each protection is given its use and its power plans. It is stated in the work setting of protection in the real network. On this network is simulated place with short-circuit and described the action of protection. The work also deals with the coordination of protection with automatic circuit breakers. This chapter shows that, given the selectivity is not possible to deploy two or more reclosers (remotely-operated switches) to the core network management. The next chapter describes two representatives reclosers available on the Czech market OSM 27 and GVR 27. Chapter describes and compares their performance characteristics. Conclusion the work includes a proposal protected the lead in incorporating automatic circuit breakers (remotely operated circuit breakers and reclosers). The proposal is based on two different levels of annual number of interruptions and duration of annual general interruption of electricity supply. For these levels the company EGÚ Brno, a.s. proposed several variants of the use of remote-controlled in terms of reducing the cost of the penalty. Our task was to choose a variant that would be applicable in the real network. Reducing costs is feasible only in the limits Ln = 6 failures / year and Lt = 720 min / year, where the selected option No. 4. The limits Ln = 8 failures / year and Lt = 1,080 min / year, not in the real network may no option in terms of selectivity.

As part of extensive activities on the reduction of CO2 emissions, a rapid expansion of power generation using new more fuel efficient technologies (large, medium and embedded scale with combined heat and power (CHP) projects) and renewable energy (wind, biomass, solar PV) is currently taking place in numerous European countries, including the UK. The research presented in this thesis is a part of a UK government funded project, which aims to find answers to how to accommodate increased renewable energy into the distribution network. Current ratings, which are limited by the temperature of the conductors used in the distribution network, are based on worst case scenario conditions and are conservative. The temperature limits can be lifted if one takes into consideration the dynamic changes in the surrounding environmental conditions of the conductors. Implementation of real-time thermal rating of existing power systems could result in greater installed capacities of distributed generation (DG). This research aims to provide new insights into the thermal state of overhead line conductors (OHL) and underground cables (UGC) by using Computational Fluid Dynamic methods. An algorithm consists of building the geometry of the calculation domain, meshing, choosing a model, inputting initial conditions, initiation of the calculation, and analysing results. A part of the UK power system was chosen by Scottish Power Energy Networks for monitoring essential data of OHL conductors in order to validate results of the temperatures of the conductors.

The dissertation describes several types of low and high voltage distribution networks including their implementation in specified location with regards to the reliability and quality of electric power supply. The distributions networks are classified according to ways of cable routing, distribution line voltage levels as well as according to types of network interconnections. The high and low voltage distribution networks are further categorized based on used cable types, where, more attention is paid to insulated lines used in the Czech Republic, low voltage lines called „AES“ and „PAS“ high voltage lines used more and more during the distribution network reconstruction. Attention is also given to the description of used methodology for the calculation of network performance stability. An individual part of the dissertation is devoted to a low voltage distribution network proposal in the village of Kovalovice. Based on performed analysis of distribution network conditions, several reconstruction versions were proposed with the help of „KASI“ software, the description of which is also included. The proposed versions are further analysed for both, technical and economical aspects and is selected most suitable version of the distribution network.

ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with a technical modification of design of the electrical power systems for Modřice and its surroundings. The thesis describes a basic theoretical distribution of the electricity network and the distribution network itself. Following chapters are devoted to the development and construction of the HV networks and to the methods and ways of calculating the steady operation of the network. These methods are then used in the computational programs that are presented in the next chapter of this paper. The aim of the practical part of the thesis is to first determine the current state of the network in the given location. Furthermore, several modifications are proposed according to the requirements for increasing the power consumption or connecting the new supply places. The proposed modifications are further assessed for the different operating conditions. The result is a network that is functional, operational and reliable. The whole analysis is carried out in the PAS DAISY Off-line V4 Bizon computing program.

Thèse (M.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2007.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en ingénierie. CaQQUQ Bibliogr.: f. 100-107. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQQUQ

Orientadores: Jose Pissolato Filho, Sergio Kurokawa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T06:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lustosa_LeonardoSilva_M.pdf: 1611174 bytes, checksum: 2c164206f95ffdeb84cf75eeff5c9f1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular os parâmetros longitudinais e transversais de linhas de transmissão trifásica a partir das correntes e tensões nas fases das mesmas. Serão utilizadas equações desenvolvidas no domínio modal considerando as obtenções de correntes e tensões em um terminal da linha enquanto o outro terminal permanece em aberto ou em curto-circuito. Inicialmente é apresentada a teoria básica de linhas de transmissão partindo do pressuposto de que tais linhas são melhores representadas através do modelo de parâmetros distribuídos. Assim através da análise de circuitos elétricos e das leis de Kirchhoff são encontradas as equações diferenciais de segunda ordem de tensão e corrente que caracterizam a linha de transmissão. Em seguida é apresentada a metodologia para cálculo dos parâmetros da linha que utiliza a idéia de impedância equivalente de circuito aberto e curto-circuito quando um dos terminais está em aberto e em curto-circuito respectivamente. Utilizando o Toolbox SimPowerSystem do MatLab são simuladas a obtenção das correntes em linhas de transmissão trifásica de 330 kV, 440 kV e 500 kV, todas com comprimento igual a 500 km. De posse de tais correntes são calculados os parâmetros das linhas de transmissão e comparados com seus valores reais, mostrando a viabilidade da metodologia empregada e que o erro obtido com tal metodologia é menor do que o erro entre os parâmetros reais das linhas após construção e seus parâmetros de projeto existente nos bancos de dados das empresas.
Abstract: The objective of this work is to calculate the longitudinal and transversal transmission line parameters using phase currents and voltages. Developed equations are used, in the modal domain, considering current and voltages found between a line terminal and an open line terminal, and a short-circuit terminal. . Initially, the basic transmission line theory is presented assuming that these lines are best represented by distributed parameters model. Therefore, through the analysis of electric circuits and Kirchhoff's laws , second order differential equations for voltage and current are found, which characterizes the line transmission. Next it is shown the method to calculate the line parameters, which uses the concept of open circuit and short-circuit equivalent impedance when one of the terminals is open or in short-circuited respectively. Using the Toolbox of MatLab, SimPowerSystem, estimated currents are simulated in a three-phase transmission line of 330 kV, 440 kV and 500 kV, all with the length of 500 km. The found values are used to calculate parameters of lines transmission and to compared them with their real values, showing that the calculation is possible and that the error obtained with this method is smaller than an error between the real line parameters after construction and those of existing project in the data base of companies.
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without the need for base stations or any other pre–existing network infrastructure. In a peer-to-peer fashion, mobile nodes can communicate with each other by using wireless multihop communication. Due to its low cost, high flexibility, fast network establishment and self-reconfiguration, ad hoc networking has received much interest during the last ten years. However, without a fixed infrastructure, frequent path changes cause significant numbers of routing packets to discover new paths, leading to increased network congestion and transmission latency over fixed networks. Many on-demand routing protocols have been developed by using various routing mobility metrics to choose the most reliable routes, while dealing with the primary obstacle caused by node mobility. ¶ In the first part, we have developed an analysis framework for mobility metrics in random mobility model. Unlike previous research, where the mobility metrics were mostly studied by simulations, we derive the analytical expressions of mobility metrics, including link persistence, link duration, link availability, link residual time, link change rate and their path equivalents. We also show relationships between the different metrics, where they exist. Such exact expressions constitute precise mathematical relationships between network connectivity and node mobility. ¶ We further validate our analysis framework in Random Walk Mobility model (RWMM). Regarding constant or random variable node velocity, we construct the transition matrix of Markov Chain Model through the analysis of the PDF of node separation after one epoch. In addition, we present intuitive and simple expressions for the link residual time and link duration, for the RWMM, which relate them directly to the ratio between transmission range and node speed. We also illustrate the relationship between link change rate and link duration. Finally, simulation results for all mentioned mobility metrics are reported which match well the proposed analytical framework. ¶ In the second part, we investigate the mobility metric applications on caching strategies and hierarchy routing algorithm. When on-demand routing employed, stale route cache information and frequent new-route discovery in processes in MANETs generate considerable routing delay and overhead. This thesis proposes a practical route caching strategy to minimize routing delay and/or overhead by setting route cache timeout to a mobility metric, the expected path residual time. The strategy is independent of network traffic load and adapts to various non-identical link duration distributions, so it is feasible to implement in a real-time route caching scheme. Calculated results show that the routing delay achieved by the route caching scheme is only marginally more than the theoretically determined minimum. Simulation in NS-2 demonstrates that the end-to-end delay from DSR routing can be remarkably reduced by our caching scheme. By using overhead analysis model, we demonstrate that the minimum routing overhead can be achieved by increasing timeout to around twice the expected path residual time, without significant increase in routing delay. ¶ Apart from route cache, this thesis also addresses link cache strategy which has the potential to utilize route information more efficiently than a route cache scheme. Unlike some previous link cache schemes delete links at some fixed time after they enter the cache, we proposes using either the expected path duration or the link residual time as the link cache timeout. Simulation results in NS-2 show that both of the proposed link caching schemes can improve network performance in the DSR by reducing dropped data packets, latency and routing overhead, with the link residual time scheme out-performing the path duration scheme. ¶ To deal with large-scale MANETs, this thesis presents an adaptive k-hop clustering algorithm (AdpKHop), which selects clusterhead (CH) by our CH selection metrics. The proposed CH selection criteria enable that the chosen CHs are closer to the cluster centroid and more stable than other cluster members with respect to node mobility. By using merging threshold which is based on the CH selection metric, 1-hop clusters can merge to k-hop clusters, where the size of each k-hop cluster adapts to the node mobility of the chosen CH. Moreover, we propose a routing overhead analysis model for k-hop clustering algorithm, which is determined by a range of network parameters, such as link change rate (related to node mobility), node degree and cluster density. Through the overhead analysis, we show that an optimal k-hop cluster density does exist, which is independent of node mobility. Therefore, the corresponding optimal cluster merging threshold can be employed to efficiently organise k-hop clusters to achieve minimum routing overhead, which is highly desirable in large-scale networks. ¶ The work presented in this thesis provides a sound basis for future research on mobility analysis for mobile ad hoc networks, in aspects such as mobility metrics, caching strategies and k-hop clustering routing protocols.

The goal of this thesis is to design measures of the distribution network in Brno to ensure a supply of electricity to its consumers in required quantity, quality and reliability. This project will be solved in the program called PAS DAISY Off-Line v.4.00 Bizon. At first we make an analysis of the steady state of the distribution network. We check load of transformer stations 110/22 kV, overhead and cable lines if they operate in allowed limits. Then we complete or correct reserved power drains of big consumers of electricity in the model of distribution system. From the calculation of the steady state of the distribution network we will probably find out that some parts of the system are overloaded. Therefore we suggest changes for it (like switching over circuits, installation of new transformer stations and circuits), which should ensure safety and reliability of operations in the distribution system.

Un grand nombre de lignes aériennes de transport d'énergie électrique sont exposées à la glace atmosphérique dans les régions nordiques éloignées. Des modèles appropriés pour estimer les quantités de glaces sur les lignes de transport s'avèrent très précieux pour aboutir à la conception d'équipement fiable capable d'opérer dans cet environnement. Pour les compagnies d "électricité, les prédictions de charge de glace peuvent aider à déterminer les impacts opérationnels sur leur équipement, de sorte que des dommages sérieux puissent être évités. La présente recherche, effectuée dans le cadre des travaux de la Chaire industrielle CRSNG/HYDRO-QUÉBEC/UQAC sur le givrage atmosphérique des équipements des réseaux électriques (CIGELE), se concentre sur : (i) le développement des modèles pour prédire le type de glace accumulé sur les structures exposées et (ii) le développement des modèles empiriques pour prédire le taux d'augmentation de glace sur des lignes de transport. Dans le but de réaliser une classification de type de glace en utilisant les réseaux de neurones, un ensemble de données a été créé en se basant sur des fonctions extraites à partir de la référence de la Commission Électrotechnique Internationale (CEI) qui relie le type de glace aux variables de la température et de la vitesse de vent. Le réseau Perceptron multicouches (MLP) a été utilisé et différentes caractéristiques ont été examinées afin de trouver l'architecture optimale. Ce modèle initial de deux entrées a été amélioré en ajoutant un troisième paramètre qui est la taille des gouttelettes. Les modèles développés donnent un taux de reconnaissance de 100% avec les données d'entraînement et plus de 99% avec les données de test. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs et prouvent que les modèles basés sur les réseaux de neurones peuvent être une bonne alternative pour la classification de type de glace à condition que les fonctions utilisées pour générer les données d'entraînement soient assez précises. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, trois modèles ont été développés afin de prédire le taux d'augmentation de glace sur les lignes de transport dans des situations correspondantes. Les données utilisées pour entraîner les réseaux de neurones proviennent du site du Mont Bélair qui fait partie du système de surveillance en temps réel SYGIVRE d'Hydro-Québec. Le premier modèle neural a été entraîné avec les données des trois phases d'un événement de givrage, soit la phase d'accrétion, la phase de persistance et la phase de délestage. Le deuxième modèle a été développé pour le givrage humide et a été entraîné avec les trois phases des événements produits pendant les précipitations. Finalement, le troisième modèle développé a été entraîné avec seulement la phase d'accrétion d'un événement de givrage. Pour établir ces modèles, quatre architectures de réseaux de neurones comprenant MLP avec une couche cachée, MLP avec deux couches cachées, le réseau récurrent Elman et Jordan ainsi que deux cents différentes configurations pour chaque architecture ont été examinées et comparées. En outre, pour chaque configuration, deux styles d'entraînement soit par batch ou incrémental ont été examinés. Le nombre d'entrées prises des incréments de temps antérieurs, est un autre paramètre qui a été étudié afin de déterminer la conception optimale. Comme conclusion générale, le réseau récurrent Jordan avec un délai de trois unités était la meilleure architecture et ceci pour les trois modèles. Les caractéristiques et l'avantage principaux de cette architecture donnant les meilleurs résultats, c'est qu'elle utilise les quantités de glace estimée dans le passé pour estimer celle en cours. Donc, le réseau en question se caractérise par une boucle récurrente. Dans le cas de la comparaison entre l'efficacité de ces trois modèles prédictifs, on a observé que le modèle développé en se servant des données les plus homogènes, c'est-à-dire seulement les données de la phase d'accrétion de glace, est le meilleur parmi ces trois modèles puisqu'il peut généraliser et estimer étroitement les charges de glace extrême. La performance des modèles développés démontre que les modèles établis avec l'architecture Jordan de réseaux de neurones peuvent apporter une contribution importante dans le développement des modèles empiriques précis pour estimer les charges de glace des lignes de transport d'énergie, à condition qu'un nombre raisonnable de données d'entraînement soit utilisé et que les données allant aux réseaux soient soigneusement choisies.