Journal articles: 'Overregularization'

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Marcus, Gary F. "Children's overregularization of English plurals: a quantitative analysis." Journal of Child Language 22, no. 2 (June 1995): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009879.

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ABSTRACTThis paper brings a quantitative study of children's noun plural overregularizations (foots, mans) to bear on recent comparisons of connectionist and symbolic models of language. The speech of 10 English-speaking children (aged 1;3 to 5;2) from the CHILDES database (MacWhinney & Snow, 1985, 1990) were analysed. The rate of noun overregularization is low, mean = 8·5%, demonstrating that children prefer correct to overregularized forms. Rates of noun overregularization are not significantly different from their rates of past tense overregularization, and noun plurals, like verb past tenses, follow a U-shaped developmental curve in which correct irregulars precede the first overregularized forms. These facts suggest that plural and past tense overregularizations are caused by similar underlying processes. The results pose challenges to connectionist models, but are consistent with Marcuset al.'s(1992) blocking-and-retrieval-failure model in which regulars are generated by a default rule while irregulars are retrieved from the lexicon.

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CLAHSEN, HARALD, FRAIBET AVELEDO, and IGGY ROCA. "The development of regular and irregular verb inflection in Spanish child language." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 3 (July 22, 2002): 591–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005172.

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We present morphological analyses of verb inflections produced by 15 Spanish-speaking children (age range: 1;7 to 4;7) taken from longitudinal and cross-sectional samples of spontaneous speech and narratives. Our main observation is the existence of a dissociation between regular and irregular processes in the distribution of errors: regular suffixes and unmarked (non-alternating) stems are over-extended to irregulars in children's inflection errors, but not vice versa. We also found that overregularization errors at all ages are only a small minority of the children's irregular verbs, that the period of overregularization is preceded by a stage without errors, and that the onset of overregularizations is connected to the emergence of obligatory finiteness markings. These findings are explained in terms of the dual-mechanism model of inflection.

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MARCHMAN, VIRGINIA A., KIM PLUNKETT, and JUDITH GOODMAN. "Overregularization in English plural and past tense inflectional morphology: a response to Marcus (1995)." Journal of Child Language 24, no. 3 (October 1997): 767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000997003206.

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In a recent note, Marcus (1995) suggests that the rate of overregularization of English irregular plural nouns is not substantively different from that of English irregular past tense verbs. This finding is claimed to be in conflict with the predictions of connectionist models (Plunkett & Marchman, 1991, 1993) which are said to depend solely on the dominance of regular over irregular forms in determining overregulation errors. However, these conclusions may be premature given that Marcus averaged overregulation rates across irregular nominal forms that varied in token frequency and across samples representing a broad range of children's ages. A connectionist view would predict an interplay between type frequency and other item level factors, e.g. token frequency, as well as differences in the developmental trajectories of the acquisition of nouns and verbs. In this response, we briefly review longitudinal parental report data (N=26) which indicate that children are significantly more likely to produce noun overregularizations than verb overregularizations across a prescribed age period (1;5 to 2;6). At the same time, these data also show that children are familiar with proportionately more irregular nouns than irregular verbs. These findings are consistent with the predictions of Plunkett & Marchman (1991, 1993) in that the larger regular class affects the frequency of noun errors but also that familiarity with individual irregular nouns tends to reduce the likelihood of overregularizations. In contrast to the conclusion of Marcus (1995), the connectionist approach to English inflectional morphology provides a plausible explanation of the phenomenon of overregularization in both the English plural and past tense systems.

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Marcus, Gary F., Steven Pinker, Michael Ullman, Michelle Hollander, T. John Rosen, Fei Xu, and Harald Clahsen. "Overregularization in Language Acquisition." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57, no. 4 (1992): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1166115.

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Fernández-Dobao, Ana, and Julia Herschensohn. "Acquisition of Spanish verbal morphology by child bilinguals: Overregularization by heritage speakers and second language learners." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 1 (June 8, 2020): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000310.

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AbstractThe current study analyzes Spanish present tense morphology with a focus on overregularization. It examines written production from two groups of English/Spanish bilingual children in a dual immersion setting, Spanish heritage language (SHL) speakers (n = 21) and Spanish second language (SL2) learners (n = 41), comparing them to age-matched (nine to ten years old) Spanish majority language children (n = 15). Spanish majority children show full mastery of present tense regular, stem-changing and irregular morphology. SHL children seem to have acquired mastery of regular inflectional morphology, but not of stem-changing morphology. SL2 children are significantly less accurate than both majority Spanish and SHL children in terms of both regular and irregular morphology. Evidence of overregularization, but not of irregularization, is provided for both SHL and SL2 children. The analysis of overregularization errors supports a variational approach (Yang, 2016) to acquisition, storage and access of morphology.

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Kidd, Evan, and Jarrad A. G. Lum. "Sex differences in past tense overregularization." Developmental Science 11, no. 6 (November 2008): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00744.x.

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Kulinich, Elena, Phaedra Royle, and Daniel Valois. "On the inefficiency of negative feedback in Russian morphology L1 acquisition." First Language 39, no. 5 (June 13, 2019): 547–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723719850955.

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This study investigates negative feedback effects on inflectional morphology acquisition in Russian. In order to examine the effects of adult feedback on child error elimination and assess the lasting effect of feedback, a series of elicited tasks was conducted with 65 Russian children aged from 3 to 4 years. Twelve verbs which undergo overregularization in the non-past tense resulting from applying the yod /j/-pattern were used as stimuli. The experiment was repeated over four sessions with bi-weekly intervals between sessions 1, 2, 3 and a four-week interval between sessions 3 and 4. Four groups of participants were formed with three types of feedback (Correction, Clarification Question and Repetition), and a control group without feedback. No significant differences were observed between groups with different feedback types, or even without feedback. This finding supports the general hypothesis that negative feedback is not a strong driver of recovery from overregularization errors in verb acquisition.

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Zhao, Liang. "Comparison of the RC Model and the WR Model Based on CHILDES." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 6 (June 7, 2016): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0606.16.

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The acquisition of the verb past tense has often been used to help to figure out children’s real process of language acquisition. This paper aims to make a comparison between Charles Yang’s Rules and Competition Model (the RC model) and Steven Pinker’s Words and Rules Model (the WR model) based on real language acquisition data selected from CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System). Chomsky’s Universal grammar is the foundation of both models. The comparison has been done from three aspects: the role of input frequency, overregularization errors, and the origin of irregular past tense. The finding of the study indicates that the RC model can well explain the role of input frequency in verb classes and the similarity between verb and the past tense while the WR model’s explanation is vague in this point. Overregularization errors are more like an inevitable learning phenomenon that sheds light on phonological rules in the RC model instead of simple memory failures in the WR model. The WR model well explains the origin of irregular past tense while the RC model does not mention this point.

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Montrul, Silvina, and Sara Ann Mason. "Smaller vocabularies lead to morphological overregularization in heritage language grammars." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000427.

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Monteiro-Luperi, Telma Iacovino, and Debora Maria Befi-Lopes. "Performance of preschool children with normal language development in past tense task." CoDAS 26, no. 1 (February 2014): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822014000100007.

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The acquisition of tense inflection is a gradual process, and the children appear unaware of the significance of inflectional endings, without recognizing that there is a general rule for deriving one form from another. Purpose: To investigate the ability of past tense in children with normal language development (NLD). Methods: The subjects were 30 children with NLD, aged between 4 and 6 years. To evaluate the use of past tense, we developed a test composed of 30 regular and irregular verbs. The analysis of the answers considered the correct ones, the replacement, overregularization and errors. Results: The 4 years old children with NLD had worse performance than the children of 5 and 6 years in correct answers and total score. There was no difference between the numbers of replacement based on age. By the age of 4, we observed more tense inflection errors. The overregularization errors did not differ between age groups. By the age of 4, children had more regular than irregular verbs correct answers. Conclusion: The 4 years old children with NLD had worse performance than 5 and 6 years old children, because they are still improving the use of verbs in their productions. At this age, we observed tense inflection errors. The 5 and 6 years old children already master the skill of past tense and do not differenciate.

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Permana, Bagas Anugrah, and Myrna Laksman-Huntley. "PHONEMIC INTERFERENCE AND OVERREGULARIZATION IN THE /S/ AND /∫/ PHONEMES REALIZATION IN FRENCH." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v20i1.25973.

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One of the problems in foreign language learning is interference, a rearrangement of patterns resulting from the presence of foreign elements in the language domain (Weinreich, 2010). This research shows how and why phonemic interference of /s/ and /∫/ phonemes occur from Indonesian and English although both phonemes exist in all three languages. Some interference begins from lexeme and then to phonemic level. Other faults are overregularization which is the application of regular grammatical patterns to irregular cases. This seems to support the Logical Problem of Language Acquisition which states that a student cannot correct his/her mistakes without explicit feedback from the linguistic environment (Pinker, 2004).The results of this research indicate that foreign language learning requires knowledge of non-structural elements that are outside of the language, not only following phonological, syntactic, morphological, or lexical rules (structural elements). For example, students' foreign language knowledge and cultural content in teaching materials.

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Maslen, Robert J. C., Anna L. Theakston, Elena V. M. Lieven, and Michael Tomasello. "A Dense Corpus Study of Past Tense and Plural Overregularization in English." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 6 (December 2004): 1319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/099).

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In the "blocking-and-retrieval-failure" account of overregularization (OR; G. F. Marcus, 1995; G. F. Marcus et al., 1992), the claim that a symbolic rule generates regular inflection is founded on pervasively low past tense OR rates and the lack of a substantive difference between past tense and plural OR rates. Evidence of extended periods of OR in the face of substantial correct input (M. Maratsos, 2000) and of an initial period in which nouns are more likely to be overregularized than verbs (V. A. Marchman, K. Plunkett, & J. Goodman, 1997) casts doubt on the blocking account and suggests instead an interplay between type and token frequency effects that is more consistent with usage-based approaches (e.g., J. Bybee, 1995; K. Köpcke, 1998; K. Plunkett & V. Marchman, 1993). However, previous naturalistic studies have been limited by data that account for only 1–2% of child speech. The current study reports analyses of verb and noun ORs in a dense naturalistic corpus (1 child, 2;00.12–3;11.06 [years;months.days]) that captures 8–10% of child speech and input. The data show (a) a marked difference in verb and noun OR rates; (b) evidence of a relationship between relative regular/irregular type frequencies and the onset and rate of past tense and plural ORs; (c) substantial OR periods for some verbs and nouns despite hundreds of correct tokens in child speech and input; and (d) a strong negative correlation between input token frequencies and OR rates for verbs and nouns. The implications of these findings for blocking and other accounts of OR are discussed.

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Corsetti, Renato, Maria A. Pinto, and Maria Tolomeo. "Regularizing the regular." Language Problems and Language Planning 28, no. 3 (November 5, 2004): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.28.3.04cor.

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This article deals with the phenomenon of overregularization in a language already extremely regular, i.e. Esperanto, in children who are learning it as their mother tongue together with one or two other national languages. It consists of an analysis of the diaries kept by Esperanto-speaking parents, tracing the development of five children who were brought up speaking Esperanto as one of their two or three mother-tongues. The children were all of European origin, and their ages ranged from one to five years. The different forms of overregularization have been subdivided into three levels of complexity based on the number and type of morpheme compositions used, and the degree of semantic elaboration. Detailed comments are provided on the forms and meanings of the various examples representing each level, showing the correlation between the age of the children and the growing complexity of the forms. This study can be seen as a first step towards a more systematic analysis of the typologies of overregularization specific to this category of early bilingual children and a better understanding of their language development profile. Sommario Regolarizzazione di una lingua regolare: Il fenomeno della iperregolarizzazione in bambini che parlano l’esperanto Questo articolo si occupa del fenomeno della iperregolarizzazione in una lingua già estremamente regolare, cioè l’esperanto, da parte di bambini che la stanno imparando come lingua materna insieme ad una o due altre lingue nazionali. Esso consiste in una analisi dei diari tenuti dai genitori esperantofoni, che registrano lo sviluppo di cinque bambini che sono stati allevati parlando in esperanto come una delle loro due o tre lingue materne. I bambini sono tutti di estrazione europea e le loro età vanno da uno a cinque anni. Le differenti forme di iperregolarizzazione sono state divise in tre livelli di complessità basati sul numero e sul tipo di combinazioni di morfemi e sul grado di elaborazione semantica. Vengono forniti commenti dettagliati sulle forme e sui significati dei vari esempi rappresentantivi di ogni livello, che mostrano la correlazione tra l’età dei bambini e la crescente complessità delle forme. Questo studio può essere visto come un primo passo vero una analisi più sistematica delle tipologie di iperregolarizzazione specifiche per questa categoria di bilingui precoci e verso una migliore comprensione del loro profilo di sviluppo linguistico. Resumo Reguligo de regula lingvo: La fenomeno de superreguligo en Esperanto-parolantaj infanoj Ĉi tiu artikolo temas pri la fenomeno de superreguligo en lingvo jam tre regula, tio estas Esperanto, fare de infanoj, kiuj lernadas ĝin kiel gepatran lingvon kune kun unu aŭ du aliaj naciaj lingvoj. Ĝi konsistas el analizo de la taglibroj verkitaj de esperantlingvaj gepatroj. La taglibroj raportas pri la lingva evoluo de kvin infanoj, kiuj kreskis, parolante en Esperanto kiel unu el la du aŭ tri lingvoj lernataj de la naskiĝo. La infanoj estas ĉiuj eŭropaj kaj iliaj aĝoj varias inter unu kaj kvin jaroj. La pluraj formoj de superreguligo estis dividitaj laŭ tri malsimplec-niveloj, kiuj baziĝas je la kvanto kaj la speco de morfem-kombinoj kaj je la grado de signifo-prilaborado aplikita. Oni liveras detalajn komentojn pri la unuopaj vort-formoj kaj pri la signifoj de la ekzemploj, kiuj reprezentas la unuopajn nivelojn. Ĉi tiuj ekzemploj montras kunvariadon de la aĝo de la infanoj kaj de la pliiĝanta malfacileco de la vortformoj. Ĉi tiu studo povas esti rigardata kiel unua paŝo al pli sistema esploro de la speco de superreguligoj tipaj por ĉi tiu speco de fruaj dulingvuloj kaj al pli bona kompreno de ilia lingvo-evoluo.

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ROYLE, PHAEDRA, and ELIN T. THORDARDOTTIR. "Elicitation of the passé composé in French preschoolers with and without specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 29, no. 3 (July 2008): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716408080168.

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ABSTRACTThis study examines inflectional abilities in French-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) using a verb elicitation task. Eleven children with SLI and age-matched controls (37–52 months) participated in the experiment. We elicited the passé composé using eight regular and eight irregular high frequency verbs matched for age of acquisition. Children with SLI showed dissimilar productive verb inflection abilities to control children (even when comparing participants with similar verb vocabularies and mean length of utterance in words). Control children showed evidence of overregularization and sensitivity to morphological structure, whereas no such effects were observed in the SLI group. Error patterns observed in the SLI group demonstrate that, at this age, they cannot produce passé composé forms in elicitation tasks, even though some participants used them spontaneously. Either context by itself might therefore be insufficient to fully evaluate productive linguistic abilities in children with SLI.

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Fernández-Dobao, Ana, and Julia Herschensohn. "Present tense verb morphology of Spanish HL and L2 children in dual immersion." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 775–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.18026.fer.

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Abstract We provide a snapshot of childhood morphology development in our investigation of two profiles of bilinguals (age 9–10) in an English-Spanish dual immersion academic setting: Spanish heritage language (SHL, n = 21) and second language (SL2, n = 41) children. Three tasks were given to the 62 bilinguals and 15 age-matched controls (Spanish first language, SL1): oral comprehension of 20 singular-plural present verbs, written sentence production of 10 similar verbs, and a meaning-focused writing task. SHL children were comparable to controls in production of number agreement, and showed no asymmetry between comprehension and production. SL2 learners showed lower accuracy than both SHL and SL1 children. A similar pattern was observed when person agreement and tense, aspect, mood and vowel errors were considered. The most common error among SHL and SL2 children was overregularization of stem vowels, a typical developmental error. The Feature Reassembly model of grammar can accommodate the range of possibilities represented by the data we present.

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MCDONALD, JANET L., and CRISTINE C. ROUSSEL. "Past tense grammaticality judgment and production in non-native and stressed native English speakers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 4 (March 15, 2010): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990599.

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This paper explores whether the poor mastery of morphosyntax exhibited by second language (L2) learners can be tied to difficulties with non-syntactic processing. Specifically, we examine whether problems with English regular and irregular past tense are related to poor L2 phonological ability and lexical access, respectively. In Experiment 1, L2 learners showed poorer past tense mastery than native English speakers in grammaticality judgment and production tasks. L2 phonological ability was positively correlated with correct performance on regular verbs and negatively with unmarked production. L2 lexical access was positively correlated with correct performance on irregular verbs, and negatively with overregularization production. Experiment 2 simulated these difficulties in native English speakers by placing them under phonological processing (noise) or lexical access (deadline) stress. Noise selectively impacted regular verbs in grammaticality judgment but impacted all verb types in production. Deadline pressure impacted irregular verbs while sparing regular verbs across both tasks. Thus, non-syntactic processing difficulties can have specific impacts on morphosyntactic performance in both non-native and native English speakers.

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Muftah, Muneera. "English Past Tense Morphology in Adult Arab EFL learners: Mental Representation Mechanism and Types of Errors." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 6, no. 3 (March 17, 2016): 1038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v6i3.4666.

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English past tense morphology is one of the most difficult but yet one of the most important areas in the acquisition of English language by L2 Learners. The objectives of this study were to: (a) determine the acquisition sequence of English regular and irregular past tense forms in adult Arab EFL learners; (b) identify whether English past tense forms are represented by a single mechanism or a dual mechanism, and (c) investigate types of errors that L2 learners produce in their acquisition of English past tense morphology. In total, 77 adult Arab EFL learners participated in an oral production task. The use of the verbal inflectional morphemes in obligatory contexts in each learners production is examined. The results show that L2 learners acquire the past tense morphology of the regular verbs before they acquire the past tense morphology of the irregular verbs and that there is frequency effect for the irregular verbs, but not for the regular verbs. This indicates that the dual system theory accounts for the mental representations of English past tense forms for the L2 learners in this study. The most frequent error types produced by the Learners are omission, overregularization and overgeneration of be forms.

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Jacobson, Peggy F., and Richard G. Schwartz. "English Past Tense Use in Bilingual Children With Language Impairment." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2005/030).

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Grammatical measures that distinguish language differences from language disorders in bilingual children are scarce. This study examined English past tense morphology in sequential bilingual Spanish/English-speaking children, age 7;0–9;0 (years;months). Twelve bilingual children with language impairment (LI) or history of LI and 15 typically developing (TD) bilingual children participated. Thirty-six instances of the past tense including regular, irregular, and novel verbs were examined using an elicited production task. By examining English past tense morphology in sequential bilinguals, we uncovered similarities and differences in the error patterns of TD children and children with LI. The groups differed in the overall accuracy of past tense use according to verb type, as well as the characteristic error patterns. Children with LI performed lower than their TD peers on all verb categories, with an interaction between verb type and group. TD children were better at producing regular verbs and exhibited more productive errors (e.g., overregularization). Conversely, children with LI performed relatively better on irregular verbs and poorest on novel verbs, and they exhibited more nonproductive errors (e.g., bare stem verbs). The results have important clinical implications for the assessment of morphological productivity in Spanish-speaking children who are learning English sequentially.

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Bishop, D. V. M. "Grammatical errors in specific language impairment: Competence or performance limitations?" Applied Psycholinguistics 15, no. 4 (October 1994): 507–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400006895.

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ABSTRACTSpeech samples from twelve 8- to 12-year-old children with specific language impairment (SLI) were analyzed. The feature deficit hypothesis maintains that SLI children may produce morphological markers (e.g., plural -s) correctly, but they do not appreciate their role in marking grammatical features. Rather, they treat them as meaningless phonological variants. Findings from the present study were incompatible with this hypothesis: (a) production of morphological markers was not random; errors were unidirectional, in almost all cases involving omission of an inflection in an obligatory context; (b) overregularization errors were sometimes observed; (c) grammatical features differed in difficulty; (d) substitution of stems for inflected forms occurred with irregular as well as regular verbs; and (e) errors of pronoun case marking were common and always involved producing an accusative form in a context demanding the nominative. Children who used a specific inflectional form correctly in some utterances omitted it in others, suggesting a limitation of performance rather than competence. There were few obvious differences between utterances that did and did not include correctly inflected forms, though there was a trend for grammatical errors to occur on words that occurred later in an utterance. It is suggested that slowed processing in a limited capacity system that is handling several operations in parallel may lead to the omission of grammatical morphemes.

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Li, Feipeng, Jinghuai Gao, Zhaoqi Gao, Xiudi Jiang, and Wenbo Sun. "Least-squares reverse time migration with sparse regularization in the 2D wavelet domain." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 6 (October 13, 2020): S313—S325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0763.1.

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The inadequate sampling of seismic data in the spatial dimension results in migration artifacts. Conventional least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM) could improve the image quality. However, even LSRTM will not work in some inadequately sampling situations. To mitigate the impact of migration artifacts, we have developed a new LSRTM method with a sparse regularization, which takes advantage of the effective sparse representation of the subsurface reflectivity model in the 2D undecimated wavelet transform (UWT) domain. Different from other sparse regularizations, a sparseness constraint in the 2D UWT domain is applied on the angle slices of the image. To efficiently solve the least-squares inversion problem, we employ an inversion scheme using the conjugate gradient method that uses a soft threshold method to achieve sparse constraint in updating the conjugate gradient direction. Compared with the sparse constraint based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), the threshold in this method is angle-dependent and is determined according to the energy distribution of each angle slice. To avoid overregularization that can lead to instability and increase the number of iterations, we also apply an exponential threshold strategy. Numerical tests on synthetic datasets demonstrate that our method is capable of improving the image quality by enhancing the resolution and suppressing migration artifacts caused by inadequately sampled seismic data. The method can converge more rapidly than conventional LSRTM. Because this method performs sparse regularization on several slopes, it achieves better performance on enhancing complex structures with discontinuities such as the steeply dipping faults compared to DWT-based regularization.

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Stemberger, Joseph Paul. "Vowel dominance in overregularizations." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 3 (October 1993): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090000845x.

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ABSTRACTWhen children produce regularizations likecomed, not all verbs are equally likely to be regularized. Several variables (e.g. lexical frequency) have been shown to be relevant, but not all the variability between verbs is understood. It is argued here that one predictor is which vowels are present in the base form vs. the past tense form. Using a notion of recessive vs. dominant vowel (where recessive vowels are more likely to be replaced by dominant vowels than vice versa) based on adult phonological processing, it is predicted that regularizations should be likely when the base vowel is dominant and unlikely when the past tense vowel is dominant. Data from 17 children reported in the literature, aged 1;6–5;6, show that this prediction is correct. Implications for the role of phonological variables in the processing of irregular past tense forms are discussed.

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Bescoby, David J., Gavin C. Cawley, and P. Neil Chroston. "Enhanced interpretation of magnetic survey data from archaeological sites using artificial neural networks." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 5 (September 2006): H45—H53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2231110.

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The use of magnetic surveys for archaeological prospecting is a well-established and versatile technique, and a wide range of data processing routines are often applied to further enhance acquired data or derive source parameters. Of particular interest in this respect is the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict source parameters such as the burial depths of detected features of interest. Within this study, ANNs based upon a multilayer perceptron architecture are used to perform the nonlinear mapping between buried wall features detected within the magnetic data and their corresponding burial depth for surveys in the ancient city of Butrint in southern Albania, achieving a greater level of information from the survey data. Suitable network training examples and test data were generated using forward models based upon ground-truth observations. The training procedure adopts a supervised learning routine that is optimized using a conjugate gradient method, while the learning algorithm also prunes network elements to prevent overregularization by reducing model complexity. Data processing was further enhanced by introducing rotational invariance using Zernike moments and by utilizing the combined output of a number, or committee, of networks. When applied to a section of survey data from Butrint, the ANN routine successfully predicted the burial depth of a number of detected wall features, with an rms error on the order of [Formula: see text], and provided a coherent map of the buried building foundations. The neural network approach offered advantages in terms of efficiency and flexibility over more conventional data-inversion techniques within the context of the study, giving fast solutions for large, complex data sets while having high noise tolerance.

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Jacobson, Peggy F., and Yan H. Yu. "Changes in English Past Tense Use by Bilingual School-Age Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 10 (October 26, 2018): 2532–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0044.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine changes in English past tense accuracy and errors among Spanish–English bilingual children with typical development (TD) and developmental language disorder (DLD).MethodThirty-three children were tested before and after 1 year to examine changes in clinically relevant English past tense errors using an elicited production task. A mixed-model linear regression using age as a continuous variable revealed a robust effect for age. A 4-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted with age (young, old) and language ability group (TD, DLD) as between-subjects variables, time (Time 1, Time 2) and verb type (regular, irregular, and novel verbs) as within-subject variables, and percent accuracy as the dependent variable. Subsequently, a 4-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to measure the overall distribution of verb errors across 2 time points.ResultsOverall, children produced regular and novel verb past tense forms with higher accuracy than irregular past tense verbs in an elicitation task. Children with TD were more accurate than children with DLD. Younger children made more improvement than older children from Time 1 to Time 2, especially in the regular and novel verb conditions. Bare stem and overregularization were the most common errors across all groups. Errors consisting of stem + ing were more common in children with DLD than those with TD in the novel verb condition.DiscussionContrary to an earlier report (Jacobson & Schwartz, 2005), the relative greater difficulty with regular and novel verbs was replaced by greater difficulty for irregular past tense, a pattern consistent with monolingual impairment. Age was a contributing factor, particularly for younger children with DLD who produced more stem + ing errors in the novel verb condition. For all children, and particularly for those with DLD, an extended period for irregular past tense learning was evident. The results support a usage-based theory of language acquisition and impairment.

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KABADAYI, Abdülkadir. "Analyzing Overregularizational Mistakes Preschoolers Made Turkish Acquisition." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 7 Issue 3, no. 7 (2012): 1561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.3426.

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MARATSOS, MICHAEL. "More overregularizations after all: new data and discussion on Marcus, Pinker, Ullman, Hollander, Rosen & Xu." Journal of Child Language 27, no. 1 (February 2000): 183–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000999004067.

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ULLMAN, MICHAEL T., and MYRNA GOPNIK. "Inflectional morphology in a family with inherited specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 20, no. 1 (March 1999): 51–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716499001034.

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The production of regular and irregular past tense forms was investigated among the members of an English-speaking family with a hereditary disorder of language. Unlike the control subjects, the family members affected by the disorder failed to generate overregularizations (e.g., digged) or novel regular forms (plammed, crived), whereas they did produce novel irregularizations (crive–crove). They showed word frequency effects for regular past tense forms (looked) and had trouble producing regulars and irregulars (looked, dug). This pattern cannot be easily explained by deficits of articulation or of perceptual processing, by previous simulations of impairments to a single-mechanism system, or by the extended optional infinitive hypothesis. We argue that the pattern is consistent with a three-level explanation. First, we posit a grammatical deficit of rules or morphological paradigms. This may be caused by a dysfunction of a frontal/basal-ganglia “procedural memory” system previously implicated in the implicit learning and use of motor and cognitive skills. Second, in contexts requiring inflection in the normal adult grammar, the affected subjects appear to retrieve word forms as a function of their accessibility and conceptual appropriateness (“conceptual selection”). Their acquisition and use of these word forms may rely on a “declarative memory” system previously implicated in the explicit learning and use of facts and events. Third, a compensatory strategy may be at work. Some family members may have explicitly learned a strategy of adding suffix-like endings to forms retrieved by conceptual selection. The morphological errors of young normal children appear to be similar to those of the affected family members, who may have been left stranded with conceptual selection by a specific developmental arrest. The same underlying deficit may also explain the impaired subjects' difficulties with derivational morphology.

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"IV. THE RATE OF OVERREGULARIZATION." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57, no. 4 (May 1992): 34–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1992.tb00316.x.

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"VII. FACTORS CAUSING DIFFERENCES IN OVERREGULARIZATION RATES AMONG VERBS." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57, no. 4 (May 1992): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1992.tb00319.x.

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Sidky, Emil Y., John Paul Phillips, Weimin Zhou, Greg Ongie, Juan P. Cruz‐Bastida, Ingrid S. Reiser, Mark A. Anastasio, and Xiaochuan Pan. "A signal detection model for quantifying overregularization in nonlinear image reconstruction." Medical Physics, June 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.14703.

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Rodina, Yulia. "What do asymmetries in children’s performance tell us about the nature of their underlying knowledge?" Nordlyd 34, no. 3 (February 26, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.131.

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This paper examines the course of acquisition of the semantic gender criterion by studying children’s overregularization rates with two subtypes of Russian nouns: male kinship terms and male names in –a. Twenty-five Russian children aged 2;6-4;0 participated in this empirical study. The asymmetry found in their agreement production for the individual male kinship terms is explained along the lines of the Words and Rules model (Pinker 1999). That is, the asymmetry between the high- and low-frequency nouns is attributed to input frequencies. Yet, frequency is not the only factor which is responsible for the asymmetries children’s production. In addition, the differences in the semantic representation of proper names vs. common nouns may be another factor that plays a role.

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YUILE, Amanda Rose, and Mark A. SABBAGH. "Inhibitory Control and Preschoolers’ Use of Irregular Past Tense Verbs." Journal of Child Language, June 18, 2020, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000920000355.

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Abstract We investigated whether children's inhibitory control (IC) is associated with their ability to produce irregular past tense verb forms as well as learn from corrective feedback following overregularization errors. Forty-eight 3;6 to 4;5 year old children were tested on the irregular past tense and provided with adult corrective input via models of correct use or recasts of errors following ungrammatical responses. IC was assessed with a three-item battery of tasks that required suppressing a prepotent response in favor of a non-canonical one. Results showed that IC was associated with children's initial production of irregular forms, but not associated with their post-feedback production. Findings are discussed in terms of current theories of past tense use and acquisition.

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"VI. THE RELATION OF OVERREGULARIZATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TENSE MARKING OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57, no. 4 (May 1992): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1992.tb00318.x.

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O'Donnell, Ryan N., Thomas R. Powell, Zoran S. Filipi, and Mark A. Hoffman. "Estimation of Thermal Barrier Coating Surface Temperature and Heat Flux Profiles in a Low Temperature Combustion Engine Using a Modified Sequential Function Specification Approach." Journal of Heat Transfer 139, no. 4 (January 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4035101.

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A modified form of the sequential function specification method (SFSM) is developed with specific consideration given to multiple time scales in an effort to avoid overregularization of the solution estimates. The authors extend their approach to solve the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) associated with the application of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) to in-cylinder surfaces of an internal combustion engine. Subsurface temperature measurements are used to calculate surface heat flux profiles. The modified inverse solver is validated ex situ using a custom fabricated radiation chamber. The solution methodology is extended in situ to evaluate temperature data collected from a single-cylinder research engine operating in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode. Crank angle resolved, thermal barrier coating surface temperature and heat flux profiles are produced—enabling correlation of thermal conditions at the gas-wall boundary with engine performance, emission, and efficiency metrics.

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"V. THE RELATION OF OVERREGULARIZATION TO CHANGES IN THE NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF REGULAR VERBS IN PARENTS' SPEECH AND CHILDREN'S VOCABULARY." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57, no. 4 (May 1992): 70–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1992.tb00317.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Overregularization'

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