Journal articles: 'Overspend'

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Davies, Jerry. "RCVS overspend review group." Veterinary Record 170, no. 16 (April 20, 2012): 421.1–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.e2795.

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Tavernor, Derek. "RCVS overspend review group." Veterinary Record 170, no. 19 (May 12, 2012): 499.2–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.e3302.

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Barnett, Alicia Ault. "US for-profit hospitals overspend on red tape." Lancet 349, no. 9055 (March 1997): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61778-3.

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Jones, Rod. "The real reason for the huge NHS overspend?" British Journal of Healthcare Management 22, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2016.22.1.40.

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van Heerden, Chris, and Melville Saayman. "Sustainability of a national arts festival." Tourism Economics 24, no. 5 (March 13, 2018): 576–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618762186.

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With more than 600 annual South African festivals to choose from, the ongoing sustainability of established festivals is uncertain. The rationale of sustainability usually rests on what renewable social, economic and cultural benefits the festival offers the community. However, changing visitor characteristics and economic difficulties putting more strain on the disposable income of households compel organizers and marketers to rethink their strategy in order to ensure the sustainability of festivals. This novel and exploratory study utilized a multistage DEA model to identify the presence of tendencies to overspend and budget mismanagement exhibited by visitors at the Innibos National Arts Festival. By identifying the sources of these inefficiencies, this study was able to formulate a framework that can guide organizers and marketers to develop price discounts or package combos that will ensure greater satisfaction which is a vital contributor to sustainability. The results accentuated the need to tailor these package combos to both male and female attendees, with the emphasis on improving satisfaction by limiting the tendencies to overspend that relate to paying for entrance fees, food and drinks.

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Kheir, E., I. Charopoulos, R. Dimitriou, A. Ghoz, Z. Dahabreh, and PV Giannoudis. "The Health Economics of Ankle Fracture Fixation." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13189526440717.

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In the current climate of modernisation of the NHS, attention has been given to improving the efficiency and efficacy of the service provided across the different disciplines without an overspend of the allocated budget. Implementation of the cost-saving plans is also encouraged owing to the ever-increasing financial burden on the NHS, obviously without compromising patient safety and the standard of care provided. In this context, the cost of operative procedures has been given a lot of attention.

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Jacobsen, Åse, Morten Kringstad, and Tor-Eirik Olsen. "Extraordinary Funding and a Financially Viable Football Industry—Friends or Foes? A Norwegian Football League Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052788.

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Financial distress has been frequently addressed in the sports business and management literature; however, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to implications for financial viability derived from funding beyond what the Union of European Football Association (UEFA) defines as relevant income in football, henceforth referred to as extraordinary funding. This study critically discusses and reflects upon whether extraordinary funding can contribute to financial viability. To address this issue, we draw on approximately 100 financial statements for Norwegian top division clubs and their cooperating companies for three fiscal years. Results indicate that, although extraordinary funding contributes with sorely needed funds, thus from the outset contributing in making clubs more robust, the manner in which extraordinary funding occurs is still of great importance from a viability perspective. In this respect, it is useful to distinguish clearly between ex ante and ex post funding. While ex post funding can be argued to be counter-productive to financial viability (e.g., cloaking inadequate finances, providing incentives for overspending, and rewarding clubs that overspend), ex ante funding is more in line with sound financial management (e.g., funds that are contingent upon a history of sound finances, incorporated in budgets). One important implication of this study is that ex post funding can contribute to crowding out of good practices, as clubs that overspend can be rewarded for their actions by having funds injected ex post.

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Bordalo, Pedro, Nicola Gennaioli, and Andrei Shleifer. "Memory and Reference Prices: An Application to Rental Choice." AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (May 1, 2019): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20191052.

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Loewenstein and Simonsohn (2006) found that movers across US cities anchor their rental choices to rents in the city of origin, but subsequently converge to comparable local households. We explain this finding using the authors' (2019) model of memory and attention. Rents in the destination city cue recall of “normal” rents in the city of origin, making the former surprisingly high or low, causing movers to under- or overspend, respectively. Over time, experience with new city rents allows the memory database to adapt, and the effect fades away. The model yields two new predictions, for which we find supportive evidence.

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Halac, Marina, and Pierre Yared. "Fiscal Rules and Discretion in a World Economy." American Economic Review 108, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 2305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151180.

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Governments are present-biased toward spending. Fiscal rules are deficit limits that trade off commitment to not overspend and flexibility to react to shocks. We compare coordinated rules, chosen jointly by a group of countries, to uncoordinated rules. If governments’ present bias is small, coordinated rules are tighter than uncoordinated rules: individual countries do not internalize the redistributive effect of interest rates. However, if the bias is large, coordinated rules are slacker: countries do not internalize the disciplining effect of interest rates. Surplus limits enhance welfare, and increased savings by some countries or outside economies can hurt the rest. (JEL D82, E43, E62, H62)

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Piguillem, Facundo, and Alessandro Riboni. "Spending-Biased Legislators: Discipline Through Disagreement *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 2 (February 5, 2015): 901–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv011.

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Abstract We study legislators who have a present bias for spending: they want to increase current spending and procrastinate spending cuts. We show that disagreement in legislatures can lead to policy persistence that attenuates the temptation to overspend. Depending on the environment, legislators’ decisions to be fiscally responsible may either complement or substitute other legislators’ decisions. When legislators have low discount factors, their actions are strategic complements. Thus, changes of the political environment that induce fiscal responsibility are desirable as they generate a positive responsibility multiplier and reduce spending. However, when the discount factor is high, the same changes induce some legislators to free ride on others’ responsibility which may lead to higher spending.

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Markova, A., and V. Serebryakov. "DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RELATED SPECIES OF FLYCATCHERS (MUSCICAPIDAE) FAMILY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 72, no. 2 (2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2016.72.63-68.

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The article is devoted to the observation of differences in relation between aggressive behavior of related species of Flycatchers (Muscicapidae) family and behavior acts in naturally watering places. Observations have reviled the timing separation between presence and engagement of Flycatchers in morning hours and relation with acts of aggression. Each representative of Flycatchers family is using the watering place in different ways. The correlation between intraspecific and interspecific contacts with the predominance of interspecific and highly aggressive interactions has been analyzed. The rating of successfulness of the acts of aggression has been established for every particular group of Flycatchers. It demonstrates the energetic justification of aggressive behavior for spotter, red-breasted and pied flycatchers but energetic overspend and failure for collared flycatcher.

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Sotiropoulos, Veneta, and Alain d’Astous. "Attitudinal, Self-Efficacy, and Social Norms Determinants of Young Consumers’ Propensity to Overspend on Credit Cards." Journal of Consumer Policy 36, no. 2 (April 4, 2013): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-013-9223-3.

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Naik, Prasad A., and Chih-Ling Tsai. "Controlling Measurement Errors in Models of Advertising Competition." Journal of Marketing Research 37, no. 1 (February 2000): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.37.1.113.18717.

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Commercial market research firms provide information on advertising variables of interest, such as brand awareness or gross rating points, that are likely to contain measurement errors. This unreliability of measured variables induces bias in the estimated parameters of dynamic models of advertising. Consequently, advertisers either under- or overspend on advertising to maintain a desired level of brand awareness. Monte Carlo studies show that the magnitude of bias can be serious when conventional estimation methods, such as ordinary least squares and errors in variables, are employed to obtain parameter estimates. Therefore, the authors have developed two new approaches that either reduce or eliminate parameter bias. Using these methods, advertisers can determine an unbiased optimal advertising budget, even if advertising variables are measured with error. The application of these methods to estimate the extent of measurement noise in empirical advertising data is illustrated.

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Yared, Pierre. "Rising Government Debt: Causes and Solutions for a Decades-Old Trend." Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.115.

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Over the past four decades, government debt as a fraction of GDP has been on an upward trajectory in advanced economies, approaching levels not reached since World War II. While normative macroeconomic theories can explain the increase in the level of debt in certain periods as a response to macroeconomic shocks, they cannot explain the broad-based long-run trend in debt accumulation. In contrast, political economy theories can explain the long-run trend as resulting from an aging population, rising political polarization, and rising electoral uncertainty across advanced economies. These theories emphasize the time-inconsistency in government policymaking, and thus the need for fiscal rules that restrict policymakers. Fiscal rules trade off commitment to not overspend and flexibility to react to shocks. This tradeoff guides design features of optimal rules, such as information dependence, enforcement, cross-country coordination, escape clauses, and instrument versus target criteria.

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Yang, Zhong Shan, Li Hao, and Yue Hong Zhang. "A New Method for Information System with Good Performance." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 3014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.3014.

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Current paper on information system management indicates that the most of information systems either are considered a failure or challenged. These projects are characterized by overspend, exceeding time, and failing to meet customer hope. The fact that most projects fail emphasizes the need for research regarding the feasibility that leads to information system with good performance or failure. This paper presents a method for information system with good performance. Based on deep analysis of current paper on software with good performance feasibility, an method is formalizing. The new framework shows feasibility that have to be carefully considered in order to get information system with good performance. The feasibility included in the framework is divided into four categories: management feasibility, technical feasibility, staff feasibility, and social feasibility. The framework is new because it includes many factors that are not founding together in any of the previous similar architectures.

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Sayfetdinov, Aleksandr, and Polina Sayfetdinova. "Nonparametric economic analysis of the level of technical efficiency of cattle meat production in the Krasnodar Krai in 2013-2018." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022206005.

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Calculations of estimates of the technical efficiency of production activities of agricultural organizations of the Krasnodar Krai that produce live weight gains of cattle in 2018 were performed. For this purpose, a nonparametric method is used, which compares the actual and potentially possible maximum production volumes calculated using the linear programming method for each specific commodity producer in a representative sample of enterprises and forming a broken boundary production function. The size of the potential for growth in the production of meat cattle products based on the existing livestock in the region was determined and priority areas for its implementation was identified. It was established that the main factors hindering the development of meat cattle breeding in the Krasnodar Krai are low potential of biological productivity of the livestock breeds used, use of unbalanced feed rations that lead to a large overspend of certain types of feed, and low labor productivity.

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Letkiewicz, Jodi, Hanna Lim, Stuart Heckman, Suzanne Bartholomae, Jonathan J. Fox, and Catherine P. Montalto. "The Path to Graduation: Factors Predicting On-Time Graduation Rates." Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 16, no. 3 (November 2014): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cs.16.3.c.

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This study uses an integrative persistence model to examine college students' expected time-to-degree as a function of sociological and economic factors. The data used in this study are from the 2010 Ohio Student Financial Wellness Survey (SFWS), a web-based survey of undergraduate college students. Of the students surveyed, 25% indicated that they plan to take longer than 4 years to complete their undergraduate degree. Findings from the study indicate college environment and personal financial characteristics are important factors in determining time-to-degree. Students who overspend, have a car loan, credit cards, or high debt, and those who feel stress from their finances are more likely to take longer than 4 years. Students are more likely to finish in 4 years or less if they live or work on campus, have a high GPA, or have met with a financial counselor or advisor. Implications for higher education administrators and parents are discussed.

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Halim, Rizal E., Karto Adiwijaya, Jony Haryanto, and Firmanzah Firmanzah. "The Propensity of Young Consumers to Overspend on Credit Cards: Decomposition Effect in the Theory of Planned Behavior." Journal of Economics, Business and Management 4, no. 10 (2016): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/joebm.2016.4.10.459.

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Emsley, M. "A benefits analysis of partnering: A case study of a community primary school." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13664380580001065.

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Partnering, which involves all members of the project team working together to improve performance through agreeing mutual objectives, is a construct; on procurement strategy encouraged by the UK Government, as it believed that such a strategy will provide best value, which is an aspect especially critical for public clients. Partnering may be strategic or applied to a specific project only. A regionally based main contractor (MC) constructed the Community Primary School (CPS) for a Metropolitan Borough Council (MBC) using a project partnering arrangement; such an arrangement was also in place between the main contractor and its key sub‐contractors. The overall conclusion, derived from the analysis of a case study carried out on the project, is that the CPS project has been a very successful project. Broadly, it was completed ahead of schedule, an achievement which undoubtedly would not have been possible without the use of partnering which allowed an overlap of the design and construction activities, there was a slight overspend above budget, the health and safety of people involved in its construction was not compromised and the finished product is of a high quality, fit for purpose.

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Lee, Hui Shan, Fan Fah Cheng, Annuar Md Nassir, and Nazrul Hisyam Ab Razak. "DOES EFFICIENCY PROMOTE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY?" Journal of Business Economics and Management 19, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 566–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2018.5547.

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This paper contributes to the existing literature by examining the efficiency and competitiveness of the Takaful insurance. We employ the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to compute the efficiency of Takaful operators, while Panzar-Rosse (P-R) H-statistic method is used to evaluate the degree of competition. The findings indicate that the inefficiency in Takaful’s operations is affected by the scale of operations but not by inefficiency in managerial practice. Actuaries need to pay attention to estimating provisions for outstanding claims, as this factor is negatively influencing the efficiency of Takaful insurance. Additionally, the managers are cautioned not to overspend on commissions paid to the agents because this will reduce the profit of the Takaful operators. The findings to a very large extent indicate that improvement in efficiency will increase the entry of a more viable competitor to participate in the Takaful industry. The regulators need to implement prudent monitoring of the operations of Takaful insurers because improvements in efficiency will make Takaful operators more competitive. The implications further shed light on the motivation for insurance firms to improve efficiency that enable them to charge lower price to enhance competition which may benefit both the firms and customers.

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Prihatmojo, Agung, Badawi Badawi, and Purna Bayu Nugroho. "Ta’awun based muhammadiyah solidarity buying To support the economy resilient of street vendors during covid-19 period in north lampung." Dinar : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam 8, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/dinar.v8i1.9827.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of solidarity buying on the economic resilience of street vendors' families during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. Determination of the subject using purposive to be determined according to the purpose of the study. The subjects in this study amounted to 5 street vendors in Kotabumi, North Lampung. The technique of collecting data is semi-structured interview. Data analysis technique with steps of data reduction, data presentation, and verification. Testing the validity of the data using data triangulation. The results of the ta'awun-based Solidarity buying research were able to increase the income of street vendors during the pandemic. The income of street vendors can increase not only from the profit of buying and selling but from the ta'awun of buyers who often overspend or give alms. Ta'awun really helps street vendors in setting aside money to pay debts. Ta'awun Muhammadiyah activities in North Lampung during the pandemic also helped fulfill the food needs of street vendors, namely the distribution of free basic-necessities to street vendors.

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Çelik, Akın. "Is The Sport Management Course Curriculum Compatible With Football Governing Institutions?" Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 6 (April 24, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i6.4232.

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Sport is becoming a global phenomenon. Moreover, it has been one of the major sources of income for the government in different countries. Therefore, sport management education is becoming increasingly important in the management of sports. Countries that spend more on the development of sports facilities have been associated with huge improvements in the sports industry. Similarly, clubs that spend more on acquiring new talents in the industry and availing sports facilities have been associated with higher performance. This led the European football clubs in the spending more than they earn so as to acquire the services of the best talents and avail the best sports facilities so as to perform better. Therefore UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) launched its financial fair play regulations. UEFA financial fair play regulations were introduced to prevent the European football clubs from overspending. This situation affects the education curriculum of the sports management departments in universities. The regulations have compelled the clubs to spend at the break-even point. This has led to the improvement in brand value, increased sponsors, and making decisions that do not lead the clubs to overspend. As a result, the clubs have grown economically and achieved higher financial stability. This research explores the adaptation of the sport management curriculum to these new situations.

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Joyce Hwee-Nga Koe and Ken Kyid Yeoh. "Factors Influencing Financial Planning for Marriage amongst Young Malaysian Couples." International Journal of Business and Society 22, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3161.2021.

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Financial planning for marriage contributes to happier, more satisfying and longer-lasting unions. However, there is increasing evidence that young Malaysian couples are burdened by excessive debts and have a tendency to overspend on their wedding. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the current study investigates key factors — financial literacy, attitude towards money, attitude towards debt, financial goals and social influence — that are likely to influence the degree of financial planning for marriage undertaken by married and soon-to-be-married couples. The study also examines the mediating role of financial literacy on the relationships between the aforementioned key factors and financial planning for marriage. The study collected data from a sample of 201 respondents recruited via purposive sampling and used a bootstrapped partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach for data analysis. The results showed that (i) financial literacy positively influences financial planning for marriage; (ii) attitude towards money, financial goals and social influence positively influence both financial literacy and financial planning for marriage; (iii) attitude towards debt has a negative influence on financial planning for marriage but no influence on financial literacy; and (iv) financial literacy has a mediating effect. The findings highlight the importance of financial counselling, education as well as discipline in bringing about successful marriages.

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NGUYỄN THỊ KIM, THANH. "Monetary and Fiscal Policies Some Problems of Coordination." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 215 (January 1, 2013): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2013.215.04.

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The Vietnam?s government, in its socioeconomic development plan for 2013, confirms the following overall targets: macroeconomic stability, a lower inflation rate, a higher growth rate, promotion of three strategic breakthroughs associated with restructuring of the economy, and a new economic growth model to ensure social security and welfare, higher efficiency in diplomatic activities and international integration, national defense, and sociopolitical stability at the service of sustainable economic development in upcoming years. Accordingly, GDP is expected to rise by 5.5%; export turnover goes up by some 10%; the trade gap is pegged at the 8% level, budget overspend is kept at 4.8% of GDP at most, CPI increases by 8%, the gross investment equals 30% of GDP; the ratio of poor households reduces by 2% and the ratio of poor localities decreases by 4%. The government also indicates a need to coordinate fiscal and monetary policies to curb inflation, enhance the macroeconomic stability, settle setbacks, enable enterprises to access sources of capital, cool down the interest rate in conformity with reduction in inflation rate, and encourage commercial banks to extend low-interest loans to the fields of agriculture and export production. The present paper is based on the theories of relationship between fiscal and monetary policies to indicate aspects that need coordination when implementing these two policies in Vietnam at present to carry out effectively Governmental Resolution concerning the 2013 socioeconomic development.

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Wong, King-Yin, and Michael Lynn. "The easy-money effect: credit card spending and hard-work reminders." Journal of Consumer Marketing 34, no. 7 (November 13, 2017): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-07-2016-1868.

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Purpose This research paper aims to examine the proposed easy-money effect of credit cards, which stimulates consumers to overspend. This paper shows how such an easy-money effect can be weakened. Design/methodology/approach In Study 1, an implicit association test was conducted with a sample of 169 participants to test the proposed credit card easy-money effect. In Study 2, experimental data were collected online from 365 participants to test the effectiveness of a hard-work reminder in weakening credit cards’ easy-money effect on consumer spending. Findings The proposed credit card easy-money effect exists, with spendthrift (ST) participants associating money with hard work less in the implicit association test after being presented with a credit card cue versus neutral cue. The results from Study 2 show that ST participants spent more on their dinner than tightwad participants when shown a credit card cue. However, this effect could be weakened when STs were also reminded of their hard work by a picture accompanied with words. Practical implications This paper suggests that credit cards’ spending-stimulating effect is due to consumers’ associations between credit cards and easy money. Based on this notion, this paper suggests conditions in which credit cards will stimulate more and less spending. Originality/value This is the first research attempt to examine the credit cards’ easy-money effect and the effectiveness of reminding consumers of their hard work to mitigate credit cards’ long-established spending-stimulating effect.

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Ding, Jiyong, Chen Chen, Xiaowei An, Na Wang, Wujuan Zhai, and Chenhao Jin. "Study on Added-Value Sharing Ratio of Large EPC Hydropower Project Based on Target Cost Contract: A Perspective from China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103362.

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Engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) has been applied in China’s hydropower projects for its value-added advantages compared with traditional project delivery systems in theory. However, the actual performance of large EPC hydropower projects has been challenged by the complexity of the stakeholders’ interest demands and conflicts. The increasing use of target cost contracts (TCC) in the construction industry has provided a pain/gain share mechanism for the owners to incentivize contractors to complete projects within cost budgets. The added-value sharing ratio is the core element of TCC, and it predetermines how much proportion of savings the contractor can get paid if the actual cost is below the target cost, and how much proportion of overspend the contractor has to pay if the actual cost is higher than the target cost. In this paper, we consider the added-value sharing ratio under the framework of TCC based on the principal-agent theory, and look at how the added-value sharing ratio is influenced by various factors and how it affects the owner and the contractor in large EPC hydropower projects. Determination of the added-value sharing ratio in both discrete and continuous conditions are discussed, respectively. It is found that the added-value sharing ratio is relatively explicit in the discrete case, while the optimal added-value sharing model in the continuous case is more complex, which can be used to analyze the relationship between the added-value sharing ratio and the key influencing factors. Our research conclusions can provide both theoretical guidance and practical suggestions to contract design in the implementation of EPC hydropower projects, to some extent.

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Scholte, Margot. "Overspoeld." Maatwerk 6, no. 1 (February 2005): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03070594.

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Qasim, Muhammad Ali, and Mahmood Khalid. "Fiscal Responsibility: A Critical Analysis of FRDL (2005) Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.117-129.

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The term fiscal responsibility in financial dictionary is defined as “A balanced budget”. That is a budget wherein expenditures during a given period of time equal to revenues. The fiscal responsibility also includes a budget in which revenue is greater than the expenditures. Fiscal responsibility is achievable and most of the individuals in their private life practice fiscal responsibility. At individual level everybody knows that they have to live within the budget and usually they do not overspend. Usually overspending by individual results in bad crediting rating which one receives from their creditors due to non-payments or late payments of installments and thus denies future benefits to the person concern. Fiscal responsibility at national level implies that a government has a balanced budget and has sufficient revenue to pay for its all expenditures. There would be no overspending if government had a true balanced budget in each period. The economic future of a nation largely depends on the way fiscal responsibility is practiced. There is a direct link between budget deficit today and what nation can enjoy in future. Fiscal responsibility is crucial for a nation to remain prosperous and stronger in future. Fiscal responsibility will also determine what kind of future we are leaving to our children and grandchildren for the next 20 years and beyond. If the fiscal responsibility is not practiced the government would spend more money than its income and it borrows for the difference. If the money borrowed come from domestic savings or from domestic lenders the economy will have less money available for capital investment and future productivity growth rates and levels would be lower. If on the other hand deficit is financed by foreign organisation/country the country will be indebted with growing debt to the rest of the world, with growing interest costs which must be served every year. If we rely more on foreign sources to finance the resource gap the foreign ownership of our resources would grow and so has our dependences on the actions of foreign governments and investors.

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Forastiere, Arlene A., William A. Flood, Erik Yedwab, Vlad Kozlovsky, Elaine Whyler, Evan W. Alley, and Kevin D. Frick. "The cost per patient of deviations from evidence-based standards of oncology care." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 6515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6515.

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6515 Background: Practice variation contributes to the high cost of healthcare and wasteful spending; by contrast, adherence to evidence-based (EB) clinical guidelines is advocated to improve quality and potentially lower cost. We sought to estimate the average cost per patient associated with unjustified deviations from EB national standards for use of chemotherapy, supportive drugs, and radiotherapy. Methods: The ITA Partners/eviti, Inc. database of oncology treatment plans (TPs) reviewed for payers for adherence to national guideline recommendations (e.g. ASCO, ASTRO, NCI, NCCN Compendium, FDA) was used to calculate the variance in cost between submitted TPs with unwarranted deviations from EB standards and EB care. For prospective reviews, the final EB treatment given was known and for retrospective reviews, the variance was estimated based on the EB alternative with the lowest cost. AWP pricing was used to calculate chemotherapy and supportive drug costs, and Medicare pricing for radiotherapy. First order savings were calculated. An annual trend of 8% was applied from the mid-data period to 2013 (Milliman Client Report 2010). Results: From March 2009 to March 2012, a total of 2775 consecutive patients had TPs submitted and of these, 730 patients had unjustified, non-EB TPs. All cancer types, stage and treatment intent (curative, non-curative) were included. The cost of EB treatment was less than the submitted TP for 622 (85%) patients, more for 9 (1%), and zero (could not be taken due to payer plan definitions) for 99 (14%). Descriptive statistics for the cost per patient of non-EB TPs trended to 2013 showed: mean $25,579, median $13,882, standard deviation $40,958. Conclusions: In this unselected population comprising all cancers, 26% had TPs that did not conform to EB standards or could not be medically justified. Our conservative estimate of the average per patient overspend (first order) on inappropriate treatment validates the potential for quality care to lower cost and deliver huge value to patients, physicians, and payers. [Table: see text]

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Mony, Vidya, Kevin Hultquist, and Supriya Narasimhan. "Financial and Mortality Modeling as a Tool to Present Infection Prevention Data: What a SIR of 1.2 Means for the Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s64—s65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.550.

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Background: Presenting to hospital leadership is an annual requirement of many infection prevention (IP) programs. Most presentations include current statistical data of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and whether the hospital has met its goals according to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) criteria. We presented HAI data in a novel way, with financial and mortality modeling, to show the impact of IP interventions to leadership not attuned to NHSN metrics. Method: We looked at 4 HAIs, their trends, and their effect on our hospital, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (SCVMC). To estimate the impact of specific HAIs, we used 2 metrics derived from a meta-analysis by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS): excess mortality and excess cost. Excess mortality is defined as the difference between the underlying population mortality and the affected population mortality expressed as deaths per 1,000 population. Excess cost is defined as the additional cost introduced per patient with a specific HAI versus a similarly admitted patient without that HAI. HHS data were multiplied by the number of HAI events at SCVMC to generate estimates. Result: In our presentation, we elucidated a previously unseen cost savings and decreased mortality with 2 HAIs, central-line–associated blood stream infections (CLABSIs) and catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), which were below NHSN targets due to IP-led interventions. We then showed 2 other HAIs, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and surgical site infections (SSIs), which did not meet our expected NHSN and institutional goals and were estimated to increase costs and potential mortalities in the upcoming year. We argued that proactive monies directed toward expanding our IP program and HAI mitigation efforts would cost a fraction of the impending healthcare expenditures as predicted by the model. Conclusion: By applying financial and mortality modeling, we helped our leadership perceive the concrete effect of IP-led interventions versus presenting abstract NHSN metrics. We also emphasized that without proactive leadership investment, we would continue to overspend healthcare dollars while not meeting our goals. This format of presentation gave us critical leverage to advocate for and successfully expand our IP department. Further SHEA-led cost-analysis modeling and education are needed to help IP departments promote their efforts in an effective manner.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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Liao, Aihua, Xiaodong Chai, and Jian Yang. "A Numerical Simulation of Elastoplastic Contact Analysis of Compressor by Overspeeding." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 176897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/176897.

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This study analyzes the stress distribution of 3D elastoplastic contact problems by using the FE parametric quadratic programming (PQP) method derived from a 3D FE model based on parametric variational principle (PVP). We numerically analyze a 24-blade compressor by combining centrifugal loading with interference-fit one. To accelerate computation, calculation is simplified by structural modeling via multisubstructuring, aiming to deal with FE-simulated computer aided design (CAD) conveniently. We then analyze the relationships between the maximum residual stresses of the compressor posterior to prestressing and overspeed rpms, and we also study the distribution and magnitude of the contact stresses of the compressor in working conditions after overspeed prestressing. Moreover, we thoroughly discuss the distribution and magnitude of the contact stresses of shaft-shaft sleeve-impeller in working conditions. Relative displacement can be prevented and contact stress can be kept uniform due to the nonuniform initial amount of interference in overspeed prestressing. This paper summarizes the FEM simulation results and provides reference data for improving the design and processing of compressor impellers, indicating that overspeed is indispensable in manufacture.

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Wray, J. G. "Overspends in the RCVS budget." Veterinary Record 168, no. 23 (June 10, 2011): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d3628.

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Viner, B. "Overspends in the RCVS budget." Veterinary Record 168, no. 23 (June 10, 2011): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d3629.

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Brumfiel, Geoff. "US 'overspent' on collider project." Nature 417, no. 6887 (May 2002): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/417368b.

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Wang, Li, Wentao Sun, Jie Zhao, and Dichen Liu. "A Speed-Governing System Model with Over-Frequency Protection for Nuclear Power Generating Units." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010173.

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Overspeed is more likely to occur in the process of load rejection or large disturbances for nuclear steam turbines due to the large parameter range and low steam parameters, as well as the power of the low-pressure cylinder accounting for a high proportion of the total power. It is of great significance to study the overspeed characteristics of nuclear power plants (NPPs) to ensure the safe and stable operation of the unit and power grid. According to the characteristics of NPPs, the overspeed protection model and the super-acceleration protection model were established, which were added to the speed-governing system model. The response characteristics of the reactor, thermal system, steam turbine and speed-governing system in the process of load rejection or large disturbances of the power grid were analyzed and simulated. The results were compared using the simulation software personal computer transient analyzer (PCTRAN). The simulation results showed that quickly closing both the high and medium pressure regulating valves could effectively realize frequency control when load rejection or a large grid disturbance occurred. The over-acceleration protection cooperates with the super-acceleration protection to avoid the repeated opening/closing of the valves due to overspeed protection. This could effectively reduce the impact of large disturbances on the reactor, thermal system, and turbine.

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Stien, Nicolay, Morten Strate, Vidar Andersen, and Atle Hole Saeterbakken. "Effects of Overspeed or Overload Plyometric Training on Jump Height and Lifting Velocity." Sports Medicine International Open 4, no. 02 (April 1, 2020): E32—E38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1116-0749.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of overspeed or overload plyometric training on jump height and lifting velocity in resistance trained females without plyometric training experience. Fifty-six participants (age: 21.2±1.7 years; body mass: 65.1±8.2 kg; height: 168.0±5.9 cm) were randomly allocated to either an overspeed (n=18), overload (n=18), or passive control (n=16) group. The two training groups completed 18.7±1.7 sessions consisting of three different plyometric exercises with overspeed or overload over eight weeks. Apart from the external loading, the two training modalities were identical. Following the training period, the changes in the recorded variables were not significantly different from those in the control group, nor did the training groups differ from each other. The training groups improved peak and average lifting velocity in the 40 and 60% of body mass loading conditions (9.50–33.37%, p=<0.001–0.038), whereas only the average lifting velocity improved in the 80% of body mass loading condition (OS: 14.47%, p<0.001 and OL: 23.13%, p<0.001). No significant changes occurred in the control group (9.18–13.55%, P=0.062–0.980). Overspeed and overload plyometric training may be viable methods for improving lifting velocity, but not squat jump height, in a population without plyometric training experience.

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Eryilmaz, I., L. Pawsey, and V. Pachidis. "Multidisciplinary methodology for turbine overspeed analysis." Aeronautical Journal 122, no. 1257 (November 2018): 1711–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.100.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper, an integrated approach to turbine overspeed analysis is presented, taking into account the secondary air system dynamics and mechanical friction in a turbine assembly following an unlocated high-pressure shaft failure. The axial load acting on the rotating turbine assembly is a governing parameter in terms of overspeed protection since it governs the level of mechanical friction which acts against the turbine acceleration due to gas torque. The axial load is dependent on both the force coming from secondary air system cavities surrounding the disc and the force on the rotor blades. It is highly affected by secondary air system dynamics because rotor movement modifies the geometry of seals and flow paths within the network. As a result, the primary parameters of interest in this study are the axial load on the turbine rotor, the friction torque between rotating and static structures and the axial position of the rotor.Following an initial review of potential damage scenarios, several cases are run to establish the effect of each damage scenario and variable parameter within the model, with comparisons being made to a baseline case in which no interactions are modelled. This allows important aspects of the secondary air system to be identified in terms of overspeed prevention, as well as guidelines on design changes in current and future networks that will be beneficial for overspeed prevention.

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Kirke, Brian K., and Benoit Paillard. "Predicted and measured performance of a vertical axis wind turbine with passive variable pitch compared to fixed pitch." Wind Engineering 41, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x16677884.

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The performance of a 5-m diameter Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine was predicted using both a double multiple streamtube model and a two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics simulation with constant rotational speed for a series of operational points. The actual performance was measured in both fixed and variable pitch modes. The aims were (1) to compare starting torque and peak efficiency in fixed and variable pitch modes and (2) to test an overspeed control mechanism. Starting torque was approximately three times higher in variable pitch mode and the maximum efficiency on some runs was significantly higher. The overspeed control mechanism functioned consistently as designed. Thus, variable pitch was shown to overcome two major disadvantages of normal fixed pitch vertical axis wind turbines, self-starting and overspeed control. Discrepancies between the predicted and measured results showed the importance of accurately assessing parasitic drag losses and the need for three-dimensional simulation to give reliable performance predictions.

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Moinuddin, Md Khaja. "Automatic Vehicle Overspeed Detection and Recognition." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36501.

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Vehiсle speed detection is аn imроrtаnt раrt оf trаffiс mаnаgement system. It рlаys аn imроrtаnt rоle in trасking systems, аutоmаtiс videо surveillаnсe аnd аlsо tо аvоid соllisiоn. This рарer рrороses а methоd tо estimаte the sрeed оf vehiсles оn the highwаys аnd сity аreаs. The рrороsed methоd саn be effeсtively imрlemented tо соntrоl the оver sрeed vehiсles аnd tо fоund guilty in leаding tо trаffiс ассidents. Eасh vehiсle in the videо reсоrded by the саmerа is identified. А bоunding bоx is сreаted оn the identified vehiсle аnd its сentrоid сооrdinаtes аre mаrked. The аnаlysis оf sрeed is dоne using mаthemаtiсаl fоrmulаe whiсh аre embedded in the sоftwаre. The existing reseаrсh in this field hаs сertаin limitаtiоns. The first limitаtiоn is соnsumрtiоn оf а lоt оf memоry tо stоre videоs in the hаrd drive. The seсоnd limitаtiоn is inассurасy оf the system in unрleаsаnt weаther соnditiоns suсh fоg, hаze, rаin, аnd heаvy winds, etс. Sоme systems fаiled tо сrаte рrорer bоunding bоx аs it is neсessаry fоr ассurаte аnаlysis оf the mоtiоn оf the vehiсle аnd its speed. Another disadvantage is that shаdоw produced by vehicles on different lanes of the road causes a commotion, and the system detects the shаdоw as а different objeсt and creates а bounding bоx оvеr it.There аre оther hаrdwаre bаsed methоds suсh аs rаdаr gun аlsо.Соsine errоrs оссurred when the direсtiоn оf the vehiсle аnd the rаdаr gun dоesn’t mаtсh. The оbjeсtive оf the рrороsed wоrk is tо develор а system whiсh саn рrоvide the аlternаtive tо the rаdаr bаsed systems whiсh саn deteсt multiрle vehiсles аt the sаme time. We evаluаtеd the proposed method on various traffic videos and discovered that it accurately detects the speed of a vehicle and performs many state-of-the-art аррrоасhes.

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Barnard, Benno, Stefaan van den Bremt, Marco Antonio Campos, and David Colmer. "Overspel / Adulterio / Adultery." Sirena: poesia, arte y critica 2007, no. 1 (2007): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sir.2007.0012.

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INOUE, Shinsuke, Hidemitsu NAYA, Tatsushi YABUUCHI, Naoki TAKAYAMA, and Yuki SAITO. "Study of Electronizing Overspeed Detection for Elevator." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2016.25 (2016): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2016.25.1207.

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Zheng, Wei, Yongpan Zhao, Yiyong Weng, Xing Duan, and Haibin Jin. "Experiments on a crane overspeed protection device." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 612 (October 19, 2019): 032074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/612/3/032074.

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Ebben, William P. "The Optimal Downhill Slope for Acute Overspeed Running." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 1 (March 2008): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.1.88.

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Purpose:This study evaluated a variety of downhill slopes in an effort to determine the optimal slope for overspeed running.Methods:Thirteen NCAA Division III college athletes who participated in soccer, track, and football ran 40-yd (36.6-m) sprints, on downhill slopes of 2.1°, 3.3°, 4.7°, 5.8°, and 6.9° in random order. All sprints were timed using the Brower Timing System Speedtrap II. Data were analyzed with SSPS 15.0. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for the test slopes (P = .000). Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons determined that there were a number of differences between the hill slopes.Results:Analysis reveals that 40-yd sprints performed on hill slopes of approximately 5.8° were optimal compared with flatland running and the other slopes assessed (P < .05). Sprinting on a 5.8° slope increased the subjects’ maximal speed by an average of 0.35 s, resulting in a 6.5% ± 4.0% decrease in 40-yd sprint time compared with fatland running. Compared with the 4.7° slope, the 5.8° slope yielded a 0.10-s faster 40-yd sprint time, resulting in a 1.9% increase in speed.Conclusions:Those who train athletes for speed should use or develop overspeed hills with slopes of approximately 5.8° to maximize acute sprinting speed. The results of this study bring into question previous recommendations to use hills of 3° downhill slope for this form of overspeed training.

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Alexander, Marion J. L., and Robert Majdell. "The effect of overspeed training on sprinting speed." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (January 1989): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90099-7.

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45

Pfander, Gotz E., and Pavel Zheltov. "Estimation of Overspread Scattering Functions." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 63, no. 10 (May 2015): 2451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2015.2403309.

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46

Masood, Ehsan. "Job losses feared as UK marine science centre overspends." Nature 400, no. 6740 (July 1999): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/21953.

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Eryilmaz, I., and V. Pachidis. "Turbine thermomechanical modelling during excessive axial movement and overspeed." Aeronautical Journal 123, no. 1260 (February 2019): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.162.

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ABSTRACTThis manuscript discusses the numerical (finite element) and analytical modelling of structural interactions between gas turbine components in case of excessive axial movement and overspeed. Excessive axial movement, which may occur after a shaft failure, results in contact between rotating and static turbine components under high forces. These forces create friction which can act as a counter torque, potentially retarding the ‘free-rotating’ components. The study is based on a shaft failure scenario of a ‘three-shaft’, high ‘bypass’ ratio, civil ‘large-fan’ engine. Coupled analytical performance and friction methods are used as stand-alone tools to investigate the effect of rubbing between rotating and stationary components. The method is supported by ‘high-fidelity’, ‘three-dimensional’, thermomechanical finite element simulations using LS-DYNA software. The novelty of the work reported herein lies in the development of a generalised modelling approach that can produce useful engine design guidelines to minimise the terminal speed of a free running turbine after an unlocated shaft failure. The study demonstrates the advantage of using a fast analytical formulation in a design space exploration, after verifying the analytical model against finite element simulation results. The radius and the area of a stationary seal platform in the turbine assembly are changed systematically and the design space is explored in terms of turbine acceleration, turbine dislocation rate and stationary component mass. The radius of the friction interface increases due to the increasing radius of the nozzle guide vane flow path and stationary seal platform. This increases the frictional torque generated at the interface. It was found that if the axial dislocation rate of the free running turbine wheel is high, the resulting friction torque becomes more effective as an overspeed prevention mechanism. Reduced contact area results in a higher axial dislocation rate and this condition leads to a design compromise between available friction capacity, during shaft failure contact and seal platform structural integrity.

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Knoedler, Janet T. "The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer." Journal of Economic Issues 33, no. 3 (September 1999): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1999.11506198.

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Xun, Jing, Mingliang Chen, Yafei Liu, and Fan Liu. "An Overspeed Protection Mechanism for Virtual Coupling in Railway." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 187400–187410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3029147.

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Wen-tao LI, 厉文涛, 汤灏 Hao TANG, and 周健 Jian ZHOU. "Research on Laser Velocimeter for Overspeed Detection on Highways." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 49, no. 9 (2020): 912001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20204909.0912001.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Overspend'

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