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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oxidative modification of proteins'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Gomez-Mingot, Maria. "Bioelectrochemistry focused on oxidative stress: modification of proteins and development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/35717.

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Esta tesis doctoral se centra en el aprovechamiento de varias metodologías basadas en técnicas electroquímicas y analíticas para la detección del estrés oxidativo en medios complejos biológicos, en partículas, proteínas y medios complejos biológicos. 1. Modificación covalente de aminoácidos en proteínas redox y no redox por métodos electroquímicos, químicos o mediante irradiación ultrasónica, y estudios de cinética de la transferencia electrónica sobre electrodos serigrafiados de carbón. 2. Estudios metabolómicos de medios de cultivo celular complejos y desarrollo de sensores y biosensores par

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2

Velyka, A. Ya. "Oxidative modification of proteins under water and salt stress associated with the HgCl2 nephropathy." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18350.

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3

Liu, Quan. "PHOSPHORYLATION AND SEQUENCE DEPENDENCY OF NEUROFILAMENT PROTEIN OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE." Connect to text online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1102024839.

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4

Hamnell-Pamment, Ylva. "Novel methods for the identification of cellular S-glutathionylated proteins and sites of glutathionedependent modification using affinity chromatography and proteomic analyses /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-248-9/.

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5

Ferenchuk, Ye O. "Effect of glutathione on the levels of oxidative modification of proteins in the blood by nephropathy." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18522.

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6

Wang, Xu. "CONTROLLED OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION WITH GLUCOSE OXIDASE TO ENHANCE THE RHEOLOGICAL AND GELLING PROPERTIES OF MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/74.

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This study investigated the feasibility of oxidative modification with glucose oxidase (GluOx) to enhance the rheological and gelling properties of myofibrillar protein. Differential oxidative modifications of myofibrillar protein (MP) by hydroxyl radicals generated in an enzymatic system with glucose oxidase (GluOx) in the presence of glucose/FeSO4 compared to a Fenton system (H2O2/FeSO4) were investigated. Firmer and more elastic MP gels were produced by the GluOx-oxidizing system than by the Fenton system at comparable H2O2 levels due to an altered radical reaction pathway. The study furthe

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7

Basoah, Afua. "The effect of oxidative stress on protein modification and degradation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400552.

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8

Shi, Chuan. "Protein Modification and Catabolic Fates of Lipid Peroxidation Products." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1481231287497328.

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9

Бевзо, Валентина Вікторівна, and Єлена Олександрівна Ференчук. "Effects of melatonin on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins in muscle tissue of diabetic rats." Thesis, III Международная научно-практическая конференция «Наука и медицина: современный взгляд молодежи», 2016. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11279.

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10

Martinez, Sarah N. "Stress Response by Alternative σ-factor, RpoH, and Analysis of Posttranslational Modification of the Heat Shock Protein, Dnak, in Escherichia coli". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc801924/.

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Bacteria have developed specialized responses that involve the expression of particular genes present in a given regulon. Sigma factors provide regulatory mechanisms to respond to stress by acting as transcriptional initiation factors. This work focuses on σ32 during oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. The differential response of key heat shock (HS) genes was investigated during HS and oxidative stress using qPCR techniques. While groEL and dnaJ experienced increases in transcriptional response to H2O2 (10 mM), HS (42°C), and paraquat (50 mM) exposure, the abundance of dnaK over the co-chap

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11

Parker, Nicole Renee. "The role of kynurenine and UV light in lens protein modification." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060720.111305/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2005.<br>Typescript. EMBARGOED - This thesis is subject to a 12 month embargo (07/03/06 to 07/03/07) and may only be viewed and copied with the permission of the author. For further information please Contact the Archivist. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 236-266.

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12

Шумко, Г. І. "Інтенсивність окисної модифікації білків в осіб, хворих на бронхіальну астму". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47679.

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Численні наукові повідомлення доводять, що активні форми кисню (АФК) викликають окисну модифікацію білків (ОМБ) з утворенням карбонільних похідних амінокислотних залишків. Згідно сучасним уявленням, у розвитку та прогресуванні бронхіальної астми (БА) велику роль відіграє зростання ОМБ, будучи одним із найважливіших механізмів регуляції стану мембран і клітин. Метою нашого дослідження є оцінка інтенсивності ОМБ в осіб молодого віку, хворих на БА залежно від .

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13

Bilous, I. I., V. M. Pashkovskyi, L. B. Pavlovych, and N. I. Bytsko. "The dynamics of the parameter of lipid peroxidation, the oxidative modification of proteins and the of the blood antioxidant system 3 and 6 months after treating diabetic polyneuropathy." Thesis, Materials of the XII International scientific and practical conference «Trends of modern science - 2016». - Sheffield, May 30 – June 7, 2016. - P. 64 -69, 2016. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11548.

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14

Gkatza, Nikoletta A. "RNA modifications and processing in cell homeostasis and in response to oxidative stress." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277276.

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RNA modifications and processing events are important modulators of global gene expression. Genomic mutations in the RNA methylase NSun2 and the alternative splicing factor Srsf2 are linked to neurological disorders and cancer in humans, respectively. NSun2 methylates cytosine-5 in most tRNAs and, to a lesser extent, other ncRNAs and mRNAs. Srsf2 is a critical component of the spliceosome and interacts with abundant ncRNAs that are methylated by NSun2. However, how precisely these processes effect homeostasis is largely unexplored. Therefore, the main aims of my PhD were (1) to dissect the mol

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15

Bilous, I. I. "The dynamics of the parameters of lipid peroxidation, the oxidative modification of proteins and the state of the blood antioxidant system 3 and 6 months after treating diabetic polyneuropathy." Thesis, БДМУ, 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17030.

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16

Bilous, Iryna Ivanivna. "The dynamics of the parameters of lipid peroxidation, the oxidative modification of proteins and the state of the blood antioxidant system 3 and 6 months after treating diabetic polyneuropathy." Thesis, ВДНЗ України "Буковинський державний медичний уніврситет", 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/14083.

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17

Liu, Jing. "EFFECT OF AMYLOSE AND PROTEIN OXIDATION ON THE THERMAL, RHEOLOGICAL, STRUCTURAL, AND DIGESTIVE PROPERTIES OF WAXY AND COMMON RICE FLOURS AND STARCHES." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/23.

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The effects of oxidation by sodium hypochlorite (0, 0.8, 2, and 5%, NaOCl), the presence of endogenous proteins, and amylose content on waxy and common rice flours (WF, CF) and starches (WS, CS) were investigated in terms of in vitro starch digestibility, morphology and surface properties, and thermal and rheological characteristics. The concentration of NaOCl had an effect on all the samples including WF, CF, WS, and CS. The carbonyl and carboxyl group contents increased up to 25 and 10 folds (P < 0.05) of oxidized starches (WS, CS), respectively. Only mild oxidation (P < 0.05) occurred in fl

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18

Mensah, Eric. "Creation of a Site-Directed Mutant of Hen Egg White Lysozyme Working Toward Site-Specific Oxidation as it Relates to Protein Structure." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1251756763.

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19

Costa, N. J. "Mitochondrial protein thiol modifications during oxidative stress." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598052.

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The focus of this thesis is to investigate the interactions of mitochondrial protein thiols with ROS and examine the oxidation of these thiols in response to oxidative stress. Among these protein thiol modifications, an area of great interest is the interactions of mitochondrial protein thiols with glutathione, therefore possible connections between the modifications and cell death were investigated. I explored the possibility that staurosporine (STS) induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, causing early changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), by changing the thiol redox

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20

Annangudi, Palani Suresh Babu. "Lipid-based Oxidative Protein Modifications in Glaucoma." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1129558048.

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21

Moreira, Ana Sofia Pereira. "Study of modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment in oligo and polysaccharides of coffee by mass spectrometry." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17074.

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Doutoramento em Bioquímica<br>Os polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanh

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22

Hogg, Neil. "Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein." Thesis, University of Essex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316228.

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23

Pannala, Venkata Ananth Sekher. "Peroxynitrite induced oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301124.

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24

Konz, John O. (John Otto) 1971. "Oxidative damage to recombinant proteins during production." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17472.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1998.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-222).<br>Since the introduction of recombinant human insulin nearly two decades ago, recombinant proteins have increasingly been utilized as therapeutic agents. In addition, expression of recombinant proteins is now a common tool used in basic research. Recombinant proteins are subject to many subtle modifications that can affect their properties; among these modifications, oxidative damage is one of the most ubiquitous. Oxidative damage, however, is only

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25

Kendall, Georgina. "Electrochemical modification of proteins for biosensors." Thesis, Coventry University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247679.

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26

Rhonemus, Troy A. "Reagents for protein analysis and modification." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115753.

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27

Kolodziejski, Jakub. "Twist proteins as oxidative and hypoxic stress regulators." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS008/document.

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Les facteurs de transcription Twist1 et Twist2 (famille Twist) jouent un rôle majeur dans le développement embryonnaire et dans la progression tumorale. Leur potentiel oncogénique dérive directement de la combinaison de leurs nombreuses activités développementales. Les gènes Twist peuvent notamment, en induisant la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT), promouvoir l’invasion des cellules cancéreuses et participer de ce fait aux processus métastatique. De plus, en bloquant l’activité des voies de signalisation Rb et p53, ils peuvent inhiber les deux principaux programmes de sauvegarde cell

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28

Gaal, Jozsef C. "Covalent modification of proteins by ADP-ribosylation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU367158.

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The fields of nuclear and extra-nuclear ADP- ribosylation reactions have been reviewed with a view to clarifying much of the recently published but often conflicting literature. The major reactions reportedly carried out by the nuclear ADPRT have been summarised in the form of two simple diagrams. The reviewed data are consistent with the hypothesis that monomeric and polymeric ADP-ribosylation are unified and interdependent reactions probably carried out by a combination of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase and a single species of ADP-ribosyl transferase. Polyoma-virus transformed BHK fibroblas

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29

Satwekar, Abhijeet Ajit. "Site-specific modification of proteins by transglutaminase." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427542.

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Site-specific modification of proteins by transglutaminase Transglutaminase (TGase; EC 2.3.2.13) catalyzes the reaction between the γ-amido group of a protein-bound Gln residue (–CONH2, the acceptor) and an amino group (–NH2, the donor) of an alkyl-amine (protein-CONH2 + H2N-ligand → protein-CONH-ligand + NH3). In the case of protein substrates, TGase causes an intra- and inter-molecular crosslinking of proteins by formation of an isopeptide bond involving the side chains of Gln and Lys residues. The acyl donor can be also a small amido-ligand mimicking the Gln residue, so that TGase allows

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30

Doherty, Sean. "Apoplastic proteins, enzymes and radicals." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4376/.

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The soluble and readily extractable part of the plant extracellular matrix has been termed, the apoplast and contains a wide range of components such as, complex carbohydrates, structural proteins, enzymes and radicals that are known to be responsive to stress and developmental pressures. This thesis describes the development of a technique for the selective enrichment of apoplastic components for a range of subsequent analyses. Using this technique a number of apoplastic proteins were N-terminally sequenced and revealed 2 cell wall related enzymes, an antifungal protein and 3 auxin-binding/ge

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31

Arcan, İskender Yemenicioğlu Ahmet. "Characterization and modification of antioxidant proteins from plat materials/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/master/biyoteknoloji/T000370.pdf.

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32

Damiano, Nunzio. "Transglutaminase-mediated modification of proteins: Molecular mechanisms and metal-labelling of proteins." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422494.

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Abstract Transglutaminase (TGase) is a 331-residue monomeric microbial enzyme produced by recombinant methods, easily available from a commercial source and well characterized in structural terms. TGase catalyzes the reaction between the γ-amido group of a protein-bound Gln residue (–CONH2, the acceptor) and an amino group (–NH2, the donor) of an alkyl-amine. This enzymatic approach appears to be mild and specific for glutamine (Gln) and lysine (Lys) residues of a protein. Indeed, initial experiments have already established that TGase can be used for an effective modification of proteins.

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33

Lowe, V. J. "The modification of electrode surfaces." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379931.

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34

Amaning, Kwame S. "The consequences of tyrosine modification in signalling proteins." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29666.

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Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous signalling molecule that plays a key role in cell physiology. Nitric oxide can react with a number of agents in vivo to form reactive species capable of modifying a range of biomolecules. The formation of nitrotyrosine in cells and tissues exposed to reactive nitrogen species is well documented, however, the mechanisms through which this modification affects cell function continue to be elucidated. SH2 domains are the major endogenous receptors that mediate protein- protein interactions between phosphotyrosine containing proteins and their intracellular binding par

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35

Krahmer, Johanna. "Circadian abundance and modification of proteins in Arabidopsis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15969.

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Circadian clocks are endogenous pacemakers found in many organisms including plants, generating approximately 24h rhythms. Knowledge about the plant circadian clock plays a role for crop improvement. The plant circadian clock and its downstream outputs have been studied in detail by transcriptomics, however post-transcriptional and post-translational aspects are still to be researched. In addition, it has recently been shown that a protein modification remains rhythmic when rhythmic transcription is absent. This gives evidence for the existence of two oscillators: a transcription-translation f

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36

Njila, Sharon. "Modification of the functional properties of zein and kafirin protein films by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65931.

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Maize and sorghum flours do not form viscoelastic doughs similar to wheat flour. However, isolated zein (maize prolamin) can form a viscoelastic dough when first cast into a film and then hydrated in water above its glass transition temperature (Tg). Wheat gluten functionality is strongly influenced by disulphide and dityrosine bonding. Furthermore, kafirin (sorghum prolamin) films are stabilised by disulphide bonds formed through cysteine oxidation. Thus, this study determined the effects of oxidising commercial zein (mainly ?-zein), total zein (?-, ?-, ?- and ?-zein) and total kafirin (?-, ?

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37

Govindarajan, Bharathi. "OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION OF INTRA AND EXTRACELLULAR PROTEASES IN THE PATHOLOGY OF GLAUCOMA." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1222729349.

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38

Gregory, Mary Sarah-Jane, and n/a. "Thioredoxin and Oxidative Stress." Griffith University. School of Health Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040301.082639.

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The experiments described in this thesis involve the expression and characterisation of recombinant truncated thioredoxin (tTrx) and the potential involvement that thioredoxin (Trx) has in the cellular responses to oxidative stress. Truncated Trx (80 amino acids) was expressed from a plasmid containing the ORF for tTrx that had been introduced into E.coli BL-21(DE3) cells. The protein was initially extracted using a combination of high concentrations of urea, high pH levels, and multiple sonification steps to remove the tTrx from inclusion bodies formed during expression. This procedure pro

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39

Gregory, Mary Sarah-Jane. "Thioredoxin and Oxidative Stress." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367183.

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The experiments described in this thesis involve the expression and characterisation of recombinant truncated thioredoxin (tTrx) and the potential involvement that thioredoxin (Trx) has in the cellular responses to oxidative stress. Truncated Trx (80 amino acids) was expressed from a plasmid containing the ORF for tTrx that had been introduced into E.coli BL-21(DE3) cells. The protein was initially extracted using a combination of high concentrations of urea, high pH levels, and multiple sonification steps to remove the tTrx from inclusion bodies formed during expression. This procedure pro

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40

Tang, Yizhe. "Modification of adenovirus capsid proteins for gene therapy applications." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2010r/tang.pdf.

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41

Filipe, Soares Renata. "Proteomic analysis of post-translational modification of streptococcal proteins." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618344.

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42

Montpetit, Benjamen H. W. "Regulation of budding yeast kinetochore proteins by SUMO modification." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30958.

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Genome stability is a fundamental requirement for the stable propagation of eukaryotic cells, maintenance of phenotype, and cell viability. For example, aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number), is a hallmark of most human cancers, and can be attributed to increased rates of chromosome instability in cancer cells. The multiprotein kinetochore complex contributes to faithful chromosome segregation by mediating the attachment of a specialized chromosomal region, the centromere, to the mitotic spindle. A dysfunctional kinetochore represents one possible source for chromosome instability and the ge

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43

Lupi, Rosita. "Characterization of post translational modification of heterotrimeric G proteins." Thesis, Open University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343748.

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44

Popa, Gina. "Development of artificial metalloenzymes via covalent modification of proteins." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1836.

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Development of selective artificial metalloenzymes by combining the biological concepts for selective recognition with those of transition metal catalysis has received much attention during the last decade. Targeting covalent incorporation of organometallic catalysts into proteins, we explored site-selective covalent coupling of phosphane and N–containing ligands. The successful approach for incorporation of phosphane ligands we report herein consists of site-specific covalent coupling of a maleimide functionalized hydrazide into proteins, followed by coupling of aldehyde functionalized phosph

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45

Rodrigues, Ângela. "Chemical modification of vegetable oils to improve oxidative resistance and physical properties." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501958.

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This thesis investigates the acetylation of the unsaturated groups present in the hydrocarbon chain of rapeseed oil and esterification of the hydroxyl groups present in hydrogenated castor oil. The reaction of carboxylic acids, acetic anhydride and acid chlorides with the hydroxyl group of solid hydrogenated castor oil is explored to instigate a change in the physical properties. Such modifications often change the solid, lard-like material, into a liquid with potential for use as a dielectric fluid. The reaction of hydrogenated castor oil with acetic acid and sulphuric acid or PTSA as catalys

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46

Fukui, Hirokazu. "Mitochondrial Involvement in the Accumulation of Misfolded Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/41.

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Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency and increased oxidative stress have been closely associated with major age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. I hypothesized that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation defects or elevated oxidative stress, which could arise in a stochastic manner during our normal aging process, might modulate the formation of protein aggregates or production of misfolded proteins, contributing to the initiation of these diseases. To test this hypothesis, we (i) have developed and characterized mouse and cellular models of Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases

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47

Quinlan, Gregory John. "Oxidative damage to extracellular proteins and lipids during acute lung injury." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281713.

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48

陳穎敏 and Wing-man Chan. "Chemical modifications of proteins from soymilk residue (Okara)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220459.

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49

Beswick, H. T. "Post-translational modification of lens proteins in relation to cataract." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354818.

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50

Washington, Benny Jr. "Enzymatic modification of synthetic mRNA's and their interaction with proteins." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1985. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1244.

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All eukaryotic mRNAs analyzed to date contain, at their 5' end, a cap structure consisting of a reversed 7-methyl guanosine residue linked at the 5' position of the ribose by a triphosphate to the 5'- position of the terminal residue. Since its discovery, the cap structure has been shown to play an important role in the control of initiation of protein synthesis. Further characterization of mRNAs has revealed other unique properties. Its 3' terminus in most eukaryotes is enriched with a sequence of adenylic acid residues called the poly(A) tail. Photoaffinity binding studies, using photoaffini

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