Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Overpopulation'

The idea of life extension through bio-medical intervention in the ageing process (ageing enhancement) provokes excitement and concern in equal measure, both among the public and in academic discussion. This thesis addresses three common concerns that arise in discussions of ageing enhancement. The first is the worry that either the pursuit or experience of ageing enhancement will undermine various resources that are necessary to giving our lives value or meaning. The second worry is that such interventions violate requirements of egalitarian justice; the primary way of expressing this concern notes that ageing enhancement is by definition aimed at benefiting the elderly, and argues that egalitarian considerations demand either that we direct such resources at the young, or place significant restrictions on access to medical treatments for elderly people. Finally, the third worry is that successful ageing enhancement will cause unacceptable overpopulation, because the associated increases in the number of people, and their associated consumption, cannot be permissibly ameliorated by other policies. The conclusion from proponents of these concerns is that the state should not support research into or implementation of ageing enhancement, and perhaps should place restrictions on ageing enhancement should it become available. The thesis places these concerns in a broader philosophical context to specify their strongest form, and to consider responses to those strongest versions. It also relates the three worries to practical considerations of feasibility; it is not enough for proponents to outline an ethically acceptable mechanism for meeting the three worries if these mechanisms are unlikely to emerge. I argue that although none of the three worries rules out ageing enhancement in principle, the latter two are sufficiently well grounded in their strongest versions, to place ethical constraints on permissible ways of engaging in ageing enhancement.

The purpose of this research was to investigate how knowledge of biological ecosystems affects individual recognition of humanity as part of and subject to the laws of nature. This dissertation interrogated the question of how awareness of the impact of human overpopulation on the environment was perceived by research participants. That expanding human population growth, and its inherent consumption patterns, is a root cause of virtually every human-related environmental threat is documented in the existing literature but awareness and accountability for this remain limited. Using ecopsychology and analytical psychology as a theoretical framework, this multiple case study investigated how and whether environmental awareness might be impacted by personal knowledge of how ecosystems function in nature.

A multiple case study design was used to interview 10 adults on their perspectives of the environmental impact of human population growth. The participants were purposefully selected creating two five-person groups. Group S had life-science academic training and work experience; Group NS had none. A researcher-generated instrument of 30 open-ended questions, with recorded interviews were used to ascertain participant understanding of ecological laws and population biology concepts and how they might relate to personal worldviews on the cause(s) of environmental issues.

Thematic analysis was used to code data and identify response patterns. Findings suggested participants with working knowledge of ecosystems demonstrated more extensive understanding of the impact of human actions, including population growth, on the environment. Although widespread awareness existed in both groups that human alienation from nature is prevalent and is having environmental consequences, Group S subjects more often recognized the systemic environmental effects of human activity. They were inclined to advocate for individual responsibility and consciousness-raising.

Support for core concepts of ecopsychology is suggested by the findings. Strengthening the human-nature bond to one of inclusiveness using experiential education is a viable option to promote greater ecological awareness and personal accountability. Additional data-driven research is needed to investigate the effects of life science literacy and holistic systems thinking on pro-environmental awareness.

As the global population continues to increase at an alarming rate, the world, as a whole, now faces the issue of overpopulation. If the world’s natural resource consumption and environmental pollution/destruction continue at their current pace, then the earth will eventually no longer be able to sustain all of its inhabitants. Social change is the only way to prevent this. The world’s religious traditions possess particular motivational qualities with respect to people’s worldviews and behaviors. All of the world’s religious traditions are responding, in some way, to overpopulation. Traditions in isolation, however, do not address the complexities of the current ecological crisis. Overpopulation requires a broader approach that unites the respective responses. This thesis examines the value of responses to overpopulation from certain Buddhist intellectuals in the contemporary religion and ecology discourse concerning overpopulation while also underscoring instances of resonance between those responses and ones from modern Christian thinkers.

Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019.
Forests are being depleted and the land becoming bare, with little to no vegetation in the Etayi constituency and in Namibia at large. People rely on the resources of forests for different reasons. Areas that had trees years back have turned into a desert-like environment due to deforestation. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact that the cutting of natural forests has had in the Etayi constituency in the Omusati Region, Namibia. This examination has become necessary because forests in the Omusati region have undergone a rapid depletion over the past years. However, it should be noted that these environmentally degrading activities have contributed to the household income in the form of employment to the indigenous people. Forests has an important role to play in terms of the conservation of biodiversity. They also harbour unique and endemic species that are mainly adapted to extreme ecological conditions. They provide vital benefit to the ecosystem, such as wood for fuel, medicine, fodder for animals and tradable goods, like furniture. Furthermore, forests provide the soil with nutrients and reduce wind velocity, thus controlling wind erosion and the retardation of water and moisture depletion. With increasingly uncertain climatic conditions and their related impact across the continent at large, there is a need for new approaches towards the management of indigenous forests that support and promote land-users’ resilience to climatic variability and change. The role of forests in climate change mitigation is important as it sustains the ecosystem. The maintenance of ecological systems has been acknowledged as one of the most important facets of sustainable development. Subsequently, the involvement of several international and local policies and regulations has been established to ensure that natural resources, such as forests, are sustainably utilised. In rural areas/villages, overdependence on wood for fuel has been identified as one of the biggest threats to the forests. This has led to environmental degradation that includes, among others, deforestation, desertification, the extinction of species and soil erosion. Based on the many issues caused by the over-reliance on wood for fuel, this research sought to investigate the impact of the over-exploitation of natural forests in the environment. Ninety-seven (97) respondents, comprising of 51 females and 46 males, were used in this study. Four (4) villages in the Etayi Constituency were chosen for the study. The study employed a qualitative and quantitative approach, which included the following methods of data collection: questionnaires, observation and interviews with respondents in the Etayi community. A quantitative method enabled the researcher to ask questions such as how many and how often? It helped the researcher further to plot the responses into graphs and diagrams. Government representatives from the Constituency Council and Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry and Traditional Authorities in the four villages were interviewed. The study identified key threats to the forests as a result of high fuelwood collection. These threats include high levels of poverty, overdependence on the forests, a lack of understanding about the importance of forests for the environment, little or a lack of information regarding other alternative sources of energy and the lack of coordination in the management of fuelwood resources. Apart from fuelwood being used as a source of energy for cooking and lighting, the exploitation of local fuelwood has become commercialised to supplement household income. Since there is a lack of coordination in the management of natural resources, fuelwood resources are not being managed at all. A main argument identified by this study is that forest management must be a combined approach by all stakeholders. The roles of traditional leaders in forest management should be made public. The lack of an awareness campaign on the importance of forests, a lack of management coordination as well as poverty, makes it difficult for the forests policies to be implemented and for the traditional authorities to manage the forests efficiently. The study recommends that educational programmes, proper coordination between key stakeholders and awareness campaigns regarding the environmental importance of forests to residents would alleviate deforestation and over-exploitation of forests resources. Additionally, an emphasis on the relationship between traditional and local governance in the management of forests as sources of fuelwood and the physical environment should receive attention.

This thesis analyzes the beliefs of population theorist Julian L. Simon through the creation of a harm principle. It specifically analyzes his argument that we value our freedom to choose how many children we want above all other values in the context of overpopulation and environmental destruction. The developed harm principle is meant to give us a method to decide how to balance our personal freedom with our security-survival. I begin with an overview of Simon’s work, as well as an exposition of other prominent population theorists. I then propose a principle that is a utilitarian alternative to John Stuart Mill’s Harm Principle. I apply the principle to the situation wherein overpopulation causes such great environmental damage that we must choose between upholding procreative rights and our continued survival. I conclude that in most cases we will accept limitations on our procreative freedom in order to maintain our planet and ensure our security-survival.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the relation between reproductive rights and overpopulation. The main research question is whether the increase of the population size can affect the moral aspects of the reproductive rights. Relying on, and building upon arguments already developed by a number of philosophers, I show that although some restrictions might be justified, these restrictions cannot completely rule out the basic right to reproduction. Based on this, I then proceed with an overview of the possible solutions. In the subsequent discussion, a one-child-per-couple philosophy stands out as the best option. This would be morally justified according to the initial statements, as well as the most effective alternative when it comes to initiating a significant population decline. The one-child-per-couple philosophy is then contested by several problems that could theoretically arise, but none of these problems are, according to my discussion, strong enough to dispute the positive aspects of the theory. The conclusion of this essay is that we, as a species, have a moral obligation to limit our numbers and that we ought to start acting accordingly.

Pets are an important part of our society as they have become ‘part of the family’. However, one of the most important problems regarding the pet dog population is the great number of strays and their management. The annual stray survey conducted on behalf of Dogs Trust, one of the leading dog welfare organizations in the UK, has revealed that each year there are more than 100,000 stray dogs in the UK. To date, their management remains a problem only addressed by Local Authorities. This thesis’ objectiveis to undertake an economic analysis of the pet dog overpopulation problem in the United Kingdom. It aims to further the existing literature on the pet dog overpopulation problem in the UK and to become a stepping stone on which further research could be based. Given the limited data available, primary data was collected to investigate the following areas: The fate of stray dogs that entered an animal welfare organization for rehoming; the current Local Authority management of stray dogs; and lastly, people’s attitude towards the issue of stray and unwanted dogs and their willingness to pay to provide a humane management. The methodologies used in pursuing these investigations included advanced econometric models such as the Logistic Regression Model with Multiple Imputation, and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model and its extensions (i.e. the Latent Class Model). In addition, in order to elicit people’s willingness to pay, the survey based technique of the Choice Experiment Method was employed. The survey revealed that people are willing to pay both under a voluntary regime and a mandatory regime. The estimated amount was in the range of £2 to £12. This range concurs with the range of donations that animal welfare organisations are advertising in order to raise funds. This study is the first in the UK literature to conduct an economic examination of the pet dog overpopulation problem. The outcomes derived could be viewed as an initial examination of the UK stray dog population management on which further research could be based.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Companion animals grow geometrically and the lack of proper control favors the increase of these animals in the streets. Neutering is an important alternative for controlling the populations of dogs and cats, contributing to the reduction of abandoned animals, zoonoses, ill-treatment and many diseases with society. However, there is a reluctance of many of the tutors of these animals to castrate them, since they associate sterilization with something negative, such as the emergence of behaviors considered as unwanted. Therefore, the present study aimed to make an analysis of the perception of the population on the behavioral changes of companion animals after the surgical sterilization procedure. The work was carried out on companion animals from the rural communities of Mossoró / RN. A survey of the number of animals from each community was carried out. At the time, a questionnaire was applied and the animals were registered, followed by castration by Surgical sterilization in those animals in which the tutors accepted. After 6 (six) months the questionnaires were reapplied. Through the data obtained with the reapplication of the questionnaires we obtained that the number of sociable dogs changed from 73.30% to 68.10%, whereas the cats were from 80.80% to 72.90%; 53.9% of the dogs had a habit of leaving home, later this value increased to 56, 8%, however the cats changed from 73.9% to 58.9%; 90.5% of the dogs were considered active, at reapplication this value changed to 89.9%, the cats initially presented a percentage of 84.3% and changed to 83.8%. 26.4% of the dogs had a habit of urinating in the corners or in the surroundings of the house, but this value changed to 22.90%, already of the 40% of felines that had this characteristic, only 14.3% maintained it. As for the habit of destroying objects, 31.6% of the dogs had this behavior, but after castration only 12.5% remained with it, for this characteristic cats changed from 22.20% to 6.25%. 20% of the dogs showed aggression, but this percentage changed to 10.8%, while 20% of the dogs were aggressive and only 12.1% continued. We can conclude tutors from the rural communities of Mossoró / RN are formed by a majority of low income financial farmers, who noticed changes in the behavior of dogs and cats, also observing a reduction in the number of cats present in the streets, but did not notice a change in the environmental conditions
Os animais de companhia crescem de forma geométrica e a falta de um controle adequado favorece o aumento desses animais nas ruas. A esterilização cirúrgica é uma alternativa importante e para o controle das populações de cães e gatos, contribuindo para a redução dos animais abandonados, as zoonoses, os maus tratos e muitos agravos com a sociedade. No entanto, existe uma relutância de muitos dos tutores desses animais em castrá-los, pois associam a esterilização a algo negativo, como o surgimento de comportamentos tidos como indesejados. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou fazer uma análise da percepção da população sobre as alterações comportamentais dos animais de companhia após o procedimento cirúrgico de esterilização. O trabalho foi realizado em animais de companhia das comunidades rurais de Mossoró/RN, para isso foi feito um levantamento do número de animais de cada comunidade, na ocasião houve a aplicação de um questionário e o cadastramento destes animais, em seguida realizado a castração por esterilização cirúrgica, naqueles animais em que os tutores aceitaram. Após 6(seis) meses os questionários foram reaplicados. Através dos dados obtidos com a reaplicação dos questionários obtivemos que o número de cães sociáveis mudaram de 73,30% para 68,10%, enquanto que os gatos foram de 80,80% para 72,90%; 53,9% dos cães tinham hábito de sair de casa, posteriormente esse valor aumentou para 56,8%, no entanto os gatos mudaram de 73,9% para 58,9%; 90,5% dos cães eram considerados ativos, na reaplicação esse valor mudou para 89,9%,os gatos, inicialmente apresentavam uma porcentagem de 84,3% e mudou para 83,8%. 26,4% dos cães tinham hábito de urinar nos cantos ou aos arredores da casa, mas esse valor mudou para 22,90%, já dos 40% de felinos que tinham essa característica, apenas 14,3% o mantiveram. Quanto ao habito de destruir objetos, 31,6% dos cães tinham esse comportamento, mas após a castração apenas 12,5% permaneceram com ele, para esta característica os gatos mudaram de 22,20% para 6,25%. 20% dos cães se demonstraram agressivos, mas esse percentual mudou para 10,8%, enquanto que dos 20% dos felinos eram agressivos e apenas 12,1% continuaram. Podemos concluir os tutores das comunidades rurais de Mossoró/RN são formados por uma maioria de agricultores de baixa renda financeira, que notaram mudanças no comportamento dos cães e gatos, observando também uma redução no número de gatos presentes nas ruas, mas não notaram mudança das condições ambientais
2017-07-28

Depuis le début des années 2000, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme a donné un senset une portée juridique inédits au principe de dignité humaine appliquée à la détention, en se fondant notamment sur l’article 3 de la convention européenne des droits de l’homme qui proscrit la torture et les peines ou traitements inhumains ou dégradants. Cette évolution majeure, lui permettant de faire entrer largement sa jurisprudence dans les établissements pénitentiaires, a contraint le juge administratif français à revoir, de manière très profonde, sa jurisprudence consacrée aux mesures d’ordre intérieur et, sur le fond, à imposer la dignité humaine comme un principe matriciel à l’aune duquel l’ensemble desdroits fondamentaux des personnes détenues doit désormais être appréhendé. Elle a également influencé le législateur sur le vote de lois sur la privation de liberté, telles que la loi pénitentiaire de 2009. Sous inspiration européenne, mais également dans le cadre d’une dynamique interne de promotion générale des droits des administrés, la saisine de la vie en détention par le droit public a, dès lors, contribué au renforcement des droits accordés aux détenus (encadrement des sanctions et des mesures préventives de sécurité – mise à l’isolement et fouilles au corps notamment –, droit à la vie, droit au respect de sa vie privée et familiale, ou encore liberté de conscience et de religion...) et à uneréparation plus aisée des préjudices qui leur sont causés par l’activité pénitentiaire.Toutefois, de nombreux obstacles demeurent à la progression de l’état de droit en prison. En effet, la persistance de conditions de détention indignes et les limites à la mise en oeuvre de ces droits, à leur protection par le juge ou à leur application par l’administration posent la question de leur effectivité et de leur conformité aux standards européens établis par le juge de Strasbourg
As from the early 2000s, the European Court of Human Rights started to give unprecedentedlegal effect and meaning to the principle of human dignity applied to conditions of detention, drawing, when doing so, in particular on Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibiting torture and inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. This major development, which has enabled the Court to have its case law implemented to a significant extent in prisons, has forced French administrative courts to fully review their case law concerning internal measures and, in substance, to impose human dignity as a framework principle in the light of which all fundamental rights of detainees must henceforth be considered. This major development has also influenced the lawmaker when voting on laws concerning the deprivation of liberty, such as the Prisons Act of 2009.Under this European influence, but also as part of an internal movement concerning the general promotion of citizens rights, the referral, to courts of public law, of matters pertaining to prison life, has, since its inception, led to a reinforcement of the rights granted to detainees (framework for sanctions and preventive security measures - solitary confinement and body searches in particular - the right to life, the right to respect for privacy and family life, freedom of conscience and of religion, etc.) and facilitated compensation for damages caused to detainees by a penitentiary authorities.However, many obstacles remain to establishing constitutionality for detainees. Indeed, thepersistence of inhuman conditions of detention, and the limits applied on exercising detainees’ rights, and to ensuring that these rights are protected by a court of law or are implemented by Administration, raise the question of their effectiveness and of their compliance with European standards as set down by the Strasbourg Court

The focus of this thesis is the application of data envelopment analysis to understand and evaluate the performance of diverse animal welfare organizations across the United States. The results include identification of the most efficient animal welfare organizations, at least among those that post statistics on their operations, and a discussion of various partnerships that may improve the performance of the more inefficient organizations. The Humane Society of the United States estimates that there are 4000 - 6000 independently-run animal shelters across the United States, with an estimated 6-8 million companion animals entering them each year. Unfortunately, more than half of these animals are euthanized. The methods shared in this research illustrate how data envelopment analysis may help shelters improve these statistics through evaluation and cooperation. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is based on the principle that the efficiency of an organization depends on its ability to transform its inputs into the desired outputs. The result of a DEA model is a single measure that summarizes the relative efficiency of each decision making unit (DMU) when compared with similar organizations. The DEA linear program defines an efficiency frontier with the most efficient animal shelters that are put into the model that "envelops" the other DMUs. Individual efficiency scores are calculated by determining how close each DMU is to reaching the frontier. The results shared in this research focus on the performance of 15 animal shelters. Lack of standardized data regarding individual animal shelter performance limited the ability to review a larger number of shelters and provide more robust results. Various programs are in place within the United States to improve the collection and availability of individual shelter performance. Specifically, the Asilomar Accords provide a strong framework for doing this and could significantly reduce euthanasia of companion animals if more shelters would adopt the practice of collecting and reporting their data in this format. It is demonstrated in this research that combining performance data with financial data within the data envelopment analysis technique can be powerful in helping shelters identify how to better deliver results. The addition of data from other organizations will make the results even more robust and useful for each shelter involved.
M.S.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering MS

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Objective of this study is to analyze, under the aegis of the recent globalization of capital, the expansion of relative surplus population as a restructuring of the workforce, as well as its causes and its implications on the working class. The effects of globalization of capital and productive restructuring bring significant changes in the structure of the workforce worldwide. These changes extend continuously created competition for capital among workers for too few jobs. The called relative surplus population expansion comes in even in rich countries, and that are the result of measures taken to restore the capital. Neoliberal ideology posited as a way to bypass the capitalist crisis, which is configured in the falling rate of profit in the private sector combined with the fiscal crisis in the public sector, has directed the accumulation regime for the remuneration of creditors and shareholders. In this context , part of the capital is subtracted from the production process, contributing to the advancement of the process of deindustrialization and industrial relocation as a means of lowering costs of production and restore the rate of profit. Implications of these processes on the labor market show that it is directly influenced by the existence of overcrowding on the conditio sine qua non of capital accumulation.
O objetivo deste trabalho é o de analisar, sob a égide da mundialização recente do capital, a expansão da superpopulação relativa como forma de reestruturação da força de trabalho, bem como, suas causas e suas implicações sobre a classe trabalhadora. Os efeitos da mundialização do capital e da reestruturação produtiva trazem significativas mudanças na estrutura da força de trabalho em nível mundial. Tais mudanças alargam incessantemente a concorrência criada pelo capital entre os trabalhadores por um número insuficiente de empregos. A chamada superpopulação relativa apresenta-se em expansão até mesmo nos países do Norte, e isto se dá em decorrência das medidas adotadas para restaurar o capital. A ideologia neoliberal posta como uma forma de contornar a crise capitalista, a qual se configura em queda da taxa de lucro no setor privado combinada à crise fiscal no setor público, tem direcionado o regime de acumulação para a remuneração de credores e acionistas. Nesse contexto, parte do capital é subtraído do processo produtivo, contribuindo para o avanço do processo de desindustrialização e deslocalização industrial, como meio de baixar os custos da produção e restabelecer a taxa de lucro. As implicações desses processos sobre o mercado de trabalho evidenciam que o mesmo é diretamente influenciado pela existência da superpopulação relativa conditio sine qua non à acumulação de capital.

Thesis (M. Law. (Development and Management)) --University of Limpopo, 2019
Like many other countries, South Africa has its own socio-economic challenges. For the past two decades, the country has been experiencing rapid population growth, yet in the same period, there has been a pervasive decline in social and economic stability, and in the end, stagnant human wellbeing. This has been as a result of diminishing access to basic services such as health care, quality housing, quality education and safe clean drinking water. Among other factors, unregulated and rapid population growth contribute to these socio-economic challenges. This study seeks to illustrate that overpopulation undermines and threatens social development, societal stability and survival of humanity. Therefore, the examines the possibility of enacting a legislation or policy that will regulate or limit procreation or the right to give birth. It also reflects on the Chinese experience to obtain some lessons from China’s One-Child Policy. It is submitted that South Africa must draft its own policy or legislation that will regulate population growth with the primary objective of aligning population with available state resources. Keywords: overpopulation, right to reproductive health, socio-economic rights, human wellbeing, social transformation.

Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Apresentaremos duas formas de modelar a dinâmica de populações ecológicas do tipo cadeia alimentar. Em uma delas consideramos que os indivíduos estão distribuídos homogeneamente no espaço e interagem entre si com iguais probabilidades, de forma que o espaço não precisa ser tratado explicitamente. Este tipo de modelo é conhecido como Modelo de campo médio. Na outra forma de modelagem, consideramos que as espécies estão distribuídas no espaço, onde os indivíduos migram e interagem apenas com aqueles que estão em uma determinada vizinhança de suas posições, o Modelo espacial. Ambos os modelos consideram o tempo discreto e o espaço, no caso do modelo espacial, é simulado por uma rede bidimensional de N x N sítios. Mostraremos as dinâmicas para duas espécies, uma espécie predadora e outra presa, e posteriormente incluiremos uma terceira espécie, de forma a ter uma cadeia alimentar de três espécies, utilizando os dois modelos. No modelo de campo médio de duas espécies observamos atratores no espa»co de fases que vão desde a pontos fixos até atratores caóticos. Ao incluir a terceira espécie os atratores ficam mais elaborados. No modelo espacial evidenciamos que o tamanho da vizinhança de interação modifica consideravelmente a dinâmica e a forma como as espécies se organizam no espaço. Quando a vizinhança de interação assume valores intermediários ocorrem superpopulações, porém ao aumentarmos esta interação as superpopulações desaparecem e o modelo espacial tende ao modelo de campo médio. Observamos também a sincronização da dinâmica das populações dos sítios ao longo do tempo
Abstract: We study the dynamics of ecological populations of predators and preys using two different approaches. The first is a Mean Field approach, in which we assume that the individuals are homogeneously mixed in space, so that they interact with one another with equal probability. In this case the space is not explicitly treated. The second approach considers that the individuals are distributed in space, where they can migrate and interact only with those that are in a given neighborhood of their position. In both models we consider time and space in a discrete manner. We study the dynamics generated by the interaction of two species, a predator and a prey, and also the dynamics of a system with three species, using both models. The mean field model shows the appearance of several types of attractors, including chaotic ones. In the spatial model we show that the size of the interaction neighborhood modifies the dynamics and the organization of the species in the space. When the interaction neighborhood has intermediate values, super-populations arise. Nonetheless, if we further increase the size of interaction neighborhood, the super-populations disappear and the spatial model reduces to the mean field model. We also observe situations where the population oscillations become synchronized during the time evolution
Mestrado
Sistemas Dinamicos
Mestre em Física

Du supin latin « substituere », la substitution désigne le fait de « mettre une personne ou une chose à la place d’une autre pour lui faire jouer le même rôle ». Utilisé dans de nombreux domaines, juridiques ou non, le mécanisme est actuellement intéressant en matière de lutte contre la surpopulation carcérale et la lenteur de la procédure pénale. Aussi, concernant le prononcé des peines, la substitution substantielle parfaite permet au juge pénal de remplacer la peine d’emprisonnement encourue par une peine non privative de liberté. Celle imparfaite octroie au juge le droit de prononcer un aménagement de peine, un sursis avec mise à l’épreuve ou un sursis avec obligation d’accomplir un travail d’intérêt général. Quant au procès pénal, la substitution procédurale parfaite conduit à l’évitement de ce procès par la mise en œuvre d’alternatives aux poursuites. Celle imparfaite consiste enfin à modifier certaines règles relatives au procès pénal afin d’accélérer la procédure et de renforcer son efficacité. Malgré ses avantages, la substitution, en matière pénale, n’est pas suffisamment connue ni maîtrisée par les professionnels et théoriciens. Ceux-ci dénoncent le manque de clarté et de précisions dans les règles relatives au mécanisme. Les ambiguïtés existantes nuisent à sa pertinence. Il est donc intéressant de s’interroger sur la possibilité de définir la substitution et d’en établir une théorie générale
From the Latin supine « substituere », substitution means to « replace someone (or something) by another one (or thing) to make him (or it) play the same role ». Used in several fields, legal or not, the mechanism is currently interesting regarding fight against prison overpopulation and slowness in criminal procedure. By the way, concerning the punishments, the « perfect » substantial substitution allows the penal judge to replace the prison term by a noncustodial sentence. With the « imperfect » substitution, the judge can give the delinquent a sentencing reduction, a suspended sentence with probation or a suspended sentence with community services. As for the penal trial, the « perfect » procedural substitution allows to avoid it. Alternative to judicial proceedings accelerate the procedure. The « imperfect » substitution allows to modify some rules related to the penal trial in order to strengthen its efficiency. In spite of its advantages, the substitution is not known and mastered enough by the professionals and the theorists. They denounce the lack of clarity and precision in rules relating to substitution. The current ambiguities damage its suitability. It is thus interesting to wonder about defining and establishing a general theory of substitution in penal case

This diploma thesis is focused on overpopulation problem, which is a very debatable term in this time. The thesis analyzes recent development in fertility, mortality and migration in each continent with aim to evaluate threats of the overpopulation. Although this term is more like global problem, the thesis aims to specify and identify continents, which might be truly affected by overpopulation. Part of the diploma thesis is focused on calculation of possible future development of population size based on mathematical models which are birth - immigration - death process and logistic (Verhulst) growth. The projections are established on UN data and their horizon is period 2095 - 2100.

La notion de prison est obsédante en littérature africaine d'expression française. Le dispositif d'enfermement des hommes dans un espace clos remonte véritablement à la période coloniale. Les nombreuses méthodes punitives qui avaient cours en Afrique précoloniale privilégiaient davantage d'autres formes de sanction que la prison. Il y avait par exemple le bannissement, la réparation immédiate, l'exil et la lapidation. Avec l'installation occidentale, l'habitat africain s'est doté d'une structure particulière et singulière. La prison fait désormais partie des politiques pénales de premier choix. Les écrivains, Ibrahima Ly dans "Toiles d'araignées", Henri Djombo dans "Le mort vivant", Auguste Moussirou Mouyama à travers "Parole de vivant" et Antoine Bangui dans "Prisonnier de Tombalbaye" montrent la complexité de ce nouveau phénomène. Ils évoquent les conditions de vie atypiques à savoir : la surpopulation, l'hygiène, la rareté d'aliments etc. La prison avilit l'homme au lieu de l'aider à prendre conscience de l'intérêt de sa peine par rapport à la société offensée. La resocialisation qui est la logique de justification de la prison qui allie la peine aux principes des droits de l'homme est fortement compromise. Mais malgré ces privations, la prison peut être un véritable chemin pouvant permettre à ceux qui ne succombent aux violences, de repenser la société. Ils combattent tout ce qui peut empêcher à l'homme de s'épanouir. C'est ainsi que l'on peut entendre l'héroïne de "Toiles d'araignées "souhaiter un monde libre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 260-268).

碩士
國立成功大學
政治經濟研究所
105
The topic of this dissertation is about overpopulation. The main purpose of this dissertation is to answer “What is overpopulation?” First, in the article, the author reviewed the evolvement of the notion of overpopulation in history and illustrated the contemporary meaning of overpopulation. Next, in the article, the author conducted a deep research regarding Theory of Optimum Population. What’s more, the author extended the application of the theory to definite overpopulation and then demonstrated the three characteristics of theory of overpopulation: 1. The deterioration of average living standard, 2. The decrease of marginal output, 3. The increase of population suppression (population control). Then, in the article, the author tried to use real cases to illustrate the corresponding social phenomena of these three characteristics of theory. The author picked up two historical cases (Chinese Qing Dynasty, The late period of European Middle Age). Both of them are classical and representative cases in relevant research field. From the analysis of the two cases, we could find that many social phenomena at that period live up to the characteristics of theory of overpopulation. All these social phenomena pointed to overpopulation. Finally, in the article, the author inducted several observable social phenomena to embody the abstract notion of overpopulation. These social phenomena could be used to explain “What is overpopulation”. In other word, in the article, the author tried to find several observable social phenomenon as operating indicators, in order to distinguish overpopulation----when all of these phenomena emerge together, we could have sufficient proofs to infer that the society experiences the status of overpopulation.

The aim of this dissertation is to place the phenomenon of the overpopulation of South African prisons in perspective and to rectify the current situation in search of possible solutions. Since 1981, when this phenomenon reached unmanageable proportions, government has made numerous amnesties. This was only a short-term alleviation of the problem due to the high levels of recidivism. Correctional supervision as a sentence option was advocated by both the Lansdowne and Viljoen Commissions, enacted during 1986 and finally implemented during 1991. Initial expectations soon became blurred by factors such as insufficient development programmes and specialised personnel, enormous caseloads and the exclusion of supervision cases from development programmes. This study endeavours to analyse the current application of correctional supervision to determine the stumbling blocks and to create a foundation for new perspectives and possible solutions.
Penology
M.A. (Penology)

Over-abundant koala populations and resultant over-browsing of vegetation has presented an ongoing challenge for wildlife managers in many areas of south-eastern Australia for almost a century. In 1996 over-browsing by koalas became evident in many areas of Kangaroo Island, and in riparian areas where preferred tree species occurred; the majority of food trees were severely defoliated. This project was one of a number of concurrent research projects which focussed on key aspects of koala ecology in order to better inform development of koala management strategies on Kangaroo Island. The main focus of the project was to investigate: • koala foraging behaviour • tree response to extent and pattern of defoliation • habitat use and tree preference in preferred and non-preferred habitats • regenerative potential of over-browsed tree species, • effect of sterilisation and translocation of koalas on tree health. The first part of the project involved conducting observations of the foraging behaviour of free-ranging koalas to better understand the spatial pattern of tree defoliation. Ten individually tagged and radio-collared koalas were observed for 24- hour periods on 34 occasions between August 1997 and December 1998. Koalas were found to restrict feeding bouts to one or two locations within the outer canopy of each tree they visited. Feeding was concentrated at these locations with browsed branches being almost completely defoliated. Based on these results artificial defoliation experiments were developed and used to determine the effect that pattern and extent of defoliation had on leaf production and recovery of trees. Defoliation treatments were applied to 50 manna gum trees at Flinders Chase National Park and Victor Harbor. Manna gum trees showed strong compensatory growth following artificial defoliation. New leaf production was particularly high on trees that where subjected to canopy-wide defoliation. In contrast, branches which experienced localised damage produced comparatively fewer leaves than branches on trees which had experienced canopy-wide defoliation. It appears that manna gum can be highly tolerant of one-off defoliation of the entire canopy, even when substantial quantities of foliage are lost, but that branches may not be as tolerant of high levels of herbivory if defoliated in isolation. This is a crucial consideration when determining carrying capacities of riparian habitats both during the recovery phase of already heavily defoliated trees and the long-term carrying capacities of these habitats and suggests that carrying capacity may not correlate directly with the ‘standing crop’ of leaves on trees within a given area of habitat. Between 1997 and 2000 koala numbers and tree health were monitored at Mine Creek to determine the effectiveness of sterilisation and translocation in reducing koala numbers and improving tree condition. Mine Creek has been the site of an intensive koala population control program since 1997 and presented an opportunity to test the effect of koala management techniques on tree health. There was a decline in koala population density at Mine Creek; principally in response to translocation rather than sterilisation. The reduction in koala density at Mine Creek was short-term and did not reach the target density of 1 koala/ha. Subsequently, tree canopy condition, particularly for the preferred browse species Eucalyptus viminalis cygnetensis, did not improve substantially. Two years after the commencement of the management program 59% of E. viminalis cygnetensis trees at Mine Creek remained severely defoliated. An increase in the population size of koalas was observed from mid-1999 onward, representing a potential doubling in the population every three years. Immigration of animals from surrounding uncontrolled areas is a potentially important mechanism of localised population recovery. An increase in koala numbers subsequent to control was unlikely to be due to in situ breeding, but instead immigration from surrounding uncontrolled areas of habitat (or areas where only sterilisation was undertaken and population densities remained high). Eucalypts have a high capacity for compensatory growth and recovery if browse pressure is removed. Where over-browsing occurs the imperative for successful restoration of defoliated trees is to substantially reduce the density of koalas in the short-term and maintain reduced population levels in the long-term. Sterilisation may be usefully applied to maintain low koala densities after an initial population reduction via alternative control methods, but sterilisation alone is unable to affect much change in severely over-browsed habitats in the immediate term. Utilisation of habitat by koalas in preferred and non-preferred tree associations on Kangaroo Island was investigated using radio-telemetry. A total of 25 koalas were radio-collared and tracked between 1997 and 2000. Preferred areas of habitat comprised of vegetation associations containing E. viminalis cygnetensis and non-preferred habitat typically consisted of an E. baxteri, E.obliqua, E.cosmophylla tree association. Observations indicated that a potentially viable, low density population of koalas occupied non-preferred habitat on Kangaroo Island. Koalas were found to use a wide range of eucalypt species and many individual koalas survived solely on a diet of tree species that were previously considered to be non-preferred by koalas on Kangaroo Island. The results of this study indicate that non-preferred areas of habitat have significant conservation and management value, just as areas that sustain highdensity populations of koalas do. A comparison of estimated home range areas between koalas in preferred and non- preferred habitat showed that koalas in non-preferred habitat had significantly larger home ranges than koalas in preferred habitat. This was also the case within sexes with male koalas in non-preferred habitat having significantly larger home ranges than males in preferred habitat and females in non-preferred habitat having significantly larger home ranges than female koalas in preferred habitat. The presence of a resident population of koalas in non-preferred habitat on Kangaroo Island was generally discounted until the commencement of this study. Koala management targets on Kangaroo Island were originally based on a population estimate of 3000 - 5000 koalas and the understanding that the majority of koalas occurred in the Cygnet River valley and Flinders Chase National Park. Today, methods of estimating population size on Kangaroo Island incorporate populations of koalas within high-, medium- and low quality habitats according to composition of eucalypt species. The revised koala population estimate based on this more comprehensive stratified sampling approach is ~ 27,000. It is now estimated that over half the Island’s koala population resides in areas of low-quality habitat outside of Flinders Chase National Park and the Cygnet River catchment.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2011

Because infants are the most vulnerable members of a community, their deaths – and the resulting infant mortality rate (IMR) – are said to signal more fundamental problems that are likely to affect the general health of a community. However, a focus on proximate- and intermediate-level risk factors in epidemiological analyses presents a decontextualized picture and ignores the role of larger forces on health, disease, and illness. In response to this trend, this project will contribute to a revitalization of the use of infant mortality as an index of larger social problems by tempering statistical analyses with critical reflection regarding the effects of the liminal position of Malta within the British imperial system, prior to the Second World War. In addition, by bringing together several analytic approaches which often proceed in parallel, rather than in dialogue – historical epidemiology, social history, and the analysis of colonial discourse – this dissertation highlights the problematics of knowledge production at both the theoretical and methodological level. As a result, my work is not just about Malta, one moment in history, the calculation of infant mortality rates, or the disentanglement of various determinants of infant mortality in this context; it is about the dynamics and repercussions of power differentials and of social, economic, and political inequalities, as they define and structure health outcomes and experiences. Specifically, I will show that fluctuations in international tensions affected Malta’s population on a number of levels because of the island’s importance as a British military and naval base and its location in the middle of the Mediterranean. I will demonstrate how Malta’s “strategic position” restricted political and economic development in the island and articulated with colonial perceptions of the Maltese as “Other” and Malta as “overpopulated.” Finally, I will argue that international tensions, Malta’s location within Empire, and perceptions of the island and its inhabitants in the early twentieth century affected the ways in which infant deaths were explained and understood and the strategies of intervention initiated in the island to curtail infant mortality – all of which had a tremendous impact on the rates at which infants in Malta died.

At the end of the sixteenth century, London was grappling with an unprecedented environmental crisis: rapid population growth produced rampant pollution, land mismanagement, and epidemic disease; entire species of fish disappeared from the Thames; and the city’s growing demands for food and fuel depleted the nation’s natural resources. This dissertation locates innovative responses to these new environmental pressures on the early modern stage. Shakespeare and his contemporaries, I argue, shaped early attitudes and expectations about the ecology of London and its sustainability. Each chapter of “Urban Ecology” focuses on a different resource problem plaguing early modern London—food scarcity, decayed waterways, air pollution and a shortage of space to bury the dead—and shows how groups of plays addressed them using the material and imaginative resources of dramatic form. In constructing stories in which these ecological issues figure prominently, and in offering their own creative responses to these problems, early modern playwrights display a nuanced understanding of London’s environment as a co-fabrication between human and nonhuman forces, even before the terms “ecosystem” or “ecology” had emerged in scientific discourse. To make this co-fabrication visible, “Urban Ecology” reads early modern plays alongside a rich archive of archaeological evidence that re-situates the theater industry as a both a product of and active participant in the London ecosystem. I show how playing companies contributed to urban air pollution by burning noxious sea coal to produce spectacular effects that attracted paying customers; the Bankside playhouses, located on reclaimed marshland, were vulnerable to the Thames and its patterns of tidal flooding; and food sourced from both local and global supply chains was regularly sold during performances. By reconstructing this complex interplay between drama and its environment, this dissertation begins to center the early modern theater industry in the history of ecological thought.

У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти наукового дослідження динаміки, тенденцій, причин та наслідків сучасних міграційних процесів в окремих країнах Європи. Проаналізовано сучасні тенденції міграційних процесів, їх обсягів, структури мігрантів, спрямування потоків, їх причини та наслідки в окремих країнах Європи. Запропоновано Варіанти вирішення та мінімізації негативних наслідків міграційної політики у Європі.
В работе рассматриваются теоретические аспекты научного исследования динамики, тенденций, причин и последствий современных миграционных процессов в отдельных странах Европы. Проанализированы современные тенденции миграционных процессов, их объемов, структуры мигрантов, направления потоков, их причины и последствия в отдельных странах Европы. Предложены Варианты решения и минимизации негативных последствий миграционной политики в Европе.
The work deals with the theoretical aspects scientific research of dynamics, trends, causes and consequences of modern migration processes in European countries. Author analysis current trends in migration processes, their volumes, migrants' structures, flows, their causes and consequences in some European countries.

Deep ecology is the field of environmental ethics, which seeks to change human values and attitudes that would lead to the solution to environmental problems. The aim of this thesis is to confront the selected propositions which deep ecology include (overpopulation, economic growth, decentralization, ethics of voluntary simplicity and biodiversity) with views of other authors and to seek answers to the ethical and social issues associated with them. Opinions on the topic and their role in solvin

Summaries in English and Afrikaans
The study explores the beliefs and wishes of respondents in Pretoria concerning crime seriousness and criminal sentencing in South Africa. It is suggested that in a democracy, the legal system must reflect the values of the individual citizen if it is to achieve a legitimacy based upon the concepts of moral consent and universality, and argues that this can only be achieved when all citizens have a voice. The study undertakes and reports on a survey of 400 units, across race divisions in and around the City of Pretoria by initially emulating, and thereafter extending, the British Crime Survey. The thesis offers seven chapters divided into two primary components. The first component, chapters one to four, systematically debate the historical/theoretical foundations of sentencing practice (both globally and in respect of South Africa), and identifies the inherent problems faced by contemporary criminal justice systems. The study utilises sentencing literature to provide an in-depth appraisal of theoretical paradigms and, thereafter, evaluates the successes and failures of various sentencing options. The second component, chapters five to seven, unpack the Pretorian research in relation to various other foreign research surveys, and culminates by offering a South African sentencing guide (severity index) based upon the research findings. The findings identify the people of Pretoria to be punitive. Respondents are shown to regard rape and driving whilst over the legal alcohol level causing the death of an innocent victim as the most serious crimes, followed by deliberate murder, selling illegal drugs and terrorism. Percentage differential between these "most serious" crimes is negligible. Many respondents indicate long prison sentences or the death penalty for these specific offences. Overall, Blacks prefer imprisonment whilst Whites are shown to be more conservative and more amenable to other sentencing options. Gender differences in relation to seriousness and sentence scores are slight, but females and the older age group are noted to be more fearful of being victimised even though this fear is not supported by actual victimisation rates. The study justifies the motivation fot the inclusion of public opinion into sentencing policy by recording a 72 percent positive response to people involvement in the sentencing of offenders.
Hierdie navorsing verken respondente in Pretoria se menings en verwagtinge aangaande die erns van misdaad en vonnisoplegging in Suid·Afrika. Die uitgangspunt is dat die regsplegingstelsel veronderstel is om die waardes van die gemeenskap te reftekteer, gebaseer op die konsepte van morele eenstemmigheid en universaliteit, en argumenteer dat dit binne 'n demokrattese bestel slegs kan realiseer as alle inwoners inspraak daarin het. Die navorsing en rapportering gaan oor 'n opname van 400 eenhede in en om die stad Pretoria oor rassegrense heen. Die Britse misdaadopname het as vertrekpunt gedien vir die ontwikkeling van die opname. Die tesis bestaan uit sewe hoofstukke wat verdeel is in twee hoofkomponente. Die eerste komponent, hoofstukke een tot vier, debatteer sistematies die histories/teoretiese begrondings van die vonnisopleggingspraktyk (beide globaal en ten opsigte van Suld-Afrika), en identifiseer die inherente probleme waarmee kontemporere strafregsplegingstelsels gekonfronteer word. Die navorsing gebruik vonnisopleggingsliteratuur om 'n in-diepte beoordeling te maak aan teoretiese paradigma om die sukses en mislukking van die verskillende vonnisopleggingaopsies te evalueer. Die tweede komponent, hoofstukke vyf tot sewe, behels die navorsing in Pretoria in vergelyking met verskeie ander buitelandse navorsingsondersoeke en bereik 'n hoogtepunt deur 'n Suid-Afrikaanse vonnisopleggingsgids (ernsindeks) voor te hou, gebaseer op die navorsingsbevindings. Die navorsingsbevindings identlfiseer respondente van Pretoria as strafgeorienteerd. Respondente beskou verkragting en bestuur van 'n motor terwyl die persoon se alkoholbloedinhoud oor die wettige perk is en die dood van 'n onskuldige slagoffer veroorsaak, as die ernstigste misdade. Dit word gevolg deur opsetlike moord, die handel in onwettige dwelmmiddels en terrorisme. Persentasie afwykings tussen die "ernstige" misdade is onbeduidend. Menige respondente is van mening dat lang termyne van gevangenisstraf of die doodsvonnis vir hierdie misdade toepaslik is. Oorhoofs gesien, verkies Swartmense gevangesetting, terwyl blankes meer konserwatief maar ook meer ontvanklik blyk te wees met betrekking tot ander vonnisopsies. Genderverskille in verhouding tot die erns- en die vonnistellings is gering, maar vroue en die ouer ouderdomsgroepe vertoon groter vrees vir viktimisasie, alhoewel hierdie vrees nie ondersteun word deur werklike viktimisasieratio's nie. Hierdie navorsing onderskryf die motivering vir die oorweging van die gemeenskapsmening in formulering van vonnisopleggingsbeleid met die resultaat dat 72 persent respondente gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid in die vonnisoplgeging voorstaan. '
Criminology and Security Science
D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)