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Journal articles on the topic 'Oxidation-Reduction Mechanisms in the Eye'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Fortuna, Laura L., Thomas Dervos, Zisis Gatzioufas, Hendrik P. N. Scholl, Konstantin Gugleta, and Tim J. Enz. "Short-Term Effect of Micropulse Transscleral Laser Therapy on Intraocular Pressure in Untreated Fellow Eyes of Glaucoma Patients: Preliminary Results." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 11 (2023): 3680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113680.

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It has been observed that an intraocular pressure (IOP) altering intervention in one eye is followed by a consensual response in the untreated fellow eye. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Involvement of neuronal, cytokine, and hormonal regulation of aqueous humor dynamics, as well as improved treatment adherence or systemic absorption of topically administered medical compounds, have been suggested. Our aim was to investigate the short-term effects of unilateral micropulse transscleral laser therapy on IOP in the fellow eye. All medical records of glaucoma patients who underwent micro

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Stepuro, I. I., S. A. Labor, V. I. Stsiapura, and A. V. Yantsevich. "Riboflavin-photosensitized thiamine oxidation in aqueous solutions on exposure to ultraviolet and visible light." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 65, no. 2 (2020): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2020-65-2-199-211.

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It was shown the irradiation of aqueous solutions of thiamine and riboflavin with ultraviolet UVA (315–400 nm) and visible light (λ > 400 nm) leads to oxidation of thiamine to thiochrome and oxodihydrothiochrome. In absence of riboflavin in aerobic conditions thiamine oxidation to thiochrome was mainly due to reaction with singlet oxygen. Under anaerobic conditions, thiamine in the presence of riboflavin was photostable and UV and visible light irradiation of their aqueous solutions did not result in thiamine oxidation. Under aerobic conditions, thiochrome was oxidized to form oxodihydrothi

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Sciaraffa, Nicolina, Gianluca Borghini, Gianluca Di Flumeri, Febo Cincotti, Fabio Babiloni, and Pietro Aricò. "Joint Analysis of Eye Blinks and Brain Activity to Investigate Attentional Demand during a Visual Search Task." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050562.

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In several fields, the need for a joint analysis of brain activity and eye activity to investigate the association between brain mechanisms and manifest behavior has been felt. In this work, two levels of attentional demand, elicited through a conjunction search task, have been modelled in terms of eye blinks, brain activity, and brain network features. Moreover, the association between endogenous neural mechanisms underlying attentional demand and eye blinks, without imposing a time-locked structure to the analysis, has been investigated. The analysis revealed statistically significant spatia

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Amjad, Mohd, Harsh Gupta, Anamika, Roshan Kumar, and Roshan Kumar. "Diabetic Retinopathy: Current Understanding, Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (2024): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.2.42.

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Researchers have been assuming about the possible connection between the eye and the central nervous system (CNS) for a considerable amount of time. This is primarily due to the fact that the eye is considered to be an extension of the brain, which is a reasonable assumption. The neural tube is the beginning of both structures, and neurons are the building blocks of both structures. Retinal ganglionic cells, also known as RGCs, are a specific type of cell that are found in the retina. These cells are responsible for receiving light signals from the environment around them and then transmitting

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LAUGHLIN, SIMON B., and DANIEL OSORIO. "Mechanisms for Neural Signal Enhancement in the Blowfly Compound Eye." Journal of Experimental Biology 144, no. 1 (1989): 113–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.144.1.113.

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In the blowfly Calliphora vicina visual signals are enhanced by amplification and antagonism as they pass from the site of phototransduction in the retina to secondorder neurones (LMCs) in the first optic neuropile, the lamina. The mechanisms responsible for amplification and antagonism were investigated, using currentclamp techniques, to examine the conductance mechanisms generating LMC responses. LMCs responded Ohmically to injected current. Voltage-sensitive conductances and feedback mechanisms driven by the potential of a single LMC played a minor role in shaping responses. The LMCs respon

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Favero, Gaia, Enrico Moretti, Kristína Krajčíková, Vladimíra Tomečková, and Rita Rezzani. "Evidence of Polyphenols Efficacy against Dry Eye Disease." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020190.

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Dry eye disease is a multifactorial pathology compromising the quality of life of patients, resulting in significant damage of the ocular surface and discomfort. The current therapeutical strategies are not able to definitively resolve the underlying causes and stop the symptoms. Polyphenols are promising natural molecules that are receiving increasing attention for their activity/effects in counteracting the main pathologic mechanisms of dry eye disease and reducing its symptoms. In the present review, a deep literature search focusing on the main polyphenols tested against dry eye disease wa

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Murotomi, Kazutoshi, Aya Umeno, Mototada Shichiri, Masaki Tanito, and Yasukazu Yoshida. "Significance of Singlet Oxygen Molecule in Pathologies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (2023): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032739.

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Reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen, play an important role in the onset and progression of disease, as well as in aging. Singlet oxygen can be formed non-enzymatically by chemical, photochemical, and electron transfer reactions, or as a byproduct of endogenous enzymatic reactions in phagocytosis during inflammation. The imbalance of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant networks with the generation of singlet oxygen increases oxidative stress, resulting in the undesirable oxidation and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. This review describes the molec

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Jansen, A. H., S. Ioffe, and V. Chernick. "Stimulation of fetal breathing activity by beta-adrenergic mechanisms." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (1986): 1938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1938.

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Experiments were done on chronically prepared fetal lambs, 125–135 days gestation, to test the effects of various catecholamines on fetal breathing (FB) as well as the influence of isoproterenol on the fetal respiratory response to hypoxemia. Bolus injections of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol (5–20 micrograms) were administered via the lingual artery or femoral or jugular vein during periods of FB activity or apnea. The effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on FB were variable and not statistically significant. Isoproterenol produced a significant increase in FB, frequency

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Gromova, O. A., I. Yu Torshin, and A. N. Gromov. "Chemoreactome analysis of methylethylpyridinol and possible mechanisms of ophthalmoprotection." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 23 (January 24, 2025): 187–96. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-547.

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Introduction. Methylethylpyridinol (MEPD or Emoxypine) is widely used in practice to treat various eye diseases, exhibiting angioprotective, antiplatelet, antioxidant effects. The molecular mechanisms for the implementation of these and other pharmacological effects of MEPD are not entirely obvious.Aim. To conduct a chemoreactome analysis of MEPD aimed at identifying the molecular mechanisms of the drug action. Materials and methods. The pharmacological/biological properties of MEPD were assessed using methods for chemoinformatic analysis of molecules developed in the scientific school of RAS

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SB, Gupta. "Recent Advances in Management of Amblyopia." Open Access Journal of Ophthalmology 8, no. 1 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajo-16000267.

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Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular vision loss in children. Global incidence is 3.7%. It may be due to early deprivation of vision or defocus in one eye, reflects an imbalance of input from the eyes to visual cortex .Not only monocular vision is reduced but binocular vision is also affected. Fellow Human brain is designed to allow both eyes to work together. If signals from one eye are blurred, brain blocks the visual input from that eye. In the visual pathway, the synapses are broken due to disuse of amblyopic eye. Along with visual coordination deficit, eye to hand and reading c

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Waugh, Declan. "The Contribution of Fluoride to the Pathogenesis of Eye Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Public Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (2019): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050856.

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This study provides diverse lines of evidence demonstrating that fluoride (F) exposure contributes to degenerative eye diseases by stimulating or inhibiting biological pathways associated with the pathogenesis of cataract, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. As elucidated in this study, F exerts this effect by inhibiting enolase, τ-crystallin, Hsp40, Na+, K+-ATPase, Nrf2, γ -GCS, HO-1 Bcl-2, FoxO1, SOD, PON-1 and glutathione activity, and upregulating NF-κB, IL-6, AGEs, HsP27 and Hsp70 expression. Moreover, F exposure leads to enhanced oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant activ

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Green, Charlotte J., Thomas Marjot, John Walsby-Tickle, et al. "Metformin maintains intrahepatic triglyceride content through increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis." European Journal of Endocrinology 186, no. 3 (2022): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-0850.

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Objective Metformin is a first-line pharmacotherapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, a condition closely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although metformin promotes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity, its effect on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) remains unclear. We investigated the effect of metformin on IHTG, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and fatty acid (FA) oxidation in vivo in humans. Design and methods Metabolic investigations, using stable-isotope tracers, were performed in ten insulin-resistant, overweight/obese human participants with NAFL

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Mikheytseva, I. M. "CURRENT VIEW ON PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY." Fiziolohichnyĭ zhurnal 69, no. 3 (2023): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fz69.03.106.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications are an actual problem of modern medicine. This pathology continues to spread throughout the world like a non-infectious epidemic. In this review new data about the role of different cellular mechanisms in forming of diabetic retinopathy (DR), namely, oxidative-nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration and inflammation. A new approach to DR pathogenesis is the primacy of the neurodegenerative changes in the retina vs previously held views of the problem as а microvascular pathology of the eye only. At the moment, hyperglycemia

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14

Xu, Bohan, Qian Liu, Weihan Cui, Li Tao, Yuanquan Chi, and Luze Yang. "Extrapolation of PBBs Environmental Transformation Mechanisms and Toxicity Risks of Byproducts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 4 (2025): 1753. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041753.

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Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are commonly used flame retardants that pose severe risks to humans. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the transformation process and biological toxicities of PBBs in the environment, which is not conducive to the prevention and control of pollution risks of PBBs. Therefore, the transformation pathways (i.e., photodegradation, microbial degradation, combustion oxidation, and in vivo metabolism) of PBBs and previously designed PBB substitutes were deduced first. Then the potential rodent carcinogenicity, rodent toxicity, mutagenicity, development

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Meng, Zhao-Yang, Lin Yang, and Peng Zhou. "Analysis of axial shortening induced by orthokeratology lenses and its mechanical mechanisms." PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0323546. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323546.

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Purpose This study aims to examine the short-term axial shortening effects of orthokeratology (ortho-K) lenses and investigate their mechanical mechanisms. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis on 80 myopic children, aged 8–18, who wore ortho-K lenses for one week. Axial lengths were measured pre- and post-treatment using AL-Scan Optical Biometer. We developed a finite element model of the eye using ABAQUS software to explore mechanical changes. Results A significant reduction in axial length was observed after one week of ortho-K lens wear, with an average decrease of 0.028 ± 0.032 mm

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Felice, Vanessa, Maria Aparecida Visconti, and Eleonora Trajano. "Mechanisms of pigmentation loss in subterranean fishes." Neotropical Ichthyology 6, no. 4 (2008): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252008000400015.

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Troglobitic (exclusively subterranean) organisms usually present, among their apomorphies related to the subterranean life (troglomorphisms), the regression of eyes and melanic pigmentation. The degree of regression varies among species, from a slight reduction to the complete loss of eyes and dark pigmentation, without a taxonomic correlation. While mechanisms of eye reduction have been intensively investigated in some troglobites such as the Mexican blind tetra characins, genus Astyanax, and the European salamander, Proteus anguinus, few studies have focused on pigmentation. The Brazilian su

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Zhuang, Youyuan, Dandan Li, Cheng Tang, et al. "Slc4a7 Regulates Retina Development in Zebrafish." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17 (2024): 9613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179613.

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Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) are a group of genetic disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of retinal cells, leading to irreversible vision loss. SLC4A7 has emerged as a candidate gene associated with IRDs, yet its mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of slc4a7 in retinal development and its associated molecular pathogenesis in zebrafish. Morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, quantitative RT-PCR, eye morphometric measurements, immunofluorescent staining, TUNEL assays, visual motor responses, optokineti

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Reyes-Resina, Irene, Hanan Awad Alkozi, Anna del Ser-Badia, et al. "Expression of Melatonin and Dopamine D3 Receptor Heteromers in Eye Ciliary Body Epithelial Cells and Negative Correlation with Ocular Hypertension." Cells 9, no. 1 (2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010152.

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Background: Experiments in the late nineties showed an inverse relationship in the eye levels of melatonin and dopamine, thereby constituting an example of eye parameters that are prone to circadian variations. The underlying mechanisms are not known but these relevant molecules act via specific cell surface dopamine and melatonin receptors. This study investigated whether these receptors formed heteromers whose function impact on eye physiology. We performed biophysical assays to identify interactions in heterologous systems. Particular heteromer functionality was detected using Gi coupling,

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Schubert, Michael C., Americo A. Migliaccio, and Charles C. Della Santina. "Modification of compensatory saccades after aVOR gain recovery." Journal of Vestibular Research 16, no. 6 (2007): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2006-16606.

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The recruitment of extra-vestibular mechanisms to assist a deficient angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) during ipsilesional head rotations is well established and includes saccades of reduced latency that occur in the direction of the lesioned aVOR, termed compensatory saccades (CS). Less well known is the functional relevance of these unique saccades. Here we report a 42 y.o. male diagnosed with right unilateral vestibular hypofunction due to vestibular neuronitis who underwent a vestibular rehabilitation program including gaze stabilization exercises. After three weeks, he had a signific

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Ahmad, Majdoleen, Ifat Abramovich, Bella Agranovich, et al. "Kidney Proximal Tubule GLUT2—More than Meets the Eye." Cells 12, no. 1 (2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12010094.

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Tubulopathy plays a central role in the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Under diabetic conditions, the kidney proximal tubule cells (KPTCs) are exposed to an extensive amount of nutrients, most notably glucose; these nutrients deteriorate KPTCs function and promote the development and progression of DKD. Recently, the facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in KPTCs has emerged as a central regulator in the pathogenesis of DKD. This has been demonstrated by identifying its specific role in enhancing glucose reabsorption and glucotoxicity, and by deciphering its effect in r

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Mastronikolis, Stylianos, Konstantinos Kagkelaris, Marina Pagkalou, Evangelos Tsiambas, Panagiotis Plotas, and Constantinos D. Georgakopoulos. "Antioxidant Defense and Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: An Updated Review." Medical Sciences 10, no. 4 (2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci10040068.

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Oxidative stress (OS) affects the anterior ocular tissues, rendering them susceptible to several eye diseases. On the other hand, protection of the eye from harmful factors is achieved by unique defense mechanisms, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants could be the cause of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS), a condition of defective extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. A systematic English-language literature review was conducted from May 2022 to June 2022. The main antioxidant enzymes protecting the eye from reactive oxygen speci

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Mazumdar, Pinku, Jadab Kishore Phukan, and Vidhya Srinivasan. "OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 06 (2024): 1225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18987.

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Insulin resistance and high blood glucose are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a serious global health concern. In the pathogenesis of T2DM, oxidative stress-a mismatch between antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-is a major factor. The mechanisms causing oxidative stress and its clinical consequences are highlighted in this review, which offers a thorough overview of oxidative stress markers in T2DM. We classify oxidative stress according to its origins, pathways, impacted biomolecules, and related illnesses. We stress the significance of keeping an eye on indic

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Kim, Wantae, Yong Suk Cho, Xiaohui Wang, et al. "Hippo signaling is intrinsically regulated during cell cycle progression by APC/CCdh1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 19 (2019): 9423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821370116.

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The Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in growth control during development and regeneration and its dysregulation is widely implicated in various cancers. To further understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Hippo signaling regulation, we have found that activities of core Hippo signaling components, large tumor suppressor (LATS) kinases and YAP/TAZ transcription factors, oscillate during mitotic cell cycle. We further identified that the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)Cdh1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which plays a key role governing eukaryoti

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Schicht, Martin, Kamila Riedlová, Mercedes Kukulka, et al. "The Potential Role of SP-G as Surface Tension Regulator in Tear Film: From Molecular Simulations to Experimental Observations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (2022): 5783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105783.

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The ocular surface is in constant interaction with the environment and with numerous pathogens. Therefore, complex mechanisms such as a stable tear film and local immune defense mechanisms are required to protect the eye. This study describes the detection, characterization, and putative role of surfactant protein G (SP-G/SFTA2) with respect to wound healing and surface activity. Bioinformatic, biochemical, and immunological methods were combined to elucidate the role of SP-G in tear film. The results show the presence of SP-G in ocular surface tissues and tear film (TF). Increased expression

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Cherednichenko, L. P., and L. I. Borisova. "THE ROLE OF TONOMETRY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CERVICAL SPINE OSTEOCHONDROSIS." Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 8, no. 1 (2013): 46–48. https://doi.org/10.17816/rpoj37581.

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The present literature review concerns hydrodynamics and the development of concomitant disorders in the patients suffering cervical spine osteochondrosis. Roughly 40% of such patients present with a moderate reduction of intraocular pressure at the affected side as evidenced by the results of clinical examination, computed and magnetic resonance tomography and neuropathological examination. These observations are consistent with the data on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this pathology. In the majority of the patients, reduction of intraocular pressure is associated with lens dilatati

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Azpilcueta-Nicolas, Carlos R., and Jean-Philip Lumb. "Mechanisms for radical reactions initiating from N-hydroxyphthalimide esters." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 20 (February 21, 2024): 346–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.20.35.

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Due to their ease of preparation, stability, and diverse reactivity, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters have found many applications as radical precursors. Mechanistically, NHPI esters undergo a reductive decarboxylative fragmentation to provide a substrate radical capable of engaging in diverse transformations. Their reduction via single-electron transfer (SET) can occur under thermal, photochemical, or electrochemical conditions and can be influenced by a number of factors, including the nature of the electron donor, the use of Brønsted and Lewis acids, and the possibility of forming charge-

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Ana, Raquel da, Anna Gliszczyńska, Elena Sanchez-Lopez, et al. "Precision Medicines for Retinal Lipid Metabolism-Related Pathologies." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 4 (2023): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040635.

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Oxidation of lipids and lipoproteins contributes to inflammation processes that promote the development of eye diseases. This is a consequence of metabolism dysregulation; for instance, that of the dysfunctional peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Dysfunction of lipid peroxidation is a critical factor in oxidative stress that causes ROS-induced cell damage. Targeting the lipid metabolism to treat ocular diseases is an interesting and effective approach that is now being considered. Indeed, among ocular structures, retina is a fundamental tissue that shows high metabolism. Lipids and glucose are fuel

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Diniz, Claudia, Bruna Velasques, Juliana Bittencourt, et al. "Cognitive mechanisms and motor control during a saccadic eye movement task: evidence from quantitative electroencephalography." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 70, no. 7 (2012): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2012000700007.

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The saccadic movement is an important behavioral measure used to investigate several cognitive processes, including attention and sensorimotor integration. The present study aimed at investigating changes in beta coherence over frontal, motor, occipital, and parietal cortices during the performance of two different conditions of a prosacadic paradigm. The conditions involved a different pattern of stimulus presentation: a fixed and random stimulus presentation. Twelve healthy volunteers (three male, mean age of 26.25 (SD=4.13) performed the task, while their brain activity pattern was recorded

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Khoo, Hock, Hui Ng, Wai-Sum Yap, Henri Goh, and Hip Yim. "Nutrients for Prevention of Macular Degeneration and Eye-Related Diseases." Antioxidants 8, no. 4 (2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8040085.

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The risk of macular degeneration can be reduced through the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods, supplements, and nutraceutical formulas. This review focuses on the antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have been reported for reducing the risk of macular degeneration and other eye-related diseases. Antioxidants including anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamins have been shown to reduce the risk of eye-related diseases. Anthocyanins extracted from berries are powerful antioxidants. Cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin are anthocyanin aglycones

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Andreatta, Walter, Stavroula Boukouvala, and Atul Bansal. "Combined Acute Haemolytic and Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma following Spontaneous Intraocular Haemorrhages in a Patient on Warfarin." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 7, no. 3 (2016): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452440.

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Background: To report the first described case of combined haemolytic and acute angle closure glaucoma secondary to spontaneous intraocular haemorrhages in a patient on excessive anticoagulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature presenting with raised intraocular pressure due to both mechanisms. Case Description: A 90-year-old woman presented with acute pain and reduction in vision in the left eye. Her intraocular pressure (IOP) was 55 mm Hg. There were red tinted blood cells in the anterior chamber giving it a reddish hue. The patient was known t

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McSorley, Eugene, Iain D. Gilchrist, and Rachel McCloy. "The role of fixation disengagement in the parallel programming of sequences of saccades." Experimental Brain Research 237, no. 11 (2019): 3033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05641-9.

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Abstract One of the core mechanisms involved in the control of saccade responses to selected target stimuli is the disengagement from the current fixation location, so that the next saccade can be executed. To carry out everyday visual tasks, we make multiple eye movements that can be programmed in parallel. However, the role of disengagement in the parallel programming of saccades has not been examined. It is well established that the need for disengagement slows down saccadic response time. This may be important in allowing the system to program accurate eye movements and have a role to play

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Niu, Xiaolin, Junji Wu, Yi Chen, Na Luo, and Yanpeng Gao. "Overlooked Photochemical Risk of Antimicrobial Fragrances: Formation of Potent Allergens and Their Mechanistic Pathways." Toxics 13, no. 5 (2025): 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050386.

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Antimicrobial fragrances, commonly found in household and personal care products, are frequently detected in water bodies, yet their environmental fate and transformation mechanisms remain inadequately explored. This study investigates the photochemical transformation of cinnamaldehyde (CA), a representative antimicrobial fragrance, and its consequence for toxicological effects. The results showed that under UV irradiation, 94.6% CA was eliminated within 60 min, with a degradation rate of 0.059 min−1. Laser flash photolysis, quenching experiments, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra id

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Dreher, B., A. Michalski, B. G. Cleland, and W. Burke. "Effects of selective pressure block of Y-type optic nerve fibers on the receptive-field properties of neurons in area 18 of the visual cortex of the cat." Visual Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (1992): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006374.

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AbstractRecordings were made from single neurons in area 18 of anesthetized cats (N2O/O2 mixture supplemented by continuous intravenous infusion of barbiturate) in which one optic nerve had been pressure blocked to selectively block conduction in the largest (Y-type) fibers. Cortical neurons were stimulated visually via the normal eye or via the eye with the pressure-blocked optic nerve (“Y-blocked eye”). Several properties of the receptive fields such as their spatial organization (S or C cells), orientation tuning, and the presence and strength of end-zone inhibition appear to be unaffected

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Staniszewska, Magdalena M., and Ram H. Nagaraj. "3-Hydroxykynurenine-mediated Modification of Human Lens Proteins." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 23 (2005): 22154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m501419200.

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Tryptophan can be oxidized in the eye lens by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Oxidation products, such as kynurenines, react with proteins to form yellow-brown pigments and cause covalent cross-linking. We generated a monoclonal antibody against 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKYN)-modified keyhole limpet hemocyanin and characterized it using 3OHKYN-modified amino acids and proteins. This monoclonal antibody reacted with 3OHKYN-modified Nα-acetyl lysine, Nα-acetyl histidine, Nα-acetyl arginine, and Nα-acetyl cysteine. Among the several tryptophan oxidation products tested, 3OHKYN produced

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Armson, Michael J., Jennifer D. Ryan, and Brian Levine. "Maintaining fixation does not increase demands on working memory relative to free viewing." PeerJ 7 (April 29, 2019): e6839. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6839.

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The comparison of memory performance during free and fixed viewing conditions has been used to demonstrate the involvement of eye movements in memory encoding and retrieval, with stronger effects at encoding than retrieval. Relative to conditions of free viewing, participants generally show reduced memory performance following sustained fixation, suggesting that unrestricted eye movements benefit memory. However, the cognitive basis of the memory reduction during fixed viewing is uncertain, with possible mechanisms including disruption of visual-mnemonic and/or imagery processes with sustained

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Riadnova, Viktoriia V., Liudmyla K. Voskresenska, Iryna S. Steblovska, and Olha Y. Maksymuk. "COMPARISON OF FREE RADICAL LIPID PEROXIDATION PROCESSES IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GLAUCOMA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 7 (2022): 1693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202207116.

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The aim: To investigate and compare the effects of free radical lipid peroxidation, antioxidant supply and the state of hydro- and hemodynamics of the eye on the course and progression of the glaucoma process in patients with primary and secondary glaucoma. Materials and methods: We observed 123 patients with primary and secondary glaucoma and 58 apparently healthy individuals, constituting the control group. The first group included 62 patients diagnosed with primary compensated glaucoma. The remaining 61 patients, who constituted the second group of subjects, were included in the study with

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Kryzhevskyi, Yevhenii, Olga Bilyayeva, Sergiy Rykov, et al. "Study of new pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy development in patients with diabetic foot syndrome." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 4 (2021): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.04.024.

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Introduction and purpose. Diabetes is one of the underlying causes of blindness and other long-term negative consequences that significantly affect patients’ quality of life. The study aimed to determine the indicators characterizing the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of vascular dysfunction, in particular diabetic retinopathy (DR), and the relationship of these changes with nitric oxide. Material and methods. There were 2114 patients with various surgical diseases under observation (including 1073 patients with purulent-septic soft tissue diseases), among them there were 193 patie

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Kimmig, H. G., F. A. Miles, and U. Schwarz. "Effects of stationary textured backgrounds on the initiation of pursuit eye movements in monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 6 (1992): 2147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.6.2147.

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1. The initial ocular pursuit of small target spots (0.25 degrees diam) that suddenly start to move at constant speed (ramps) was recorded in four rhesus monkeys with the electromagnetic search coil technique. All target motions were horizontal, and both eyes were monitored. 2. In agreement with the observations of Keller and Khan, stationary textured backgrounds substantially reduced the initial eye acceleration achieved during pursuit but did not affect its latency. Correlation techniques were used to assess the changes in the eye speed profiles and indicated that the reduction in eye accele

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Abhijeet, Bhaidas Patil, Ashok Nimmalwar Archana, and P. Sambarey Prajakta. "Comparative Evaluation of Visual Outcome of Cataract Surgery in Patients with Type-II Diabetes Mellitus with Those without Diabetes in a Rural Medical College Hospital." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 11 (2024): 373–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14250872.

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It is also noted that cataract develops at an earlier age in diabetics. In addition to cataract vision is affected in diabetics by other mechanisms too. Diabetes causes microangiopathy which manifests as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Newer studies have shown that retinal neurodegeneration also occurs along with or may precede retinal vasculopathy. Retinal neurodegeneration caused by diabetes clinically manifests as reduction in retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell layer and also Muller cells. It also affects colour vision and other aspects like spatial frequency and cha

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Lavigne, G. J., T. Kato, A. Kolta, and B. J. Sessle. "Neurobiological Mechanisms Involved in Sleep Bruxism." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 14, no. 1 (2003): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400104.

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Sleep bruxism (SB) is reported by 8% of the adult population and is mainly associated with rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) characterized by repetitive jaw muscle contractions (3 bursts or more at a frequency of 1 Hz). The consequences of SB may include tooth destruction, jaw pain, headaches, or the limitation of mandibular movement, as well as tooth-grinding sounds that disrupt the sleep of bed partners. SB is probably an extreme manifestation of a masticatory muscle activity occurring during the sleep of most normal subjects, since RMMA is observed in 60% of normal sleepers in the

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Distler, C., and K. P. Hoffmann. "The pupillary light reflex in normal and innate microstrabismic cats, I: Behavior and receptive-field analysis in the nucleus praetectalis olivaris." Visual Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (1989): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800004442.

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AbstractNeurons in the nucleus praetectalis olivaris (NPO) were antidromically identified by electrical stimulation of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (EW), the location of preganglionic pupilloconstrictor motoneurons. Electrical stimulation within the NPO leads to bilateral pupil constriction. Single neurons recorded in the NPO respond tonically to light stimuli, and their discharge frequency increases linearly with logarithmic increase in light intensity. This characteristic identifies NPO neurons as luminance detectors. They have large receptive fields mostly lying in the upper and contrala

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Balakathiresan, Nagaraja S., Manish Bhomia, Min Zhai, et al. "MicroRNAs in Basolateral Amygdala Associated with Stress and Fear Memories Regulate Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Rats." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040489.

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Stress-related sleep disturbances are distressing clinical symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Intensely stressful events and their memories change rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in animal models. REM sleep varies with individual differences of stress resilience or vulnerability. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a primary mediator of the effects of stress and fear memories on sleep. However, the molecular mechanisms in BLA regulating the effects of fear conditioning, shock training (ST) and context re-exposure (CTX) on REM sleep are not well known. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small

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Laborde, Marie Caroline Ferreira, Deila Magna dos Santos Botelho, Gabriel Alfonso Alvarez Rodriguez, et al. "PHIALOMYCES MACROSPORUS REDUCES CERCOSPORA COFFEICOLA SURVIVAL ON SYMPTOMATIC COFFEE LEAVES." Coffee Science 14, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25186/cs.v14i1.1448.

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<p>Saprobe fungi and necrotrophic pathogens share the same niche within crop stubble and the search for fungi non-pathogenic to plants that are able to displace the plant pathogens from its overwintering substrate contributes to the disease management. Brown eye spot (<em>Cercospora coffeicola</em>) is among the most important coffee diseases, it is caused by a necrotrophic pathogen that has decaying leaves as its major source of inoculum. We have screened saprobe fungi for the ability to reduce <em>C. coffeicola</em> sporulation and viability and determined the p

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Engel, Kevin C., John H. Anderson, and John F. Soechting. "Similarity in the Response of Smooth Pursuit and Manual Tracking to a Change in the Direction of Target Motion." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 3 (2000): 1149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1149.

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Subjects were asked to track, with their eyes or their hand, the movement of a target that maintained a constant speed and made a single, abrupt change in direction. The tracking speed and direction of motion after the step change in target direction were compared for the eyes and the hand. After removal of the saccades from the eye movement records, it was found that in both cases, there was a slow rotation from the initial direction to the new direction. For the eyes and the hand, it was found that this change in direction of movement occurred at a similar rate that was proportional to the m

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Schmeer, Christian, Alexandra Kretz, and Stefan Isenmann. "Statin-mediated protective effects in the central nervous system: General mechanisms and putative role of stress proteins." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 24, no. 2 (2006): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-2006-00333.

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Purpose: The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or "statins", are used as cholesterol-lowering agents worldwide. This review, focused on recent experimental and clinical data, summarizes general mechanisms of statin actions underlying neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and presents evidence for putative mechanisms involving heat shock proteins and the survival-related PI-3K/Akt pathway that may be beneficial for the treatment of neurological disorders. Methods: We carried out a medline search on statin actions, with respect to biochem

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Smith, Earl L., Yuzo Chino, Jinren Ni, and Han Cheng. "Binocular Combination of Contrast Signals by Striate Cortical Neurons in the Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (1997): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.366.

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Smith, Earl L., III, Yuzo Chino, Jinren Ni, and Han Cheng. Binocular combination of contrast signals by striate cortical neurons in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 366–382, 1997. With the use of microelectrode recording techniques, we investigated how the contrast signals from the two eyes are combined in individual cortical neurons in the striate cortex of anesthetized and paralyzed macaque monkeys. For a given neuron, the optimal spatial frequency, orientation, and direction of drift for sine wave grating stimuli were determined for each eye. The cell's disparity tuning characteristics were

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Hurst, José, Sandra Kuehn, Adelina Jashari, et al. "A Novel Porcine Ex Vivo Retina Culture Model for Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 45, no. 1 (2017): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119291704500105.

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Oxidative stress is a key player in many ophthalmic diseases. However, the role of oxidative stress in most degenerative processes is not yet known. Therefore, accurate and practical models are required to efficiently screen for therapeutics. Porcine eyes are closely related to the human eye, and can be obtained from the abattoir as a by-product of the food industry. Therefore, they offer excellent opportunities for the development of culture models with which to pre-screen potential therapies, while reducing the use of laboratory animals. To induce oxidative stress, organotypic cultures of po

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Bourrelly, Clara, Julie Quinet, Patrick Cavanagh, and Laurent Goffart. "Learning the trajectory of a moving visual target and evolution of its tracking in the monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (2016): 2739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00519.2016.

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An object moving in the visual field triggers a saccade that brings its image onto the fovea. It is followed by a combination of slow eye movements and catch-up saccades that try to keep the target image on the fovea as long as possible. The accuracy of this ability to track the “here-and-now” location of a visual target contrasts with the spatiotemporally distributed nature of its encoding in the brain. We show in six experimentally naive monkeys how this performance is acquired and gradually evolves during successive daily sessions. During the early exposure, the tracking is mostly saltatory

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Silvani, Alessandro, and Roger A. L. Dampney. "Central control of cardiovascular function during sleep." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 305, no. 12 (2013): H1683—H1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00554.2013.

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There is increasing evidence that cardiovascular control during sleep is relevant for cardiovascular risk. This evidence warrants increased experimental efforts to understand the physiological mechanisms of such control. This review summarizes current knowledge on autonomic features of sleep states [non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS)] and proposes some testable hypotheses concerning the underlying neural circuits. The physiological reduction of blood pressure (BP) during the night (BP dipping phenomenon) is mainly caused by generalized cardiovascular deact

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Szentirmai, Éva, Levente Kapás, Yuxiang Sun, Roy G. Smith, and James M. Krueger. "Spontaneous sleep and homeostatic sleep regulation in ghrelin knockout mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 1 (2007): R510—R517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00155.2007.

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Ghrelin is well known for its feeding and growth hormone-releasing actions. It may also be involved in sleep regulation; intracerebroventricular administration and hypothalamic microinjections of ghrelin stimulate wakefulness in rats. Hypothalamic ghrelin, together with neuropeptide Y and orexin form a food intake-regulatory circuit. We hypothesized that this circuit also promotes arousal. To further investigate the role of ghrelin in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness, we characterized spontaneous and homeostatic sleep regulation in ghrelin knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Both groups

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