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Hodgson, Gregory K. "Samarium Oxide Based Nanomaterials for Heterogeneous Catalysis." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37785.
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The emergence of unique or enhanced physical, chemical and optical material properties at the nanoscale underlies the swift rise of nanomaterials science over recent decades. Within this interdisciplinary field, catalysis performed by nanomaterials (i.e. nanocatalysis) is one area where differences between nanoscale and bulk material properties offer particularly attractive opportunities for application. The consequent pursuit of viable nanomaterials with unprecedented catalytic activity has inevitably expanded across the periodic table, whereby a number of highly efficient precious metal, metal oxide and composite nanostructured catalysts have been developed for a wide range of synthetic organic and inorganic transformations. The lanthanide series has not been excluded from this search, but is still underrepresented in catalysis despite some rich chemistry and reactivity which sets these elements apart from many other metals. More recently however, the necessary paradigm shift away from commonly utilized but expensive, potentially toxic precious metal catalysts, and toward more sustainable alternatives, has seen an upsurge in the development of novel nanomaterials for heterogeneous catalysis: the general topic of this doctoral thesis.
Heterogeneous nanocatalysis offers distinct advantages over homogeneous catalysis. Catalyst recyclability, ease of separation from reaction mixtures, and minimal product contamination all contribute to the higher overall effectiveness of heterogeneous catalysts relative to their homogeneous counterparts. The use of light as an abundant reagent, both in nanomaterial fabrication and for photocatalysis, is another attractive prospect. This dissertation addresses both points, describing the iterative development and application of photochemically-prepared samarium oxide based nanomaterials for heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis. Through a series of related peer-reviewed publications and associated commentary, the evolution of the application-driven design of a nanomaterial which is both efficient and effective for a diversity of heterogeneous catalytic and photocatalytic transformations is presented. Major findings include 1) both colloidal and supported samarium oxide nanoparticles can be prepared photochemically and comprise primarily Sm2O3 but may contain localized mixed valences or dynamic surface oxidation states; 2) colloidal samarium oxide nanoparticles possess high activity for Brønsted acid and oxidative catalysis, but recyclability and overall effectiveness is less than optimal due to a combination of polydispersity and size-dependent catalytic activity; 3) a similarly-prepared “second generation” samarium oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposite presented several advantages over its predecessor, performing highly efficient and effective pure heterogeneous, dual photoredox-Lewis acid catalysis in two different types of synthetically relevant photocyclizations. Effects of different nanoparticle supports, rare insights into the catalytic mechanisms and behaviour of these nanomaterials‒obtained at the single molecule level by innovative application of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) to catalysis research‒as well as advances in TIRFM data analysis protocols, are also discussed.
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Garzón, Manjón Alba. "Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Superconducting Nanocomposites and Other Applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399330.
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Los proceso térmicos y por microondas, se utilizan para sintetizar nanopartículas de diferentes óxidos metálicos tales como magnetita (Fe3O4) y óxido de cerio (CeO2). Mediante la modificación de los precursores Fe(R2diket)3 (R = Ph, tBu y CF3), Ce(acac)3 y Ce(OAc)3, y siguiendo la misma ruta de síntesis, es posible controlar el tamaño y la forma de los nanocristales obtenidos. La ruta general se lleva a cabo en trietilenglicol (TREG) o benzylalcohol (BnOH), debido a su alto punto de ebullición y que además puede actuar como estabilizante de las nanopartículas en disolventes polares.
Las nanopartículas se han caracterizado por varias técnicas de laboratorio comunes: Alta Resolución Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión (HR TEM), espectroscopia infrarroja (IR), Rayos X (XRPD), magnetometría tal como Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN), Cromatografía de Gases-Espectroscopía de Masas (GC-MS), Espectroscopia de fotoelectrones emitidos por rayos X (XPS) y Análisis Termogravimétrico (TGA). Con todas estas técnicas, el tamaño final, la forma, la composición, la estructura cristalina, el comportamiento magnético y la interacción del ligando con la superficie de las nanopartículas han sido estudiadas y caracterizadas. Además, se demuestra la alta eficiencia de los das dos metodologías que se han optimizado para sintetizar nanopartículas de diferentes familias.
Las soluciones coloidales estables obtenidas en etanol se han utilizado para generar capas superconductoras de YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) debido a que la corriente crítica se puede aumentar cuando se incrustan las nanopartículas.
Finalmente, una nueva aplicación como comportamiento antioxidante en células humanas se ha llevado a cabo para el caso de las nanopartículas de CeO2 debido a sus específicas propiedades que las hacen muy interesantes en este nuevo campo.Thermal and microwave methodologies are used to synthesize different metal oxides nanoparticles such as magnetite (Fe3O4), cerium oxide (CeO2). By modifying the precursors (Fe(R2diket)3 (R= Ph, tBu and CF3), Ce(acac)3 and Ce(OAc)3), and following the same synthetic route, it is possible to control the size and shape of the nanocrystals obtained. The general route is carried out in triethylene glycol (TREG) or benzyl alcohol (BnOH) media, due to its high boiling point and, which acts also as a capping ligand of the nanoparticles, stabilizing them in polar solvents. Nanoparticles have been characterized by several common physical laboratory techniques: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), magnetometry via Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (RMN), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). With all these techniques, the final size, shape, composition, crystal structure, magnetic behaviour and capping ligand interaction have been studied, showing the high quality crystals generated. In addition, we demonstrate the high efficiency of all two one-pot methodologies that have been optimized to synthesize different families of nanoparticles. The stable colloidal solutions obtained in ethanol have been used to generate ex-situ hybrid YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) superconducting layers because the critical current can be increased when the nanoparticles are embedded. Finally, a new application as an antioxidant behaviour in human cells is tested for the case of CeO2 nanoparticles due to their specifically properties that make them really interested in this new field.
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Yang, Rusen. "Oxide nanomaterials synthesis, structure, properties and novel devices /." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06212007-161309/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Peter J. Hesketh, Committee Member ; Zhong Lin Wang, Committee Chair ; C.P. Wong, Committee Member ; Robert L. Snyder, Committee Member ; Christopher Summers, Committee Member.
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Mai, Wenjie. "Synthesis, characterization and application of ZnO nanomaterials." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28172.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Wang, Zhong Lin; Committee Member: Gall, Kenneth A.; Committee Member: Snyder, Robert L.; Committee Member: Wong, Ching-Ping; Committee Member: Wu, C.F. Jeff.
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Yeandel, Stephen. "Atomistic simulation of thermal transport in oxide nanomaterials." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687351.
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The aim of this work has been to use atomistic computer simulation methods to calculate the thermal conductivity and investigate factors that will modify the behaviour when applied to three different oxide materials: MgO, SiO2 and SrTiO3. These were chosen as they represent distinct classes of materials and are substrates for thermoelectric devices, where one of the primary goals is to tailor the system to reduce the thermal conductivity. Chapter 1 introduces thermoelectric concepts, gives a background of the theory and a review of various important thermoelectric materials. In Chapter 2 an overview of the interatomic interactions is presented along with details on the implementation of these interactions in a simulation of a 3D periodic crystal. Chapter 3 outlines the importance of phonon processes in crystals and several approaches to the calculation of thermal conductivity are presented. MgO results are given in Chapter 4. Both the Green-Kubo and Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) methods of calculating thermal conductivity were used. The effect on thermal conductivity of two different grain boundary systems are then compared and finally extended to MgO nanostructures, thus identifying the role of surfaces and complex nanostructure architectures on thermal conductivity. In Chapter 5 two different materials with the formula unit SiO2 are considered. The two materials are quartz and silicalite which show interesting negative thermal expansion behaviour which may impact upon the thermal transport within the material. Chapter 6 presents results on the promising thermoelectric material STO. Once again the results from both Green-Kubo and BTE calculations are compared. Grain boundaries are also studied and the effect of inter-boundary distance and boundary type on the thermal conductivity is explored. Finally, a nanostructured STO system (assembled nanocubes) with promising thermoelectric applications is studied. Chapter 7 outlines the conclusions made from this work and suggests areas for future study.
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Gravani, Styliani. "Synthesis of nanomaterials via anodic aluminium oxide templates." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616919.
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This thesis is concerned with the synthesis of 1 D nanomaterials via a template-assisted route. Porous anodic aluminium oxide templates prepared electrochemically have been utilised with two intrinsically different deposition techniques, sol-gel and high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS), to obtain ID metal and metal oxide nanowires and nanotubes. The resultant morphologies and crystal structures were examined via SEM, XPS, XRD, TEM and EELS. A number of porous template alumina structures have been grown via the anodisation of pure and sputtered aluminium. The effects of surface pre-treatments, etching treatments and anodisation conditions on the resultant morphologies were investigated. It has been found that pore growth is largely dependent on the surface roughness of the substrate as well as the anodisation conditions. The anodisation duration is critical in promoting and allowing self-ordering. Obtained templates, varied in thickness from a few hundred run to several tens of pu-m, with an average pore diameter of 70 nm, interpore distance of 100 nm and pore density of 4 x 1010 cm2. . The implementation of HPPMS led to the successful deposition of Ti inside the alumina template to depths of around 45-50 run. It was found that templates with highly parallel pores on a rigid substrate such as Si, are more suited if this deposition method is to be used. Control of the pressure and substrate biasing is critical in avoiding 'pinch-off and 'bridging' and leading to complete pore filling. The results have shown that HPPMS is a promising plasma technology for the synthesis of nanomaterials such as nanodots, nanopillars or nanowires, when used with porous alumina templates under appropriate conditions. The use of sol-gel deposition has led to the growth of a number of interesting materials and structures. Nanocrystalline Ce02 and Ce1-xZrx02 and Ce1-xSmx02 thin films and powders have been successfully obtained exhibiting novel micro- and nano-structures, likely to find useful applications in catalysis and gas sensing due to their redox properties and large surface to volume ratio. FUlihermore, the treatment of porous alumina templates via a sol-gel/hydrothermal method led to the formation of Ce-doped y-Ah03 nanowires. Hence, a simple, direct and cost effective method for producing large scale Ah03 (and doped Ah03) nanowires is repotied. Moreover, by annealing at temperatures above 600 DC, nanowires of different crystallographic forms such as 0-, e- and a-Ah03 can also be readily obtained. As the dopant Ce was successfully introduced through this method a wide range of doped-Ah03 nanowires (by other rare eatihs such as Y, La, Gd, Srn), at various concentrations (e.g. 1,3,5 at. %) can be readily obtained.
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McCrory, Michael S. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Molybdenum Oxide Nanomaterials." Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7424.
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Nanostructured molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) was synthesized and used as a precursor in a comparative study, along with commercial MoO3, to synthesize molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the particles to be approximately 30-50 nm in diameter. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed MoO3 was fully reduced to MoO2 in all cases. Time dependent experiments showed that within two hours no traces of MoO3 are present. All of the experiments showed the materials were excellent absorbent materials, as well as photocatalysts. Both MoO2 materials performed almost exactly the same, with both samples being able to remove 100% of the methylene blue (MB) in one minute with light, and in two minutes without light.
The morphology of MoO2 was controlled in a comparative study by varying the concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) present during the hydrothermal reaction. As the concentration of CTAB increased, the morphology of the material changed from nanoparticles, to nanospheres, to microspheres, to hollow microspheres, and finally a highly agglomerated version of microspheres and particles combined, as confirmed by SEM images. A formation mechanism for the formation of the various sized spheres was proposed with a combination of aggregation and Ostwald ripening. XRD confirmed that all of the MoO3 was reduced to MoO2, along with no residual peaks from the CTAB that was present during the reaction. Upon trying to mix some of the materials into the MB solutions, it became obvious that some of the materials were hydrophobic. The decontamination results once again showed that the synthesized MoO2 materials were not only photocatalysts, but adsorbents as well. Samples synthesized with 0.1-5 mM CTAB were able to remove 100% of the MB in 10 minutes or less. Samples synthesized with 10 mM CTAB were able to remove 54.4% and 35% of the MB in 10 minutes, with and without light, respectively. Samples synthesized with 15 mM CTAB were able to remove 29.4% and 26.3% of the MB in 10 minutes, with and without light, respectively. The apparent decrease in decontamination performance was proposed to be caused by surface morphology induced hydrophobicity. A mechanism to describe why the hydrophobic particles were still able to decontaminate the water was proposed to be caused by coming into direct contact with the magnetic stirrer as the water level dropped due to sample collection.
MoO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized onto a copper substrate, in a single step, via a hydrothermal synthesis technique. It is believed to be the first report of such a synthesis method. XRD confirmed all of the MoO3 had been reduced to MoO2, and also confirmed that no other compounds had formed between the molybdenum and copper. SEM images of the MoO2 coated copper substrate showed uniform nanoparticles ranging from 30-50 nm. The MoO2 coated copper substrate was able to decontaminate 57.5% of the MB from water in 10 minutes without exposure to light, while it was able to decontaminate 71.7% of the MB from water in 10 minutes with exposure to light.
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Imagawa, Haruo. "Study on Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Automotive Catalysts." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/158079.
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Tsai, Chung-Ying. "NOVEL NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY RELATED APPLICATIONS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1426.
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The depletion of natural resources has long been a concern since the rapid increase in energy consumption in recent years. The gradual increase of pollution worldwide accompanied by energy generation process also started to post threats to the environment. With the evolution of technology and materials, power generation and energy storage with significant improved efficiency can be made possible, and further benefits the reduction of degree of pollution generated. In this research, synthesis, processing, characterization and application of nano materials towards energy generation and energy storage devices are studied. In chapter 2, superior corrosion resistance properties of HVOF thermal spray of TiC and TiB2 coatings on 304H stainless steel, 430, and P91 steels were reported. The coatings successfully served at a protection layer by limiting oxygen penetration, sulfur attack, and decreased the formation of pits and cracks on the substrates at 750°C for up to 800 hours. In chapter 3, continuous smooth TiC nanofibers were successfully synthesized by carbothermal reduction of electrospun titanium based nanofibers. XRD and HR-TEM analysis results indicated the synthesized nanofibers were composed of high purity TiC. Electric conductivity of a single fiber was in the 2.00×10^5 range. Symmetrical cyclic voltammetry curve further indicated good electrochemical properties of the fibers. In addition, the TiC nanofibers also exhibited excellent sintering properties over TiC or TiB2 nanoparticles. Studies on morphology and electrochemical properties of MnOx nanofiber and nanoparticles is reported in chapter 4. MnOx, MnOx/SnO2, and MnOx/CNT nanofibers synthesized using electrospinning method showed specific capacitance of 166.12 F/g, 182 F/g for, and 472 F/g at scan rate of 10mV/s. Analysis results also showed positive impact of conductivity and fiber morphology on the electrochemical properties of the fibers. morphology and electrochemical properties of the MnOx nanoparticles synthesized using solvents with different polarity with gelation pH of 8.5, 9.0 and 10.0 were also studied. Analysis results show the impact of particle sized and morphology on the electrochemical properties. Highest specific capacitance measured for the synthesized nanoparticles was 231.38F/g@10mV/s and 165.13F/g@10mV/s for methanol and mixture of methanol and propanol based MnOx respectively. Effect of solvent polarity of the manganese sol on MnOx formation and phase transformation temperature is also shown in the chapter.
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Mueller, Paul S. "Synthesis of silica based porous nanomaterials." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1368.
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Silica is one of the most abundant elements on the planet, has flexible bonding properties and generally excellent stability. Because of these properties, silica has been a vital component in technologies ranging from ancient glassware to modern supercomputers. Silica is able to form a wide range of materials both alone and as a component of larger material frameworks. Porous silica based nanomaterials are rapidly growing in importance because of their many applications in a wide variety of fields. This thesis focuses on the synthesis of silica based porous nanomaterials: nanocrystalline zeolites, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and iron oxide core/shell nanocomposites. The synthetic conditions of these materials were varied in order to maximize efficiency, minimize environmental impact, and produce high quality material with far reaching potential applications. The materials were characterized by physicochemical techniques including Transmission Electron Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Powder X-Ray Diffraction, Solid State NMR, and Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms. The materials were evaluated and conditions were controlled to produce high yields of quality nanomaterials and hypothesize methods for further synthetic control. The products will be used in studies involving nanoparticle toxicity, environmental remediation, and drug delivery.
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Weintraub, Benjamin A. "One-dimensional zinc oxide nanomaterials synthesis and photovoltaic applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34727.
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As humanly engineered materials systems approach the atomic scale, top-down manufacturing approaches breakdown and following nature's example, bottom-up or self-assembly methods have the potential to emerge as the dominant paradigm. Synthesis of one-dimensional nanomaterials takes advantage of such self-assembly manufacturing
techniques, but until now most efforts have relied on high temperature vapor phase schemes which are limited in scalability and compatibility with organic materials. The solution-phase approach is an attractive low temperature alternative to overcome these
shortcomings. To this end, this thesis is a study of the rationale solution-phase synthesis
of ZnO nanowires and applications in photovoltaics.
The following thesis goals have been achieved: rationale synthesis of a single
ZnO nanowire on a polymer substrate without seeding, design of a wafer-scale technique
to control ZnO nanowire array density using layer-by-layer polymers, determination of
optimal nanowire field emitter density to maximize the field enhancement factor, design
of bridged nanowires across metal electrodes to order to circumvent post-synthesis manipulation steps, electrical characterization of bridged nanowires, rationale solution-phase synthesis of long ZnO nanowires on optical fibers, fabrication of ZnO nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells on optical fibers, electrical and optical characterization of solar cell devices, comparison studies of 2-D versus 3-D nanowire dye-sensitized solar cell devices, and achievement of 6-fold solar cell power conversion efficiency enhancement using a 3-D approach. The thesis results have implications in nanomanufacturing scale-up and next generation photovoltaics.
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Briffa, Sophie Marie. "Synthesis and ageing transformations of manufactured metal oxide nanomaterials." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7438/.
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With the increased use of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and increased environmental and human exposure, "nanosafety" has become a major research objective. This field has yet to advance due to challenges in systematically linking physicochemical properties to toxicity. The aim of this work was to develop a library of comparable NMs and study their behaviour and ageing in different scenarios. A library of metal oxide NMs based on a PVP capped ceria synthesis protocol was developed and extensively characterised. The protocol was successfully modified to produce PVP capped zinc oxide and copper oxide NMs, of comparable sizes. These NMs along with commercial uncoated ceria NMs were subjected to time and temperature dependent studies. The work studied the transformations occurring on exposure to 25, 45, 65 and 80 °C temperatures for 4 weeks. Results showed increased aggregation, changes in metal valency state and decreased stability with increasing temperature and time. Finally the potential phosphate induced environmental transformation of ceria was studied for the ceria library NMs, the commercial ceria NM and a series of zirconium doped ceria NMs. Samples were exposured to pH-adjusted phosphatisation solutions. Ceria and ceria-rich samples underwent physical and chemical transformations. Furthermore the commercial ceria was exposed to a pH-adjusted phospholipid containing phosphatisation solution where no characteristic phosphate ageing transformations were observed.
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Papa, Letizia. "Synthesis of hybrid nanosheets of graphene oxide, titania and gold and palladium nanoparticles for catalytic applications." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-19062017-083751/.
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Nanocatalysis has emerged in the last decades as an interface between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, offering simple solutions to problems that conventional materials have not been able to solve. In fact, nanocatalyst design permits to obtain structures with high superficial area, reactivity and stability, and at the same time presenting good selectivity and facility of separation from reaction mixtures. In this work, we prepared hybrid structures comprising gold, palladium and silver nanoparticles (Au, Pd and Ag NPs), titanate nanosheets (TixO2), graphene oxide (GO), and partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO). We focused on bi- and tri-components hybrids, namely TixO2, M/(pr)GO and M/TixO2/(pr)GO (M = Au, Pd or Ag) and developed facile, versatile and environment-friendly preparation methods with an emphasis on control over physicochemical features such as size, shape and composition. In order to exploit the catalytic applications, we employed the reduction of 4-nitrophenol as a model reaction, followed by visible-light assisted oxidation of p-aminothiophenol (PATP). With these tests, we unraveled metal-support interactions and cooperative effects that render hybrid structures superior to their individual counterparts.A nanocatálise surgiu nas últimas décadas como uma interface entre catálise homogênea e heterogênea, oferecendo soluções simples a problemas que os materiais convencionais não conseguiram resolver. De fato, o design de nanocatalisadores permite obter estruturas com grande área superficial, reatividade e estabilidade, e ao mesmo tempo apresentando boa seletividade e facilidade de separação de misturas reacionais. Neste trabalho apresentamos a preparação de estruturas híbridas compostas por nanopartículas de ouro, paládio e prata (Au, Pd e Ag NPs), nanofolhas de titanato (TixO2), óxido de grafeno (GO) e óxido de grafeno parcialmente reduzido (prGO). Focamos em híbridos do tipo M/TixO2, M/(pr)GO e M/TixO2/(pr)GO (M = Au, Pd ou Ag) e desenvolvemos métodos de preparação simples, versáteis e ambientalmente amigáveis, com ênfase no controle sobre tamanho, forma e composição. Para explorar as potencialidades catalíticas utilizamos a redução do 4-nitrofenol como reação modelo, e em seguida a oxidação assistida por luz do p-aminotiofenol (PATP). Com esses testes, investigamos interações metal-suporte e efeitos cooperativos que tornam as estruturas hibridas superiores a cada um dos materiais que as compõem.
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Tanvir, Nauman Bin [Verfasser], and Gerald A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Urban. "Investigation of metal oxide nanomaterials for CO2 gas sensing applications." Freiburg : Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138195316/34.
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Baghdadi, Neazar Eassam. "Design and synthesis of iron oxide nanomaterials for biomedical applications." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:14799.
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Nanotechnology products have huge potential to be a part of the developments in various fields, including functional materials, electronics and medicine. Using nanomaterials in medical applications has been successful for disease diagnosis and drug delivery systems. One of the safest and most versatile nanomaterials utilized for medical purposes are iron oxide nanomaterials. This thesis presents the synthesis, coating and targeting vector modification of iron oxide materials for several biomedical applications including multimodal imaging and cancer cell targeting. Iron oxide nanorods (NRDs) were produced and coated with silica shells as well as other surface modifying molecules including azamacrocycles (DO3A) and polyethylene glycol chains (PEG) which were attached in a one pot reaction. The presence of PEG on the NRDs surface gave improved suspension stability over a wide range of salt concentrations and pH values. Radiolabelling of the NRDs was demonstrated with the positron emitting radioisotope ⁶⁸Ga. The use of nanorods as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents gave a two-fold increase in T2 relaxivity (180 s⁻¹) compared to previous work using spherical nanoparticles. The ⁶⁸Ga labelled NRD constructs show high radiochemical stability against transferrin challenge over a 3 h incubation period. An in vivo bio-distribution study was carried out by intravenously injecting a CD1 nude female mice with 2 mg of (NRDs-PEG), then multimodal imaging analysis was performed using MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The NRDs with sizes between 100 to 200 nm showed rapid accumulation in the liver after 5 min due to uptake by macrophages and Kupffer cells as part of reticuloendothelial system, and a small quantity accumulated in the lung and spleen. It was also observed that in the MRI T2 weighted image, the liver is significantly darker than the T1 weighted imaging which confirms the sample accumulation. The multimodal images proved that the radiolabelled NRDs were stable in vivo on the timescale of the imaging study. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were functionalised for targeting cancer cells. The IONPs were conjugated to a chemokine receptor targeting vector and the targeting properties were tested in vitro using Jurkat cancer cells with flow cytometry in an antibody competition assay. The NPs showed 100% inhibition of the anti-CXCR4 antibody binding in this assay.
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Kosinski, Marcin Robert. "Nanomaterials for solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes and reforming catalysts." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2588.
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In this work, a broad range of analytical methods was applied to the study of the following three materials systems: yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ), samarium-doped ceria (SDC) and SDC-supported metal catalysts. YSZ and SDC were studied in the light of their application as solid electrolytes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. The SDC-supported metal catalysts were evaluated for application in the reforming of methanol. The conductive properties of YSZ pellets derived from powders of different Y contents and particle size ranges were investigated using Impedance Spectroscopy (IS). Comparative studies of the crystallography (by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)), morphology (by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM)), chemical composition (by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)) and sintering behaviour (dilatometry) were employed in the overall assessment of the conductivity results collected. Detailed studies of three SDC compositions were performed on nanopowders prepared by a low temperature method developed in the Baker group. Modifications led to a simple and reliable method for producing high quality materials with crystallites of ~10 nm diameter. The products were confirmed by XRD and TEM to be single-phase materials. Thermogravimetric analysis, dilatometry, specific surface area determination, elemental analysis and IS were carried out on these SDC powders. The relationships between particle size, chemical composition, sintering conditions and conductivity were studied in detail allowing optimum sintering conditions to be identified and ionic migration and defect association enthalpies to be calculated. Finally, the interesting results obtained for the SDC nanopowders were a driving force for the preparation of SDC-supported metal catalysts. These were prepared by three different methods and characterised in terms of crystallographic phase, specific surface area and bulk and surface chemical composition. Isothermal catalytic tests showed that all catalysts had some activity for the reforming of methanol and that some compositions showed both very high conversions and high selectivities to hydrogen. These catalysts are of interest for further study and possibly for commercial application.
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Manakkadu, Sheheeda Mariam. "SYNTHESIS AND TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY OF SELECTED DOUBLE METAL OXIDE NANOMATERIALS." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/221.
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Double metal oxides such as silver vanadate, as well as silver, copper, and zinc tungstates were synthesized at room temperature by a simple wet chemical route, and their tribological behavior was investigated at high temperature using a pin on disk tribotester against silicon nitride balls. In this chemical method, the resultant precipitates obtained during the sudden mixing of the various reactants were washed with deionized water and absolute alcohol to remove the impurities. The structural and microstructural characterization of the products; using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); revealed different structures such as nanorods and nanoparticles of vanadates and tungstates. Silver vanadate nanorods had a length of 0.5-4 µm, width of 100-300 nm and thickness of 50-100 nm, while silver tungstate nanorods had a length of 0.25-3 µm, width of 300-500 nm and thickness of 75-100 nm. The SEM characterization of zinc tungstate revealed the formation of nanoparticles of diameter 30-75 nm. This synthesis process required no surfactants, high temperatures, or long reaction times. All of the synthesized nanomaterials were further tested for their tribological behavior at 250C and 7000C. Silver vanadate (1:2 molar ratio) and zinc tungstate showed good lubrication behavior at 7000C with a coefficient of friction (CoF) in the range of 0.11-0.27. Silver tungstate was found to be lubricious over a broad range of temperatures. The CoF for silver tungstate at 250C was ~0.18, and at HT was in the range of 0.01- 0.15. Therefore silver tungstate may prove to be an excellent lubricant material for a wide range of temperature applications. The low CoFs at high temperatures may be due to their layered atomic structure with weak interplanar bonds.
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Källquist, Ida. "Lithium titanium oxide materials for hybrid supercapacitor applications." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301977.
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The objective of this thesis was to investigate the suitability of some different Li4Ti5O12 materials as a negative electrode in hybrid supercapacitors. A hybrid supercapacitor is a combination of a battery and an electric double-layer capacitor that uses both a battery material and a capacitor material in the same device. The target for these combination devices is to bridge the performance gap between batteries and capacitors and enable both high energy and power density. To achieve this, materials with high capacity as well as high rate capability are needed. To improve the rate of the commonly slow battery materials nanosizing has been found to be an effective solution. This study shows that Li4Ti5O12 has a significantly higher experimental capacity than the most common capacitor material, activated carbon. The capacity remained high even at high discharge rates due to a successful nanostructuring that increased the accessibility of the material and shortened the diffusion distance for the ions, leading to a much improved power performance compared with the bulk material. The use of a nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 material in a hybrid device together with activated carbon was estimated to double the energy density compared to an electric double-layer capacitor and maintain the same good power performance. To further increase the energy density also improved materials for the positive electrode should be investigated.
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Zhang, Shaolin. "Wide band gap nanomaterials and their applications." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41758225.
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Starnes, Daniel L. "THE EFFECTS OF MANUFACTURED NANOMATERIAL TRANSFORMATIONS ON BIOAVAILABILITY, TOXICITY AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSES OF CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/74.
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In recent decades, there has been a rapid expansion in the use of manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs). Experimental evidence and material flow models predict that MNPs enter wastewater treatment plants and partition to sewage sludge and majority of that sludge is land applied as biosolids. During wastewater treatment and after land application, MNPs undergo biogeochemical transformations (aging). The primary transformation process for silver MNPs (Ag-MNPs) is sulfidation, while zinc oxide MNPs (ZnO-MNPs) most likely undergo phosphatation and sulfidation. Our overall goal was to assess bioavailability and toxicogenomic impacts of both pristine, defined as-synthesized, and aged Ag- and ZnO-MNPs, as well as their respective ions, to a model organism, the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
We first investigated the toxicity of pristine Ag-MNPs, sulfidized Ag-MNPs (sAg-MNPs), and AgNO3 to identify the most sensitive ecologically relevant endpoint in C. elegans. We identified reproduction as the most sensitive endpoint for all treatments with sAg-MNPs being about 10-fold less toxic than pristine Ag-MNPs. Using synchrotron x-ray microspectroscopy we demonstrated that AgNO3 and pristine Ag-MNPs had similar bioavailability while aged sAg-MNPs caused toxicity without being taken up by C. elegans. Comparisons of the genomic impacts of both MNPs revealed that Ag-MNPs and sAg-MNPs have transcriptomic profiles distinct from each other and from AgNO3. The toxicity mechanisms of sAg-MNPs are possibly associated with damaging effects to cuticle.
We also investigated the effects pristine zinc oxide MNPs (ZnO-MNPs) and aged ZnO-MNPs, including phosphatated (pZnO-MNPs) and sulfidized (sZnO-MNPs), as well as ZnSO4 have on C. elegans using a toxicogenomic approach. Aging of ZnO-MNPs reduced toxicity nearly 10-fold. Toxicity of pristine ZnO-MNPs was similar to the toxicity caused by ZnSO4 but less than 30% of responding genes was shared between these two treatments. This suggests that some of the effects of pristine ZnO-MNPs are also particle-specific. The genomic results showed that based on Gene Ontology and induced biological pathways all MNP treatments shared more similarities than any MNP treatment did with ZnSO4.
This dissertation demonstrates that the toxicity of Ag- and ZnO-MNPs to C. elegans is reduced and operates through different mechanisms after transformation during the wastewater treatment process.
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Zhang, Shaolin, and 張少林. "Wide band gap nanomaterials and their applications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41758225.
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Hos, James Pieter. "Mechanochemically synthesized nanomaterials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell membranes." University of Western Australia. School of Mechanical Engineering, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0016.
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[Truncated abstract] In this dissertation an investigation into the utility of mechanochemically synthesized nanopowders for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell components is reported. The results are presented in the following parts: the synthesis and characterisation of precursors for ceramic and cermet components for the fuel cell; the physical and electrical characterisation of the electrolyte and electrodes; and the fabrication, operation and analysis of the resulting fuel cells. Samarium-doped (20 mol%) ceria (SDC) nanopowder was fabricated by the solid-state mechanochemical reaction between SmCl3 with NaOH and Ce(OH)4 in 85 vol% dilution with NaCl. A milling time of 4 hours and heat treatment for 2 hours at 700°C yielded a material with equivalent particle and crystallite sizes of 17 nm. The existence of a complete solid solution was affirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis. Doped-ceria compacts were sintered for 4 hours at 1350°C forming ceramics of 88% theoretical density. The ionic conductivity in flowing air was 0.009 S/cm, superior to commercially supplied nanoscale SDC. Anode precursor composite NiO-SDC nanopowder was synthesized by milling Ni(OH)2 with the previously defined SDC formulation ... Anode-supported fuel cells were fabricated on a substrate of at least 500 'm 55wt%NiO-SDC with 17vol% graphite pore formers. Suspensions of SDC were deposited by aerosol on the sintered bilayer at a thickness around 5 'm. A cathode of 10% SDC (SmSr)0.5CoO3 was deposited onto the sintered electrolyte and after firing had a thickness of around 25 'm. Operation of fuel cells in single-chamber mixtures of CH4 and air diluted in argon were successful and gave power outputs of 483 'W/cm2. Operation in undiluted 25 vol% CH4:air gave a power output of 5.5 mW/cm2. It was shown that a large polarisation resistance of 4.1 Ω.cm2 existed and this was assigned to losses in the anode, namely mass transport limitation associated with the catalytic combustion of methane and insufficient porosity. The large surface area of Ni appeared to allow more methane to combust and hence prevented its electrochemical reaction from occurring, thus limiting the performance of the cell. The synthesis procedures, ceramic processing and fabrication techniques and testing methods are discussed and contribute significant understanding to the fields of ceramic science and fuel cell technology.
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Dickinson, Calum. "Metal oxide porous single crystals and other nanomaterials : an HRTEM study." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/217.
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Three-dimensional porous single crystals (PSCs) are a recent development in the growing world of mesoporous material. The mesoporosity allows for the material to retain their nanoproperties whilst being bulk in size. The current work concentrates on chromium oxide and cobalt oxide PSCs formed in the templates SBA-15 and KIT-6. HRTEM is the main technique used in this investigation, looking at the morphology and single crystallinity of these materials. A growth mechanism for the PSC material is proposed based on HRTEM observations. XRD studies revealed that the confinement effect, caused by the mesopores, reduces the temperature for both cobalt and chromium oxide crystallisation, as well as a different intermediate route from the metal nitrates. The properties of chromium oxide PSC are also investigated magnetically and catalytically. Some metal oxides in different templates are also presented, despite no PSC forming. HRTEM work on other nanomaterials, based on collaboration, is also presented.
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Kler, Rantej Singh. "Metal oxide nanomaterials and their application in solar photoelectrolysis of water." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48904/.
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Solar generated hydrogen as an energy source is green, sustainable, with a high energy density. One day the majority of current fossil fuel based technology could be replaced with hydrogen technology reducing CO2 emission drastically. The goal in this research is to explore hybrid metal oxide photocatalysts in the pursuit of achieving highly efficient photoanodes for use in photoelectrochemical cells (PEC). Achieving high efficiencies of hydrogen production in photoelectrochemical cells is the key challenge for the commercialisation of PEC technology as a viable, sustainable, hydrogen source; limited only by the lifetime of the sun and the resources of the metal oxide materials. In this research TiO2, Fe-Ti-O, ZnO, and Zn2TiO4 are the photocatalysts explored. Alloys of Ti-Fe-O showed improvement over TiO2, whilst a hybrid heterostructure of ZnO/Zn2TiO4/TiO2 enhanced photocurrent densities significantly. A barrier layer in the photoanode achieved localised exciton separation and reduction of recombination rates by inhibiting back flow of electrons after injection into the TiO2 layer. Nanotubes are created by the simple electrochemical process of anodisation. The nanotube composition depends on the anode material. To control the composition ofthe anode, iron and titanium are co-deposited onto a substrate using electron beam evaporation. The introduction of iron into titania nanotubes engineered the band gap, lowering the band gap energy to that of iron oxide whilst the positions of the conduction and valence bands with respect to the oxidation and reduction potentials of water remained favourable. Fe-Ti-O nanotubes showed remarkable photocurrent density improvement compared to TiO2 nanotubes. ZnO nanostructures deposited by vapour transport mechanisms showed variability in the morphology of the structures, as governed by the growth dynamics. Herein, it is shown that an electronically favourable situation arises by the formation of a ZnO-Zn2TiO4-TiO2 heterostructure and a high photocatalytic activity is reported. The structure is composed of a large surface area ZnO nanorod photoabsorber formed on a Ti foil which forms a Zn2TiO4 barrier layer between ZnO and TiO2. The Zn2TiO4 layer inhibits electron transport toward the surface of the photoanode whilst encouraging charge transport to the hydrogenation electrode. The heterostructure interfacial surface area is extended through the utilisation of TiO2 nanotubes, which demonstrated a 20.22 % photoelectrochemical efficiency under UV illumination. Surface modification of ZnO nanorods with aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposited TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced photocurrent densities of the ZnO rods, improving charge separation of excitons created within the TiO2 nanoparticles. ZnO nanotubes formed via a novel route using chemical bath deposition of ZnO is investigated, an annulus ZnO seed layer facilitated the site specific growth of ZnO nanotubes whilst a uniform seed layer formed ZnO nanorods.
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Dai, Haixia. "Engineering nanomaterials with a combined electrochemical and molecular biomimetic approach /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9868.
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Cakir, Deniz. "Enhanced Raman signatures on copper based-materials." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS066/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’exaltation du signal Raman sur des nanomatériaux cuivrés. Des couches minces d’épaisseur de cuivre variable ont été préparées et étudiées avant et après oxydation dans l’air à des températures inférieures à 200°C. Leur microstructure a été caractérisée par microscopies MEB et AFM. L’épaisseur des couches de cuivre et d’oxyde cuivreux a été mesurée localement par ces techniques, et comparée aux résultats d’études spectroscopiques par ellipsométrie et absorption UV-visible. Une modélisation des spectres d’absorption UV-visible, basée sur des calculs d’interférences à partir des équations de Fresnel, permet de déterminer à la fois les épaisseurs des couches et leurs indices de réfraction. L’étude Raman de ces échantillons permet de discuter et de quantifier le phénomène d’exaltation Raman par interférences (IERS). D’autres échantillons nanostructurés à base de cuivre, recouverts de graphène monofeuillet, ont été étudiés. Les variations d’intensité Raman du graphène sont discutées en termes d’IERS. La dernière partie du manuscrit est consacrée à l’étude du signal SERS de molécules déposées sur des substrats commerciaux nanostructurés d’or, et à leur évolution après avoir recouvert ces substrats d’une couche mince de cuivreThis thesis studies the enhanced Raman signatures on copper based materials. Thin copper films were prepared and studied before and after thermal oxidation in air, under 200 °C. Their microstructure has been characterized by SEM and AFM. The thickness of the copper and cuprous oxide films have been characterized locally by those techniques, and by ellipsometry and UV-visible absorption spectroscopic techniques. A modeling of the UV-visible spectra has been performed based on interference calculations using Fresnel equations, allowing the determination of both the thicknesses and the refractive indices of the films. Raman study of these samples allows a quantification of the interference enhanced Raman phenomenon (IERS). Other copper nanostructured samples covered with single layer graphene (SLG) have been studied, and The Raman intensity of SLG discussed in terms of IERS. The last part of the manuscript is dedicated to SERS studies of molecules deposited on nanostructured golden commercial substrates and to the evolution of the Raman the signal after covering these substrates with a thin copper layer
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Gonzalez, Ortiz Dánae. "DEVELOPMENT OF POROUS MEMBRANES FROM EMULSIONS STABILIZED BY 2D NANOPARTICLES (h-BNNS)." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENCM0006/document.
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De nos jours, les émulsions stabilisées par adsorption de particules colloïdales à l'interface liquide-liquide (émulsions de Pickering) présentent un intérêt pour une grande variété d'applications allant des produits pharmaceutiques ou alimentaires aux modèles pour la préparation de nouveaux matériaux. Dans cette thèse, des émulsions huile-dans-eau (H/E) et eau-dans-huile (E/H) ont été efficacement stabilisées grâce à des particules inorganiques colloïdales (oxyde de graphène (GO) et nanofeuillets de nitrure de bore (h-BNNS)). L'adsorption de particules à l'interface huile-eau est induite par l'ajustement de la mouillabilité des particules dans les milieux liquides. Deux types d'émulsions, H/E et E/H, sont formées en utilisant des matériaux bidimensionnels qui possèdent des comportements hydrophiles différents. Les conditions requises pour atteindre l'émulsion la plus stable sont étudiées en variant la formulation de l’émulsion pour chaque type de particules. Les microstructures finales des émulsions peuvent être modifiées en ajustant leur composition initiale. L'utilisation d'une concentration élevée de particules améliore la stabilité des émulsions. Des émulsions à base de h-BNNS ont été rapportées dans ce travail pour la première fois et leur comportement a été profondément étudié. De plus, une nouvelle approche verte pour obtenir des membranes poreuses à base d'alcool polyvinylique (PVA) a été rapportée. Dans ce cas, l'ajout de PVA à l'émulsion augmente sa stabilité à long terme et permet sa mise en forme à l'aide de technologies conventionnelles telles que l’étalement. Les composites polymères obtenus à partir d'émulsions Pickering présentent une microporosité de 0,19 ± 0,03 µm ou 1,1 ± 0,3 µm en fonction du temps de séchage. Les membranes poreuses obtenues présentent de bonnes performances en matière de perméabilité à l'eau et de rejet des particules. Pour des membranes ayant une taille de pores d'environ 1,1 µm et une perméabilité à l'eau d'environ 2000 L / h / m2, un taux de rejection de 86% a été mesuré avec des particules de la même taille que les poresEmulsions stabilized through the adsorption of colloidal particles at the liquid-liquid interface have been of interest in a wide variety of applications, ranging from pharmaceutical or food products to templates for the preparation of new materials. In this thesis, oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions are efficiently stabilized using colloidal inorganic particles (graphene oxide (GO) and hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS)). The adsorption of particles to the oil-water interface is induced by adjusting the particle wetting behavior in the liquid media. Two types of emulsions, O/W and W/O are formed by using two-dimensional materials possessing different hydrophilic behaviors. The conditions required to reach the most stable emulsion using two different types of particles at different formulations are investigated. The final microstructures of the mixtures are tailored by adjusting the initial composition of emulsion. The use of high concentration of particles leads to enhanced stability of particles-stabilized emulsions. h-BNNS based emulsions were reported in this work for the first time and their behavior was deeply investigated. Furthermore, a novel green approach to obtain polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based porous membranes was reported. In this case, the addition of PVA to the emulsion increases its long term stability and allows its shaping using conventional technologies such as casting. The polymer composites obtained from emulsions stabilized with inorganic particles exhibit microporosity, showing typical pore dimensions of 0.19 ± 0.03 µm or 1.1 ± 0.3 µm depending on the curing time. These obtained porous membranes display good performance in water permeability and particle rejection. Membranes displaying a pore size about 1.1 µm showed water permeability about 2000 L/h m2 bar, and a rejection rate of 86 % with particles of the same size than the pores
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Wickramasinghe, Sameera M. "ENGINEERING NANOMATERIALS FOR IMAGING AND ANTIBIOFILM APPLICATIONS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1586446299726933.
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Shi, Jian. "Horizontal zinc oxide nanomaterials growth and their application for surface enhanced raman scattering." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6682.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Wang, Junwei. "Chemical doping of metal oxide nanomaterials and characterization of their physical-chemical properties." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1333829935.
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Xie, Fangyou. "Pressure Driven Desalination Utilizing Nanomaterials." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2204.
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Nanomaterials such as graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, have demonstrated excellent properties for membrane desalination, including decrease of maintenance, increase of flux rate, simple solution casting, and impressive chemical inertness. Here, two projects are studied to investigate nanocarbon based membrane desalination. The first project is to prepare hybrid membranes with amyloid fibrils intercalated with graphene oxide sheets. The addition of protein amyloid fibrils expands the interlayer spacing between graphene oxide nanosheets and introduces additional functional groups in the diffusion pathways, resulting in increase of flux rate and rejection rate for the organic dyes. Amyloid fibrils also provide structural assistance to the hybrid membrane, which supresses cracking and instability of graphene oxide sheets. The second project is to fabricate polymer nanocomposite membranes with carbon nanotubes encapsulated by polymerized surfactants. The designed polymerizable surfactant forms lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases in an aqueous medium with hexagonal packing of cylindrical micelles. The adsorption of surfactants on the surface of carbon nanotubes allows a stable dispersion of carbon nanotubes encapsulated in the cylindrical micelles, resulting in the ordered structure. After photo-polymerization, the composite membranes display enhanced dye rejection. Both projects have shown promising ways to improve membrane filtration by using nanomaterials.
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Martinez, Jimenez Mawin Javier 1985. "Mecanismos de condução em filmes nanoestruturados de óxidos de grafeno." [s.n.], 2017. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/330593.
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Orientador: Antonio Riul JúniorTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T19:37:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jimenez_MawinJavierMartinez_D.pdf: 7578838 bytes, checksum: def5bc65d8270856f55d63211e1e0f09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017
Resumo: Para alcançar alto desempenho em dispositivos e aplicações faz-se necessário uma melhor compreensão do comportamento de materiais a base de grafeno em nanoescala para otimização de design e fabricação. A síntese química é uma excelente rota alternativa para produzir compósitos em nanoestruturas bem definidas de tamanhos semelhantes, garantindo propriedades elétricas reprodutíveis para aplicações confiáveis. O grafeno, na forma de pontos quânticos (QDs, do inglês quantum dots) em dimensão zero e nanofolhas (NPLs, do inglês graphene nanoplateletes) bidimensionais (2D), são materiais emergentes com funcionalidades únicas promissoras para novas aplicações. Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo detalhado dos mecanismos de transporte em nanoestruturas formadas pela técnica de automontagem por adsorção física (LbL, do inglês Layer-by-Layer) na forma de multicamadas, com controle de espessura em nível molecular. Os filmes LbL foram formados por óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO) funcionalizado com diferentes polieletrólitos tanto na forma de QDs quanto nanofolhas. As caracterizações elétricas indicaram corrente limitada pela carga espacial em algumas amostras, e em outras arquiteturas moleculares, mecanismo de condução via Poole-Frenkel seguindo a lei de Mott dominada por saltos variáveis. A flexibilidade da técnica LbL aliada à dimensão dos materiais utilizados foram favoravelmente exploradas como um ajuste fino para controle da mobilidade de portadores dentro das nanoestruturas formadas. Foi observado em alguns casos uma condução planar no interior da camada contendo rGOs na estrutura LbL com mobilidade eletrônica efetiva de ~ 35 cm² V^-1 s^-1. Em outros casos um mecanismo de condução 3D (interplanar ao longo de toda nanoestrutura LbL) com mobilidade eletrônica de ~ 151 cm² V^-1 s^-1. Medidas em função da temperatura indicaram alta probabilidade de saltos randômicos entre ilhas condutoras de rGO distribuídas ao longo da camada contendo os pontos quânticos, que contribui para um maior tempo de trânsito dos portadores e, consequentemente, mobilidades menores. O oposto ocorre para as nanofolhas de rGO, que requerem maiores energias de ativação devido ao tamanho e presença de defeitos, resultando em caminhos condutores maiores e com maiores mobilidades
Abstract: To achieve high-performance in devices and applications it is important a better comprehension of the behavior at nanoscale of graphene-based materials to promote a rational design and fabrication. The chemical synthesis is an excellent alternative route to optimize graphene-based composites in well-defined nanostructures of similar sizes, ensuring reproducible electrical properties for reliable applications. Graphene as quantum dots (QDs) and nanoplatelets (NPLs) presents emerging zero- and two-dimensional (2D) materials with promising unique functionalities to novel applications. We present here a detailed study of the charge transport mechanisms in multilayered nanostructures formed by physical adsorption through the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, with molecular level thickness control. The LbL films were formed by reduced graphene oxides (rGO) functionalized with different polyelectrolytes and processed either as QDs or nanoplatelets. The electrical characterizations indicated a space-charge-limited current (SCLC) in some samples, while in other molecular architectures it was found a Poole-Frenkel conduction mechanism dominated by a Mott-variable range hoping model. The LbL assembly together with the dimensionalty of the materials could be favorably used as a fine tuning to control the charge carrier mobility inside the formed nanostructures. The flexibility of the LbL technique together with the dimensionality of the materials were favorably explored as a fine tuning of the charge carrier mobility inside the nanostructures. It was observed in some cases a 2D intra-planar conduction within the rGO layer in the LbL films, with an effective charge carrier mobility of ~ 35 cm² V-1 s-1, and in other cases a 3D conduction mechanism (interplanar along with the LbL nanostructure) with electronic mobility of ~ 151 cm² V-1 s-1. Temperature measurements indicated a higher probability of random jumps between rGO conducting "islands" distributed along with the plane layer having quantum dots, which contributes for a longer transit time of the carriers and, consequently, lower mobility values. The opposite occurred for the rGO nanoplatelets that required higher activation energy due to size and presence of defects, resulting in larger conductive pathways and higher mobilities
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências
1247719
CAPES
FAPESP
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ZHU, SHUN. "SYNTHESIS OF SIZE, STRUCTURE AND SHAPE CONTROLLED IRON BASED MAGNETIC NANOMATERIALS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1322920113.
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Roe, Clarissa A. "Investigation of Carbon Nanomaterials Embedded in a Cementitious Matrix." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1750.
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The objective of this thesis was to investigate whether the addition of carbon nanofibers had an effect on the splitting tensile strength of Hydro-Stone gypsum concrete. The carbon nanofibers used were single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), buckminsterfullerene (C60), and graphene oxide (GO). Evidence of the nanofibers interacting with gypsum crystals in a connective manner was identified in both 1 mm thick concrete discs and concrete columns possessing a height of 2 in and a diameter of 1 in. Before imaging, the columns were subjected to a splitting tensile strength test. The results illustrate that while there is a general decrease in strength with an increase in nanofibers for the nanotubes and graphene oxide, the addition of C60 did not noticeably effect the strength. This trend is consistent with trends determined by previous studies.
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Karlsen, Peter. "Terahertz spectroscopy of charge-carrier dynamics in one-dimensional nanomaterials." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33086.
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One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials are of great importance for a number of potential applications. However, in order to realize this potential a thorough understanding of the charge-carrier dynamics in these materials is required, since these largely determine the optoelectronic properties of the materials in question. This thesis investigates the charge-carrier dynamics of two 1D nanomaterials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and tungsten-oxide nanowires (WOxNWs), with the goal of better understanding the nature of their optoelectronic responses, and how nanomaterial geometry and morphology influence these responses. We do this using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and optical pump - terahertz probe time-domain spectroscopy (OPTP). Firstly, we discuss how to properly analyse and interpret the data obtained from these experiments when measuring 1D nanomaterials. While the data obtained from THz-TDS is fairly straight-forward to analyse, OPTP experimental data can be far from trivial. Depending on the relative size of the sample geometry compared to the probe wavelength, various approximations can be used to simplify the extraction of their ultrafast response. We present a general method, based on the transfer matrix method, for evaluating the applicability of these approximations for a given multilayer structure, and show the limitations of the most commonly used approximations. We find that these approximations are only valid in extreme cases where the thickness of the sample is several orders of magnitude smaller or larger than the wavelength, which highlight the danger originating from improper use of these approximations. We then move on to investigate how the charge-carrier dynamics of our CNTs is influenced by nanotube length and density. This is done through studying the nature of the broad THz resonance observed in finite-length CNTs, and how the nanotube length and density affects this resonance. We do this by measuring the conductivity spectra of thin films comprising bundled CNTs of different average lengths in the frequency range 0.3-1000 THz and temperature interval 10-530 K. From this we show that the observed temperature-induced changes in the terahertz conductivity spectra depend strongly on the average CNT length, with a conductivity around 1 THz that increases/decreases as the temperature increases for short/long tubes. This behaviour originates from the temperature dependence of the electron scattering rate, which results in a subsequent broadening of the observed THz conductivity peak at higher temperatures and a shift to lower frequencies for increasing CNT length. Finally, we show that the change in conductivity with temperature depends not only on tube length, but also varies with tube density. We record the effective conductivities of composite films comprising mixtures of WS2 nanotubes and CNTs vs CNT density for frequencies in the range 0.3-1 THz, finding that the conductivity increases/decreases for low/high density films as the temperature increases. This effect arises due to the density dependence of the effective length of conducting pathways in the composite films, which again leads to a shift and temperature dependent broadening of the THz conductivity peak. Next, we investigate the conflicting reports regarding the ultrafast photoconductive response of films of CNTs, which apparently exhibit photoconductivities that can vastly differ, even in sign. Here we observe explicitly that the THz photoconductivity of CNT films is a highly variable quantity which correlates with the length of the CNTs, while the specific type of CNT has little influence. Moreover, by comparing the photo-induced change in THz conductivity with heat-induced changes, we show that both occur primarily due to heat-generated modification of the Drude electron relaxation rate, resulting in a broadening of the plasmonic resonance present in finite-length metallic and doped semiconducting CNTs. This clarifies the nature of the photo-response of CNT films and demonstrates the need to carefully consider the geometry of the CNTs, specifically the length, when considering them for application in optoelectronic devices. We then move on to consider our WOxNWs. We measure the terahertz conductivity and photoconductivity spectra of thin films compromising tungsten-oxide (WOx) nanowires of average diameters 4 nm and 100 nm, and oxygen deficiencies WO2.72 and WO3 using THz-TDS and OPTP. From this we present the first experimental evidence of a metal-to-insulator transition in WOx nanowires, which occurs when the oxygen content is increased from x=2.72 -> 3 and manifests itself as a massive drop in the THz conductivity due to a shift in the Fermi level from the conduction band down into the bandgap. Furthermore we present the first experimental measurements of the photoexcited charge-carrier dynamics of WOx nanowires on a picosecond timescale and map the influence of oxygen-content and nanowire diameter. From this we show that the decay-dynamics of the nanowires is characterized by a fast decay of < 1 ps, followed by slow decay of 3-10 ps, which we attribute to saturable carrier trapping at the surface of the nanowires.
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Herring, Natalie. "Formation Mechanisms and Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO-Based Nanomaterials." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/494.
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Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is one of the most extensively studied semiconductors because of its unique properties, namely, its wide band gap (3.37 eV) and high excitation binding energy (60 meV). These properties make ZnO a promising material for uses in a broad range of applications including sensors, catalysis and optoelectronic devices. The presented research covers a broad spectrum of these interesting nanomaterials, from their synthesis and characterization to their use as photocatalyts. A new synthetic approach for producing morphology controlled ZnO nanostructures was developed using microwave irradiation (MWI). The rapid decomposition of zinc acetate in the presence of a mixture of oleic acid (OAC) and oleylamine (OAM) results in the formation of hexagonal ZnO nanopyramids and ZnO rods of varying aspect ratios. The factors that influence the morphology of these ZnO nanostructures were investigated. Using ligand exchange, the ZnO nanostructures can be dispersed in aqueous medium, thus allowing their use as photocatalysts for the degradation of malachite green dye in water. Photocatalytic activity is studied as a function of morphology; and, the ZnO nanorods show enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of the dye compared to hexagonal ZnO nanopyramids. After demonstrating the catalytic activity of these ZnO nanostructures, various ways to enhance photocatalytic activity were studied by modification of this MWI method. Photocatalytic activity is enhanced through band gap modulation and the reduction of electron-hole recombination. Several approaches were studied, which included the incorporation of Au nanoparticles, N-doping of ZnO, supporting ZnO nanostructures on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and supporting N-doped ZnO on N-doped RGO. ZnO-based nanostructures were studied systematically through the entire process from synthesis and characterization to their use as photocatalysis. This allows for a thorough understanding of the parameters that impact these processes and their unique photocatalytic properties.
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Kumar, Rajender. "Development and potential applications of nanomaterials for arsenic removal from contaminated groundwater." Thesis, KTH, Miljögeokemi och ekoteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96106.
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In this study, a magnetic nanomaterial was used for the binding of anionic arsenic species from contaminated groundwater. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) and the surface modified Fe3O4 NPs with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (3-APTES), Trisodium citrare (TSC) and Chitosan were synthesized with the co-precipitation method. Structural characterizations showed that the four kinds of NPs had different sizes an average particle range size of 15-20 nm was observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the crystalline structure of synthesized Fe3O4 and surface modified NPs. Molecular structure and functional groups present in synthesized magnetic NPs Fe3O4 were identify with infrared analysis. The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs and surface coated NPs were used for determine the binding capacity of Arsenic ions from the synthetic groundwater. The binding of As(III) increased as the dissolved As(III) concentration increased in the solution. From the experiments it was found chitosan-coated NPs are best than other coated and uncoated NPs for arsenite removal from the solution. It was found that if only As(III) ions were present in the water without other anions and cations the binding capacity of the magnetic NPs is very high. The binding capacity of As ions was decreased with presence of other anions and cations in the groundwater because they interfere with arsenic binding sites which presence on the magnetic NPs.
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Gabrielyan, Nare. "Low temperature fabrication of one-dimensional nanostructures and their potential application in gas sensors and biosensors." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/9607.
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Nanomaterials are the heart of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Research into nanostructures has been vastly expanding worldwide and their application spreading into numerous branches of science and technology. The incorporation of these materials in commercial products is revolutionising the current technological market. Nanomaterials have gained such enormous universal attention due to their unusual properties, arising from their size in comparison to their bulk counterparts. These nanosized structures have found applications in major devices currently under development including fuel cells, computer chips, memory devices, solar cells and sensors. Due to their aforementioned importance nanostructures of various materials and structures are being actively produced and investigated by numerous research groups around the world. In order to meet the market needs the commercialisation of nanomaterials requires nanomaterial fabrication mechanisms that will employ cheap, easy and low temperature fabrication methods combined with environmentally friendly technologies. This thesis investigates low temperature growth of various one-dimensional nanostructures for their potential application in chemical sensors. It proposes and demonstrates novel materials that can be applied as catalysts for nanomaterial growth. In the present work, zinc oxide (ZnO) and silicon (Si) based nanostructures have been fabricated using low temperature growth methods including hydrothermal growth for ZnO nanowires and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) technique for Si nanostructures. The structural, optical and electrical properties of these materials have been investigated using various characterisation techniques. After optimising the growth of these nanostructures, gas and biosensors have been fabricated based on Si and ZnO nanostructures respectively in order to demonstrate their potential in chemical sensors. For the first time, in this thesis, a new group of materials have been investigated for the catalytic growth of Si nanostructures. Interesting growth observations have been made and theory of the growth mechanism proposed. The lowest growth temperature in the published literature is also demonstrated for the fabrication of Si nanowires via the PECVD technique. Systematic studies were carried out in order to optimise the growth conditions of ZnO and Si nanostructures for the production of uniformly shaped nanostructures with consistent distribution across the substrate. v The surface structure and distribution of the variously shaped nanostructures has been analysed via scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the crystallinity of these materials has been investigating using Raman and X-ray diffraction spectroscopies and transmission electron microscopy. In addition to the fabrication of these one-dimensional nanomaterials, their potential application in the chemical sensors has been tested via production of a glucose biosensor and an isopropyl alcohol vapour gas sensor based on ZnO and Si nanostructures respectively. The operation of the devices as sensors has been demonstrated and the mechanisms explored.
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Choujaa, Hamid. "Synthesis of novel single-source precursors for CVD of mixed-metal tungsten oxide." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.478944.
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There is a considerable interest in the use of tungsten oxide in the research and development of new materials and devices, such as gas sensors and as photocatalysts. In order to improve the photocatalytic properties of WO3, its combination with metals which allows the preparation of WMxOy materials are believed to be promising photocatalysts under visible light. The present work deals with the synthesis of homo- and hetero-metallic tungsten alkoxide and amide compounds using the single source precursor approach for potential chemical vapour deposition precursors of mixed-metal oxide films.
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Worden, Matthew. "Aqueous syntheses of transition metal oxide nanoparticles for bioapplications." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1440585507.
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Morales, Narváez Eden. "Nanomaterials based microarray platforms for biodetection." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286742.
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Analytical disciplines are an important field for the progress of healthcare and medicine. In fact the technologies related to analytical disciplines may reveal important information for early diagnosis, treatment of diseases, food safety and environmental monitoring. In this regard, novel advances in analytical disciplines are highly desired. As a promising tool, biosensors are useful systems that enable the detection of agents with diagnostic interest. Since nanotechnology enables the manipulation and control at the nanoscale, biosensors based on nanotechnology offer powerful capabilities to diagnostic technology. In this dissertation, the advantages of the integration of nanomaterials into microarray technology are widely studied, generally in terms of sensitivity. Particularly, the performance of cadmium-selenide/zinc-sulfide (CdSe@ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) and the fluorescent dye Alexa 647 as reporter in an assay designed to detect apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been compared. The assay is a sandwich immunocomplex microarray that functions via excitation by visible light. ApoE was chosen for its potential as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. The two versions of the microarray (QD or Alexa 647) were assessed under the same experimental conditions. The QDs proved to be highly e¿ective reporters in the microarrays, although their performance strongly varied in function of the excitation wavelength. At 633 nm, the QD microarray, at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm, provided a limit of detection (LOD) of ~62 pg mL-1, ¿ve times more sensitive than that of the Alexa microarray (~307 pg mL-1). Finally, serial dilutions from a human serum sample were assayed with high sensitivity and acceptable precision and accuracy (Anal. Chem. 2012, 84:6821).
Since graphene oxide (GO) is a recently discovered nanomaterial and microarray technology relies on optical signals, the photonic properties of GO are discussed and the state-of-the-art of GO in optical biosensing has been widely documented (Adv. Mater. 2012, 24:3298). Furthermore, GO has been studied as a highly efficient quencher of QDs, reporting a quenching efficiency of nearly 100%. Finally, such interaction between GO and QDs has been proposed as a highly sensitive transduction system for microarray-based biodetection (Carbon 2012, 50:2987). This research aims at demonstrating how the endeavour of the fusion between nanomaterials and microarray technology exhibits enormous possibilities towards biomarker screening, food safety and environmental monitoring.Las tecnologías relacionadas con el diagnóstico son un campo importante para el progreso de la medicina y el cuidado de las salud. Por ejemplo, estas tecnologías pueden aportar valiosa información para el tratamiento y diagnóstico temprano de enfermedades, seguridad en alimentos y monitoreo del medio ambiente. En este contexto, los sistemas de biosensado son una herramienta muy prometedora que permite la detección de agentes con interés diagnostico. Dado que la nanotecnología facilita la manipulación y control a la nanoescala, los sistemas de biodetección basados en nanotecnología poseen poderosas capacidades que pueden ser explotadas en las tecnologías relacionadas con el diagnóstico. En esta tesisis se han estudiado las ventajas que aporta la integración de nanomateriales a la tecnología de microarrays, generalmente en términos de sensibilidad. Particularmente, se ha estudiado el desempeño de la integración de nanocristales semiconductores (NS) para la detección de un biomarcador relacionado con Alzheimer en formato microarray. En dicho microarray se ha observado un importante rendimiento, mostrando un excelente limite de detección de 62 pg mL-1, el cual supera a otros metodos convencionales de detección como el ELISA (470 pg mL-1). También se ha analizado un banco de diluciones de una muestra de suero humano con precisión y exactitud aceptables (Anal. Chem. 2012, 84:6821). Por otra parte, ya que el óxido de grafeno (OG) es un material muy novedoso y la tecnología de microarrays depende de señales ópticas, se ha documentado ampliamente el estado del arte sobre el uso de (OG) en en el campo del biosensado óptico (Adv. Mater. 2012, 24:3298). Adicionalmente, se ha estudiado al OG como un desactivador de fluorescencia de NS altamente eficiente, presentando una eficiencia en la desactivación de NS de casi el 100%. Finalmente se ha aplicado dicha interacción entre NS y OG para diseñar un sistema de transducción altamente sensible (Carbon 2012, 50:2987 ). Esta investigación tiene por objetivo demostrar las ventajas y el potencial que posee la fusión entre los nanomateriales y la tecnología de microarrays como un sistema aplicado al campo del diagnóstico
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Tahiraj, Klein. "Piezoelectric force microscopy study on zinc tin oxide nanowires." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19405/.
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Self-powered sensor devices could find widespread application to monitor personal health, automobiles or buildings. One of the most ubiquitous form of energy on which these devices could rely is vibrational energy. To convert this energy into electrical energy, the research is focusing on piezoelectric materials. Examples of these materials are ZnO or Zinc Tin Oxides (ZTO). Modelled into nanowires and incorporated into an elastomer at the University of Lisbon, these materials have been demonstrated to result in macroscopically efficient energy conversion. In this work, I use Piezoelectric Force Microscopy to characterize the piezoelectric response of a single ZTO nanowire, namely, to measure the component d33 of its piezoelectric strain tensor. P(VDF-TrFE) thin film, i.e. a material with well characterized piezoelectric proprieties, is used to calibrate the instrument sensitivity. The value I obtain for the d33 of the ZTO nanowire is 23.70±0.04pm/V. In order to use it as a reference, I perform a characterization also for a ZnO nanowire. The value I obtain is 10.36±0.03pm/V. The value for the ZTO nanowire is therefore about double that of the ZnO. This result certifies ZTO nanowires as good candidates for energy conversion in future self-powered devices.
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Rathnayake, Sewwandi. "TRANSFORMATIONS, BIOAVAILABILITY AND TOXICITY OF MANUFACTURED ZnO NANOMATERIALS IN WASTEWTER." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/25.
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In order to properly evaluate the ecological and human health risks of ZnO Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) released to the environment, it is critical to understand the likely transformation products in the wastewater treatment process and in soils receiving biosolids. To address this critical knowledge gap, we examined the transformation reactions of 30 nm ZnO MNMs in single component and multi-component systems, with phosphate and natural organic matter (NOM). We also assessed the influence of nano ZnO transformation on the bioavailability, and toxicity of ZnO transformation products to Triticum aestivum. The data revealed that ZnO MNMs react with phosphate at concentrations expected in wastewater and transform into two distinct morphological/structural phases. A micron scale crystalline zinc phosphate phase (hopeite), and a nano-sized phase that likely consists of a ZnO core with a Zn3(PO4)2 rich shell. Presence of NOM reduces particle aggregation and enhances stability, regardless of the sequence of ligands addition in the aging scenarios. The presence of phosphate and NOM also altered the bioavailability and reduced the toxicity of the ZnO MNMs to Triticum aestivum.
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Brown, Nicholas A. "Properties and Use of Graphene Oxide in the Mitigation of Bacterial Contamination in Aviation Fuel." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1343044139.
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Lim, Jin-Hee. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructures in Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/455.
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In this study, template-based methods are used for the fabrication of various nanostructures such as nandots, nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, and core-shell structures. Porous alumina membranes were employed as templates and metal nanostructures were synthesized in the templates by electrodeposition. By using lithography techniques, controlled patterned nanostructures were also fabricated on alumina templates. The magnetic properties of the various metal nanostructures were investigated. The pore size, interpore distance, and pore geometry highly affect magnetic properties of nanostructures grown in the templates. Hexagonally ordered porous alumina templates can be fabricated by two-step anodization. The pore diameters and interpore distances were readily controlled by appropriately changing anodization conditions and pore widening time. Alumina templates with various pore geometries were also successfully synthesized by changing applied voltage, increasing and decreasing, during a third anodization step. To understand magnetic properties of nanostructures with different aspect rations in the form of nanodots, nanorods, or nanowires, Fe nanostructures were fabricated in the templates by controlling of electrodeposition times. The coercivity of nanostructures increased with increasing aspect ratio. The anisotropy of the arrays was governed by the shape anisotropy of the magnetic objects with different aspect ratios.
nanowires in mild-hard alumina and conventional alumina templates showed distinct differences in the squareness of hysteresis loops and coercivity both as a function of pore structure and magnetic component. Iron oxide nanotubes with a unique inner-surface were also fabricated by an electrodeposition method. β-FeOOH nanotubes were grown in alumina templates and transformed into hematite and magnetite structures during various heating processes. Hematite nanotubes are composed of small nanoparticles less than 20 nm diameters and the hysteresis loops and FC-ZFC curves show superparamagnetic properties without the Morin transition. In the case of magnetite nanotubes, which consist of slightly larger nanoparticles, hysteresis loops show ferromagnetism with weak coercivity at room temperature while FC-ZFC curves exhibit the Verwey transition at 125 K. For the patterning of nanowires, lithography techniques including nanosphere lithography and e-beam lithography were used. Nanosphere lithography used self-assembled PS spheres as a mask creates holes between spheres and the size of the holes is determined by the size and geometry of ordered PS spheres on the templates. This method can grow patterned nanowires arrays and also produce unique cup-shaped nanostructures with sizes ranging from micrometer down to several nanometers. E-beam lithography was also combined with template-based electrodeposition. Of these two lithographic methods, this one is the most powerful in the fabrication of patterned nanostructures with high aspect ratios. Various features and the sizes of patterned structures can be readily controlled. By the directing the pore diameters and interpore distances of the alumina template, the size and number of patterned nanowires are also adjustable.
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Martins, Edgar José Ferreira São Bento. "Application and characterization of graphene oxide coatings onto optical fibers for sensor development." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16861.
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Mestrado em Engenharia MecânicaNos ultimos anos, o uso da bra otica cresceu consideravelmente, sendo os sensores uma das suas maiores aplica c~oes. Esta tecnologia tem diversas vantagens sobre os sensores convencionais tais como: imunidade a interfer^ encias eletromagn eticas, biocompatibilidade e elevada sensibilidade. No entanto, h a interesse cient co e industrial em melhorar o seu desempenho (sensibilidade, resolu c~ao do sensor e gama de trabalho), sendo o revestimento da bra otica com diversos materiais um dos procedimentos que poder a ser usado para alcan car esse objectivo. O oxido de grafeno e um derivado do carbono que resulta da exfolia c~ao da gra te. Este nanomaterial consiste em folhas semelhantes as do grafeno mas possui grupos funcionais de oxig enio que podem reagir f sica ou quimicamente com diversas esp ecies. No ^ambito desta disserta c~ao foram revestidas bras oticas com oxido de grafeno atrav es da deposi c~ao por camadas. Nos revestimentos variou-se o processo de deposi c~ao e o n umero de camadas. A caracteriza c~ao foi feita atrav es de espectroscopia de Raman, microscopia electr onica de varrimento e microscopia de for ca at omica. Para averiguar a integridade dos revestimentos imersos em solu c~ao aquosa, foram realizados testes de lix via c~ao. Os resultados da caracteriza c~ao dos revestimentos con rmam a presen ca de oxido de grafeno na superf cie da bra otica. Depois de garantir a qualidade dos revestimentos procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento e caracteriza c~ao dos sensores baseados em bra otica com revestimentos de oxido de grafeno. Foram testadas duas con gura c~oes diferentes baseadas em redes de Bragg uniformes e inclinadas. Os sensores foram testados sem e com revestimento a varia c~oes de ndice de refra c~ao, variando o procedimento de deposi c~ao do oxido de grafeno e o n umero de camadas. A corros~ao do ferro e um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pelos engenheiros. E a degrada c~ao gradual dos metais provocada por rea c~oes qu micas resultantes da intera c~ao do metal e o meio ambiente. Neste trabalho pretendeu-se, ainda, investigar a possibilidade do oxido de grafeno estabelecer liga c~oes qu micas com o ferro, e assim permitir detectar o fen omeno da corros~ao. Neste caso os sensores foram testados em solu c~oes de nitrato de ferro(III). Veri cou-se que h a altera c~ao das caracteristicas dos espetros das redes de Bragg quando s~ao imersos em diferentes solu c~oes, no entanto os resultados n~ao s~ao muito conclusivos quanto as diferen cas entre os procedimentos de deposi c~ao e ao n umero de camadas.
In the last years, the use of optical bers has grown considerably, being sensors one of the biggest applications. This technology has several advantages over conventional sensor such as: immunity to electromagnetic interferences, biocompatibility and high sensitivity. However, there is a scienti c and industrial interest to improve the sensor performance (sensitivity, resolution and working range). Coating the optical ber sensor with di erent materials is one proceeding that can be used to achieve this goal. Graphene oxide is a carbon derivative which results from the exfoliation of graphite. This nanomaterial consists in graphene like sheets with oxygen functional groups that can react physicaly or chemically with di erent species. In this work several optical bers samples were coated with GO through the layer by layer method. Two di erent proceedings were tested as the in uence of the number of of graphene oxide layers. The coating characterization was made through Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. To test the integrity of the coatings immersed in aqueous solutions, a leaching test was carried out. The results of the characterization con rm the presence of graphene oxide in the optical ber surface. After ensuring the quality of the graphene oxide coatings, it was carried out the development and characterization of optical ber based sensors with graphene oxide coatings. Were tested two di erent sensor con gurations, one based in uniform Bragg gratings and the other in tilted Bragg gratings. The sensors were tested without and with coating to refractive index variations, changing the proceeding to deposit the graphene oxide and the number of layers. Iron corrosion is one of the biggest problems faced by engineers. It is the gradual degradation of the metal by chemical reactions produced by the interactions of the metal with the environment. In this work, it was studied the possibility of the graphene oxide interact with the iron ion in order to detect the corrosion phenomenon. In this case, the sensors were tested in iron(III) nitrate solutions. It was veri ed that there are alterations of the Bragg gratings spectra characteristics when they were immersed in di erent solutions, however the results are not conclusive concerning the in uence of the coating proceeding used and the in uence of the number of layers.
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Kilian, Daniel Patrick [Verfasser]. "Flame Spray Synthesis of Semiconducting Oxide Nanomaterials - Fundamental Process Characterization and Control of Product Properties / Daniel Patrick Kilian." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135595844/34.
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Xuankun, Li. "Effect of Surfactants on the Behaviors and Transport of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in Aqueous Matrices and Porous Media." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225578.
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Yu, Lei. "DECONVOLVING THE STEPS TO CONTROL MORPHOLOGY, COMPOSITION, AND STRUCTURE, IN THE SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-ASPECT-RATIO METAL OXIDE NANOMATERIALS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/82.
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Metal oxides are of interest not only because of their huge abundance but also for their many applications such as for electrocatalysts, gas sensors, diodes, solar cells and lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Nano-sized metal oxides are especially desirable since they have larger surface-to-volume ratios advantageous for catalytic properties, and can display size and shape confinement properties such as magnetism. Thus, it is very important to explore the synthetic methods for these materials. It is essential, therefore, to understand the reaction mechanisms to create these materials, both on the nanoscale, and in real-time, to have design control of materials with desired morphologies and functions.
This dissertation covers both the design of new syntheses for nanomaterials, as well as real-time methods to understand their synthetic reaction mechanisms. It will focus on two parts: first, the synthesis of 1-dimension (1-D) featured nanomaterials, including manganese-containing spinel nanowires, and tin dioxide and zinc oxide-based negative nanowire arrays; and second, a mechanistic study of the synthetic reactions of nanomaterials using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The work presented here demonstrates unique synthetic routes to single crystalline “positive” and “negative” metal oxide nanowires, and introduces a new mechanism for the formation of single-crystalline hollow nanorods.
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Benedetti, Tânia Machado. "Caracterização eletroquímica de filmes nanoestruturados de óxido de manganês e de vanádio em líquidos iônicos: aplicação em baterias de lítio e supercapacitores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46132/tde-06092011-135735/.
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Este trabalho apresenta a preparação de filmes nanoestruturados de óxido de manganês e de vanádio por diferentes técnicas e a sua caracterização eletroquímica utilizando diferentes líquidos iônicos como eletrólito. Os filmes de óxido de manganês foram preparados por automontagem camada-por-camada e por eletrodeposição assistida por molde de nanoesferas de poliestireno. Os filmes de óxido de vanádio foram preparados também por automontagem camada-por-camada e por deposição eletroforética. Diversos aspectos relacionados ao uso dos líquidos iônicos como eletrólitos foram discutidos: os resultados obtidos para os filmes de óxido de manganês por automontagem camada-por-camada mostraram que os íons do líquido iônico participam do processo de compensação de carga superficialmente e que o cátion do líquido iônico, apesar de mais volumoso, apresenta coeficiente de difusão maior que o Li+, formando uma barreira à intercalação dos mesmos na estrutura do material. A partir dos resultados obtidos para os filmes de óxido de manganês por eletrodeposição assistida por nanoesferas de poliestireno, foi possível verificar que o desempenho do sistema depende da natureza do líquido iônico utilizado, sendo possível obter desempenho superior aos solventes orgânicos convencionais com um dos líquidos iônicos utilizados do ponto de vista da ciclabilidade. Desempenho superior aos eletrólitos convencionais também foi observado para os filmes de óxido de vanádio obtidos por automontagem camada-por-camada. Por fim, a caracterização eletroquímica em líquidos iônicos dos filmes de óxido de vanádio obtidos por deposição eletroforética mostrou que não apenas o uso de nanopartículas, mas também o modo de deposição das mesmas influencia no desempenho eletroquímico do sistema. De maneira geral, os resultados obtidos mostraram que o uso de filmes nanoestruturados e de líquidos iônicos como eletrólitos constituem alternativas promissoras para a obtenção de dispositivos de armazenamento e conversão de energia de alto desempenho e segurança.This work presents the preparation of manganese and vanadium oxides nanostructured films by different techniques and their electrochemical characterization in different ionic liquids based electrolytes. Manganese oxide films have been prepared by self-assembly layer-by-layer and by electrodeposition assisted by polystyrene nanospheres template. Vanadium oxide films have been also prepared by self-assembly layer-by-layer deposition and by electrophoretic deposition. Several aspects related with the use of ionic liquids as electrolytes have been discussed: the obtained results from layer-by-layer deposition of manganese oxide have shown that ionic liquid ions also participate in the charge compensation process, but only superficially; in spite of ionic liquid cation been larger than Li+, it moves faster, achieving the electrode surface before, being a barrier for Li+ intercalation. From the results obtained for the manganese oxide prepared by template assisted electrodeposition, it was possible to notice that electrochemical performance is dependent on the ionic liquid structure, being possible to achieve higher performance than with conventional organic solvent electrolyte with one of the studied ionic liquid. Superior performance in comparison with conventional electrolyte has also been achieved for vanadium oxide films prepared by layer-by-layer deposition from the point of view of cyclability. Finally, the electrochemical characterization of vanadium oxide films prepared by electrophoretic deposition in ionic liquids has shown that not only the use of nanoparticles but also the deposition method employed influences the electrochemical performance. To conclude, the obtained results have shown that the use of nanostructured films and ionic liquids as electrolytes are promising alternatives for the obtention of high performance energy storage and conversion devices.