Relevant bibliographies by topics / Overlapping spectra

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Overlapping spectra'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 2 June 2025
Last updated: 22 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Overlapping spectra"

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Rex, A. F., M. A. Olson, and N. J. Silva. "The Improvement of Mossbauer Spectra by FIRO Deconvolution." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 5 (1988): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884428996.

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A deconvolution method similar to that used by Shimokoshi, Kanzaki, and Jones [Applied Spectroscopy 39, 1014 (1985)] has been used to study 57Fe Mossbauer spectra containing various mixtures of iron compounds. In all cases the spectra studied contained one or more sets of overlapping spectral lines. The resolution of these overlapping lines can often be improved by deconvolution to the point at which the integrated intensities of the deconvoluted peaks provide reliable information about sample concentrations. A comparison of the results which can be obtained for different deconvolution parameters and different degrees of overlapping is presented.
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Koryukina, E. V., and G. Revalde. "Separation of the overlapping spectral lines using derivative spectra." Russian Physics Journal 49, no. 4 (2006): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-006-0122-9.

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Preda, Dana-Maria, Mircea-Alexandru Comănescu, Victor Voicu, Nelu Grinberg, and Andrei-Valentin Medvedovici. "Peak Spectral Homogeneity in LC/DAD: Exploring Alternatives in Peak Purity Evaluations." Processes 12, no. 12 (2024): 2887. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122887.

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Spectral peak purity evaluations are often used to control inadequate selectivity issues appearing in liquid chromatography separations coupled with UV-Vis photodiode detection, despite known limitations related to (a) the lack of characteristic absorption bands in UV-Vis for target analytes and overlapping related impurities; (b) increased similarity between the spectral characteristics of co-eluting compounds; (c) large concentration differences between overlapping compounds; (d) perfect co-elution cases. We propose an alternative protocol to evaluate differences between spectra collected over a peak’s elution interval. After normalizing the acquired spectra, linear regression was applied between each pair of spectra, resulting in slope, intercepts, and correlation coefficient sets, from each comparison. The means and standard deviations of each variable are thus computed. An ellipsoid in the 3D Cartesian space illustrates these computations, having the mean coordinates as center and 2 × standard deviations of the variables as the axes. The volume of the ellipsoid should be related to the similarity between the compared spectra; a smaller volume indicates a higher spectral similarity. This approach was evaluated with respect to the (a) concentration of the analytes; (b) spectral acquisition parameters (spectral resolution, spectral frequency acquisition); (c) spectral similarity between overlapping peaks; (d) perfect co-elution situation; (e) influence of spectral processing (derivation, wavelength rationing), using test solutions of carbamazepine (a,b), acetyl cysteine and enalapril maleate (c), or nitrazepam and diazepam (d,e).
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Huang, J. B., and M. W. Urban. "Effect of Overlapping Bands on Intensities in ATR FT-IR Spectra." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 6 (1992): 1014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124466.

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In this study, several spectra were simulated, and the effect of spectral resolution and intensity is compared for ATR and transmission measurements. The analysis of ATR spectra shows that the intensity differences become more pronounced with the increasing band intensities and decreasing separation of the bands. The intensity ratio differences in ATR spectra are due to the superposition of the asymmetric dispersion bands of the refractive index spectrum. The difference between the spectral features in an overlapping region in ATR and transmission measurements is illustrated, and it is shown that the optical dispersion effect can be effectively eliminated by converting an ATR spectrum into its absorbance counterpart with the use of the Kramers-Kronig transform.
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Schulze, H. Georg, Shreyas Rangan, Martha Z. Vardaki, Michael W. Blades, Robin F. B. Turner, and James M. Piret. "Critical Evaluation of Spectral Resolution Enhancement Methods for Raman Hyperspectra." Applied Spectroscopy 76, no. 1 (2021): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00037028211061174.

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Overlapping peaks in Raman spectra complicate the presentation, interpretation, and analyses of complex samples. This is particularly problematic for methods dependent on sparsity such as multivariate curve resolution and other spectral demixing as well as for two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), multisource correlation analysis, and principal component analysis. Though software-based resolution enhancement methods can be used to counter such problems, their performances often differ, thereby rendering some more suitable than others for specific tasks. Furthermore, there is a need for automated methods to apply to large numbers of varied hyperspectral data sets containing multiple overlapping peaks, and thus methods ideally suitable for diverse tasks. To investigate these issues, we implemented three novel resolution enhancement methods based on pseudospectra, over-deconvolution, and peak fitting to evaluate them along with three extant methods: node narrowing, blind deconvolution, and the general-purpose peak fitting program Fityk. We first applied the methods to varied synthetic spectra, each consisting of nine overlapping Voigt profile peaks. Improved spectral resolution was evaluated based on several criteria including the separation of overlapping peaks and the preservation of true peak intensities in resolution-enhanced spectra. We then investigated the efficacy of these methods to improve the resolution of measured Raman spectra. High resolution spectra of glucose acquired with a narrow spectrometer slit were compared to ones using a wide slit that degraded the spectral resolution. We also determined the effects of the different resolution enhancement methods on 2D-COS and on chemical contrast image generation from mammalian cell spectra. We conclude with a discussion of the particular benefits, drawbacks, and potential of these methods. Our efforts provided insight into the need for effective resolution enhancement approaches, the feasibility of these methods for automation, the nature of the problems currently limiting their use, and in particular those aspects that need improvement.
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Dinç, Erdal, Zehra Ceren Ertekin, and Asiye Üçer. "Simultanuous Quantitation of Amlodipine and Rosuvastatin by Artificial Neural Network." Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Dergisi 20, no. 1 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.29233/sdufeffd.1516938.

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Artificial neural network (ANN) is a useful tool in chemometrics to model the complex relationship in spectral data resulting in overlapping spectra, spectral interferences, non-linearity, and deviations from Lambert-Beer law. In this work, a new application of ANN was proposed for the simultaneous spectrophotometric quantification of amlodipine (AML) and rosuvastatin (ROS) in tablets despite their overlapping spectra. The relationship between the actual concentrations and absorption data of binary calibration samples was modeled by ANN. The validity of the method was proved by analyzing AML and ROS in their laboratory-made mixtures, intra and, inter-day samples, as well as standard addition samples. The developed method was then applied to the simultaneous quantitation of AML and ROS in commercial tablets and a good agreement was reported between label claim assay results.
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Chen, Li, Wee Chew, and Marc Garland. "Spectral Pattern Recognition of in Situ FT-IR Spectroscopic Reaction Data Using Minimization of Entropy and Spectral Similarity (MESS): Application to the Homogeneous Rhodium Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Isoprene." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 5 (2003): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203321666489.

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An improved algorithm using minimization of entropy and spectral similarity (MESS) was tested to recover pure component spectra from in situ experimental Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) reaction spectral data, which were collected from a homogeneous rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation of isoprene. The experimental spectra are complicated and highly overlapping because of the presence of multiple intermediate products in this reaction system. The traditional entropy minimization method fails to resolve real reaction mixture spectra, but MESS can successfully reconstruct pure component spectra of unknown intermediate products for real reaction systems by the addition of minimization of spectral similarity. The quantitative measure of spectral similarity between two spectra was given by their inner products. The results indicate that MESS is a stable and useful algorithm for spectral pattern recognition of highly overlapped experimental reaction spectra. Comparison is also made between MESS, entropy minimization, simple-to-use interactive self-modeling mixture analysis (SIMPLISMA), interactive principle component analysis (IPCA), and orthogonal projection approach–alternating least squares (OPA-ALS).
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Egorova, Iryna, Johanna Michor, and Gerald Teschl. "Long-Time Asymptotics for the Toda Shock Problem: Non-Overlapping Spectra." Zurnal matematiceskoj fiziki, analiza, geometrii 14, no. 4 (2018): 406–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mag14.04.406.

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Sun, Yan, Wensheng Cai, and Xueguang Shao. "Chemometrics: An Excavator in Temperature-Dependent Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Molecules 27, no. 2 (2022): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020452.

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Temperature-dependent near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been developed and taken as a powerful technique for analyzing the structure of water and the interactions in aqueous systems. Due to the overlapping of the peaks in NIR spectra, it is difficult to obtain the spectral features showing the structures and interactions. Chemometrics, therefore, is adopted to improve the spectral resolution and extract spectral information from the temperature-dependent NIR spectra for structural and quantitative analysis. In this review, works on chemometric studies for analyzing temperature-dependent NIR spectra were summarized. The temperature-induced spectral features of water structures can be extracted from the spectra with the help of chemometrics. Using the spectral variation of water with the temperature, the structural changes of small molecules, proteins, thermo-responsive polymers, and their interactions with water in aqueous solutions can be demonstrated. Furthermore, quantitative models between the spectra and the temperature or concentration can be established using the spectral variations of water and applied to determine the compositions in aqueous mixtures.
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KAFKA, WOLF A. "Peripheral Coding by Graded Overlapping Reaction Spectra?." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510, no. 1 Olfaction and (1987): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43567.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Overlapping spectra"

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Troskie, Christine. "Overlapping genetic risk in the spectrum of sudden death." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60211.

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a sudden death occurring during sleep in infants below 1 year of old, which devastates the impacted families. By nature, SIDS deaths are those where all alternative causes of death, like suffocation or strangulation are eliminated, leaving families with few answers. While SIDS impacts infants, a spectrum of Sudden Death disorders exists across all age ranges and with comorbid syndromes, many of which occur sudden and unexpectedly during sleep. There is genetic overlap in risk genes in these disorders, and most notably between SIDS, Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP), and Sudden Unexpected Death (SUD). Known and suspected Sudden Death (SD) genes are alternatively spliced in the developing brain in age and region dependent patterns, which may explain the differential timing of sudden death disorders despite their shared molecular risk factors. The objective of my project was to identify genes associated with sudden death and determine the timing of their alternative splicing. A literature search followed by an integrated pathway analysis generated a Sudden Death (SD) candidate genes (N=248). Analysis of whole exome sequences for eight (8) sudden death probands (SIDS (N=4), SUDEP (N=3) and SUD (N=1) samples was performed and Variant Effector Predictor was used to annotate the variants. The overall number of variants in the exomes for the SIDS individuals ranged from 40869-69978, SUDEP ranged from 19162-63954, and SUD contained 63217. Within the SD candidate genes, the number of variants in SIDS (707-1160), SUDEP (379-1078), and SUD (1026) did not allow for distinguishing between cohorts. All probands regardless of age carried multiple pathogenic variants in genes associated with disorders with high incidences of sudden death such as Long QT Syndrome, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Dravet Syndrome, and Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy many of which impacted one or more gene isoforms. The expression patterns of these genes of interest were evaluated using the Allen Brain Atlas for the Developing Mouse Brain to identify when, and what form each gene product is expressed. These patterns of personal genetic risk can be used to identify potential targets for molecular diagnostic screening and prevention.<br>Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Alexander, Fiona Claire. "The overlapping phenomenology of autism spectrum disorder and the enduring effects of early attachment experiences : an exploration of educational psychologists' perspectives and problem analysis processes." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7664/.

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This study explored the perspectives and practices of Educational Psychologists (EPs) who had encountered the apparent overlapping phenomenology of autism spectrum disorders and the enduring effects of early attachment experiences in their casework. Six EPs from two EP Services took part in interviews, which were audio recorded. Inductive and deductive analyses were mediated through the active constructionist role of the interviewer during the interview process and the thematic analysis of the resultant interview transcripts. The study intended to explore EPs’ differential conceptualisations of autism and attachment and how they conceptualise and attempt to differentiate the overlapping phenomenology. Analysis identified two other dimensions, which complemented the planned foci in a cogent way and were also examined: how EPs conceptualised the value of differentiating between autism and the effects of early attachment experiences; and how the discipline of educational psychology offers a distinct contribution to problem analysis in this area. The talk of EPs captured in this study contributes to existing practice-based evidence about overlapping phenomenology, and by describing a process of psychological problem analysis which could support more reliable differentiation between autism and effects of early attachment experiences. A distinctive contribution of the discipline of educational psychology is proposed and suggested as worthy of closer consideration as ethics and efficiencies are both of legitimate concern in contemporary multi-disciplinary, public service contexts. Other implications identified from this study pertain to the way in which EPs articulate their relationship with theory, their use of practice frameworks, and the distinct nature of their identities.
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Tong, Wen. "Almost-symmetrical time-varying ARMA model and its applications for separation of signals with overlapping Fourier spectra." Thesis, 1993. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/6111/1/NN97648.pdf.

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Crawford, Justin Lee. "High-sensitivity spectral fluorescence lifetime imaging for resolving spectroscopically overlapping species." 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3.

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The capability to resolve the contributions from spectroscopically overlapping fluorophores has enabled significant breakthroughs in cellular imaging. However, commercial microscopes for this purpose use analog light detection with least squares curve-fitting analysis and improvements in sensitivity are needed. To this end, a microscope has been constructed with high throughput and single-photon detection capability. The fluorescence is separated through use of a prism spectrometer or a series of dichroic mirrors into four spectral bands and detected using four single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detectors, which provide high-quantum efficiency in the red spectral region. The detectors are connected to a time-correlated single photon counting module to provide sub-nanosecond temporal resolution for distinguishing fluorophores with different fluorescence lifetimes. Maximum-likelihood (ML) methods have been developed for analyzing the temporally and spectrally resolved photon count data from the SPADs to find the contributions from different fluorescent species and from background. Commercially available SPADs exhibit a count-rate dependent time shift in the impulse response function, and hence the instrument incorporates custom modified SPADs with improved timing stability. Nevertheless, there is still some time shift, and hence the ML-analysis has been extended to include this as an adjustable parameter for each individual SPAD. Monte Carlo simulations have also been developed to enable studies of the number of photons needed to resolve specific fluorophores.
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"High-Order Moving Overlapping Grid Methodology in a Spectral Element Method." Doctoral diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.38602.

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abstract: A moving overlapping mesh methodology that achieves spectral accuracy in space and up to second-order accuracy in time is developed for solution of unsteady incompressible flow equations in three-dimensional domains. The targeted applications are in aerospace and mechanical engineering domains and involve problems in turbomachinery, rotary aircrafts, wind turbines and others. The methodology is built within the dual-session communication framework initially developed for stationary overlapping meshes. The methodology employs semi-implicit spectral element discretization of equations in each subdomain and explicit treatment of subdomain interfaces with spectrally-accurate spatial interpolation and high-order accurate temporal extrapolation, and requires few, if any, iterations, yet maintains the global accuracy and stability of the underlying flow solver. Mesh movement is enabled through the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation of the governing equations, which allows for prescription of arbitrary velocity values at discrete mesh points. The stationary and moving overlapping mesh methodologies are thoroughly validated using two- and three-dimensional benchmark problems in laminar and turbulent flows. The spatial and temporal global convergence, for both methods, is documented and is in agreement with the nominal order of accuracy of the underlying solver. Stationary overlapping mesh methodology was validated to assess the influence of long integration times and inflow-outflow global boundary conditions on the performance. In a turbulent benchmark of fully-developed turbulent pipe flow, the turbulent statistics are validated against the available data. Moving overlapping mesh simulations are validated on the problems of two-dimensional oscillating cylinder and a three-dimensional rotating sphere. The aerodynamic forces acting on these moving rigid bodies are determined, and all results are compared with published data. Scaling tests, with both methodologies, show near linear strong scaling, even for moderately large processor counts. The moving overlapping mesh methodology is utilized to investigate the effect of an upstream turbulent wake on a three-dimensional oscillating NACA0012 extruded airfoil. A direct numerical simulation (DNS) at Reynolds Number 44,000 is performed for steady inflow incident upon the airfoil oscillating between angle of attack 5.6 and 25 degrees with reduced frequency k=0.16. Results are contrasted with subsequent DNS of the same oscillating airfoil in a turbulent wake generated by a stationary upstream cylinder.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Aerospace Engineering 2016
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Crawford, Justin L. "High-sensitivity spectral fluorescence lifetime imaging for resolving spectroscopically overlapping species." 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3.

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Chuang, Cheng-Hsueh, and 莊承學. "The Resolution of Overlapping Autofluorescence Spectrum Using A Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76022545424235903050.

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碩士<br>國立高雄大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>99<br>In this thesis, we take an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for the separation of overlapping spectra where the speed update is the major improvement. Taking advantage of the concepts of inertia factor and constriction coefficient in the proposed algorithm, the convergence rate and the accuracy are significant improved. In the experiments, we used an optical Y-type fiber to conduct excitation light from the 337-nm nitrogen laser (VSL-337ND-S, LSI) to irradiate on the skin surface so that we could get an excitation fluorescence signal with the wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 600 nm. We collected the data from the skin to the spectrometer (SP-150, Princeton Instrument). We designed three experiments and compared the results with other algorithms. For the fitness function values, this algorithm achieves a higher fitness value about 1. For the convergence rate, this algorithm can successfully separate two fluorescent wrist skin materials in the signal of human skin autofluorescence experiment with 67% of individuals (particles) and 15 times of speed as compared with the genetic algorithm. The experimental results show that the content ratios of reduced-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide and flavin-adenine-dinucleotide are 96.3533% and 3.6467%, respectively.
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Pereira, Jose Pedro Silva. "Matrix-based implementation of Time-Interleaved Block Windowed Burst OFDM." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/97937.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>Vivemos numa era onde o mundo das comunicações se está a tornar cada vez mais exigente, à medida que a tecnologia evolui. Portanto, ́e fundamental compreender e superar todos osdesafios que as próximas gerações de redes sem fios exigem. Um dos aspetos mais importantes ́e manter a baixa complexidade dos sistemas, mas que sejam capazes de garantir alta eficiência espetral em condições adversas de canal.O Ortoghonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)tem sido a técnica de modulação de referência para sistemas 4G, dado que permite altas taxas de transmissão de dados e ́e baseado na transformada de Fourier rápida (FFT) e a sua inversa (IFFT), que permite manter a baixa complexidade dos sistemas. Num transmissor OFDM, os dados com alta taxa de transmissão são divididos em N sub-portadoras de ritmo inferior, que são ortogonais entre si. Esta ortogonalidade, entre as sub-portadoras, garante uma robustez contra Interferência Inter Canal (ICI). No entanto, esta abordagem possui algumas limitações, sendo as principais uma limitada eficiência espetral e energética. Assim, para lidar com esses problemas, foram desenvolvidas novas técnicas de modulação híbrida, como o Time Interleaved Block Windowed BurstOFDM (TIBWB-OFDM). A arquitetura do TIBWB-OFDM permite que o sinal transmitido seja resiliente a desvanecimentos de banda profundos (deep in-band fades), uma vez que a informação ́e replicada aolongo de toda a largura de banda do canal. Para além disso, ́e usada uma janela mais suave que a do OFDM convencional, a janela Square Root Raised Cosine (SRRC). Porém, o TIBWB-OFDM também apresenta uma eficiência espetral limitada à medida que o comprimento dos seus blocos (no domínio do tempo) aumenta. Esta contrariedade pode ser colmatada usando uma abordagem diferente para a compactação dos símbolos TIBWB-OFDM, que permite que os blocos OFDM janelados sejam parcialmente sobrepostos - TIBWB-OFDM com Windowing Time Overlapping (WTO). Portanto, esta dissertação propõe uma paralelização do TIBWB-OFDM ao implementaruma versão matricial eficiente do transcetor TIBWB-OFDM com WTO.<br>We live in an era where the world of communications is becoming increasingly demanding, as technology around it evolves. Hence, it is crucial to understand and overcome all the demands that the upcoming generation of networks require. One of the most important aspects is to maintain low complexity systems, that are capable enough of granting high spectral efficiency, under adverse channel conditions. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been the modulation technique of reference for 4G systems, considering that it provides high data transmission rates and it is based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), which allows low complexity systems. In an OFDM transmitter, the high data rate stream is divided into N parallel lower rate streams, the sub-carriers, that are orthogonal to each other. This orthogonality between the sub-carriers grants robustness against Inter-Carrier Interference. Nonetheless, this approach still has some drawbacks, such as a limited spectral and power efficiencies. Thus, in order to deal with these issues, new hybrid modulation techniques were developed, such as the Time-Interleaved Block Windowed Burst OFDM (TIBWB-OFDM). The TIBWB-OFDM architecture allows the transmitted signal to be resilient to deep in-band fades, as the information is replicated through the entire channel’s bandwidth. Additionally, it uses a smoother window than the conventional OFDM, a Square Root Raised Cosine one. However, the spectral efficiency of the TIBWB-OFDM is still limited by the increased length of its blocks, in time domain. This issue can be tackled by using a different packing approach for the TIBWB-OFDM symbols, by using Windowing Time Overlapping (WTO), which allows the windowed OFDM blocks to be partially overlapped in time. Therefore, this dissertation proposes a parallelization of TIBWB-OFDM by implementinga computational efficient matrix framework of the TIBWB-OFDM with WTO transceiver.<br>Universidade de Coimbra - Este trabalho foi financiado pela FCT/MEC através de fundos nacionais e quando aplicável co-financiado pelo FEDER-PT2020 no âmbito do projeto UIDB/50008/2020-UIDP/50008/2020 e PES3N (2018-SAICT-45-2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030629) e MASSIVE5G (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030588).
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Conceição, Filipe João Abrantes Soares da. "New hybrid modulation techniques for future generations of communications." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88126.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>As próximas gerações de comunicações móveis, designada por 5ª geração (5G) e pós-5G, possuem requisitos ambiciosos, nos quais se destacam as muito elevadas taxas de transferência de dados, requisitos de elevada eficiência espetral e de potência e também flexibilidade de transmissão em condições de canais adversas e a taxas variáveis. A técnica Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) tem vindo a ser a mais utilizada pois apresenta vantagens interessantes, tais como, a fácil implementação baseada nos algoritmos da transformada de Fourier rápida (FFT) e a sua inversa (IFFT), e o facto de permitir uma igualização eficiente e de baixa complexidade no domínio da frequência. Para além disso, o OFDM apresenta-se como uma técnica robusta quando utilizada na transmissão de dados em canais dispersivos. No entanto, uma das desvantagens inerentes ao uso desta técnica está associada à sua eficiência espetral limitada, devido à elevada amplitude do seu espetro fora da banda útil de informação. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de novas técnicas de modulação híbridas, nomeadamente, Time Interleaved Block Windowed Burst OFDM (TIBWB-OFDM) que permite aumentar a eficiência espetral e de potência, adaptadas a diversos ambientes móveis que se traduzem em canais dispersivos no tempo e na frequência. Esta é considerada uma técnica híbrida, pois combina características relativas a transmissão monoportadora e multiportadora. A forma de onda TIBWB-OFDM permite alcançar um maior confinamento no espetro de sinal que melhora com o aumento do roll-off da janela, uma vez que a amplitude do sinal fora da banda útil (out of band - OOB) diminui. No entanto, o comprimento dos blocos do sinal TIBWB-OFDM cresce temporalmente, correspondendo a uma diminuição da taxa de transmissão, limitando o aumento da eficiência espetral do sistema. Além disso, a operação de multiplicação pela janela é responsável pela redução da potência média do sinal, que, por sua vez, depende do valor do roll-off da janela. Como consequência, a relação entre a potência máxima e a potência média (peak-to-average power ratio - PAPR) do sinal TIBWB-OFDM tende a crescer à medida que o roll-off aumenta. Portanto, este trabalho propõe um método alternativo relativo à construção do símbolo TIBWB-OFDM, permitindo uma sobreposição parcial entre os símbolos OFDM adjacentes para reduzir o PAPR. Para além disso, a nova forma de onda ajuda a melhorar a eficiência espetral em detrimento da interferência introduzida entre os blocos do sinal, que contribui para a degradação nas performances em termos da taxa de erros (bit error rate - BER), que, por sua vez, depende do roll-off da janela. Para compensar o aumento na taxa de erros, este trabalho também propõe diferentes recetores, iterativos e não-iterativos, da técnica TIBWB-OFDM, com igualização em ambos os domínios da frequência e tempo, capazes de cancelar tanto as restrições dos canais dispersivos no tempo e a interferência resultante entre os blocos baseados em OFDM da forma de onda TIBWB-OFDM.<br>The future generations of mobile communications, known as 5th generation (5G) and post-5G, have ambitious requirements, which include very high data transfer rates, high spectral and power requirements, as well as transmission flexibility under conditions of adverse channels and at variable rates.The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been, since the 3rd generation (3G) of wireless communications, the preferred waveform of choice since it presents interesting advantages, such as the easy implementation based on the FFT and its inverse (IFFT) algorithms, and the fact that efficient equalization in the frequency domain can be performed. In addition, OFDM is a robust technique when transmitting through dispersive channels. However, one of the drawbacks inherent to the use this technique is associated with its limited spectral efficiency, due to the high amplitude of its spectrum outside the allocated bandwidth. In this way, the objective of this work is the study of new hybrid modulation techniques, namely Time Interleaved Block Windowed Burst OFDM (TIBWB-OFDM) that allows increasing spectral and power efficiency, adapted to diverse mobile environments that translate into time dispersive (TD) channels and frequency dispersive (FD) channels. This is considered a hybrid technique since it combines features related to single-carrier and multi-carrier transmission. The TIBWB-OFDM waveform enables to achieve greater confinement in the signal spectrum that improves with the increase of the window roll-off since the out of band (OOB) radiation drops. However, the TIBWB-OFDM blocks length grows in time domain, which corresponds to a decrease on the transmission rate, limiting the increase in the spectral efficiency of the system. Furthermore, the windowing operation is responsible for the reduction in the average power of the signal, which, in turn, depends on the value of the window roll-off. As a consequence, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the TIBWB-OFDM signal tends to grow as the roll-off increases. Therefore, this work proposes an alternative method concerning the TIBWB-OFDM symbol construction by allowing a partial overlap between adjacent windowed OFDM-based symbols in order to reduce PAPR. Moreover, the new waveform helps to improve the spectral efficiency at the expense of introduced interference between the signal's blocks, that deteriorate the bit error rate (BER) performances, which, in turn, depends on the value of the window roll-off. In order to compensate the loss in BER, this work also proposes different TIBWB-OFDM receivers, iterative and non-iterative ones, with equalization at both frequency and time domains, able to cancel both TD channel constraints and interference between OFDM-based blocks of the TIBWB-OFDM waveform.<br>Outro - FCT/MEC e, quando aplicável, ao Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (COMPETE 2020) e Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa e Apoio Financeiro ao Público Nacional (FCT) (OE) financiou em parte este trabalho no âmbito dos projetos UID/EEA/ 50008/2019, MASSIVE5G (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030588) e PES3N (2018-SAICT-45-2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030629)
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Books on the topic "Overlapping spectra"

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Taylor, Eric. Developmental Neuropsychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198827801.001.0001.

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Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions involving alterations of behaviour, thinking, and emotions. They have onsets in early childhood, persistence into adult life, and high rates of altered cognitive and neurological function. They are frequent reasons for referral to psychiatry, paediatrics, and clinical psychology and often require team approaches to meet a variety of needs for service. This book includes accounts of the typical development and possible pathology of key functions whose alterations can underlie problems of mental development: motor function, attention, memory, executive function, communication, social understanding and empathy, reality testing, and emotional regulation. It goes on to descriptions of frequent clinical conditions: the spectra of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, tic disorders, coordination and learning difficulties, intellectual disability, and the psychotic disorders of young people. There are descriptions of recognition, diagnosis, prevalence, pathophysiology, and consequences for later development. These conditions very often coexist and present as dimensions rather than categorical illnesses. The effects of brain disorders on mental life are then considered, with special attention to epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, acquired traumatic injury to the head, localized structural lesions, and endocrine and genetic disorders. Widely used treatments, both psychological and physical, are described in the context of their value for meeting multiple, often overlapping needs. Consequences of the conditions for individuals’ psychosocial development are described: stigma; physical illness and injury; economic disadvantage; and family, peer, and school stresses. This book is aimed at clinicians of all disciplines, clinical students, and educators encountering neuropsychiatric problems in young people.
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Schönhofer, Bernd, and Stefan Kluge. Consequences of Endotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0017.

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Endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy are associated with a broad spectrum of complications, which are similar and overlapping, and range from injury to airway structures to nosocomial lower respiratory infections. Anatomical damage to the airway occurs as both early and late complications and is generally the consequence of procedural factors: emergency endotracheal intubation, abnormal anatomy, unsatisfactory patient positioning, inexperienced operator skill, and the use of an inadequate technique. Upper airway endoscopy and bronchoscopy, using the flexible and rigid approaches, are useful for the diagnosis and treatment of the complications of endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy.
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Accordino, Robert E., Philip Bartel, Isobel W. Green, Christen L. Kidd, and Christopher J. McDougle. Differentiating Autism Spectrum Disorder and OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0058.

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This chapter explores the overlapping clinical presentation and shared genetics and neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). ASD often presents with repetitive behaviors reminiscent of OCD, whereas OCD, at times, can include autistic traits involving social and communication difficulties. This can lead to difficult diagnostic distinctions, which can at times have relevance to treatment. The distinction between compulsions and autistic stereotypies merits particular discussion. Clinical features that should lead to exploration of a diagnosis of ASD include stereotypies such as hand flapping, body rocking or twirling; fixed interests or preoccupations that are ego-syntonic; and impaired social-communicative behavior.
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Prasad, Supritha, and Edwin H. Cook. Novel Approaches for Treating Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0067.

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Multifactorial mechanisms, including varying degrees of polygenic risk, contribute to most child onset psychiatric disorders. Methods to better understand the biological impact of inherited low-risk variation are emerging, and these studies may be useful to develop novel treatments for childhood onset psychiatric disorders. In some neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), recurrent spontaneously mutated genes have been identified. This leads to the current focus on individual, high-risk targets (e.g., SHANK3, FMR1, MECP2, CHD8) for development of novel treatments. This chapter summarizes and begins to compare neurobiological data from several distinct single gene disorders as a means to guide further therapeutic development based on overlapping pathways of interest.
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Rogler, Gerhard. Gastrointestinal system. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0021.

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Rheumatic diseases and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are connected in two ways. The extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory GI diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease affect joints in up to one-third of patients. On the other hand, several rheumatic diseases such as vasculitis or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) induce a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal manifestations. The GI tract constitutes a huge area in contact with the environment. It is exposed to billions of food antigens, commensal bacteria, and potential pathogens. Some of those antigens are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. The intestinal barrier function and the gut immune system are tightly regulated, as on one hand tolerance for food antigens and the resident commensal flora needs to be maintained, and on the other hand pathogens need to be rapidly and effectively eliminated. Non-infectious, chronic inflammatory diseases of the small and large intestine with rheumatic manifestations have been well known for decades. Among the susceptibility genes for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are some that also cause susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis or SLE, indicating a shared susceptibility and overlapping pathological mechanisms. Subsequently, similar therapeutic principles have successfully been applied in autoimmune GI and rheumatological diseases such as steroids, immunosuppressants, and anti-TNF (tumour necrosis factor) antibodies.
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Pike, David L. Cold War Space and Culture in the 1960s and 1980s. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846167.001.0001.

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Cold War Space and Culture in the 1960s and 1980s: The Bunkered Decades studies the two periods in which Americans were actively encouraged to build backyard shelters while governments exhausted their budgets on fortified super-shelters and megaton bombs. The dreams and nightmares inspired by the specter of nuclear destruction were expressed in images and forms of fallout shelters and other bunker fantasies from comics, movies, and pulp paperbacks to policy documents, protest movements, and survivalist tracts. Bunker fantasies stratified class, region, race, and gender and created often unrecognized through-lines leading from the 1960s and the less-studied 1980s into the present day. A substantial Introduction defines “bunker fantasy” and the meanings of shelter and security since the end of World War II. The five chapters of Part 1 taxonomize the primary and sometimes overlapping forms taken by the bunker and its fantasies during its first heyday in the years around the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962: the basement or backyard shelter, suburbia, and the nuclear family; the cave, tribalism, and feral humanity; the private supershelter, survivalism, and self-reliance; the community shelter, infrastructure, and urban bunkerism; and the government supershelter, paranoia, and paternalism. The four chapters of Part 2 treat the new bunker fantasies that emerged around 1983, the closest the world had come to nuclear war since 1962, in general popular culture, men’s action fiction, nuclear realism, and feminist science fiction. A conclusion briefly discusses the legacy of these decades in today’s anxieties around security, borders, and apocalypse both real and imagined.
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Book chapters on the topic "Overlapping spectra"

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Vorobjev, Ivan A., Aigul Kussanova, and Natasha S. Barteneva. "Development of Spectral Imaging Cytometry." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3020-4_1.

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AbstractSpectral flow cytometry is a new technology that enables measurements of fluorescent spectra and light scattering properties in diverse cellular populations with high precision. Modern instruments allow simultaneous determination of up to 40+ fluorescent dyes with heavily overlapping emission spectra, discrimination of autofluorescent signals in the stained specimens, and detailed analysis of diverse autofluorescence of different cells—from mammalian to chlorophyll-containing cells like cyanobacteria. In this paper, we review the history, compare modern conventional and spectral flow cytometers, and discuss several applications of spectral flow cytometry.
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Karjalainen, Erkki J., and Ulla P. Karjalainen. "“Mathematical Chromatography” — Resolution of Overlapping Spectra in GC-MS." In Medical Informatics Europe 85. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93295-3_112.

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Barth, Andreas. "Fine structure enhancement — assessment of a simple method to deconvolve overlapping bands in spectra." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: New Directions. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4479-7_186.

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Jasse, B. "Use of Curve Analysis to Analyze Overlapping Bands in the Infrared Spectra of Polymers." In Fourier Transform Infrared Characterization of Polymers. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7776-4_12.

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Eremenko, S. A., O. N. Kalugin, and D. A. Nerukh. "Decomposition of Vibrational Spectra of Liquids with Overlapping Bands of Complex Shape: Uniqueness of Solution and Method of Fitting." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: Modern Trends. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5622-6_262.

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Yu, Yi, Maksymilian Dryja, and Marcus Sarkis. "Non-overlapping Spectral Additive Schwarz Methods." In Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56750-7_43.

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Pasquetti, Richard, Luca F. Pavarino, Francesca Rapetti, and Elena Zampieri. "Overlapping Schwarz Preconditioners for Fekete Spectral Elements." In Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34469-8_89.

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Yu, Yi, Maksymilian Dryja, and Marcus Sarkis. "Non-overlapping Spectral Additive Schwarz Methods for HDG and Multiscale Discretizations." In Domain Decomposition Methods in Science and Engineering XXVI. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95025-5_23.

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Wang, Yiteng, Youping Zhao, Xin Guo, and Chen Sun. "Inter-operator Interference Coordination in the Spectrum-Sharing Overlapping Area." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76207-4_16.

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Gameiro, A. "Capacity Enhancement of DS-CDMA Downlink through Multicarrier with Frequency Overlapping." In Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum & Related Topics. Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3569-7_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Overlapping spectra"

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Muntaser, Akram, and Monish R. Chatterjee. "Design of a Horizontal Chiral Thin Film Array for Optical Filter Applications in the Visible Range." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/fio.2024.jd4a.26.

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In this study, we present a chiral thin film resonator array aligned horizontally and illuminated by a collimated linear, p-polarized plane wave incident normally on the array. Each thin film is analyzed via evaluating of the corresponding mode spectra emerging from multiple transitions within the thin film under variable chirality coefficients such as thin film thickness and length, and substrate placement conditions as a function of the (monochromatic) mode frequency. The spectral behavior of (2n+1) thin films overlapping at a specific vertical point is examined under uniform illumination at a single frequency within the visible range. This analysis aims to optimize the transmission of incident plane waves (resulting from the superposed transmitted waves) within the visible spectrum that may utilized to be used as an optical filter that gives high gain along with high Q (for tuned bandpass operation) and also band reject with low gain.
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Sy, Mohamed, Ali Elkhazraji, Mohammed S. Khan, Pan Luo, Ibrahim Atwah, and Aamir Farooq. "ML-Enhanced Laser-Based Analyzer for Selective C1-C5 Alkanes Detection." In Laser Applications to Chemical, Security and Environmental Analysis. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/lacsea.2024.lm1f.5.

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A laser sensor is developed for selective and simultaneous measurement of C1-C5 alkanes in natural gas samples. Utilizing a DFB-ICL near 3.3 µm and employing CNNs, it distinguishes overlapping absorbance spectra of C1-C5 alkanes and isomer species.
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Muntaser, Akram, and Monish R. Chatterjee. "Enhancing Solar Cell Efficiency with Tunable Transverse Modal Response to Natural Light of a Linear Chiral Thin Film Array." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgpp.2024.jtu1a.41.

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In this work, we propose the design of a chiral thin film resonator array aligned horizontally illuminated by a collimated linear, p-polarized plane wave incident normally on the array. Each thin film is analyzed via evaluating the corresponding mode spectra emerging from multiple transitions within the slab for right- and left-circular polarized (RCP and LCP) modes under variable chirality coefficients, thin film thickness and length, and substrate placement conditions as a function of the (monochromatic) mode frequency. To maximize the efficiency of solar cells, the spectral behavior of (2n+1) thin films overlapping at a specific vertical point is examined when subjected to uniform illumination at a single frequency within the visible range. This analysis aims to optimize the transmission of light, preferably over a narrow band within the visible spectrum; such a tuned high intensity transmission may be utilized to maximize the conversion efficiency of solar cells with tunable bandgaps.
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Yue, Mohai, Qi Zhang, Xiangjun Xin, et al. "XRF Overlapping Spectra Analysis Method Based on a Cascade Equilibrium Optimizer and Trust Region Algorithm." In 2024 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) and International Conference on Information Photonics and Optical Communications (IPOC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/acp/ipoc63121.2024.10809871.

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D’Agostino, Victoria W., Michelle Kwan, Megan C. Madonna, Brian T. Crouch, and Nirmala Ramanujam. "A Multiplexed Quantitative Spectroscopy Method to Measure Spectrally Overlapping Metabolic Fluorophores." In Novel Optical Materials and Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/noma.2024.now3h.2.

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We have developed and validated an in vivo quantitative spectroscopy method to measure spectrally overlapping fluorophores relevant to cancer metabolism using an inverse Monte Carlo algorithm and linear spectral unmixing.
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Lei, Mingzheng, Qingzhi Zhou, Junhao Zhang, et al. "Photonics-Aided THz ISAC System Based on A Spectral Overlapping Multi-Carrier 16QAM-LFM Waveform." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Optica Publishing Group, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2025.th2a.27.

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We design a spectral overlapping multi-carrier 16QAM-LFM waveform. A photonics-assisted THz integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system with simultaneous 52-Gbps data rate and 1.2-cm radial resolution is realized using the proposed spectrally efficient multi-carrier waveform.
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Abbenseth, S., S. Lochmann, A. Ahrens, and B. Rehm. "Serial FBG sensor network allowing overlapping spectra." In Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS'2016), edited by Elfed Lewis. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2235279.

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Barbieri, Beniamino F., Fabio De Piccoli, and Enrico Gratton. "Resolution Of Overlapping Spectra Using Frequency-Domain Fluorometry." In 1988 Los Angeles Symposium--O-E/LASE '88, edited by Joseph R. Lakowicz. SPIE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.945415.

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Karandin, A. V., and S. V. Boritko. "Analysis of Overlapping Spectra by Metods of Difraction Spectrometry." In 2018 Wave Electronics and its Application in Information and Telecommunication Systems (WECONF). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weconf.2018.8604349.

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Goldstein, Neil, Brian Gregor, Jamine Lee, Stephen K. Kramer, Stuart Kozola, and Kenneth J. Semega. "IR Structured Emission-Based Speciation, Thermometry, and Tomography of CO and H2O in High-Pressure Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90899.

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Passive optical probes and high-resolution emission spectroscopy are used to provide a general-purpose real-time temperature and chemical species sensing capability. Probes can be inserted in the combustor, at the turbine inlet, in the augmenter, or at the engine exit with application as an engine development diagnostic tool that provides spatially resolved measurements of the key combustion parameters: temperature, CO concentration, and H2O concentration. Multiple probes are arrayed to collect the emitted infrared radiation over different views of the hot gas path. Line-of-sight averaged concentrations and temperatures are determined by spectral analysis of the emitted radiation along each line of sight (LOS). Spatial profiles may also be determined by simultaneous analysis of overlapping lines of sight. The collected infrared spectra contain optically thin and optically thick features that reflect the effects of emission and absorption within the combustion region. The known spectral structure of the component spectra can be used for the automated interpretation of the observed radiance spectra in terms of concentrations and temperatures along the line of sight, and in specific volume elements of overlapping lines of sight. In this work, we present measurements of atmospheric-pressure flames and high-pressure combustors and describe the formalism for fitting the observed spectra to a basis of simulated spectra to extract estimates of concentrations and temperatures. The spectral basis is constructed using a multilayer radiation transport model, in which each line-of-sight or measurement volume is divided into segments of uniform concentration and temperature. The observed radiance emanating from each segment is calculated as a function of the local physical variables. The collection of observed data, which contains a highly structured emission spectrum over each line of sight, is fit to the spectral basis to extract line-of-sight averaged physical properties, or in the case of spatial reconstruction, volume-averaged properties for each of the overlap regions.
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Reports on the topic "Overlapping spectra"

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Antignus, Yehezkiel, Ernest Hiebert, Shlomo Cohen, and Susan Webb. Approaches for Studying the Interaction of Geminiviruses with Their Whitefly Vector Bemisia tabaci. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604928.bard.

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The DNA of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCB) was detected in its whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, by dot spot hybridization as early as 1 h after acquisition access. The retention of the virus nucleic acid in the vector was at least 23 days after a 48 h acquisition access. However, the retention of TYLCV coat protein did not exceed 10 days. No replicative forms of TYLCV could be detected in B. tabaci, indicating a non-propagative relationship with the vector. Whiteflies were not able to accumulate naked virion ssDNA, virus cloned dsDNA, or virions with impaired coat protein. Deletion, frameshift, and single amino acid mutations were inserted into open reading frames (ORFs) V1 and V2 (Coat protein) of TYLCV. The ability of these mutants to replicate, to spread and to induce symptoms was tested both in leaf disks and in intact plants. No replication was found in tissues that were infected with a deletion mutant that lacked the carboxy half of the coat protein gene. Residual amounts of ssDNA and dsDNA were detected i tissues infected with a frameshift mutant in which an early termination at the extreme part of the protein. Two other mutants in which a single amino acid was changed in the overlapping part of V1 and V2 were able to spread systemically but infections remained symptomless and the production of ssDNA and dsDNA were significantly lower. These mutants were acquired and transmitted by Bemisia tabaci. Procedures for the the dissection, fixation and embedding of whiteflies were developed. The anatomy and ultrastructure of the salivary gland and the midgut of Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (a vector and non-vector of geminiviruses respectively) was studied and described. Monoclonal antibodies against bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) with narrow and broad spectrum were prepared. Transmission studies of tomato mottle geminivirus (TMoV) by B. tabaci were carried out. These studies were essential for a further work aimed to understand the interaction of geminiviruses with the insect and their localization in its tissues. To enable the production of transgenic plants procedures were developed for tomato transformation with both Agrobacterium and microparticle bombardment.
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