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1
Botti, Andrea, and Marylis Ramos. "Adapting the design of a new care home development for a changing climate." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 35, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-11-2016-0028.
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Purpose In the light of projected climate change impacts on buildings and their occupants, climate change adaptation for built environment to climate change is crucial. The risk of overheating is a key concern, particularly given its effect on heat-related health problems for elderly people. The purpose of this paper is to propose, test, and evaluate the strategies for climate change adaptation to minimise present and future risks of overheating for a new purpose-built care home and extra care accommodation near York. Design/methodology/approach The overheating risk was assessed through dynamic simulations, using probabilistic projections for 2030s, 2050s and 2080s. Suitable adaptation measures were tested and compared using industry metrics. A stakeholders’ workshop compared the relative effectiveness of the identified measures and made a broader evaluation using defined criteria. Highest-ranked measures were combined into “adaptation packages” in order to populate adaptation timelines for the project. Findings Results show that the original design presents a severe overheating risk. Increasing thermal mass and slightly improving ventilation are adequate for the 2030s; however solar shading and further improvements of ventilation are necessary for the 2050s. The stress test revealed that even the most effective passive measures combined would be insufficient to maintain comfortable conditions by the 2080s, and mechanical cooling would be needed. Originality/value The comparative analysis of adaptation measures using normalised CIBSE TM52 criteria improved risk communication and engagement with the client and the design team. The integration of quantitative and qualitative evaluation criteria led to an appropriate and timely strategy for adaptation.
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Feng, Jie, Kai Gao, H. Khan, G. Ulpiani, K. Vasilakopoulou, G. Young Yun, and M. Santamouris. "Overheating of Cities: Magnitude, Characteristics, Impact, Mitigation and Adaptation, and Future Challenges." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 48, no. 1 (November 13, 2023): 651–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-093021.
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Urban overheating is the most documented phenomenon of climate change impacting humans. This article presents the most recent developments on the magnitude and characteristics of urban overheating and the potential synergies with global climatic change. It analyses the latest qualitative and quantitative data on the impact of higher urban temperatures on buildings’ energy supply and demand, heat-related mortality, morbidity and wellbeing, human productivity, survivability of low-income populations, and environmental quality of cities. It describes the state of the art on the development of innovative mitigation materials, advanced urban greenery, heat dissipation, and evaporative techniques as the main mitigation and adaptation technologies to offset the impact of urban overheating. It also analyses the current knowledge on the impact of each mitigation technology on energy, health, environmental quality, urban economy, and survivability. Finally, this article presents the main future challenges related to urban overheating and proposes a specific research agenda to alleviate and counterbalance its impact on human life.
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Tillson, Amy-Alys, Tadj Oreszczyn, and Jason Palmer. "Assessing impacts of summertime overheating: some adaptation strategies." Building Research & Information 41, no. 6 (July 18, 2013): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2013.808864.
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Shikder, Shariful, Monjur Mourshed, and Andrew Price. "Summertime Impact of Climate Change on Multi-Occupancy British Dwellings." Open House International 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2012-b0006.
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Recent climate change projections estimate that the average summertime temperature in the southern part of Great Britain may increase by up to 5.4°C by the end of the century. The general consensus is that projected increases in temperature will render British dwellings vulnerable to summer overheating and by the middle of this century it may become difficult to maintain a comfortable indoor environment, if adaptation measures are not well integrated in the design and operation of new dwellings, which are likely to remain in use beyond the 2050s. The challenge is to reduce overheating risks by integrating building and user adaptation measures, to avoid energy intensive mechanical cooling. Developing guidelines and updating building regulations for adaptation, therefore, requires an understanding of the baseline scenario; i.e. the performance of existing buildings in future climates. This paper aims to investigate the performance of new-build multi-occupancy British dwellings for human thermal comfort in the present-day and projected future climates in four regional cities: Birmingham, Edinburgh, London and Manchester. Evaluations are carried out by a series of dynamic thermal simulations using widely adopted threshold temperature for overheating, as well as adaptive thermal comfort standards. This study thus offers a unique perspective on regional variations of performance and provides a clearer snapshot because of the use of more appropriate adaptive comfort standards in the evaluations. Finally, the paper sheds light on possible personal and building adaptation measures to alleviate overheating risks.
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Fosas, Daniel, David A. Coley, Sukumar Natarajan, Manuel Herrera, Miguel Fosas de Pando, and Alfonso Ramallo-Gonzalez. "Mitigation versus adaptation: Does insulating dwellings increase overheating risk?" Building and Environment 143 (October 2018): 740–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.033.
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Wright, Andrew, and Eduardas Venskunas. "Effects of Future Climate Change and Adaptation Measures on Summer Comfort of Modern Homes across the Regions of the UK." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020512.
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The global climate is warming rapidly, with increasing frequency of severe events including heatwaves. Building insulation standards are improving to reduce emissions, but this can also lead to more overheating. Historically, UK house designers have not included adaptation measures to limit this. Most studies of the problem have had limited geographical or future climate scope. This study considers the comfort performance of a small modern house, in detached, semi-detached, and terrace (row) forms, but otherwise identical. Overheating is evaluated according to established criteria, including night-time bedroom hours over 26 °C. Simulations are carried out using median future weather years for current, 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s climates under medium- and high-emission scenarios for 14 regions of the UK. The results show a very large increase in overheating by the 2080s in all regions. With solar shading and natural ventilation, overheating is reduced considerably, maintaining comfort in most northern regions in the 2050s and a few northern regions in the 2080s. Differences between medium and high emissions are generally less than between different decades. Terraced (row) houses consistently overheat slightly more than semi-detached, with detached showing the least overheating.
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Schünemann, Christoph, Alfred Olfert, David Schiela, Karin Gruhler, and Regine Ortlepp. "Mitigation and adaptation in multifamily housing: overheating and climate justice." Buildings and Cities 1, no. 1 (2020): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bc.12.
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Patidar, S., D. P. Jenkins, G. J. Gibson, and P. F. G. Banfill. "Analysis of probabilistic climate projections: heat wave, overheating and adaptation." Journal of Building Performance Simulation 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2012.684447.
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Ibrahim, Azlizawati, and Sofie LJ Pelsmakers. "Low-energy housing retrofit in North England: Overheating risks and possible mitigation strategies." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418754386.
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In the drive to reduce space-heating demand and associated CO2 emissions as well as tackle fuel poverty, dwelling overheating and summer-time occupant thermal discomfort might be the unintended consequences of low-energy building retrofits. This paper presents the findings of a steady-state modelled low-energy retrofit dwelling in northern England and its potential current and future climate overheating risks using UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) scenarios (2050 and 2080 High Emission Scenarios). Predictive findings highlight that retrofitting to low-energy standards increases overheating risk over time, unless passive prevention measures are included in the retrofit design. In addition, the steady-state nature of the model might not fully capture the occupants’ exposure to actual future overheating risks. Among the most effective individual passive overheating mitigation strategies are temporary internal shading, permanent external shading and night-time ventilation. Most effective is a combination of these adaptation measures, so that predictive overheating is minimised in a future changing climate, reducing the uptake of active cooling in retrofitted dwellings. Practical application: Much research focuses on building overheating risks in the warmer South-east of England. However, this paper highlights how dwelling retrofit in north England (Sheffield) also can lead to increased dwelling overheating risk, unless passive design measures are included in the retrofit design. Among the most effective individual passive overheating mitigation strategies are solar shading devices and increased night-time ventilation, though ideally different measures are combined. Using future climate scenarios highlights that retrofits designed today might not be able to provide occupant thermal comfort in a future warming world.
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Attia, Shady, and Camille Gobin. "Climate Change Effects on Belgian Households: A Case Study of a Nearly Zero Energy Building." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 5357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205357.
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Overheating in residential building is a challenging problem that causes thermal discomfort, productivity reduction, and health problems. This paper aims to assess the climate change impact on thermal comfort in a Belgian reference case. The case study represents a nearly zero energy building that operates without active cooling during summer. The study quantifies the impact of climate change on overheating risks using three representative concentration pathway (RCP) trajectories for greenhouse gas concentration adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Building performance analysis is carried out using a multizone dynamic simulation program EnergyPlus. The results show that bioclimatic and thermal adaptation strategies, including adaptive thermal comfort models, cannot suppress the effect of global warming. By 2050, zero energy buildings will be vulnerable to overheating.
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Marsh, Rob. "The Paradox of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Danish Housing." Open House International 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2012-b0003.
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Climate change means that buildings must greatly reduce their energy consumption. It is however paradoxical that climate mitigation in Denmark has created negative energy and indoor climate problems in housing that may be made worse by climate change. A literature review has been carried out of housing schemes where climate mitigation was sought through reduced space heating demand, and it is shown that extensive problems with overheating exist. A theoretical study of regulative and design strategies for climate mitigation in new build housing has therefore been carried out, and it is shown that reducing space heating with high levels of thermal insulation and passive solar energy results in overheating and a growing demand for cooling. Climate change is expected to reduce space heating and increase cooling demand in housing. An analysis of new build housing using passive solar energy as a climate mitigation strategy has therefore been carried out in relation to future climate change scenarios. It is shown that severe indoor comfort problems can occur, questioning the relevance of passive solar energy as a climate mitigation strategy. In conclusion, a theoretical study of the interplay between climate adaptation and mitigation strategies is carried out, with a cross-disciplinary focus on users, passive design and active technologies. It is shown that the cumulative use of these strategies can create an adaptation buffer, thus eliminating problems with overheating and reducing energy consumption. New build housing should therefore be designed in relation to both current and future climate scenarios to show that the climate mitigation strategies ensure climate adaptation.
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Gupta, Rajat, Matthew Gregg, Hu Du, and Katie Williams. "Evaluative application of UKCP09‐based downscaled future weather years to simulate overheating risk in typical English homes." Structural Survey 31, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-01-2013-0005.
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PurposeTo critically compare three future weather year (FWY) downscaling approaches, based on the 2009 UK Climate Projections, used for climate change impact and adaptation analysis in building simulation software.Design/methodology/approachThe validity of these FWYs is assessed through dynamic building simulation modelling to project future overheating risk in typical English homes in 2050s and 2080s.FindingsThe modelling results show that the variation in overheating projections is far too significant to consider the tested FWY data sets equally suitable for the task.Research and practical implicationsIt is recommended that future research should consider harmonisation of the downscaling approaches so as to generate a unified data set of FWYs to be used for a given location and climate projection. If FWY are to be used in practice, live projects will need viable and reliable FWY on which to base their adaptation decisions. The difference between the data sets tested could potentially lead to different adaptation priorities specifically with regard to time series and adaptation phasing through the life of a building.Originality/valueThe paper investigates the different results derived from FWY application to building simulation. The outcome and implications are important considerations for research and practice involved in FWY data use in building simulation intended for climate change adaptation modelling.
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Arriazu-Ramos, Ainhoa, Juan José Pons Izquierdo, Germán Ramos Ruiz, Ana Sánchez-Ostiz, and Aurora Monge-Barrio. "Facing Climate Change in a Temperate European City: Urban-Scale Diagnosis of Indoor Overheating and Adaptation Strategies for Residential Buildings." Buildings 14, no. 5 (May 15, 2024): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051423.
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The rise in outdoor temperatures and heatwaves highlights the limitations of buildings in adapting to warming conditions, even in temperate climates. This paper analyses the indoor overheating of residential dwellings in Pamplona (a city in northern Spain, with a Cfb climate) using an urban-scale diagnostic methodology and presents different envelopes’ retrofitting scenarios as a strategy to reduce it. The results come from energy simulations conducted during an extremely warm summer in 2022, considering the microclimate effects. The residential typologies most vulnerable to overheating are those with only one orientation, built before the EPBD 2002, and located on top floors. These dwellings show a 23.7% mean of indoor overheating hours (IOH), representing approximately 870 h above the EN 16798-1:2019 adaptive threshold from May to September. Renovating building envelopes to meet current energy standards reduces the IOH by an average of 8.6% and up to 15.35% in the most vulnerable typologies. In the retrofitting scenario with green roof systems, indoor temperatures are up to 0.5 °C lower than when roofs are renovated with traditional systems. This study assists policy-makers in preventing the risk of overheating within cities and encourages them to promote nature-based solutions in order to adapt urban residential buildings and cities to warming conditions.
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ZepedaRivas, Daniel, Sergi Aguacil Moreno, and Jorge Rodríguez Álvarez. "Effectiveness of passive climate change adaptation measures in Switzerland: A climate-based analysis on natural ventilation and overheating risks reduction in dwellings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012151.
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Abstract Building energy codes have been implemented in Switzerland as well as across the world to reduce building energy consumption, however, due to the progressive effect of climate change phenomena and the precipitate change in occupancy patterns due to the global pandemic, their effectiveness and limitations must be constantly re-examined. This paper explores the effectiveness of natural ventilation as a passive cooling strategy, as well as the overheating patterns in dwellings across the Swiss territory. The work is based on a climate-based simulation model at a territorial scale, from which the building performance is further analysed considering the heating energy consumption and overheating risk hours above 26.5°C. The effectiveness of natural ventilation through the operable window operable area in reducing overheating risk was also estimated. The results show the effectiveness across the whole territory of the current regulation (SIA 380/1:2016), which is focused on the performance of the building envelope to reduce heat losses. An unattended alarming overheating pattern was spotted in locations with altitudes below 1500 meters as a direct consequence of the climate change phenomena, hence a series of recommendations are proposed to update and improve the current legal requirements.
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Hao, Lingjun, Daniel Herrera-Avellanosa, Claudio Del Pero, and Alexandra Troi. "Overheating Risks and Adaptation Strategies of Energy Retrofitted Historic Buildings under the Impact of Climate Change: Case Studies in Alpine Region." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 7162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147162.
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Energy retrofits can enhance the liveability and efficiency of historic buildings while preserving their historic and aesthetic values. However, measures like improved insulation and airtightness may increase their vulnerability to overheating and climate change may further worsen their performance in the future. This paper investigates indoor overheating risks brought by climate change in retrofitted historic buildings and proposes effective adaptation strategies. Firstly, local weather conditions are analysed to identify homogenous climatic zones. For each climatic zone, “a business-as-usual” emissions scenario is adopted, and most representative regional climate models are selected to obtain hourly output of future climate projection. A comparative study is adopted where typical alpine residential buildings, “Portici house”, are simulated with regard to future energy use and indoor thermal state using the dynamic model in EnergyPlus. Energy use and indoor thermal conditions are compared before and after energy retrofit, as well as under present and future climate conditions. The results demonstrate that retrofit interventions could significantly improve energy efficiency of historic buildings in both present and future scenarios. A change in climate together with retrofit interventions will, however, result in higher risk of indoor overheating in South Tyrol. Potential negative side effects of energy retrofit could be controlled by adopting adequate shading and ventilation approaches that minimise, or eliminate, the risk of overheating during high temperature periods while optimising historic buildings’ energy performance.
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Pajek, Luka, and Mitja Košir. "Exploring Climate-Change Impacts on Energy Efficiency and Overheating Vulnerability of Bioclimatic Residential Buildings under Central European Climate." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 6791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126791.
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Climate change is expected to expose the locked-in overheating risk concerning bioclimatic buildings adapted to a specific past climate state. The study aims to find energy-efficient building designs which are most resilient to overheating and increased cooling energy demands that will result from ongoing climate change. Therefore, a comprehensive parametric study of various passive building design measures was implemented, simulating the energy use of each combination for a temperate climate of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The approach to overheating vulnerability assessment was devised and applied using the increase in cooling energy demand as a performance indicator. The results showed that a B1 heating energy efficiency class according to the Slovenian Energy Performance Certificate classification was the highest attainable using the selected passive design parameters, while the energy demand for heating is projected to decrease over time. In contrast, the energy use for cooling is in general projected to increase. Furthermore, it was found that, in building models with higher heating energy use, low overheating vulnerability is easier to achieve. However, in models with high heating energy efficiency, very high overheating vulnerability is not expected. Accordingly, buildings should be designed for current heating energy efficiency and low vulnerability to future overheating. The paper shows a novel approach to bioclimatic building design with global warming adaptation integrated into the design process. It delivers recommendations for the energy-efficient, robust bioclimatic design of residential buildings in the Central European context, which are intended to guide designers and policymakers towards a resilient and sustainable built environment.
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Jariwala, Mansi, and Ahmad Taki. "Mitigating Overheating Risks for Modern Flats in London Due to Climate Change." Designs 7, no. 6 (October 28, 2023): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs7060124.
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With the increase in global temperatures, a significant threat of overheating has been reported due to more frequent and severe heatwaves in the UK housing stock. This research analyzes dwellings’ physical attributes through overheating assessments and their adaptation for modern flats in London in the current (2022) and anticipated (2050) weather. According to preliminary research, Southeast and London in England, mid-terraced, and flats (especially built post 2012), among other archetypes, were discovered to be the most susceptible to overheating in the UK. This study employed a case study of a 2015 modern flat located in a high-risk overheating zone in London to understand the building’s overheating exposure. A range of Dynamic Thermal Simulations (DTS) was conducted using EnergyPlus with reference to case studies in order to assess the performance of passive cooling mitigation strategies (PCMS) on peak summer days (15 July) as well as during the summer against CIBSE Guide A and ASHARE 55. Reduced window area and LoE triple glazing were identified as excellent mitigation prototypes, in which solar gains through exterior glazing were reduced by 85.5% due to triple glazing. Zone sensible cooling was reduced by 52%, which minimized CO2 emissions. It was also identified that the final retrofit model passed CIBSE Guide A by achieving a temperature threshold of 20 °C to 25 °C during the summer months, whereas it failed to accomplish the ASHARE 55 criteria (20–24 °C). The outcome of this study justifies the necessity of tested PCMS and advises UK policymakers on how to foster resilient housing plans to overcome overheating issues.
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Pajek, Luka, and Mitja Košir. "Overheating vulnerability assessment of energy retrofit actions in a multi-apartment building in Podgorica, Montenegro." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339604003.
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The study aimed to assess the overheating vulnerability of an existing multi-apartment building built in 1971 in Podgorica, Montenegro. The building consists of 80 apartments and is mostly still in its original state. Firstly, the building was modelled in EneryPlus, and a parametric study was performed with jEPlus. The energy need for heating and cooling was simulated using parameters such as thermal insulation level, window properties, external surface solar absorptivity, shading activation set-point, and natural ventilation cooling intensity. Moreover, the energy need was determined for four different climate periods, namely for the current and three future periods up to the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 climate change scenario. The total number of building models equalled 648 for each of the four climate scenarios, resulting in 2,592 simulated cases. After that, the overheating vulnerability score was determined using the minimax regret method and cooling energy need as a performance indicator. The best retrofit action was determined by identifying the most favourable combination of the overheating vulnerability and total energy need. The results deliver the appropriate energy retrofit actions to limit the increase in overheating risk and provide for climate change adaptation of the multi-apartment building stock in Montenegro.
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Dodoo, Ambrose. "Energy and indoor thermal comfort performance of a Swedish residential building under future climate change conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017202001.
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The latest climate change projections for Sweden suggest mean annual temperature increase of up to 5.5 °C by 2100, compared to 1961-1990 levels. In this study we investigate the potential impacts of climate change on the energy demand for space conditioning, overheating risk and indoor thermal comfort of a modern multi-storey residential building in Sweden. We explore climate change adaptation strategies to improve the building’s performance under the climate change conditions, including increased ventilation, solar shading, improved windows and mechanical cooling. The building is analysed under future climate projections for the 2050-2059 time frame, with representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The building’s performances under these future climates are compared to those under the historical climate of 1961-1990 and recent climate of 1981-2010. The results suggest that climate change will significantly influence energy performance and indoor comfort conditions of buildings in the Swedish context. Overheating hours and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) increased significantly under the future climate scenarios. Furthermore space heating demand is reduced and cooling demand is increased for the studied building. However, effective adaptation strategies significantly improved the buildings’ energy and indoor climate performances under both current and future climate conditions.
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Zhang, Zhongjun, Yaqian Wang, and Dangwei Zhu. "Overheating in the Tree Shade of Urban Parks: A Field Study of Thermal Adaption in China." Atmosphere 15, no. 5 (May 8, 2024): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15050575.
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With increased atmospheric temperature, temperatures in the shade of trees in parks also increase, and people are faced with high temperature challenges. In this study, thermal comfort in the shade of the trees of an urban park during summer in China was assessed. The subjective responses of the respondents were recorded via questionnaires, and environment parameters were measured. The results show that the air temperature in the shade was 31.1 ± 3.0 °C during the day, and that it peaked at 36.9 °C; the globe temperature was 31.3 ± 3.1 °C, and it peaked at 40.1 ℃. Respondents’ clothing insulation was 0.31 ± 0.08 clo, and the effect of clothing adjustment on thermal adaptation was limited. Thermal sensation is linearly related to standard effective temperature (SET), and the upper limit of 80% acceptable SET was 32.1 °C. At different temperature values, the proportion of expected airflow enhancement exceeded 50%. The respondents preferred a neutral-warm sensation. Moreover, there was an obvious thermal adaptation, with thermal history and psychological adaptation being the main factors affecting thermal comfort. This study confirmed the value of shade and provided us with guidance for park planning and design.
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Литовченко, Екатерина, Ekaterina Litovchenko, Наталья Коршунова, Natalya Korshunova, Ольга Юречко, Olga Yurechko, Леонид Войтус, and Leonid Voytus. "MODERN VISION ON ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF WARM-BLOODED ORGANISM TO THE TEMPERATURE STRESS." Bulletin physiology and pathology of respiration 1, no. 66 (December 26, 2017): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a24e581f262d5.08833603.
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In the review of the literature, data on the possibility of adaptation reactions of a warm-blooded organism to cold and heat stress are described in detail. The scientific experience of application of adaptogenic products in the correction of overheating and cooling of the organism is discussed. The theoretical problems of the toxic effect of the temperature factor of the environment on cognitive abilities of laboratory animals and humans are revealed. The article presents the historical data about the study of these issues over the last 50 years.
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Osychenko, Halyna. "ARCHITECTURAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES THERMAL ADAPTATION OF BUILDINGS IN HOT CLIMATE CONDITIONS." Spatial development, no. 8 (June 28, 2024): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2786-7269.2024.8.130-147.
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Protection from summer heat is a practical and scientific issue, which is becoming more and more relevant in Europe and Ukraine due to climate changes and long periods of heat. Heat protection measures have a positive effect on the microclimate of the building, insufficient protection increases energy costs for maintaining heat in the building in the winter and protection from heat in the summer. Therefore, when designing buildings, it is important to balance the protection of the building from the sun and cold, the insulation of the building with its connection with the external environment, to ensure the ventilation of the premises and to make the optimal choice of materials to ensure a comfortable climate in the premises and to minimize energy consumption. The study analyzed the global experience of applying measures to protect buildings from heat by means of thermoregulation. A classification of the means of thermal adaptation of the building from the heat has been carried out (architectural, planning, engineering and technical measures, landscaping, reservoirs and water systems, construction and decoration materials), among which architectural and planning measures are combined and often include all others.The work classifies the methods and techniques of thermal adaptation of the building on two large-scale levels: thermoregulation of the microclimate of the site and thermoregulation of the microclimate of the building directly. The main focus of the research is on "soft" methods and means, which are traditional natural and passive measures against building overheating in countries with hot climates.Their diversity is considered and classified as follows: methods of creating shadowy micro spaces, methods of reducing overheating of building and ground surfaces, methods of building insulation (minimizing communication with the external adverse environment) and methods of ensuring ventilation.
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Petrou, Giorgos, Phil Symonds, Anna Mavrogianni, Anastasia Mylona, and Mike Davies. "The summer indoor temperatures of the English housing stock: Exploring the influence of dwelling and household characteristics." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 492–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419847621.
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As the high temperatures experienced during the summer of 2018 may become commonplace by 2050, adaptation to higher indoor temperatures while minimising the need for mechanical cooling is required. A thorough understanding of the factors that influence indoor temperatures can enable the design of healthier and safer dwellings under a warming climate. The aim of this paper is to provide further insight into the topic of indoor overheating through the analysis of the largest recent sample of English dwellings, the 2011 Energy Follow-Up Survey, comprised of 823 dwellings. Following the pre-processing stage, the indoor overheating risk of 795 living rooms and 799 bedrooms was quantified using the criteria defined within CIBSE's Technical Memorandum 59. Approximately 2.5% of the dwellings were found to exceed Criterion 1, with this figure approaching 26% when Criterion 2 was considered. Subsequently, the indoor temperatures were standardised against external weather conditions and the correlation of 11 dwelling and 9 household characteristics was examined. Factors such as the main heating system, tenure and occupant vulnerability were all found to have a statistically significant association with the indoor temperatures. Further analysis revealed multiple correlations between household and dwelling characteristics, highlighting the complexity of the indoor overheating problem. Practical application: By applying the criteria in CIBSE's TM59, 26% of the dwellings monitored during the 2011 Energy Follow-Up Survey were found to overheat. Since 2011 was a cool summer and future temperatures are expected to be warmer, even more dwellings are expected to fail these criteria in the future. Multiple dwelling and household characteristics were associated with higher indoor temperatures, including: dwellings with a SAP rating > 70, more recently built and with communal heating. Thus, it is crucial to consider indoor overheating risk at the building design or refurbishment stage to prevent the possible consequences of uncomfortably high indoor temperatures.
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Stagrum, Anna Eknes, Erlend Andenæs, Tore Kvande, and Jardar Lohne. "Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Buildings—A Scoping Review." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051721.
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As the climate changes globally and locally, the built environment will be subject to different climatic exposure than in the past. Adaptation measures are required to ensure the long-term integrity and successful operation of the built environment. This study examines literature on climate adaptation measures for buildings through a scoping literature review. It is centered around the main journals in the field of climate adaptation of the built environment, then expanded to map the extent of scientific publications about climate adaptation in general. Studies that regard future climate scenarios have been of particular interest. The majority of the identified literature concerns climate change impacts on buildings in warm climates, with overheating being seen as the greatest challenge. Additionally, few empirical studies are found; most identified research is based on computer simulations or literature reviews. The volume of research on the consequences of climate change on buildings in cold regions is surprisingly small, considering the pecuniary stakes involved. The predictions of climate scenarios suggest regulatory/policy measures on climate adaptation should be taken as quickly as possible to avoid greater costs in the future. However, further research into future scenarios is also essential.
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Kostianaia, Evgeniia A., and Andrey G. Kostianoy. "Railway Transport Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change at High Latitudes: A Review of Experience from Canada, Sweden and China." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2023-0016.
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Abstract Impact of climate change on railway transport manifests in a variety of consequences, such as rail buckling, rail flooding, expansion of swing bridges, overheating of electrical equipment and its damage, bridge scour, failure of earthworks, ground settlement, pavement deterioration, damage to sea walls, coastal erosion of tracks and earthworks, and an increased number of railway accidents in general. Such impacts can cause considerable disruption of railway operations and lead to substantial financial expenses for repair of the railway infrastructure. Therefore, it is crucial to include adaptation strategies already in the design phase of the railway construction to ensure stability and integrity of the railway operations. This paper provides a literature review of adaptation considerations in Canada, China and Sweden and discusses climate change challenges that these countries face in their railway systems. In conclusion, the authors provide recommendations for adaptation approaches based on the reviewed international experience which can be useful for policymakers and managers of railway companies.
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Mavrogianni, A., M. Davies, P. Wilkinson, and A. Pathan. "London Housing and Climate Change: Impact on Comfort and Health - Preliminary Results of a Summer Overheating Study." Open House International 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2010-b0007.
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Climate change presents potential increased threats to the comfort and health of urban populations as a result of higher summer temperatures. This paper reviews recent research on the climate change adaptation potential of urban environments and focuses on a major conurbation, London. Recent work relating to the impact of exposure to heat on population health is also noted. Data obtained from a pilot monitoring study carried out in a subset of 36 dwellings (from a total of 110 dwellings in the overall study) across London during the summer of 2009 is then discussed. Preliminary results illustrate the need to quantify the net impacts of individual building characteristics and the location of each dwelling within the London heat island. During a hot period, more than 40% of the monitored bedrooms failed the recommended overheating criteria during the night time. There was some indication of purpose built flats being more prone to overheating. The potential use of such data as the basis of a heat-related health risk epidemiological model for London is discussed. Such a tool would help health policy makers to target the most vulnerable building types and areas.
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Hao, Lingjun, Daniel Herrera-Avellanosa, Claudio Del Pero, and Alexandra Troi. "Categorization of South Tyrolean Built Heritage with Consideration of the Impact of Climate." Climate 7, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7120139.
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Climate change imposes great challenges on the built heritage sector by increasing the risks of energy inefficiency, indoor overheating, and moisture-related damage to the envelope. Therefore, it is urgent to assess these risks and plan adaptation strategies for historic buildings. These activities must be based on a strong knowledge of the main building categories. Moreover, before adapting a historic building to future climate, it is necessary to understand how the past climate influenced its design, construction, and eventual categories. This knowledge will help when estimating the implication of climate change on historic buildings. This study aims at identifying building categories, which will be the basis for further risk assessment and adaptation plans, while at the same time analyzing the historical interaction between climate and human dwelling. The results show some correlations between building categories and climate. Therefore, it is necessary to use different archetypes to represent the typical buildings in different climate zones. Moreover, these correlations imply a need to investigate the capability of the climate-responsive features in future climate scenarios and to explore possible further risks and adaptation strategies.
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Emmanuel, R., and A. Loconsole. "Green infrastructure as an adaptation approach to tackling urban overheating in the Glasgow Clyde Valley Region, UK." Landscape and Urban Planning 138 (June 2015): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.012.
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Dartevelle, Olivier, Sergio Altomonte, Gabrielle Masy, Erwin Mlecnik, and Geoffrey van Moeseke. "Indoor Summer Thermal Comfort in a Changing Climate: The Case of a Nearly Zero Energy House in Wallonia (Belgium)." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072410.
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While the potential impact of climate change mitigation measures is well documented in building sciences literature, there are only relatively sparse studies focusing on the efficiency of adaptation strategies. This paper aims to contribute to this topic by evaluating the extent to which the design of a typical nearly Zero Energy Buildling (nZEB) house in Wallonia (Belgium), and its current operation, could provide summer thermal comfort in a changing climate. Based on calibrated whole building energy simulations, and on the integration of future climate data directly derived from a high-resolution climate model, this study evaluates the potential evolution of overheating risks in the living room and in the main bedroom of the house. Discussing the compliance with existing overheating criteria, the study shows that the passive strategies currently deployed in the house might not be sufficient to guarantee summer thermal comfort especially in the bedroom, and that other strategies might be necessary in the future to limit the use of active cooling systems and curb their environmental impacts. This study concludes that considering the potential of these strategies to guarantee summer thermal comfort in a changing climate should be a priority for the design of nZEB houses (and their related policies) also in temperate oceanic climates.
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Ghosh, Aveek. "Smart heat-health action plans: A programmatic, progressive and dynamic framework to address urban overheating." Geographica Pannonica 28, no. 3 (2024): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp28-51694.
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Cities stand at the focal point of vulnerability to heat waves (HWs) as they threaten urban livability and sustainability. National, regional, and local heat-health action plans (HHAPs) are vital for combating HWs and are increasingly crucial as adaptation measures to extreme heat. The present article highlights the most recent development on the working mechanism of HHAPs, its contemporary challenges, barriers to it and a range of operational heat management and planning strategies. It introduces the concept of 'smartness' to the existing mechanism of HHAPs which holds a significant potential to be intelligent, explicit and dynamic to address the growing and multifaceted impacts of extreme heat. It emphasizes urgent priorities including long-term heat planning, multisectoral heat-early warning systems, building urban heat resilience and recommends the application of eight core elements endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for effective implementation of HHAPs. Collaboration among meteorological, epidemiological, public health, and urban planning experts is essential for addressing the multidimensional challenges of extreme heat.
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Oufara, S., H. Barre, J. L. Rouanet, and J. Chatonnet. "Adaptation to extreme ambient temperatures in cold-acclimated gerbils and mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): R39—R45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.1.r39.
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To explain tolerance of heat and cold in gerbils (Gerbillus campestris) in their natural environment, a comparative study was made of thermoregulatory reactions in these animals and white mice (Mus musculus) of the same body mass exposed for 2-3 h to ambient temperatures (Ta) ranging from -23 to 40 degrees C. Metabolic rate (MR), evaporative heat loss (EHL), colonic temperature (Tb), and electromyographic activity (EMG) were measured. Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) was also evaluated from the increase in MR after norepinephrine injection. In gerbils, tolerance of cold was higher than in mice; there was no fall in Tb in cold-acclimated (CA) and control (TN) gerbils after 3 h of exposure at -20 and -10 degrees C Ta, respectively; peak MR (PMR) reached five to six times resting MR (RMR) in gerbils and four to five times in mice. In gerbils, RMR was 35% below that of mice. In TN gerbils, EHL did not increase before 38 degrees C Ta; EHL increased at 26 degrees C in mice. In both animals, cold acclimation increased cold tolerance, PMR, RMR, and NST. Low RMR, high Tb, and mainly burrowing habits preserve gerbils from overheating and save water in hot and arid environments, and a conspicuous tolerance of cold allows them to live and forage in the wild during the cold night.
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Nuzhyna, Nataliya Volodymyrivna, and Maryna Mykolaivna Gaydarzhy. "Comparative characteristics of anatomical and morphological adaptations of plants of two subgenera Haworthia Duval to arid environmental conditions." Acta Agrobotanica 68, no. 1 (2015): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.006.
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This paper presents the comparative anatomical and morphological characteristics of plants of two subgenera: <em>Haworthia</em> and <em>Hexangularis</em>. The study revealed two different strategies of adaptation to arid conditions of the growth of different subgenera of the genus <em>Haworthia</em>. Plants of the subgenus <em>Haworthia</em> adapted to arid conditions by increasing the accumulation of water, the presence of “windows”, a smaller stoma size, and a thinner outer wall of the epidermis cells. On the other hand, plants of the subgenus <em>Hexangularis</em> adapted to arid conditions by reducing overheating and transpiration as well as by the presence of papillae and a thickened outer wall of the epidermis cells.
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Novikova, Tamara Anatolyevna, Svetlana Sergeevna Abramkina, and Yuliya Aleksandrovna Aleshina. "The hygienic significance of the heating microclimate in the formation of health disorders of workers (review)." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2111-05.
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The thermal effect of the working environment, leading to overheating of the body of workers, can manifest itself as thermal injuries, accompanied by a deterioration in well-being, a decrease in working capacity, and various health disorders. In addition, an increased air temperature can become a trigger for the activation of biological effects caused by other industrial factors— noise, vibration, harmful chemicals, physical exertion, the combined effect of which has a potentiating effect. The aim of the work was to analyze the literature data on the study of the negative impact of the heating microclimate on the health of workers and to determine measures for its prevention. The analysis of domestic and foreign sources of scientific information and publications contained in Russian and international search systems (databases eLIBRARY, PubMed, etc.) devoted to the study of the features of the formation of a heating environment and its influence on the formation of health disorders of workers in various industries and agriculture. The importance of studies of the heating microclimate as a factor of occupational health risk is shown, the directions of primary prevention of its negative impact, aimed at protecting against overheating and normalizing the thermal state of the workers’ body, are determined. Analysis of literature data allowed us to conclude that the negative health effects of the thermal effects of the working environment are currently insufficiently studied, further research is needed to assess occupational risks associated with its exposure, as well as the processes of adaptation to the thermal load of workers in various industries and agriculture, taking into account their specifics.
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Malinina, E. V., N. M. Kondrashova, V. N. Kotelnikov, and E. V. Gerashchenko. "Clinical and functional characteristic of adaptation of the cardiovascular system of seafarers during autonomous cruise." Marine Medicine 6, no. 4 (January 11, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2020-6-4-38-43.
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Purpose. Assessment of functional state of circulatory system in seafarers at different stages independent cruise.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of the results of the study of three groups of 180 seafarers on the third, fifth and sixth months of cruise was conducted. The obtained results were subjected to statistical processing according to the rules of variation statistics.Results and its discussion. Functional state of circulatory system in seafarers depends on the kind of military professional activity. Thus, among the staff officers, the number of prehypertensive states is increasing, and for the personnel of surface ships a slightly greater physical working capacity is noted in comparison with divers. At the same time, an increase in the temperature of the skin of the lower extremities was typical for divers, that is definitely important for the control and early prevention of overheating. At the same time, the most noticeable decrease in working capacity is observed in the command staff, while the indicator was quantitatively correlated with the results of daily monitoring of blood pressure and ECG. In addition, it was revealed that the process of adaptation of the body’s regulatory systems reaches its maximum by the end of the third month of cruise and is determined by an increase in endurance and a decrease in morbidity among seafarers.
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Esposito, Antonio, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Antonio Donateo, Pietro Salizzoni, Giuseppe Maffeis, Teodoro Semeraro, Jose Luis Santiago, and Riccardo Buccolieri. "Urban Morphology and Surface Urban Heat Island Relationship During Heat Waves: A Study of Milan and Lecce (Italy)." Remote Sensing 16, no. 23 (November 30, 2024): 4496. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234496.
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The urban heat island (UHI) effect, marked by higher temperatures in urban areas compared to rural ones, is a key indicator of human-driven environmental changes. This study aims to identify the key morphological parameters that primarily contribute to the development of surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) and investigates the relationship between SUHII and urban morphology using land surface temperature (LST) data from the Sentinel-3 satellite. The research focuses on Milan and Lecce, analyzing how urban geometry affects SUHII. Factors such as building height, aspect ratio, sky visibility, and surface cover are examined using approximately 1000 satellite images from 2022 and 2023. The study highlights seasonal and diurnal variations in SUHII, with particular emphasis on HW periods. Through multicollinearity and multiple regression analyses, the study identifies the main morphological drivers influencing SUHII in the two cities, specifically the Impervious Surface Fraction (ISF) and Mean Building Height (HM). Milan consistently exhibits higher SUHII, particularly during HWs, while Lecce experiences a negative SUHII, especially during the summer, due to lower urban density, more vegetation, and the low soil moisture around the urban area. Both cities show positive SUHII values at night, which are slightly elevated during HWs. The heat wave analysis reveals the areas most susceptible to overheating, typically characterized by high urban density, with ISF and HM values in some cases above the 90th percentile (0.8 and 13.0 m, respectively) compared to the overall distribution, particularly for Milan. The research emphasizes the importance of urban morphology in influencing SUHII, suggesting that detailed morphological analysis is crucial for developing climate adaptation and urban planning strategies to reduce urban overheating and improve urban resilience to climate change.
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Starzyk, Agnieszka, Mikołaj Donderewicz, Kinga Rybak-Niedziółka, Janusz Marchwiński, Magdalena Grochulska-Salak, Przemysław Łacek, Łukasz Mazur, Ivanna Voronkova, and Polina Vietrova. "The Evolution of Multi-Family Housing Development Standards in the Climate Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Issues." Buildings 13, no. 8 (August 3, 2023): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081985.
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Contemporary problems related to the consequences of climate change and exposure to changing investment and implementation conditions are prompting the development of programmes adapting to climate change. Issues of adaptation and actions in relation to climate change are being discussed in the architectural, urban planning, and governmental communities. Models are being developed for shaping the functional and spatial structure, buildings and infrastructure in the city in relation to the projected climate change. Multi-criteria and interdisciplinary research is being carried out and solutions are being implemented for retaining water, minimising the heat island effect, reducing emissions and environmental impact by analysing the carbon footprint and introducing circular economy principles. The research is focused on the analysis of design and implementation conditions for multi-family housing projects in Poland, and the development of design guidelines enabling adaptation and mitigation of the negative effects of climate change, including heat island effects, smog, overheating, drought, and flooding in housing. Conclusions from the overview of the indicated documents and legal provisions for the implementation of sustainable development principles and adaptation to climate change in the investments under preparation (urban and architectural projects) enable the forecasting of development directions and ideological assumptions for shaping urbanised areas, providing the basis for shaping the resilience of the functional and spatial structure and the natural system in urban areas subject to transformation. Issues of implementing pro-environmental technologies and developing new urban planning standards disseminate the solutions of compact cities in which the development of multifunctional building complexes with public spaces equipped with greenery linked to the buildings are realised.
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Petrou, Ilias, Nikolaos Kyriazis, and Pavlos Kassomenos. "Evaluating the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Summer Urban Overheating through Weather Types in the Attica Region, Greece." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (July 5, 2023): 10633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310633.
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In this study, we investigated the association between weather type (WT) and urban heat island intensity (UHII) in the region of Attica (Greece). The application of the methodology resulted in ten WTs over the Attica region. The UHII was calculated for every hour of the day from 2008 to 2017, using a new air temperature dataset produced by Copernicus Climate Change Service. To obtain more definitive findings about the relationship between WTs and UHII, we also used the upper 5% of UHII (urban overheating, UO). UO was estimated for two time intervals (daytime and nighttime) and for the warm period (June–September). The UHII frequency distribution, as well as the spatiotemporal characteristics of the UO, were also investigated. It was found that UO was amplified under WT2 during the night, while WT10 was mainly related to increased UO magnitudes in the daytime in all months. Furthermore, analysis results revealed that the UO effect is more pronounced in Athens during the night, especially at the Athens center. The daytime hot spots identified were mainly in suburban and rural areas. Therefore, this methodology may help with heat mitigation strategies and climate adaptation measures in urban environments.
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Peeks, Megan, and Lidia Badarnah. "Textured Building Façades: Utilizing Morphological Adaptations Found in Nature for Evaporative Cooling." Biomimetics 6, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6020024.
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The overheating of buildings and their need for mechanical cooling is a growing issue as a result of climate change. The main aim of this paper is to examine the impact of surface texture on heat loss capabilities of concrete panels through evaporative cooling. Organisms maintain their body temperature in very narrow ranges in order to survive, where they employ morphological and behavioral means to complement physiological strategies for adaptation. This research follows a biomimetic approach to develop a design solution. The skin morphology of elephants was identified as a successful example that utilizes evaporative cooling and has, therefore, informed the realization of a textured façade panel. A systematic process has been undertaken to examine the impact of different variables on the cooling ability of the panels, bringing in new morphological considerations for surface texture. The results showed that the morphological variables of assembly and depth of texture have impact on heat loss, and the impact of surface area to volume (SA:V) ratios on heat loss capabilities varies for different surface roughness. This study demonstrates the potential exploitation of morphological adaptation to buildings, that could contribute to them cooling passively and reduce the need for expensive and energy consuming mechanical systems. Furthermore, it suggests areas for further investigation and opens new avenues for novel thermal solutions inspired by nature for the built environment.
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Shkurti, Lamir, and Mennan Selimi. "AdaptiveMesh: Adaptive Federate Learning for Resource-Constrained Wireless Environments." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 20, no. 14 (November 14, 2024): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v20i14.50559.
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Federated learning (FL) presents a decentralized approach to model training, particularly beneficial in scenarios prioritizing data privacy, such as healthcare. This paper introduces AdaptiveMesh, an FL adaptive algorithm designed to optimize training efficiency in heterogeneous wireless environments. Through dynamic adjustment of training parameters based on client performance metrics, including central processing unit (CPU) utilization and accuracy trends, AdaptiveMesh aims to enhance model convergence and resource utilization. Experimental evaluations on heterogeneous client devices demonstrate the algorithm’s effectiveness in improving model accuracy, stability, and training efficiency. Results indicate a significant impact on CPU adaptation in preventing client overloading and mitigating overheating risks. Furthermore, the results of the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis highlight significant differences in CPU usage, accuracy, and epochs between devices with varying levels of hardware capabilities. These findings underscore the algorithm’s potential for practical deployment in real-world edge computing environments, addressing challenges posed by heterogeneous device capabilities and resource constraints.
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Vercesi, Alberto, Matteo Gatti, Alessandra Garavani, Francesco Pelusi, and Stefano Poni. "Autochthonous Red Varieties in the Oltrepò Pavese Wine District: An Effective Tool for Adaptation to Climate Change." Horticulturae 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2024): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060658.
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Global warming is challenging the performances of medium-to-late ripening red Vitis vinifera cultivars whose harvest dates might be consistently anticipated at the detriment of still insufficient phenolic maturity. A 3-year study (2021–2023) was devised to compare cv Croatina—the most grown red cultivar in the Oltrepò Pavese district—with the following five autochthonous genotypes: Croà, Moradella, Mornasca, Ughetta, and Uva Rara. Weather trends, main yield components, and grape composition parameters were recorded each year; in two out of the three trial seasons, ripening curves for total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) were also derived. In terms of yield performance, all minor varieties showed a level of basal node fruitfulness (about 1.1 clusters/shoot) high enough to perform short pruning, which was not possible to achieve in Croatina. As per grape quality at harvest, Uva Rara behaved quite similarly to Croatina, whereas Ughetta, Moradella, and Croà were judged to be unsuitable due to poor berry coloration at harvest (less than 0.7 mg/kg). Conversely, Mornasca’s performance was truly interesting and promising. In 2021 and 2023, Mornasca had delayed sugar accumulation, which was strongly uncoupled with total anthocyanins, which were not limited. In 2022, a hot and dry season, Mornasca outdid Croatina because the required TSS was assured, and the color significantly improved. The conclusion is that Mornasca is less susceptible than Croatina to imbalances in pigment formation or degradation, which typically occurs with berry overheating.
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Elham Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, Elham, Fereshte Purshaban, Sara Noormousavi Nasab, Abdollah Baghaei Daemei, Pegah Eghbal Yakhdani, and Ramin Vali. "Traditional Climate Responsible Solutions in Iranian Ancient Architecture in Humid Region." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 10 (October 30, 2018): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091176.
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The climatically compatible design is one of the closest ways getting the optimum use of renewable sources of energy since consideration to climatic conditions is the main concern in sustainability. Occupants suffer from this uncomfortable situation due to the overheating indoor high temperature. This region is located north of Iran, is influenced by humid climate conditions. Adaptation to climate condition in the vernacular architecture of west of Guilan is the main reason of using all these solutions to use the environmental potential for providing comfort for its occupants, which are the main purposes of sustainable development. The research question is how the Guilan’s historical architecture has been able to answer the weather conditions. In this research was performed by analysing appropriate climatic solutions in the vernacular architecture of west of Guilan. The methodology based on a Qualitative–interpretative approach was applied. Their location, formation and different functions are investigated. According to this issue, porches and balconies provide best solutions for weather balance conditions in summer and winter and climate comfort.
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Fratto, Melanie A., and Andrew K. Davis. "Do black-furred animals compensate for high solar absorption with smaller hairs? A test with a polymorphic squirrel species." Current Zoology 57, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.6.731.
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Abstract In polymorphic mammalian species that display multiple color forms, those with dark, or melanic pelage would be prone to overheating, especially if they live in warm climates, because their fur absorbs solar energy at a higher rate. However, experimental studies indicate that certain physical properties of fur of dark individuals appear to prevent, or minimize heat stress, although it is not clear what properties do so. Here, we tested the possibility that black-furred individuals simply have shorter or thinner hair fibers, which would create a lighter (in terms of weight) coat or one that allows greater air flow for evaporative cooling. We examined museum specimens of eastern fox squirrels Sciurus niger, a species native to the United States and one that displays brown, grey or all-black pelage color, and used image analysis procedures to quantify hairs from the dorsal surface and tail. From examination of 43 specimens (19 brown, 9 black and 15 grey), and 1,720 hairs, we found no significant difference in hair lengths across color morphs, but significant differences in hair fiber widths. Black squirrels had thinner body hairs than other forms (7% thinner), but thicker tail hairs (9% thicker) than the others. Given that the dorsal surface would be directly exposed to solar radiation, we interpret this to be an adaptation to prevent heat stress during the day. The thicker tail hairs may be an adaptation for nighttime thermoregulation, since squirrels sleep with their tails wrapped around their bodies. These results add to a growing literature body of the functional significance of mammalian pelage.
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Stabentheiner, Anton, Helmut Kovac, Monika Mandl, and Helmut Käfer. "Coping with the cold and fighting the heat: thermal homeostasis of a superorganism, the honeybee colony." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01464-8.
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AbstractThe worldwide distribution of honeybees and their fast propagation to new areas rests on their ability to keep up optimal ‘tropical conditions’ in their brood nest both in the cold and in the heat. Honeybee colonies behave like ‘superorganisms’ where individuals work together to promote reproduction of the colony. Social cooperation has developed strongly in thermal homeostasis, which guarantees a fast and constant development of the brood. We here report on the cooperation of individuals in reaction to environmental variation to achieve thermal constancy of 34–36 °C. The measurement of body temperature together with bee density and in-hive microclimate showed that behaviours for hive heating or cooling are strongly interlaced and differ in their start values. When environmental temperature changes, heat production is adjusted both by regulation of bee density due to migration activity and by the degree of endothermy. Overheating of the brood is prevented by cooling with water droplets and increased fanning, which start already at moderate temperatures where heat production and bee density are still at an increased level. This interlaced change and onset of different thermoregulatory behaviours guarantees a graded adaptation of individual behaviour to stabilise the temperature of the brood.
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Baía Saraiva, Nuno, Luisa Dias Pereira, Adélio Rodrigues Gaspar, and José Joaquim da Costa. "Barriers on Establishing Passive Strategies in Office Spaces: A Case Study in a Historic University Building." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084563.
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The adaptation of spaces to different usage typologies can be complex in heritage buildings. Facilities were initially planned for a specific type of use that, when changed, require additional measures to ensure a suitable indoor environment. Passive strategies—e.g., free cooling—are commonly used as an alternative without requiring equipment installation. However, its implementation often leads to unsatisfactory conditions. Therefore, it is important to clarify the main barriers to achieving thermal comfort in readapted historic buildings. The present work investigates the thermal comfort conditions reported by workers in office spaces of a historic building in the University of Coimbra. A monitoring campaign was carried out between May and September 2020 to assess indoor conditions’ quality. Due to the current pandemic of COVID-19, offices were not occupied at full capacity. A one-day evaluation of thermal comfort was made using a climate analyzer and six occupants were surveyed on 19 August 2020. The main results highlighted discomfort due to overheating of spaces. The causes were related to the combination of inadequate implementation of the free cooling actions and the building use. Furthermore, it was recommended the installation of HVAC systems in case of full capacity.
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Kasparek, Max, Noudjoud Benarfa, and Ahlam Sentil. "Black bees in the desert: Description of a new species of wool carder bee (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Anthidium) from the northern Sahara with colouration atypical for xeric environments." Contributions to Entomology 74, no. 2 (August 16, 2024): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.74.e125001.
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Bees inhabiting xeric environments often exhibit, like many other insects, brown, beige, and sandy colours, aligning with the hues of the desert landscape. In this study, we study two bee species belonging to the tribe Anthidiini that defy this general colour pattern. These species feature an almost entirely black integument, contrasting with the typical rich yellow or beige colour pattern found in most members of the genus Anthidium Fabricius, 1804. The new species, A. nigrum Kasparek, sp. nov., was found in the deserts of the northern Sahara, where also another dark congener lives, the little-known Anthidium pullatum Morice, 1916, which is re-described here based on the rediscovery of the type material which has been thought lost. We hypothesise that this colouration phenomenon may be explained by an adaptation to the strong day-and-night temperature differences in the desert environment. The black colouration enables bees to harness solar energy early in the day, capitalizing on enhanced heat retention due to the lower reflectance of their integument. It is hypothesized that this allows bees to optimize their activity pattern during the brief period before temperatures rise to levels posing a high risk of overheating.
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Couvillon, Margaret J., Ginny Fitzpatrick, and Anna Dornhaus. "Ambient Air Temperature Does Not Predict whether Small or Large Workers Forage in Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/536430.
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Bumble bees are important pollinators of crops and other plants. However, many aspects of their basic biology remain relatively unexplored. For example, one important and unusual natural history feature in bumble bees is the massive size variation seen between workers of the same nest. This size polymorphism may be an adaptation for division of labor, colony economics, or be nonadaptive. It was also suggested that perhaps this variation allows for niche specialization in workers foraging at different temperatures: larger bees might be better suited to forage at cooler temperatures and smaller bees might be better suited to forage at warmer temperatures. This we tested here using a large, enclosed growth chamber, where we were able to regulate the ambient temperature. We found no significant effect of ambient or nest temperature on the average size of bees flying to and foraging from a suspended feeder. Instead, bees of all sizes successfully flew and foraged between16∘Cand36∘C. Thus, large bees foraged even at very hot temperatures, which we thought might cause overheating. Size variation therefore could not be explained in terms of niche specialization for foragers at different temperatures.
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Kocurkova, Maria, Pavol Knut, and Zuzana Vranayova. "Green facades - Their use in the sponge city." MATEC Web of Conferences 385 (2023): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338501024.
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Greenery in the urban environment is slowly disappearing and is being replaced by new construction. This trend has several consequences. One of them is the overheating of the urban climate and the associated increased need for energy for cooling. We are trying to eliminate this negative impact by creating green structures on buildings. As such, greenery brings a number of benefits. It helps to cool buildings, but also the urban climate, through the shading effect of leaves and the evaporation of trapped water. There are a number of studies around the world that investigate green roofs, or green facades. The effect of green leaf area index on cooling by shading and the effect of the distance of the façade from the envelope are investigated. Another influence is the orientation to the cardinal directions and the careful selection of plants. One of the main factors influencing the functionality of green facades is the choice of plants in relation to the climatic conditions in the country. In this article I discuss the adaptation of green facades to the climatic conditions in Slovakia. In Slovakia this issue is minimally studied and green facades occur only sporadically or only seasonally.
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Strauss, Philippe. "Convergence of Noise, Climate, Air and Energy actions for an efficient planning: how to act on urban and architectural forms?" INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 7 (November 30, 2023): 1405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0211.
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While the nature of road traffic and weather conditions remain the main determinants of air pollution and noise in cities, urban design and architectural forms are parameters that planners can play with to combine protection against noise, adaptation to climate change, air quality and energy management. But optimizing urban and architectural forms is not an easy task, because multiple factors are at work, particularly three-dimensional ones, which are sometimes contradictory. Orientation and height of buildings, continuity (or discontinuity) of the built front, layout and distance of buildings from the source of nuisance, urban vegetation, internal design of housing and architectural details, are all levers that can be used to reduce the impacts on the resident population. In order to establish a hierarchy between the different problems, we propose a structuring method to help objectify the priorities. It consists, for each of these influential parameters, in making an inventory of the potential gains and the points of vigilance with regard to noise, air pollution, urban overheating and energy savings and sufficiency. A number of French cities, including the city of Bordeaux, have experimented this approach to plan development projects for highly environmentally ambitious neighborhoods.
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Tamakhina, A. Ya. "THE ROLE OF COVERING TRICHOMES IN BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATION AND INDICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF PLANT HABITATS." Proceedings of Gorsky State Agrarian University 61, no. 3 (September 25, 2024): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54258/20701047_2024_61_3_47.
Full textAbstract:
Covering trichomes serve the functions of physical protection of plants (reduction of transpiration, protection against overheating, etc.). In connection with the weak knowledge of their participation in other mechanisms for the formation of stress-tolerance, the purpose of the study was to clarify the role of the leaf-ups on the example of the type of the Boraginaceae family ( Echium Vulossum Officinale, Symphytum Caucasicum, S. Asperum ) in biochemical adaptation in biochemical adaptation Indication of environmental growing conditions. The collection of plant material was produced in two experimental sites in the foothill and steppe zones of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, which are related respectively to the environmental optimum (moderate air temperature, sufficient soil moisture) and stress (elevated temperature, lack of moisture). The density of the tricho governing on both surfaces of the leaf plate E. vulgare and C. Officinale in the environmental optimum exceeds the similar indicator of S. asperum and S. caucasicum leaves by 1.3-4.2 times. With a decrease in the favorableness of the growing conditions, the density of the trichium protruding increases in E. vulgare and C. Officinale in 1.2-1.4, in S. Asperum and S. caucasicum -2.0-4.4 times. In favorable conditions, the specific weight of the Trich with peroxidase changes from 20-45 % ( Symphytum) to 67-71 % ( E. Vulgare and C. Officinale ). The activity of peroxidase in plant leaves decreases among: E. vulgare> C. Officinale> S. asperum> S. caucasicum . In favorable conditions of growth, a high correlation was noted between the activity of peroxidase, the content of the tannins and the number of tricho protruding, showing peroxidate activity; With the deterioration of thermal and water regimes, the correlation is moderate. The results obtained indicate an important role of the leaves protruding in biochemical adaptation, the indication of the environmental conditions of growth and the diagnosis of stability of the types of the Boraginaceae family to stress conditions according to the variability of peroxidious activity and the content of the tannins.
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Schetke, Sophie. "Climate change impacts on German cities and actions for preserving quality of life." Spatium, no. 29 (2013): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1329037s.
Full textAbstract:
Also German cities -as many other cities worldwide- will be affected by impacts of climate change. Starting from the German Adaptation Strategy to climate change, the paper presents a short literature review on impacts of climate change and on fields of action for German municipalities and urban planners to adapt to it. The literature review shows that main negative impacts of climate change in Germany are due to rising temperatures and cities will also need to cope with altered precipitation regimes. But also positive impacts such as reduced heating costs are reported. Additionally, the paper highlights a second phenomenon, which also causes specific demands for urban planners regarding human health and quality of life in German cities: demographic change. Altering demographic patterns within the society will lead to altered demands for healthy living conditions. Moreover, findings from the literature show that specific groups of the society - such as the elderly - are especially vulnerable towards impacts of climate change. A concrete sensitivity towards overheating or bad air is reported. Both phenomena may simultaneously impact on German urban structures and will demand closer attention now and in the future. Consequently, specific fields of action to adapt to climate change will be presented highlighting their possible contribution sustaining quality of life in cities.