Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ovocytes – Aspect génétique – Modèles animaux'
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Vallée, Maud. "Identification de gènes spécifiques à l'ovocyte conservés au cours de l'évolution." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24138/24138.pdf.
Full textCaron, Solenne. "Transplantation de myoblastes génétiquement modifiés de patients atteints de dystrophie myotonique dans le muscle de souris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25168/25168.pdf.
Full textStéfan, Théo, and Théo Stéfan. "Caractérisation chez l'humain de l'expression de différents gènes et fonctions biologiques associés à la dépression et signatures transcriptionnelles spécifiques au sexe à l'aide de différents modèles animaux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38028.
Full textLe trouble majeur de la dépression est un des troubles de santé mentale les plus fréquents dans la société d’aujourd’hui avec plus de 350 millions de personnes atteintes dans le monde. Malgré la présence de différents types de traitement, comme les antidépresseurs ou les thérapies comportementales, les causes de ce trouble ne sont pas encore complètement élucidées. Les lacunes concernant la compréhension de cette pathologie se trouve plus particulièrement au niveau de ses fondements génétiques. A partir d’un grand échantillon de 267 sujets atteints de la dépression, de 286 sujets témoins ainsi que de trois modèles animaux, la présente étude a pour objectif de mettre en évidence différents gènes et fonctions associés de façon significative à cette maladie et de caractériser les différences transcriptionnelles spécifiques au sexe. Pour ce faire, deux grandes étapes composent ce projet. Une analyse de gènes différentiellement exprimés ainsi qu’une de modules de gènes Eigengenes, toutes deux effectuées sur l’humain et sur les modèles animaux. Les résultats ont mis en exergue plusieurs gènes associés à la dépression et partagés entre l’humain et les modèles animaux. Il semblerait que le modèle animal qui reproduit le plus les observations chez l’humain soit celui de l’isolation sociale. De plus, plusieurs fonctions biologiques pertinentes avec la caractérisation du trouble étudié ont été identifiées. Par surcroît, les modules de gènes associés à la dépression chez les femelles étaient en plus grand nombre que chez les mâles et cette observation est bien reproduite dans le modèle du stress variable chronique de l’animal. Cette étude a donc permis une amélioration des connaissances concernant la génétique de la dépression. Il en ressort que les modèles animaux utilisés dans cette étude permettent de bien de reproduire un état dépressif chez l’animal.
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental health disorder in modern society affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. While different types of treatment are available, such as antidepressants or behavioural therapies, causes of this disorder are not yet fully understood. A better comprehension of its genetic basis could fulfil the gaps. From a large sample of 267 subjects with depression, 286 control subjects and three animal models, this study aims to identify different genes and functions significantly associated with this disorder and to characterize sex-specific transcriptional differences. This project splits in two major steps: a differentially expressed genes analysis and a gene modules analysis using Eigengenes, both performed on humans and animal models. Results highlight several genes shared between humans and animal models. The animal model that seems to better reproduce the effects observed in humans is that of social isolation. In addition, several biological functions appear to be relevant to major depressive disorder characterization. Furthermore, gene modules associated with depression are more numerous in females than in males and this observation is reproduced in the animal’s chronic variable stress model. This study therefore enhanced knowledge about depression’s genetics and shows that animal models can be effectively used to reproduce a depressive state in animals.
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental health disorder in modern society affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. While different types of treatment are available, such as antidepressants or behavioural therapies, causes of this disorder are not yet fully understood. A better comprehension of its genetic basis could fulfil the gaps. From a large sample of 267 subjects with depression, 286 control subjects and three animal models, this study aims to identify different genes and functions significantly associated with this disorder and to characterize sex-specific transcriptional differences. This project splits in two major steps: a differentially expressed genes analysis and a gene modules analysis using Eigengenes, both performed on humans and animal models. Results highlight several genes shared between humans and animal models. The animal model that seems to better reproduce the effects observed in humans is that of social isolation. In addition, several biological functions appear to be relevant to major depressive disorder characterization. Furthermore, gene modules associated with depression are more numerous in females than in males and this observation is reproduced in the animal’s chronic variable stress model. This study therefore enhanced knowledge about depression’s genetics and shows that animal models can be effectively used to reproduce a depressive state in animals.
Chol, Marie. "Apports des modèles animaux et cellulaires dans l'étude de la pathophysiologie de la cystinose." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P607.
Full textCysinosis is an inherited disorder due to mutations in the CTNS gene, encoding a lysosomal transporter of cystine, cystinosin. Abnormal cystinosin leads to an intralysosomal accumulation of cystine which is associated with major kidney defects and multisystemic disease. We have shown that CTNS-/- fibroblasts contain decreased glutathione levels which can be replenished by cysteine precursors. In addition these cells are subject to oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the induction of superoxyde dismutase. We failed to detect such defects in Ctns-/- mouse proximal tubular cells that we generated and characterized. In addition two different congenic Ctns-/- strains were generated on C57BL/6 and FVB/N genetic backgrounds. Although both strains accumulate cystine, only the C57BL/6 Ctns-/- mice present with renal symptoms that partially mimic those observed in patients. Therefore these mice should be useful to test new therapeutic approaches
Kouadjo, Kouame Ettienne. "Identification et quantification des gènes les plus exprimés, des gènes domestiques et des gènes spécifiques dans les tissus de mammifères." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24321/24321.pdf.
Full textIvanga, Mahinè. "Analyse du profil de l'expression génique, par l'estradiol et la dihydrotestostérone, dans l'utérus de souris." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18597.
Full textCros, Nathalie. "Modifications de l'expression génique dans l'atrophie musculaire fonctionnelle." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20109.
Full textRamspacher, Caroline. "Développement de modèles animaux de maladies génétiques des systèmes cardiovasculaire et musculaire chez le poisson-zèbre." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ095/document.
Full textThe numerous advantages of zebrafish were used to study two hereditary diseases: desminopathy and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Desminopathy is a myofibrillar myopathy characterized by the presence of granulofilamentous aggregates. Two models of loss and gain of function of desmin showed the implication of both loss of functional desmin and presence of desmin aggregates in desminopathy clinical manifestations. Phenotypes observed in these models include in particular a perturbation of the heart contraction biomechanics and of calcium propagation throughout the myocardium. Potential drugs, lowering the aggregate content, were proposed. After validating the use of zebrafish as a model of arterial hypertension, by verifying the implication of the elasticity of the aorta in blood flow regulation, we generated and characterized PVOD models. PVOD is a rare and severe form of pulmonary hypertension. The venous-specificity of the phenotypes observed in this pathology was confirmed
Aboghe, David Hyacinthe. "Action des hormones stéroïdiennes sur le transcriptome de la glande mammaire chez la souris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25252/25252.pdf.
Full textCamiré, Étienne. "Identification et caractérisation de Lrrc54, une protéine hépatique modulée en condition d'obésité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27633.
Full textPotvin, Eric. "Génomique fonctionnelle de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et analyse moléculaire fine d'un facteur sigma-anti-sigma." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19067.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients (CF). To overcome innate self defense, P. aeruginosa possesses a wide arsenal of virulence factors. These include degradation enzymes such as proteases, lipases and phospholipases and the production of three specific toxins: exotoxin A and exoenzymes S and T. Sequencing of the complete P. aeruginosa chromosome (strain PAO1) of 6.3 Mb revealed a highly regulated and complex genomic organization. In order to better understand host-pathogen molecular interactions, we developped a new signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) approach based on PCR screening. The PCR-based STM technology lead to the identification of 214 mutants deficient in their ability to maintain a chronic pulmonary infection in the rat lung. In that pool of STM mutants, STM2895, which contains a transposon insertion in functional PA2895, was the most frequently drafted during the whole mutant library screening. Phenotypic analyses of the STM2895 strain allowed us to identify an exoprotease production defect as compared with wild type strain PAO1. The biochemical characterization of that proteolytic default using specific degradation assays combined with western blotting revealed that at least two (LasA and LasB) of the four major exoproteases from P. aeruginosa STM2895 strain are inactive. In fact, LasA and LasB elastases were shown to be present in the STM2895 culture supernatant, correctly processed but inactive due to a probable misfolding of proteins. The PA2895 gene (unknown function) encodes a protein with a predicted transmembrane domain. Basic genomic context analyses strongly suggest a cotranscription unit with the downstream gene PA2896, a putative sigma 70 factor from ECF (extracytoplasmic function) type. Microarray experiments on the STM2895 strain and an insertional mutant of the PA2896 gene were performed to establish a link between the putative PA2895-PA2896 operon and the metabolism of iron. Transcriptome analysis also demonstrated a repressive action of PA2895 on the transcription of PA2896 putative sigma factor. Finally, in vivo studies in the rat lung chronic infection model clearly showed a ten-fold decrease in survival capacity of the mutant strain when compared to the PAO1 wild-type strain.
Razafimanalina, Raharinoro. "Variabilité de la consommation d'alcool : approche génétique et psychobiologique chez le rat." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28459.
Full textTyre, Madeline. "Répression de l'expression du gène Insl3 par les estrogènes dans les cellules de Leydig." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29813/29813.pdf.
Full textWang, Jing. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la dégénérescence des cellules sensorielles de la cochlée après cisplatine et traumatisme sonore : mise au point des stratégies pharmacologiques locales." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON1T022.
Full textOntchangalt, Henriette Pascale. "Rôle du gène Hoxa5 dans le stroma de la glande mammaire chez la souris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30246/30246.pdf.
Full textHox genes encode transcriptional factors essential for embryogenesis. Previous studies on Hoxa5 mutant female mice have demonstrated a disorganization of the mammary gland morphology causing incapacity to feed the pups. This study consists to determine the implication of Hoxa5 gene in mammary stroma composition by using four and ten month old female mice as well as 12.5 days pregnant mice. Our investigation consists in analyzing the expression of five proteins: collagen, fibronectin, decorin, lumican, and UCP-1 (Uncoupling protein-1). Both transcript and protein genes’ levels were modulated in mammary gland of Hoxa5-/- mice. I have shown that Hoxa5 gene expression in mammary gland is necessary to establish and maintain stroma integrity during oestrus cycle in four and ten month old mice and for the terminal differentiation of mammary gland epithelial structures at 12.5 days of gestation.
Binet, Marie-Ève. "Analyse de l'expression de deux gènes impliqués dans le développement pulmonaire foetal normal." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24424/24424.pdf.
Full textMorneau, Mélanie. "Fonction du gène Hoxa5 lors du développement de la glande mammaire chez la souris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25067/25067.pdf.
Full textBarraud, Perrine. "Les gènes nm23 dans le système nerveux périphérique de la souris : expression et régulation chez l'adulte et au cours du développement." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28860.
Full textA and B nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) isoforms are heterohexameric enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl-group transfer between nucleoside di-and tri-phosphates. During development, nm23-M1,-M2 and -M3 genes encoding for NDPK A, B and C, respectively, are expressed by mouse neural crest cells. This expression is long-lasting and is detected in adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In neuroblast primary cultures, NDPK B and C are detected in dividing neurons, and then with NDPK A during neuronal differentiation. The precursors of the peripheral nervous system express different isoforms, depending on their phenotype as assessed by primary cultures of neural tube explants. Thus, NDPK A and C are mainly detected in sensory and cholinergic precursors whereas NDPK B is generally found in adrenergic neuroblasts. In adult DRG sensory neurons, NDPK A is visualized in the cytosol. NDPK B is also detected in the nucleus and NDPK C is often associated with plasma membrane. NDPKs co-localizations suggested that the three isoforms may be associated in vivo to form heterohexamers. Moreover, NDPK C could be responsible for anchoring the whole complex on the plasma membrane. NDPK A could act in association with GTPase proteins. The nuclear localization of NDPK B could be related to its functions as c-myc proto-oncogene transcription factor and in DNA repair. Finally, NDPK C may participate in cell transduction via receptor-coupled G proteins or in cell adhesion by interacting with integrins. NGF treated primary cultures of sensory neurons increased NDPK A expression level without affecting those of NDPK B and C. In contrast, LIF knock-out had a low expression level of NDPKs compared with wild mouse sensory neurons. Finally, sensory neurons of NDPK A knock-out mouse are characterized by a highly branched neuritic arborescence that revealed a disturbed axonal outgrowth
El-Asmar, Bassam. "Mécanisme d'action de l'IL-1 dans la régulation de l'expression du gène Nur77 au niveau des celllules de Leydig chez la souris." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20366.
Full textLabbé, Adam. "Profil d'expression des fibroblastes de souris embryonnaires avec une suppression dans le domaine hélicase de l'homologue du gène Werner traité avec du peroxyde d'hydrogène." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28800/28800.pdf.
Full textAumailley, Lucie. "Étude de modèles murins du syndrome de Werner : Impact de la vitamine C sur l'état de santé de souris synthétisant une protéine Wrn mutante, mal-localisée, impliquée dans le syndrome de Werner." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33973.
Full textFor an aging individual, the gradual buildup of a huge number of molecular tiny faults combined with repair defects lead to the possible appearance of various age-related pathologies. Segmental progeroid syndromes like the Werner syndrome partly phenocopy the observations collected from classical aging process of individuals. To date, 83 different mutations affecting the WRN gene are known and result in premature onset of cataracts, graying and hair loss, osteoporosis, type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Even if the WRN protein plays a major role in the metabolism nuclear genome, the links which relate the loss of a functional WRN protein to the development of ageassociated diseases are not clearly defined. The existence of a mice orthologue of the WRN protein has made possible the genesis of two Werner syndrome mice models. Even without any synthesis of the Wrn protein, Wrn-/- mice do not display any severe pathologies or a shorter lifespan. In contrast, WrnΔhel/Δhel mice produced a Wrn protein lacking part of the helicase domain, the WrnΔhel protein. These mice exhibit many phenotypic features of the Werner syndrome which result in the reduction of their lifespan. The research project associated to this doctoral thesis aimed to characterise different stresses and dysfunctions which differentiate these two mice models and which may explain the dichotomy between their health status. The discovery of the complete loss of enzymatic functions of the WrnΔhel protein, but also its subcellular mislocalization, is a key outcome of the project. Thus, unlike Wrn-/- mice, beside losing a nuclear Wrn protein, WrnΔhel/Δhel mice gain a mutated WrnΔhel protein that is potentially toxic for the proper function of cytoplasmic compartments such as peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. At the age of four/five months, the mislocalized WrnΔhel protein leads to proteome changes and oxidative stress into the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes which response through some key actors of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Interestingly, one previous study has shown that, despite their ability to produce their own ascorbate thanks to the gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo), an additional ascorbate supplementation (0.4% (w/v) added to drinking water of WrnΔhel/Δhel mice since weaning, prevents the emergence of pathologies and extends the lifespan of mice. This doctoral thesis has given evidence that, even if this exogenous ascorbate supplementation did not change the quantity and mislocalization of the WrnΔhel protein, the higher availability of this anti-oxidant and this co-factor succeeds to fill all subcellular requirements in order to fight efficiently against oxidative stress and to contribute to the acquisition of a functional proteome. Since patients from Werner syndrome do not synthesize de novo ascorbate and because this endogenous synthesis in WrnΔhel/Δhel mice makes the assessment of ascorbate on the health of mice difficult to precisely decipher, another objective from this research project was to generate a new mice model which relies entirely on exogenous vitamin C source because of the knockout of the mouse Gulo gene. The gain of a mislocalized WrnΔhel protein and the inability to produce ascorbate drastically impact on the lifespan, metabolic and immune profile of WrnΔhel/Δhel/Gulo-/- mice treated with 0.01% vitamin C. Moreover, these mice are sterile, display testicular hypogonadism and suffer from profound osteopenia like patients with the Werner syndrome. The increased vitamin C requirements of these mice lead to an hypovitaminosis C which is even more severe than Gulo-/- mice under the same ascorbate treatment. This deficiency is reflected at subcellular level in the outbreak of a pronounced hepatic oxidative stress and the exacerbated activation of actors of the UPR. The 0.4% vitamin C supplementation delivered to WrnΔhel/Δhel/Gulo-/- mice succeeded to extend their lifespan and to counteract subcellular stresses but intriguingly established, at the age of four/five months, a metabolic profile reminiscent to the one observed in 20 months old WT mice. Overall, the results from this doctoral project unravel the impact of vitamin C on health status of mice models for the Werner syndrome.
Bergeron, Francis. "Caractérisation du promoteur du gène platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) de rat dans les cellules de leydig." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27165/27165.pdf.
Full textHerst, Pauline Mathilde. "A Father's Long-Lasting Legacy : the multigenerational burden of in utero exposure to Arctic pollutants on the sperm epigenome and folic acid supplementation as a shield across generations." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69029.
Full textHamoui, Samar. "Etude d'un modèle lésionnel du noyau basal magnocellulaire chez le rat et développement d'une méthode de quantification de l'ARN m par PCR." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28253.
Full textLalande, Julie. "Biomarqueurs prédictifs de la maladie d'Alzheimer dans un modèle de souris : approche métabolomique par spectroscopies RMN et études comportementales." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU30121.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder that causes a progressive decline in cognitive functions. Current treatments are only symptomatic. So, there is an urgent need for diagnostic tools able to detect AD prior to the onset of signs of cognitive impairment. A metabolomic study by 1H NMR was first carried out on five brain regions of control (Tg-) or amyloidopathy-developing mice (Tg+) aged 1 to 11 months to characterize the metabolic alterations linked to the development of AD. The hippocampus (Hipp) is metabolically affected early during the progression of AD. Taurine (Tau) and creatine (Cr), two neuroprotective and osmoregulatory metabolites, increase in the Hipp of Tg+ from the age of 6 months. 1H SRM and NMR were then coupled to analyze the Hipp of young mice treated with clioquinol (CQ). CQ increases the formation of Tau and Cr before the first signs of cognitive decline. Finally, behavioral tests were performed on 13 month-old mice in an enriched environment (EE) or treated by CQ. The metabolic profiles were analyzed by 1H NMR. The EE and CQ improved episodic memory of Tg+ when they were in a familiar environment. No metabolic difference between control and transgenic mice could be demonstrated in the Hipp. The statistical coupling of metabolomic and behavioral data showed that untreated-CQ and non-EE Tg+ mice developed disorders of episodic memory associated with higher Cr and Tau concentrations. Thus, an early EE or a late CQ treatment would improve cognitive functions even at an age when amyloid plaques have started to form
Corbier, Camille. "Caractérisation d'un modèle murin knock out pour le gène C9orf72." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ080.
Full textAn expansion of G4C2 repeats in C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These repeats lead to DNA epigenetic changes resulting in a decrease expression of C9ORF72. To better understand the functions of this protein, we generated a C9orf72 KO mouse model. These mice do not develop an ALSphenotype, but present immune dysfunctions characterized by a splenomegaly and a lymphadenopathy. Sera and immunohistochemistry analysis also revealed elevated autoantibodies and a glomerulonephropathy, leading to mice death. To further investigate this phenotype, we generated different mice models with a tissue specific KO of C9orf72 in the main immune cell populations. Interestingly, the loss of C9orf72 in dendritic cells reproduce the splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Immunophenotyping of the dendritic cell lineage of KO mice revealed specific alteration of the plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs). Overall, these results suggest that pDC could be the starting point of the inflammatory dysfunctions observed in C9orf72 KO mice
Smeti, Ibtihel. "Cellules souches et biomarqueurs cochléaires : perspectives thérapeutiques des surdités neurosensorielles." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10274.
Full textFares, Taie Lucas. "Bases moléculaires et physiopathologiques des affections héréditaires ophtalmologiques : Travaux de création d’un rongeur diurne transgénique modèle de la maladie de Stargardt : Identification d’un nouveau gène d’anophtalmie/microphtalmie." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T083.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
Jaeg, Tiphaine. "Exploring the mitochondrial function in muscle and molecular dysregulation in cerebellum in a mouse model for ARCA2, a recessive ataxia with coenzyme Q10 deficiency." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ082/document.
Full textARCA2, a rare form of recessive ataxia, is characterized by early onset progressive ataxia, cerebellar atrophy and a mild Coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Most of the patients show additional neurological signs such as epilepsy and exercise intolerance. Mutations in the COQ8A gene lead to ARCA2. COQ8A is suggested as being an unorthodox protein kinase like, with a regulatory role in CoQ biosynthesis, in mammals. To better understand ARCA2, a constitutive Coq8a knock-out (KO) mouse model was generated, which recapitulates most of the patient’s symptoms. Here we report the use of cellular models and the affected tissues to uncover the molecular signature of COQ8A loss and CoQ deficit. Despite CoQ deficit in the muscle, no mitochondrial bioenergetics defect was uncovered. In parallel, we have identified, by RT-qPCR, a key set of genes that are dysregulated in cerebellum, very early on in the pathology. We are currently investigating these pathways to uncover the link with COQ8A function. Altogether, our experiments will shed light on the early molecular events that lead to ARCA2 and may help draw a link between COQ8A function, CoQ pools and the symptoms observed in patients