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Villaluz, Vanessa C., and Ma Regina M. Hechanova. "Ownership and leadership in building an innovation culture." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 40, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-05-2018-0184.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test a culture-building model, CREATE, highlighting the central role of leadership in shaping the predictors of innovation culture. The authors hypothesize that leadership directly predicts innovation culture, as well, as indirectly impacts innovation culture through mediating variables. Also, the authors examine the impact of leadership on innovation by ownership type. Design/methodology/approach A total 631 survey responses were collected from employees of sole proprietorship, family-owned corporations, and non-family corporations. Parallel multiple mediator models were used to test the hypothesized relationships of the variables. Findings The findings show that a leadership variable, role modeling, and support for innovation, directly and indirectly predicts an innovation culture. However, it appears that in sole proprietorship and family-owned corporations, leaders impact on innovation culture are through mediating variables, while in non-family corporations, leaders influence innovation through strategy, evaluation, and rewards. Originality/value The study shows that the culture-building model, CREATE, can be used as a framework for building an innovation culture in organizations. The study also showed that leaders among sole proprietorships, family-owned corporations, and non-family corporations may need to employ different approaches in building an innovation culture in their organizations.
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Haynes, George W., Rosemary Walker, Barbara R. Rowe, and Gong-Soog Hong. "The Intermingling of Business and Family Finances in Family-Owned Businesses." Family Business Review 12, no. 3 (September 1999): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1999.00225.x.
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This study uses data from a national survey of 673 business-owning households to assess factors associated with intermingling business and family finances. Logit analysis indicates that the use of family resources in the business is more likely in sole proprietorships; when the business owes money to financial institutions; and when the business owner is older, more experienced, and without children in the household. Family use of business resources is more likely if the business is incorporated, is located in a rural area or small town, and borrows money.
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Abor, Joshua, and Nicholas Biekpe. "SMEs' Access to Debt Finance." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 7, no. 2 (May 2006): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006776928627.
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This study compares the use of external debt finance by male-and female-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana to determine whether female-owned firms are less likely to use debt as a source of financing their operations. The results indicate that the capital structure of SMEs is influenced by the legal form, location, size, age and profitability of the firm and the educational background and gender of the entrepreneur. They also suggest that female-owned SMEs are significantly less likely to employ debt finance. The findings seem to support the notion that there is adverse discrimination in the lending process, placing women at a disadvantage. Females may not be able to penetrate informal networks as well as males, which clearly could affect their ability to gain access to useful information and sources of capital. Also, female-owned firms tend to be small sole-proprietorship businesses; thus, they may lack the necessary collateral to qualify them for debt finance. There is generally high conformity in the results of this study with similar studies in other parts of the world. Recommendations are given to help promote female-owned SMEs in Ghana.
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Irawan, Adri. "ANALISIS DAN REVITALISASI SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI PADA SIKLUS PENDAPATAN PERUSAHAAN SUSU SAPI MULIA DI SIDOARJO." CALYPTRA 5, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jimus.v5i2.3093.
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Intisari - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang ulang sistem informasi akuntansi pada siklus pendapatan perusahaan Susu Sapi Mulia. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode wawancara, observasi, dan analisis dokumen. Partisipan yang diwawancarai adalah pemilik dan karyawan perusahaan Susu Sapi Mulia. Objek observasi adalah kantor dan tempat distribusi Susu Sapi Mulia. Dokumen yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini merupakan arsip perusahaan Susu Sapi Mulia periode 2014-2015 yang bersinggungan dengan kegiatan pada siklus pendapatan. Temuan yang teridentifikasi dalam penelitian ini adalah pengaplikasian sistem informasi akuntansi yang tidak efisien dan efektif sehingga informasi yang dihasilkan kurang memenuhi kriteria informasi yang bermanfaat. Temuan tersebut digunakan untuk merancang rekomendasi perbaikan sistem informasi akuntansi.
Kata kunci: sistem informasi akuntansi, siklus pendapatan, kontrol internal, basis data relasional
Abstract - This research aims to revitalize the accounting information system on a sole proprietorship object Susu Sapi Mulia’s revenue cycle. For this research, the data collection was conducted through the following methods: interview, observation, and document analysis. The participants of the interviews were the business owner and the employees. The observation objects were the administration office and the product distribution site. The documents used for analysis in this research were the company’s archives which had contact with revenue earning activities from 2014-2015. This research identified inefficiency and ineffectiveness on the company’s accounting information system in such a way couldn’t produce reliable business information. Those identified flaws served the purpose of designing the improved model of accounting information system.
Keywords: accounting information system, revenue cycle, internal control, relational database
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Guest, Kristen. "JEKYLL AND HYDE, INC.: LIMITED LIABILITY, COMPANIFICATION, AND GOTHIC SUBJECTIVITY." Victorian Literature and Culture 44, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150315000649.
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The emergence of limited liabilityover the course of the nineteenth century was marked by intense and sustained feelings of anxiety. Victorians debated it in Parliament and in the periodical press, anatomized its evils in fiction and drama, and theorized its merits and pitfalls in the nascent discipline of economics. Formalized at mid-century through a series of acts that collectively instituted what Paul Johnson describes as “companification” – “the substitution of an impersonal corporate legal entity for the sole proprietorship or partnership” – limited liability was the means by which a corporation was constituted as a legal individual in order to restrict the responsibility of a company's owners for its debts (106). Early response to the practice was tentative: though hailed by some as a means of promoting economic growth, limited liability also inspired fear among the public, for whom it seemed a threat both to moral character and to responsible social behaviour. Wary that it would promote dishonesty in business and legitimize irresponsible speculation among investors, the mid-Victorians did not initially rush to invest. Despite the fact that by the final decades of the century many early fears had been realized and anxieties about investment continued unabated, however, there was a marked shift towards a culture of investment (Taylor 212–13). Summarizing the effects of the “‘Limited-Company’ Craze” in theNineteenth Centuryin 1898, one commentator observed that “Personal ownership has ceased to be the controlling power in trade; and when it left it took along with it that personal care, personal supervision, and personal responsibility which made our business great.” The result, he suggested, is that “we now have, in thousands of instances, mere ‘corporations without bodies to be kicked or souls to be damned’” (Van Oss 734).
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Wang, Jia, Paul Robson, and Mark Freel. "The financing of small firms in Beijing, China: exploring the extent of credit constraints." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 22, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-01-2014-0008.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to utilise a sample of 384 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) who applied for external finance in the Beijing area of China to investigate the characteristics of firms against: the amount of external finance sought, the amount received, and the proportion of external finance which was received from the sought finance. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a survey of SMEs in Beijing, China, undertaken between July and December 2007 where a response rate of 37.67 per cent was obtained. The survey was translated from English to Chinese, and then back translated from Chinese to English by academics with input from businesses. The sample of 384 firms is robust. Findings – Overall, there is little evidence in the sample of Chinese SMEs that innovative firms face discrimination from providers of credit. However, where innovation is measured by inputs (specifically R & D), providers of credit appear less comfortable. Three other factors were more important and were statistically significant at the 5 per cent level. For example, exporters were less likely to receive a greater proportion of their sought finance; and manufacturing firms were more likely than service sector firms, and limited liability companies were more likely than extended sole proprietorship firms to obtain a greater proportion of the external finance which they sought. Research limitations/implications – The sample for the research is from Beijing. Researchers may extent and role out the research to other parts of China. Practical implications – Practically, the authors explore variations in firm-level characteristics by: the amount of external finance sought, the amount of external finance received, and the ratio of “sought” to “received” external finance. In this way, the research questions are concerned with understanding which “types” of firms seek most bank finance, and which are most successful. This information is of benefit to SMEs, policy makers and those who work in the finance industry. Social implications – Access to finance is a cause of stress and anxiety to many SMEs. A greater understanding of the accessing of finance in Beijing China will allow entrepreneurs to be better placed to reflect upon their businesses and their suitability to pursue finance. This can help the economic and social well-being of entrepreneurs and their employees. Originality/value – There are comparatively few large scale surveys which have been undertaken of access to finance by SMEs in China, and within this field there is very little research which has been undertaken to look at innovators and non-innovators. The results allow us to have a better understanding of how much finance SMEs in Beijing are seeking, obtaining, and the proportion of finance received from that sought, and the extent to which innovation and other business and owner-manager characteristics are influential.
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Behnke, C. A. "A Music Therapist and Sole Proprietorship." Music Therapy Perspectives 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mtp/14.1.63.
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Karki, Bir Bahadur. "Practices of Micro Enterprises in Nepal." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 10, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v10i1.19130.
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Entrepreneurship is perceived as an effective way to escape from poverty and paternalism. In developing countries, the informal sector is an important source of employment. Micro-enterprise is a tiny industry usually of 1-10 people that is profit-oriented and may be owned by a man or a woman. Micro Enterprise Development Programme (MEDEP) is launched in the country with technical and financial support of United Nations development Programme (UNDP) since 1998. Parbat and Baglung districts are selected for the purpose of fieldwork. Objectives of the study are to identify practices of business registration, nature and types of enterprises, location of business, conducted of main business and entrepreneurs manage their business premises. The study is based on survey research approach. Data are collected through primary sources. Both qualitative and quantitative data have been used in this study. The result shows that out of total respondents 78.6 percent respondents did not register their firm in concern authority. Main reasons for not registered their business in concerned authorities is as follows: respondents have no knowledge, lengthy procedures; registration office is too far, costly, difficult to fill in the forms, and other reasons for not being registered. The result of study shows that out of total micro enterprises, 83.9 percent enterprise belongs to sole proprietorship and 10.8 percent belongs to partnership. To identify nature of business, there were given seven options. It is found that out of total respondents, near about fifty percent entrepreneurs have agro-based enterprises, 15.8 percent and 15.2 percent entrepreneurs have forest –based enterprise, and skilled-based enterprises respectively. The result shows that most of the entrepreneurs conducted their business in rural area i.e. 90.6 percent. An attempt has been made to identify conducted main business through questionnaire and it is found that out of total entrepreneurs, more than two third entrepreneurs conducted their business in their own land and building. Another survey result showed that 80.6 percent entrepreneurs arrange their business premises in without rent. It seems that most of the entrepreneurs conduct their business in rent free premises.The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. X No. 1 December 2017, Page: 20-27
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Panda, Rajesh, Pooja Gupta, and Madhvi Sethi. "The entry of a second generation at SK Enterprises: challenges and future prospects." CASE Journal 16, no. 3 (April 29, 2020): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-08-2019-0072.
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Theoretical basis The case discussion begins with an understanding of Davis’s three-circle model. It then leads toward the key resources and challenges, by system and development stage as given by Gersick et al. (1997). After understanding the family business system, the case delves into making the students understand the circumplex model of the marital and family system. This matrix talks about the flexibility in the business structure along with cohesion in the family unit. The case then gets into the discussion about succession and the new generation joining the family business and the conflicts that may arise due to the same. It might be imperative to bring out the different forms of conflict that may arise in the family and business system. Researchers have identified three forms of conflict – task, process and relationship (Mckee, Madden, Kellermans and Eddleston, 2014). As passing the baton would take place next for this business in the case, the current generation needs to look at the future growth strategy for the business. Here, the discussion refers to the exploitation and exploration matrix given by Bergfeld and Weber (2011). Research methodology This is a primary data case. The data has been collected from SK Enterprises. Interviews were conducted to arrive at the issues and challenges discussed in the case. Case overview/synopsis This case talks about the dilemma of a first-generation entrepreneur. Jatinder Agarwal was the owner of SK Enterprises, a light-engineering firm manufacturing bright bars, engine parts and ceiling fan shafts. He had set up the business in 1984. His brother, Ramesh was helping him in the business. The business had prospered and grown from a single product manufacturing workshop in 1984 to two factories manufacturing multiple light engineering products. In 2015, the business was doing well and both Jatinder and Ramesh were excited to involve their respective sons, Pranav and Sanidh in the business after completion of their education. The case is about the challenges faced by Jatinder and Ramesh with the entry of a new generation. Jatinder and Ramesh were working in the family business with an implied structure where the business was a sole proprietorship in the name of Jatinder but the decisions were taken by both the brothers collectively. With the entry of the new generation, Jatinder had to decide how to re-organize the business and avoid conflicts in the family. He also had to take a decision regarding the future course of strategy, which would help the business grow further. Complexity academic level This case is about the dilemmas faced by a first-generation entrepreneur. The case can be taught in an “entrepreneurship” course, in a post-graduate MBA program. This case can also be taught in a family business program as part of the course on “Understanding Family Business – Managing Paradoxes” or “Building Lasting Family Business – Synergy in Vision, Values and Strategy.” This case can also be taught as part of a “business strategy” or “human resource management” in MBA or executive MBA program in the first year.
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Niziołkiewicz, Monika. "Transforming a sole proprietorship into a limited liability company – selected tax aspects." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XIX (December 31, 2019): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0446.
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This article deals with the transformation of a sole proprietorship into a sole-shareholder limited liability company, with particular emphasis on tax aspects. Considerations are supported by numerous rulings of courts of general and administrative jurisdiction, as well as interpretations of the tax authorities. At the beginning, the author presents the binding normative acts regulating this subject and the main reasons for transformations. The methods of transforming a sole proprietorship into a sole-shareholder limited liability company binding until the end of 2011 have been described, as well as provisions regulating the issue of formal transformation. In the further part of the article the legal consequences of formal transformation were discussed, with particular emphasis on the succession of rights and obligations under tax law. The next part of the article is devoted to the effects of transformation on the basis of the tax on goods and services, personal income tax and income tax from juridical persons, as well as tax on civil law transactions.
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Srem-Sai, Justice. "Corporate Governance and the Capital Market in Ghana: The Stymieing Role of the State." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 3 (August 2018): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0234.
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Ghana's capital market is greatly undervalued, extremely concentrated and widely divorced from the country's actual economy. Investors prefer sole proprietorships and closely held businesses, and are antipathetic towards the capital market. This article seeks to implicate the state as the main cause of this antipathy. The article will argue that this antipathy is a consequence of the repeated failure of the state-owned or state-controlled enterprises or corporations (collectively referred to as ‘SOEs’). It will, through real-life cases, also show that the failure of SOEs in Ghana is as a result of bad corporate governance practices by the state in respect of wholly state-owned corporations and, later, in corporations in which the state became a controlling shareholder. The article, further, attempts to link the economic challenges in Ghana to the failure of its SOEs.
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Marandi, Mohamad Reza, Ali Bazmi, and Naser Ameri. "Investigating the Sole Proprietorship Firms in Iran and Egypt Law." Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 4, no. 7 (February 2015): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0019077.
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Schwartz, Alan. "The Sole Owner Standard Reviewed." Journal of Legal Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468128.
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Mamatkulova, Shoira Jalolovna. "THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESSES AND PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN PROVIDING EMPLOYMENT IN AN INNOVATIVE ECONOMY." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 4, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2021-2-5.
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This article highlights the role of small business and private entrepreneurship in providing employment.At the same time, the article focuses on small business and sole proprietorship, which shows that this type of business can quickly explore the needs of a compact hidden market, produce a variety of products to meet local needs and offer them to markets at a low cost
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Li, Wei’an, and Baoquan Li. "Why TNCs try to make their subsidiaries sole proprietorship enterprises in China?" Frontiers of Business Research in China 1, no. 3 (July 2007): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11782-007-0021-0.
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Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. "The Sole Owner Standard for Takeover Policy." Journal of Legal Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 197–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468127.
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Mower, C. L. "Bodies in Labor: Sole Proprietorship and the Labor of Conduct in The Coquette." American Literature 74, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 315–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-74-2-315.
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Kim, Hyoung Jun, Bo Kyeong Lee, and So Young Sohn. "Comparing spatial patterns of sole proprietorship and corporate payday lenders in Seoul, Korea." Annals of Regional Science 64, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-019-00969-0.
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Balas, Ayse Nilgun, and Halil Dincer Kaya. "Economic crisis and security concerns of wholesalers in Eastern European and Central Asian countries." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v6i2.262.
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We examine how the 2008-2009 global crisis affected wholesalers’ spending on security and their losses due to crime in Eastern European and Central Asian countries. The results indicate that a similar percentage of wholesalers paid for security pre- and post-crisis. The results also indicate that the wholesalers that paid for security spent less on security post-crisis. A higher percentage of the partnerships and the larger wholesalers spent money on security post-crisis when compared to the pre-crisis period. On the other hand, fewer shareholding firms with shares traded privately and fewer firms with one or more female owners spent money on security post-crisis when compared to pre-crisis. Especially smaller firms, firms that are not part of a larger firm and sole proprietorships spent less on security post-crisis. Also, fewer wholesalers experienced losses due to crime post-crisis when compared to the pre-crisis period. Finally, our results indicate that, after the crisis, crime was seen as less of an obstacle by these firms.
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Lackey, Jill, Erin Malcolm, Kathrin Schmid, Jeff Thomas, and Fred Bloom. "Disseminating Applied Anthropology and Practice Through SBIR Grants." Practicing Anthropology 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.31.1.w58476164p7565q6.
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Many of the increasing numbers of anthropologists working outside the academy are serving as consultants. In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, local anthropologists formed a membership organization called Urban Anthropology, Inc. In a recent poll of these anthropologists, more than half reported working as research and evaluation consultants at least part time out of their own or another's sole proprietorship organization. This article will discuss an often-underused opportunity for anthropologists like these to strengthen and solidify their research careers outside of the academy and to disperse the products of applied anthropology and practice: the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program of the federal government.
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Solangi, Rukhman, Waheed Ali Umrani, Iqra Solangi, and Mumtaz Ali Memon. "To do or not to do: the real state of real estate." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, no. 2 (July 13, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-12-2018-0264.
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Learning outcomes This case will enable students to develop an understanding of starting a single proprietorship business focusing on the real estate; understand the possible challenges that an entrepreneur faces in the beginning; apply ethical decision-making frame works when faced in ethically conflicting situation; andlook at the career anchoring theory. Case overview/synopsis The case study takes a look at the ways and means of starting a small business depending on the owner managers experience, capabilities and skills including networking which are germane to success. It also highlights the ethical issues that small business proprietors have to face in order to make money and grow. The setting of the case is a town in Sindh province of Pakistan, which setting generally represent the arena where such business (Single Proprietorship) develop and get involved in the economic development of a backward area. Finally, the case study highlights the significant but realistic expose of career anchor theory, which stipulates that people normally start with a job but switch jobs over their working life. Complexity academic level Graduate and undergraduate. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Reid, Mark E. "Helga Havalot: A Case in Corporate Tax Planning." Issues in Accounting Education 16, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2001.16.2.273.
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In this case, you are asked to take on the role of a tax professional in a modern professional services (i.e., accounting) firm. Your boss has asked you to develop a plan of incorporation for one of your clients, who has decided to switch from a sole proprietorship to a C corporation. The client has four assets that would be transferred to the corporation: cash, equipment, building, and land. You must determine how to transfer the assets to the corporation, as well as other matters (how much salary the corporation should pay the client, etc.), keeping in mind that the goal is to maximize the client's after-tax return by minimizing the client's tax liability.
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Okwu, Andy Titus. "Business environment and the financial performance of small and medium enterprises: A study of Lagos state, Nigeria." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 4 (2015): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i4c4p7.
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The financial outcome of an enterprise is perceived to have some relationships with its operational environment. This study analysed the business environment as a correlate of financial performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), as to contribute to environment-enterprise policy mechanisms and regulatory framework, industry and management practices. Relevant definitional criteria and World Bank’s model were adopted to sample 228 SMEs from 456 via judgmental and convenience techniques. Multifactor business-environment questionnaire (MBEQ) was used to elicit responses from SMEs in a field survey. Enterprise type, activity, product line and financial performance were examined. Results showed dominance of sole proprietorship and services SMEs, multi-product lines, and highly positively correlated financial performance and business environment. Consequently, improved SME-friendly business environment was recommended.
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Sieklicka, Monika. "ASSISTED EMPLOYMENT AND SELF-EMLOPYMENT FOR THE PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES." Polityka Społeczna 554-555, no. 5-6 (June 30, 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2889.
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He aim of this study is to present legal regulations concerning professional activation of disabled people. In the Polish legal system there are various forms of support for professional activation of people with disabilities, starting from taking up employment by a disabled person in a sheltered workplace, hospital, university, offi ce or company run in the form of a sole proprietorship. Professional activation and reduction of unemployment among disabled people remains a challenge. People with disabilities are often isolated in the labour market, which contributes to the deterioration of their living conditions. The problem of professional activation can and should be considered from two perspectives: employment and self-employment. The paper presents various types of instruments that can be used in the process of professional activation of people with disabilities.
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Tobak, Júlia. "Ownership Structures within Hungarian Family Businesses – Theories and Practice." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 12, no. 1-2 (May 2, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2018/1-2/5.
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We can talk about family business if the notions of family, ownership and business are closely connected to each other, namely if the business is in the possession of the family, managed and controlled by the family members. A family owned company is a business where a family has the majority ownership and/or the majority management and at least one family member actively works in the firm, the family owns the business. The study contains the results of research on ownership structure of family owned businesses. The examined family businesses are interested in longterm preservation of values, thus succession of generations plays a key role in their case. They attaches great importance how the ownership structure develops. The methotology to know more about the ownership structure of family businesses 11 expert interviews were made between november 2016 and september 2017 with owners and next generations of family owned agri-food enterprises in Hungary. A case study has been prepared too in this topic with the participation of companies with different activities (production, service, trade). In order to classify the analysed companies six categories of ownership were developed. These are non-owner, emotional owner, partial owner, controlling owner, majority owner and exclusive/ sole owner. Each generation of the analysed FBs were classified to these categories. According to the results the analysed family owned companies even are sharing the property within family. There are only two interviewed companies whose case we can talk about exclusive/sole ownership.
JEL Classification: G32
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Ndemezo, Etienne, and Charles Kayitana. "Corporate Governance, Corporate Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance: Evidence from the Rwandese Manufacturing Industry." Indian Journal of Corporate Governance 11, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974686218806715.
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This study aims to determine effects of corporate governance on corporate entrepreneurship of Rwandese manufacturing firms, and to evaluate effects of corporate governance on performance of Rwandese manufacturing firms. We used two complementary methodological approaches: one which links corporate governance to corporate entrepreneurship; another which uses an augmented Cobb–Douglass production function to associate corporate governance with the firm performance. This study resulted in four main outcomes: first, the background—education and experience—and motivation of top managers contribute significantly to both corporate entrepreneurship and corporate performance; second, the sole proprietorship organisational form harms significantly the firms’ entrepreneurial activities and impacts negatively their financial performance; third, electricity and raw materials expenses are positively and significantly related to financial performance of manufacturing firms; and fourth, even if informal competition has no effect on entrepreneurial activity of manufacturing firms, it harms their financial performance.
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Batty, Rob. "The Challenges of Prior Use to New Zealand Registered Trade Mark Law." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 45, no. 2 (August 1, 2014): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v45i2.4961.
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Under the Trade Marks Act 2002, the registrant of a trade mark is provided with the exclusive rights to use its trade mark. Priority to such exclusive rights is awarded to the person who files a trade mark application first. A searchable Register of trade marks enables traders and the public to see which trade marks have already been registered and by whom. This seemingly certain system is complicated by the continuing relevance of unregistered trade marks under New Zealand law. The first user of a trade mark in the marketplace is considered the true "owner" or "proprietor" of a trade mark. A prior user of an unregistered mark is able to prevent registration of a trade mark, or cancel an existing trade mark registration, even when the application was filed in ignorance of any prior use and where there is no prospect of consumer confusion. This article explores the unsatisfactory nature and consequences of this law of "proprietorship" and questions its continuing relevance.
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Akinbola, Amos Olufemi, Nureni Sanusi Alaka, Solomon Akpoviroro Kowo, and Adesola Alex Adeyemo. "Family Business Operations and Sequel of Internationalisation in Nigeria." Economics and Business 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eb-2020-0009.
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AbstractThe concept of family business in Nigeria has become significantly attractive; its root is in sole proprietorship form of business. Family businesses have the unique strength to separate culture, language and personality. The research analyses the effect of interpersonal relationship on internationalisation and determines the extent to which succession planning affects internationalisation. Research presents that a positive relationship exists between internationalisation and interpersonal relationship. It has also been discovered that no positive relationship exists between succession planning and internationalisation. This study therefore concludes that family businesses which proceed to internationalisation enjoy growth in productivity, adequate brand awareness in the world, diversification of political and financial risks, as well as experience an increase in the share of the market, capital base, asset and open up opportunities in regional markets for workers. The study also recommends that employees in family businesses should communicate with each other effectively for a healthy relationship and managers should not make secret preparations for successors.
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Sloan, Brian. "Keeping up with the Jones case: establishing constructive trusts in ‘sole legal owner’ scenarios." Legal Studies 35, no. 2 (June 2015): 226–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12052.
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This paper considers the influence of the Supreme Court decision in Jones v Kernott on subsequent cases. It focuses on situations with which Jones was not directly concerned, namely where there is only one legal owner of a home and a non-legal-owning cohabitant seeks to establish that he has an equitable interest in it under a common intention constructive trust. The paper argues that while judges have mostly accepted that Jones is relevant to such sole-owner cases, they have had few opportunities (and taken fewer) to move beyond the restrictive approach of Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset and allow novel outcomes in the light of Jones as yet. It is contended that this state of affairs could ultimately produce a conservative approach that is undesirable for cohabitants who make indirect or non-financial contributions to shared lives, and remain without comprehensive statutory property and financial provision on relationship breakdown.
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Cyr, André, Olivier Meier, and Jean‐Claude Pacitto. "“Method in their madness”: understanding the behaviour of VSE owner‐managers." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 18, no. 2 (May 17, 2011): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626001111127106.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the sound practical reasons underlying the behaviour of very small enterprise (VSE) owner‐managers with respect to their perceived resistance to the dominant entrepreneurial and managerial models in areas such as management methods, marketing or internationalisation.Design/methodology/approachThe current literature on VSE managers was reviewed in the light of Raymond Boudon's general theory of rationality. Starting from the premise that in science, the simplest explanation tends to be the best, the paper highlights the practical reasons why VSE owner‐managers behave the way they do.FindingsWhile there may be cultural or personality‐based reasons why VSE owner‐managers often appear to reject the traditional entrepreneurial model, these are not the sole or even the main explanation. In most cases, the behaviour in question can be explained much more simply by practical, down‐to‐earth reasons. From the actor's point of view, his behaviour is always rational.Research limitations/implicationsThis new model of the behaviour of VSE owner‐managers has not been empirically tested.Originality/valueThe paper presents a novel vision of the behaviour of VSE owner‐managers, based on the practical reasons underlying their actions, that goes beyond the existing typologies such as the “Traditional‐vs‐Opportunistic” entrepreneur.
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Risdianto, Yanto, and Lathifah Hanim. "Accountability for Motorized Vehicle Owners Used By Children in Traffic Accidents (Case Study on Supreme Court Decision Number 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015)." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v3i1.8730.
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The formulation of the problem in this study are: 1) parts of criminal liability of the owner of a motorized vehicle whose vehicle was used in a traffic accident Case Study of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015? And 2) how is the legal protection of children as perpetrators in traffic accidents Case Study of the Supreme Court's Decision No. 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015?The method used by researchers is juridical sociological legal approach and the specifications in this study are descriptive analytical. The sources and types of data in this study are primary data obtained from interview field studies. And secondary data obtained from literature studies relating to the theory of criminal liability and legal protection.Based on the results of that study The criminal liability of the owner of a motorized vehicle whose vehicle is used in a traffic accident by a child is not held accountable even if only as an inclusion, the child who commits a traffic violation or a traffic crime is the sole offender, even if the motorized vehicle used by permission of an adult, both his parents or other vehicle owners. The legal protection of children as perpetrators in traffic accidents has not been fulfilled as in the Supreme Court Decree No. 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015, the vehicle owner who surrendered his vehicle (car) was only made a witness in a traffic accident that resulted in a victim died, and the child became the sole culprit.Keywords: Liability; Criminal; Motorized Vehicles; Children.
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Salchenberger, Linda M. "Sole owner harvesting policies under the threat of entry: A two-stage linear game." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 16, no. 2 (March 1989): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(89)90003-x.
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Huda, Choirul. "MODEL PENGELOLAAN BISNIS SYARI’AH: Studi Kasus Lembaga Pengembangan Usaha Yayasan Badan Wakaf Sultan Agung Semarang." Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 24, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ws.24.1.1140.
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<p class="IIABSBARU">Islamic business management becomes an interesting topic continues to increase. There are 3 (three) models of Islamic business management: 1) <em>Sole proprietorships</em>, 2) <em>Partnership</em>, and 3) <em>Mudharaba</em> with cooperation between two or more parties in which the owners of capital (shahibul mal) entrust amount of capital to the manager (<em>muḍarib</em>) with an agreement at the earliest. This paper analyze to the Islamic business management model developed by Lembaga Pengembangan Usaha (LPU) of Yayasan Badan Wakaf Sultan Agung (YBWSA) as a holding company that houses several business units. The types of business model is influence the applied business management model, and the type of business management model is influence the results of business operations. By using qualitative descriptive analysis, the study found that the LPU using multiple management models according to the type of business operation, which is a self-ownership (Takessa, Air Quasa, SA Radio), and partnerships (property, retail, Pumanisa), and combination model both self-ownership and partnerships (SApress, asset management and SAtour).</p><p class="IIABSBARU">***</p><p class="ListParagraph">Model pengelolaan bisnis syari’ah menjadi tema menarik seiring dengan perkembangannya terus meningkat. Terdapat 3 (tiga) model yang berkembang: 1) <em>Sole proprietorships</em> (kepemilikan tunggal), 2) <em>Partnership</em> (kemitraan), dan 3) <em>Muḍarabah</em>, bentuk kerjasama dimana pemilik modal (shahibul mal) mempercayakan sejumlah modal kepada pengelola (<em>muḍarib</em>) dengan perjanjian di awal. Paper ini menganalisa model pengelolaan bisnis syari’ah yang dikembangkan oleh Lembaga Pengembangan Usaha (LPU) pada Yayasan Badan Wakaf Sultan Agung (YBWSA) sebagai lembaga induk yang menaungi banyak unit usaha dengan prinsip syari’ah. Banyaknya unit usaha ini dapat mempengaruhi model pengelolaan bisnis yang diterapkan, dan model pengelolaan tersebut dapat mempengaruhi hasil usaha yang dijalankan. Dengan menggunakan metodfe analisis deskriptif kualitatif, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa LPU menggunakan beberapa model bisnis sesuai dengan jenis usaha yang dijalankan, yaitu kepemilikan tunggal (Takessa, Air Quasa, dan SA Radio), dan kemitraan (properti, ritel, dan Pumanisa) serta model kombinasi keduanya (SApress, manajemen aset dan SAtour).</p>
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Olsthoorn, Johan. "SELF-OWNERSHIP AND DESPOTISM: LOCKE ON PROPERTY IN THE PERSON, DIVINE DOMINIUM OF HUMAN LIFE, AND RIGHTS-FORFEITURE." Social Philosophy and Policy 36, no. 2 (2019): 242–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052519000438.
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Abstract:This essay explores the meaning and normative significance of Locke’s depiction of individuals as proprietors of their own person. I begin by reconsidering the long-standing puzzle concerning Locke’s simultaneous endorsement of divine proprietorship and self-ownership. Befuddlement vanishes, I contend, once we reject concurrent ownership in the same object: while God fully owns our lives, humans are initially sole proprietors of their own person. (Our property rights in our life and body are restricted to possession, use, and usufruct.) Locke employs two conceptions of “personhood”: as expressing legal independence vis-à-vis humans and moral accountability vis-à-vis God. Humans own their person in the first sense. As original proprietors of their own person, individuals are entitled to subject themselves to self-chosen authorities, thereby incurring obligations of obedience. But they may not choose just any authority. Divine ownership of human life delimits personal self-ownership by restricting the ways in which humans can dispose of their persons: we cannot possibly consensually subject ourselves to absolute and arbitrary power. Locke’s rights-forfeiture theory for crime makes slavery and despotism nonetheless potentially rightful conditions. I argue that, paradoxically, divine dominium of human life underpins both the impermissibility of voluntary enslavement and the justifiability of penal slavery. My analysis helps explain why modern Lockean theories of self-ownership that reject Locke’s theological premises have adopted an ambiguous stance toward despotic rule.
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GALANO, JOANNIE A., and ROWELL A. DIAZ. "Economic Situation of Hog Grower Industry in Nueva Ecija: Problems and Prospects." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, no. 9 (October 5, 2020): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep616.
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This study intended to investigate the problem and prospect of the hog raising industry in selected areas in the province of Nueva Ecija. Research questions were formulated and analyzed. The respondents in this study were made up of pig farmers in various types. In the Philippines, agriculture is considered a significant "driver" for economic growth, poverty alleviation, and food security. The general approach in pursuit of development is by increasing agricultural productivity through intensive agriculture and swine production. The different hog farms in the various municipalities in Nueva Ecija were farms whose operation is a sole proprietorship, registered piggery, and at least 45 heads of hogs. The data collected from the respondents were analyzed using simple percentages from the analysis of data; the following were the findings. The farm profile the respondent mainly were classified as a commercial operation, had workers of 1-2 male workers. The farms were involved in the sow-weaning-fattening process, used the traditional type of rearing system, raised 151-200 heads of fattening, 31-40 sow level, 151-200 heads of suckling, and one boar. Most of the respondents had a capital of more than 500,000 and maintained consultancy services with farms visited twice a month. For the majority of pig or hog farmers, the high costs of inputs, particularly in feeds considered as one of the significant problems.
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Skrzek-Lubasińska, Małgorzata. "Hybrid self-employment – theoretical and empirical approach." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 64, no. 8 (August 28, 2019): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7596.
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The main aim of the research presented in this paper is to determine the scale of the phenomenon of hybrid self-employment in Poland in the period of 2013–2017 and its correlation with the economic situation and the labour market indicators. The main research question posed in the paper is whether the number of the hybrid self-employed is falling, e.g. because of the possibility of undertaking a financially-satisfactory paid job, or growing, in periods of the improvement of the economic situation. The paper introduces definitions of the hybrid self-employment concept (otherwise: hybrid entrepreneurship) and its classifications in scientific literature and empirical stud-ies. Data obtained from the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) pertaining to this phenom-enon in the period of 2013–2017 and the dynamics of changes in the number of the hy-brid self-employed are also presented, as well as the research into the correlation of this dynamics with the labour market indicators. The research demonstrates that the number of the hybrid self-employed in Poland is dependent to a larger extent on the labour mar-ket indicators than on the economic situation indicators. This might mean that the majority of the hybrid self-employed treat their business activity (sole proprietorship) as a source of additional income rather than as the development of a company which could become their main professional focus.
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Thottoli, M. M. "Impact of Information Communication Technology Competency Among Auditing Professionals." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 8, no. 2 (April 4, 2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2021-8-2-38-47.
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The objective of this study is to find out the influence of Impact of Information Communication Technology competencies and Information Communication Technology Training among auditing professionals. This paper proposes a defined set of survey questionnaires to measure Information Communication Technology (ICT) competency and ICT Training variables. The sample size focuses on junior qualified professional auditors who were selected based on their experience in the field of accounting or auditing. The sample of population consists of individual practicing auditors from small audit firms in Kerala. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling approach (PLS-SEM). Expectedly, ICT competencies among auditing professionals and their ICT training are imperative among junior auditing professionals for auditing in a computer-based environment. The impact of audit efficiencies, ensuring client's fair financial statements, and timeliness of audit tasks were achieved by auditing professionals with ICT competencies and ICT training. This is important not only for junior staff, but also for lead auditors who have the authority to sign audit reports. The value of the research studies lies with a comprehensible examination of findings of various previous studies and enlightened commentaries on ICT enabled audit practice by sole proprietorship practicing audit firms, mainly in rural locations. In addition, such scientific method of understanding the implications of ICT enables auditing which involved in auditing professional policy makers intervention.
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Pichika, Srinivasu D. N., and Simon D. Zawka. "Optimal harvesting of a renewable resource in a polluted environment: An allocation problem of the sole owner." Natural Resource Modeling 32, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): e12206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12206.
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Druzin, Mikhail V. "PETER AND PAVEL SHUVALOV'S AS THE LYSVENSKY MINING PLANTS OWNERS IN THE LATE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-99-106.
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The article explores the history of ownership of the Lysvensky mining district in the Perm province by Peter Pavlovich (1819–1900) and Pavel Petrovich (1847–1902) Shuvalov through the prism of the owner’s personal attitude to the family factories and his involvement in the management process. Despite the fact that there is a continuity of two generations in some external signs of ownership (recourse to the management of factories prior to the legal entry into ownership rights, change of local administration by a new owner, desire to transfer the mining estate to the sole full ownership), they are in many ways opposite to each other due to the subjective circumstances and personal qualities of the owners. Peter Pavlovich represents the type of an “old owner” who is only ready to receive income from his estates, without being interested in the real state of affairs and the management quality. His son, Pavel Petrovich, became the personification of a “new type” owner, who invests his personal time, effort and energy in the development of his own “business”. But, the return of the heirs after his sudden death to the former attitude to the “business” led to the fact that they failed to keep the Lysvensky district as a part of the ancestral property, allowing its corporatization with the participation of bank capital.
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Foran, Max. "Blurred Vision: The Calgary Union Stockyard Issue, 1913–1914." Articles 32, no. 2 (May 24, 2013): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015715ar.
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Calgary's historic association with the ranching industry and the increased volume of livestock from mixed farms led municipal leaders to explore the possibility of establishing a union stockyard in the city in 1913–1914. The measures taken to realize this ambition proved futile for several reasons. City leaders could not match their vision with coherence or direction. The result was inadequate consultation with stakeholders, internecine rivalries, and an almost comical sequence of policy changes in which the city's role in the proposed stockyards stance went from coordinator to partner to sole owner. City Council's well-meaning but ill-informed campaign reflected the random approach to civic policy-making that characterized municipal governments of the period.
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SRINIVASU, P. D. N., and SIMON D. ZAWKA. "INFLUENCE OF INVESTING IN TREATING A POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT ON THE HARVEST: A PROBLEM OF OPTIMAL ALLOCATION." Journal of Biological Systems 27, no. 02 (June 2019): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339019500116.
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This study is concerned with harvesting a renewable resource that is surviving in a polluted environment. Fall in the revenue from the resource due to presence of pollution in the environment drives the sole owner to allocate a part of the available effort towards treating the environment and the interest is to find the optimal allocation of the available effort towards harvesting the resource and treating the environment so that the revenue is maximized. Resource-pollution dynamics are studied, maximum sustainable yield and maximum sustainable revenue have been evaluated. Further, an optimal allocation problem has been formulated on infinite horizon and optimal solutions are obtained. Key results of the study are demonstrated through numerical illustrations.
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Salmah, Titin, Benny Osta Nababan, and Ujang Sehabuddin. "OPSI PENGELOLAAN IKAN TEMBANG (SARDINELLA FIMBRIATA) DI PERAIRAN KABUPATEN SUBANG, JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v7i1.5733.
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Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis dampak kebijakan pajak dan jadwal melaut terhadap pemanfaatan ikan tembang di perairan Kabupaten Subang telah dilakukan pada tahun 2011. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan purposive sampling terhadap nelayan purse seine di TPI Belanakan, hasilnya dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis model bioekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penangkapan ikan tembang belum mengalami tangkap lebih (biological overfishing), tetapi jumlah effort yang digunakan nelayan purse seine telah mengalami overcapacity atau effort yang berlebih. Kondisi ini melandasi opsi kebijakan pengaturan hari melaut (trip) sesuai dengan jumlah trip pada kondisi sole owner (MEY) yang dikombinasikan dengan pengembangan agroindustri tepung ikan tembang sebagai kompensasi untuk menghindari peningkatan aktifitas yang kurang produktif. Penerapan kebijakan berupa penerapan pajak ini akan menjadi solusi jangka panjang untuk eksploitasi sumberdaya ikan tembang yang berlebih.
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Kong, Siew Mui, Rajendran Muthuveloo, Josephine Ie Lyn Chan, and Ai Ping Teoh. "TopSteel: swimming sustainably in the blue metal ocean." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-09-2020-0328.
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Learning outcomes This paper aims to enable students craft a winning corporate strategy applicable for organizations in various contexts. The practical approach consists of conducting scenario planning based on internal and external environment analysis, identifying the winning factor, proposing an implementation strategy of entry and exit strategies, and future customers, and evaluating matching of business ethics and legality. Case overview/synopsis Wesley Chen, the executive director and group chief executive officer, has the ultimate challenge of leading his management team to operate from a sole proprietorship management style to a listed large company in the Malaysian Stock Exchange. He identified the gap in the need to craft a winning corporate strategy for business sustainability. The corporate strategy should address expansion of their service offerings and needs to be carefully crafted to suit TopSteel’s risk appetite and overall business strategy. The strategy must also consider the internal and external factors that TopSteel faced with, identify the core competency of TopSteel, build in strategic agility in the implementation plans to address the dynamic business landscape, and most importantly ensure the corporate strategy must be in compliance to ethical and legal standards. The case study documents the one year of transition of TopSteel’s operations with a strong focus on the strategic management process direction for a winning OEM+ model through the use of SWIM concept. Complexity academic level This case is suitable for undergraduate or postgraduate programs or even executive courses in strategic management. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy
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Fadok, Valerie A., and Katherine Irwin. "Sodium Hypochlorite/Salicylic Acid Shampoo for Treatment of Canine Staphylococcal Pyoderma." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6628.
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ABSTRACTThe emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius has increased the interest in topical therapy for treating canine pyoderma. Shampooing with chlorhexidine followed by dilute bleach rinses are often recommended, but household bleach can dry the skin and is unpleasant to use. A shampoo formulated with sodium hypochlorite and salicylic acid was evaluated as sole therapy for dogs with superficial pyoderma associated with S. pseudintermedius, including methicillin-resistant strains. Client-owned dogs were recruited based on positive culture for methicillin-resistant staphylococci or prior failure of pyoderma to respond to antibiotics. This prospective, open-label pilot study assessed the efficacy of the shampoo when used three times weekly for 4 wk. Dogs were evaluated at baseline and at 2 and 4 wk by cytology, clinical examination, and owner assessment. Digital images were also obtained. Baseline bacterial counts, clinical assessments and owner scores were significantly improved at 2 and 4 wk. Clients completing the study reported excellent lathering and dispersion, reduction in odor, and brightening of white and light coats. No owners reported skin dryness or other adverse events during the study. We conclude that this shampoo containing sodium hypochlorite in a vehicle that avoids skin drying is an effective treatment for canine pyoderma.
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Higgins, Ben. "The Library of James Marsh, DD (1593-?1645), with ‘Shackspeers playes’ and ‘Donnes Poem’." Library 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/library/22.1.33.
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Abstract This essay provides a case study of an otherwise-unknown clerical library from the 1640s that includes a copy of a Shakespeare folio alongside a few other literary works, including John Donne's Poems (1633). The essay offers a biography of the library's owner, a sketch of the library as a whole, and concludes by considering the unusual status of the Shakespeare folio in this collection. An appendix transcribes the inventory in which the library is catalogued. In this collection of around 200 books, the Shakespeare folio was the sole book of drama (either vernacular or classical). James Marsh is thus an outlier in what we know about early folio-ownership and the discovery of his library expands our understanding of the contexts in which Shakespeare was owned and read.
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Janda, Karel, Gordon Rausser, and Wadim Strielkowski. "Determinants of Profitability of Polish Rural Micro-Enterprises at the Time of EU Accession." Eastern European Countryside 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 177–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2013-0009.
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Abstract Rural micro-enterprises are an important factor in sustainable rural development in post-transitional Eastern Europe. This paper deals with determining the key factors influencing profitability in rural micro-enterprises in Poland. The research design was based on a questionnaire survey of 300 rural micro-enterprises in the food-processing sector in rich and poor Polish provinces. The analysis carried out in this study is centered around the Polish EU accession in May 2004. Similar to other related studies, our results show that EU accession was not perceived as a major change by rural Polish micro-entrepreneurs and that the EU related factors were not significant determinants of their profitability. However, our results also show that the success of the rural food processing micro-enterprise in Eastern Europe is most related to its owner/manager and enterprise characteristics. For the owner/manager the most significant determinants are his/her age and risk-taking as the main motive for establishing an enterprise. The enterprise characteristics that determine the profitability include enterprise location within a region with competitive situation, enterprise size (being a sole trader or family enterprise), IC T advancements in enterprise and the fact whether the enterprise has any certificates for its products. The results have significant implications for the researchers and policy-makers and can become a basis for preparing relevant enterprise support policies in post-transitional Eastern Europe
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Herrera, Guillermo E., Holly V. Moeller, and Michael G. Neubert. "High-seas fish wars generate marine reserves." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 14 (March 14, 2016): 3767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518509113.
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The effective management of marine fisheries is an ongoing challenge at the intersection of biology, economics, and policy. One way in which fish stocks—and their habitats—can be protected is through the establishment of marine reserves, areas that are closed to fishing. Although the potential economic benefits of such reserves have been shown for single-owner fisheries, their implementation quickly becomes complicated when more than one noncooperating harvester is involved in fishery management, which is the case on the high seas. How do multiple self-interested actors distribute their fishing effort to maximize their individual economic gains in the presence of others? Here, we use a game theoretic model to compare the effort distributions of multiple noncooperating harvesters with the effort distributions in the benchmark sole owner and open access cases. In addition to comparing aggregate rent, stock size, and fishing effort, we focus on the occurrence, size, and location of marine reserves. We show that marine reserves are a component of many noncooperative Cournot–Nash equilibria. Furthermore, as the number of harvesters increases, (i) both total unfished area and the size of binding reserves (those that actually constrain behavior) may increase, although the latter eventually asymptotically decreases; (ii) total rents and stock size both decline; and (iii) aggregate effort used (i.e., employment) can either increase or decrease, perhaps nonmonotonically.
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Elliott, Edgar, Lois D’Costa, and James Bamford. "Agreeing to disagree: structuring future capital investment provisions in joint ventures." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwaa002.
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Abstract Prior to entering into any joint venture agreement (JVA), dealmakers should be aware of the options available to resolve future investment disagreements. There are three broad capital investment structures commonly found in joint ventures: (i) standard passmark rules; (ii) non-consent/opt-out; and (iii) sole risk. Within each category, deal practitioners have numerous options to tailor capital investment structures. As much as possible, deal practitioners should contemplate the most likely areas of disagreement, and then tailor the capital investment structures appropriately to ensure that the joint ventures (JV) can manage capital investment decisions in an efficient, value-preserving way. While it is impossible to establish a formula to determine which specific contractual structures will best accommodate future capital investments in a given JV, companies should weigh various factors to inform their position. We reviewed 40 JVAs to understand various capital investment mechanics and how they differ based on the nature of the venture and owner context. Our research found an extremely diverse array of creative structural work-arounds to address different owner appetites to make future capital investments. The purpose of this article is to describe, illustrate and provide benchmarks on different mechanics and contractual terms found in joint venture agreements, and to offer guidance as to which future capital investment mechanics should be included in venture agreements.
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Mattila, H., E. Santala, and J. Aho. "Consumer managed co-operative - a solution for progressing wastewater management in rural areas." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2004): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0886.
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In Finland the question of appropriate wastewater treatment in rural areas has become very prominent during the last years. The new Environmental Protection Act stipulates that wastewaters must be treated to the extent that they cannot have a negative impact on nature. The Ministry of the Environment is currently preparing a decree specifying the requirements. The draft of the decree proposes that on-site treatment units should decrease the BOD load by 90, total phosphorus load by 85 and total nitrogen load by 40 per cent. To meet the new requirements, the old systems that include septic tanks only need more efficient wastewater treatment methods. Whatever technical solution is selected, the house owner must pay for it. At the moment, even the septic tanks are emptied and maintained irregularly. More sophisticated wastewater treatment methods definitely need more maintenance, which cannot be made the sole duty of the house owners. One potential organisational alternative for managing wastewater treatment in rural areas is the co-operative. Finland has one such pioneering co-operative formed for on-site sanitation. Varsinais-Suomi Water Services Co-operative provides the house owner with professional assistance in wastewater treatment at a reasonable cost. Suvisaari Water Services Co-operative is another new organisation selling sewerage services to its members. But its technology is different: this co-operative operates an LPS-sewerage system instead of on-site treatment.
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Ugo, Prince Destiny. "Project Quality Management Performance: An Insight to Sustainable Development Initiatives in Oil and Gas Host Communities." Journal of Management and Sustainability 7, no. 4 (October 25, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v7n4p76.
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A fundamental principle of project quality management is that quality is planned into project and not inspected through project. In the context of host communities in developing countries with mineral exploration activities construction projects and contracts generally is a key provider of employment in both short, medium and long term and particularly for the locals, therefore the incorporation of quality management systems in project life cycle is paramount for sustainable development. Ensuring project quality plays an important role in socio-economic development of people as it provides the most basic infrastructure that promotes economic activities. Quality management systems (QMS) has significant value relating to project quality and cost reduction and a comprehensive quality management culture can promote project success, mutual beneficial relationship and organisational sustainability. This study provides empirical findings emanating from local vendor(s) understanding, compliance and implementation of quality management systems in a multinational oil company (MNOC) community assisted projects. The study utilised SPSS version 22 for the statistical data analysis and Goodness-of-fit-test interrogated the assumption that contractors are not complying with quality management systems in project execution. The study found inter alia that 65% of the vendors are registered as closed corporation (sole proprietorship), 15% were limited liability companies, while 20% belong to other category such as subcontractors. Furthermore, 98% of the 222 respondent are yet to develop a quality manual and a conceptual nominated vendor system (NVS) project quality model was developed to improve the contract award and project management status quo, with emphasis on the need for integration of quality management systems in project life cycle for the oil and gas host communities.