Journal articles on the topic 'Oxyde de terre rare'

RésuméUn profil d’altération développé sur chloritoschistes de la zone de Bengbis (Sud Cameroun) a été choisi pour quantifier l’intensité de l’altération et comprendre le comportement des terres rares. Les valeurs de l’indice d’altération mafique combinées aux diagrammes ternaires du système Al – Fe – Mg – Ca – Na – K montrent que l’hydrolyse des feldspaths est proportionnelle à celle des minéraux mafiques (pertes en Mg), bien que l’hydrolyse des plagioclases (Ca, Na) soit plus intense que celle des minéraux ferromagnésiens. Les matériaux d’altération étudiés sont localisés dans le domaine de la kaolinitisation, à l’exception des matériaux nodulaires qui sont légèrement latritiss. La modification du comportement du Mg dans le milieu d’altération s’exprime par les faibles valeurs du rapport Ca/Mg. Le potassium et Be sont lessivés dans le sol en association avec Mg. L’ordre de mobilité des éléments dans l’environnement d’altération étudié est : Ca ≈ Na > Fe2+ ≈ Sr > Mg ≈ Co > Mn > Li > Ba > Rb > P > Cd > Ni > Si > Be > K > Sn. Les enrichissements en K, Cs et Be dans les saprolites sont liés à la présence d’illite. L’accumulation en Cs dans le sol est due à la présence de kaolinite. Le système le plus stable dans le milieu d’altération étudié est : Hf – Nb – W – U. Les saprolites, les matériaux nodulaires et les matériaux argileux meubles superficiels sont appauvris en terres rares par rapport à la roche mère. Les terres rares présentent trois types de comportement le long du profil d’altération, comme l’indiquent les valeurs du rapport (La/Yb)N ((La/Yb)N < 1, (La/Yb)N ~ 1 et (La/Yb)N > 1). Les terres rares légères et les terres rares moyennes s’accumulent dans les matériaux d’altération pour des valeurs de pH comprises entre 5,5 et 5,6 et pour celles de Eh variant entre +60 et +70mV. L’ordre de mobilité de ces éléments dans ces matériaux est le suivant : terres rares moyennes > terres rares lourdes terres rares légères. Ce fait est contre-intuitif, car les terres lourdes sont plus mobiles dans les environnemenst supergènes que les terres rares légères. L’adsorption ou la co-précipitation de ces terres rares sur les oxydes de fer peut principalement contrôler la concentration de ces éléments dans le profil d’altération. Les faibles anomalies en Ce dans les matériaux d’altération de la zone de Bengbis, dues au changement de Ce3+ en Ce4+, sont probablement dues à la présence de faibles quantités de rhabdophane. Les matériaux d’altération étudiés présentent un fractionnement en Gd (Gd/Gd* ~0.70 – 0.84) dues à une intense lixiviation. Ce fait a rarement été signalé dans un environnement d’altération latéritique. Il semble qu’une partie de la distribution et de la remobilisation du gadolinium soit contrôlée par des minéraux mafiques dans les matériaux d’altération étudiés. La distribution et la mobilisation des terres rares sont donc contrôlées par (1) l’adsorption ou la coprécipitation dans les minéraux mafiques et Fe, (2) et légèrement par les minéraux contenant des terres rares tels que le rhabdophane, rencontrés dans les matériaux d’altération étudiés. Abstract An in situ weathering profile overlying chlorite schists in southern Cameroon was chosen to quantify chemical weathering intensity and to study the behaviour of rare earth elements (REE). Mafic index alteration values combined with the ternary diagrams of the Al – Fe – Mg – Ca – Na – K system show that the hydrolysis of feldspars is proportional to that of mafic minerals (losses in Mg), although the hydrolysis of the plagioclases (Ca, Na) is more intense than that of ferromagnesian minerals. The studied materials are localised in the domain of kaolinitisation, except for nodular materials which are slightly lateritised. The change in the behaviour of Mg in the weathering environment is expressed by the low values in Ca/Mg ratio. Potassium and Be are leached in the soil in association with Mg. The order of mobility of the elements in the weathering environment is: Ca ≈ Na > Fe2+ ≈ Sr > Mg ≈ Co > Mn > Li > Ba > Rb > P > Cd > Ni > Si > Be > K > Sn. The enrichments in K, Cs and Be in saprolites are linked to the presence of illite. Cesium accumulation in the soil is due to the presence of kaolinite. The most stable system is: Hf – Nb – W – U. Saprolites, nodular and loose clayey materials are depleted in REE relative to the parent rock. REE exhibit three types of behaviour along the Bengbis profile like indicated by (La/Yb)N ratio values ((La/Yb)N < 1, (La/Yb)N ~ 1 and (La/Yb)N > 1). Light REE and Middle REE accumulate in the weathering materials for pH values ranging between 5.5 and 5.6 and for those of Eh varying between +60 and +70mV. The order of mobility of REE in these horizons is: Middle REE > Heavy REE ≈ Light REE. This fact is counter-intuitive, because Heavy REE are more mobile in supergene environment than Light REE. Adsorption or co-precipitation of LREE onto Fe oxides mainly may control the concentration of these elements in the profile. Weak Ce anomalies in the weathering materials of Bengbis area, due to the change in Ce3+ to Ce4+, are probably due to the presence of low amounts in rhabdophane. The studied weathering materials show a fractionation in Gd (Gd/Gd* ~0.70 – 0.84) due to intense chemical leaching. This fact has been rarely reported in lateritic weathering environment. It appears that, a part of Gd distribution and remobilization is controlled by mafic minerals in the studied weathered materials. REE distribution and mobilization are thus controlled by (1) adsorption or co-precipitation in mafic and Fe minerals, (2) and slightly by REE-bearing minerals such as rhabdophane found in the studied weathering profile.

A new species, Acropogonhorarius Gâteblé &amp; Munzinger, sp. nov. (Malvaceae, Sterculioideae), is described from New Caledonia. It is known only from two very small subpopulations in the rainforests of the Petchécara Pass between Thio and Canala, in the southeast of Grande-Terre, New Caledonia’s main island. This shrub to small tree has hastate leaves and minute sessile tubular whitish-yellowish flowers and is strikingly different from all other members of the genus. The type locality is geologically complex and located within one of only four amphibolite lenses known in New Caledonia. A line drawing and colour photos are provided for the new species, along with a preliminary risk of extinction assessment, which indicates that the species is Critically Endangered.

The upper unit gneisses represent most of the Bas - Limousin. It is characterized by the intercalation of basic igneous rocks (metagabbro- and metadolerite). These are affected by regional metamorphism but primary textures are preserved. The aim of this work is to present new geochemical data, which allow characterizing the geochemical nature of these rocks and discussing their geodynamic meaning. Chemical analyzes of the major and traces elements were carried out at “Service commun des sciences de la terre de l’ Université de Nancy I”, rare earths elements were analyzed at CRPG of Nancy. The results of this geochemical study show that these basic rocks are comparable to continental tholeiitic rocks.

A new species, Acropogon mesophilus Munzinger & Gâteblé (Malvaceae, Sterculioideae), is described from New Caledonia. This species is endemic to non-ultramafic areas, along the southwestern coast of Grande-Terre. The species has large leaves, widely ovate to ovate, and entire, and might be confused with only two other endemic species, namely A. bullatus (Pancher & Sebert) Morat and A. veillonii Morat. However, A. mesophilus differs from the other two species most evidently by its leaves 3-nerved, flat, and with truncate to rounded bases, versus leaves 5-nerved, bullate, and with cordate bases. A line drawing and color photos are provided for the new species, along with a discussion of its morphological affinities and a preliminary risk of extinction assessment of Endangered.

Riassunto Il testo descrive gli aspetti salienti dell’attuale congiuntura mondiale. Attraverso una sintetica analisi del processo che ha portato al trionfo del liberismo globalizzato, si mostra come a cominciare dal 1990 la guerra alle migrazioni si inscriva in una vera e propria tanatopolitica (il lasciar morire). Infatti, i dominanti designano le migrazioni come il nemico del XXI° secolo perché temono che l’aumento della popolazione mondiale sia incontrollabile e che si sovrapponga ai cambiamenti climatici provocando - secondo loro - destabilizzanti invasioni di migranti nei paesi ricchi. In realtà temono che si imponga la necessità di una redistribuzione egualitaria della ricchezza mondiale che potrebbe permettere la sopravvivenza decente anche di oltre 10 miliardi di umani a condizione anche di eliminare tutte le fonti di distruzione del pianeta e innanzitutto l’estrattivismo di carbone, petroli, gas, uranio e terre rare.

L’article analyse la productivité, les résultats économiques et les coûts de la production laitière de systèmes d’élevage laitier et à viande dans le département de Matagalpa, situé dans la région centre du Nicaragua. Les données sur les exploitations ont été obtenues à partir d’interviews d’un jour, destinées à l’origine à être utilisées à des fins d’évaluation interne pour un projet de développement agricole. Au total 124 observations ont été relevées sur la structure des élevages, les ventes, l’utilisation d’intrants, l’emploi de main d’oeuvre et le cheptel. Seule la zone de pâturage des bovins, qui représentait 83 p. 100 des terres, a été utilisée dans l’analyse. Les données on été divisées en quartiles afin de les organiser. Les résultats ont montré que les élevages les plus petits utilisaient la terre de manière plus intensive et avaient une productivité plus grande. Au contraire, les élevages plus grands étaient caractérisés par une productivité plus élevée de leur ressource rare, la main d’oeuvre, une indication dans les deux cas de l’efficacité de leur répartition. Le revenu familial, obtenu après déduction des dépenses en liquide et de la dépréciation des recettes totales, a été de 10 $ US par jour et par personne de la famille ayant une activité sur l’exploitation. Le coût moyen de la production de lait à court terme a été de 0,071 $/L pour l’ensemble de l’échantillon, alors que sur le long terme il a été de 0,236 $/L. Il y a eu une forte relation négative entre le coût de production et la productivité de la terre.

The fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187 and the loss of the Frankish Levant in 1291 triggered new calls or crusade and the literature dedicated to "the recovery of the Holy Land" (pro recuperatione Terre Sancte). The exhortation to war and the urgency of Jerusalem's deliverance were also expressed through liturgy. This article examines two liturgical texts, a "Votive mass for the recovery of the Holy Land" (Missa devota ad recurandam Terram Sanctam) and an "Introit to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord" (Ad Sanctum Sepulcrum Donin introitus), transmitted in manuscripts from the Franciscan library in Jerusalem, the Biblioteca Generale della Custodia di Terra Santa. This article explores the two liturgical texts in the historical context of fifteenth-century Jerusalem, when the Franciscan friars where the only Latin clergy allowed to serve at the Holy Places. Historical accounts produced in this milieu evince the friars' efforts to memorialize the deeds of the crusader kings, celebrated as liberators of the Holy Land. The liturgical texts analysed here complement this militant memorialization. Keywords: Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Franciscan liturgy, recovery of the Holy Land. On cover:Monks singing the Office and decorated initial A[sperges me.]. Gradual Olivetan Master (Use of the Olivetan Benedictines), illuminated manuscript on parchment ca. 1430-1439. Italy, Monastero di Santa Maria di Baggio near Milan, Ca 1400-1775.Beinecke Ms1184: The olivetan Gradual. Gradual. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

Abstract. During the autumn of 2011 two catastrophic, very intense rainfall events affected two different parts of the Liguria Region of Italy causing various flash floods. The first occurred in October and the second at the beginning of November. Both the events were characterized by very high rainfall intensities (> 100 mm h−1) that persisted on a small portion of territory causing local huge rainfall accumulations (> 400 mm 6 h−1). Two main considerations were made in order to set up this work. The first consideration is that various studies demonstrated that the two events had a similar genesis and similar triggering elements. The second very evident and coarse concern is that two main elements are needed to have a flash flood: a very intense and localized rainfall event and a catchment (or a group of catchments) to be affected. Starting from these assumptions we did the exercise of mixing the two flash flood ingredients by putting the rainfall field of the first event on the main catchment struck by the second event, which has its mouth in the biggest city of the Liguria Region: Genoa. A complete framework was set up to quantitatively carry out a “what if” experiment with the aim of evaluating the possible damages associated with this event. A probabilistic rainfall downscaling model was used to generate possible rainfall scenarios maintaining the main characteristics of the observed rainfall fields while a hydrological model transformed these rainfall scenarios in streamflow scenarios. A subset of streamflow scenarios is then used as input to a 2-D hydraulic model to estimate the hazard maps, and finally a proper methodology is applied for damage estimation. This leads to the estimation of the potential economic losses and of the risk level for the people that stay in the affected area. The results are interesting, surprising and in a way worrying: a rare but not impossible event (it occurred about 50 km away from Genoa) would have caused huge damages estimated between 120 and EUR 230 million for the affected part of the city of Genoa, Italy, and more than 17 000 potentially affected people.

Pichonia Pierre (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae) is a small genus of 10 species in Australasia, of which seven are endemic to New Caledonia. We revise the genus for New Caledonia and describe one new species (P. grandiflora), resurrect another (P. dubia) and make two new combinations because of nomenclatural priority (P. balansae, P. deplanchei). P. balansae has been known for decades as P. calomeris, a name that in fact has never been validly published. The members are mainly found in Grande Terre, the main island of New Caledonia, but two species extend to Belep Islands in the north and to Isle of Pines in the south of the archipelago. Most grow in maquis vegetation at low altitudes, on ultramafic soils, preferably serpentinite. The exceptions are P. balansana, confined to limestone areas, and P. dubia that is a large canopy tree of the humid forest on ultramafic soil. Pichonia is distinguished by a character combination of an areolate higher venation, staminodes, a single-seeded fruit, plano-convex cotyledons and absence of endosperm. Because of being restricted to ultramafic soils, they are subsequently sensitive to present and future mining activities in New Caledonia. Hence, preliminary IUCN Red List assessments for all members are provided. P. balansana, P. daenikeri and P. lecomtei are all naturally uncommon, do not occur in any protected area and are proposed the IUCN status of Vulnerable. The herein described species P. grandiflora is rare in nature, known only from the Boulinda–Paéoua–Kopéto Mountains, and is in urgent need of protection. It is therefore assigned a preliminary status of Endangered.

Le comté de Terrebonne, situé directement au nord-ouest de la ville de Montréal, enjambe la zone de contact entre les basses terres du Saint-Laurent et le plateau accidenté des Laurentides. Dans la zone des basses terres s'étendent de vastes superficies de sols argileux fertiles dont la plus grande partie fut colonisée pour des fins agricoles dès le début du XIXe siècle. La terre arable de qualité est beaucoup plus rare sur les hautes terres du plateau. Seules les grandes vallées fluviales, particulièrement celles des rivières du Nord et du Diable, en rassemblent des étendues de quelque importance. Ces sols fertiles de vallée furent défrichés et convertis à l'agriculture tout au début de l'occupation du territoire. Quant aux parties du plateau offrant le moins d'intérêt, parce que dotées d'un relief assez rude, de sols sablonneux et d'une courte saison de croissance, elles firent également l'objet, durant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, d'une colonisation vigoureuse sous l'impulsion de l'Eglise et de l'Etat. Les terres défrichées, généralement tout au plus propres à la culture de foin de médiocre qualité et au pâturage des moutons, furent progressivement abandonnées : vers la fin des années 30, la plus grande partie de ces terres étaient en voie d'être réoccupées par la forêt. Durant le dernier demi-siècle, et surtout depuis les années de la seconde guerre mondiale, le comté de Terrebonne s'est considérablement urbanisé. Alors que le plateau s'équipe rapidement de facilités pour la pratique des sports d'été et d'hiver et transforme son habitat villageois en des centres de services pour le tourisme, dans la plaine ont surgi, le long de la rivière des Milles Isles, de nombreuses « villes-dortoirs » où s'écoule le trop-plein de la main-d'oeuvre montréalaise. Ces changements ont transformé l'agriculture du comté : les superficies de terres cultivées ont diminué de 60% depuis 1921 dans l'ensemble du comté tandis que l'exploitation agricole est presque complètement disparue des Laurentides depuis la même époque.

Recently, locust outbreaks around the world have destroyed agricultural and natural vegetation and caused massive damage endangering food security. Unusual heavy rainfalls in habitats of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and lack of monitoring due to political conflicts or inaccessibility of those habitats lead to massive desert locust outbreaks and swarms migrating over the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, India and Pakistan. At the same time, swarms of the Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) in some Central Asian countries and swarms of the Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus) in Russia and China destroyed crops despite developed and ongoing monitoring and control measurements. These recent events underline that the risk and damage caused by locust pests is as present as ever and affects 100 million of human lives despite technical progress in locust monitoring, prediction and control approaches. Remote sensing has become one of the most important data sources in locust management. Since the 1980s, remote sensing data and applications have accompanied many locust management activities and contributed to an improved and more effective control of locust outbreaks and plagues. Recently, open-access remote sensing data archives as well as progress in cloud computing provide unprecedented opportunity for remote sensing-based locust management and research. Additionally, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems bring up new prospects for a more effective and faster locust control. Nevertheless, the full capacity of available remote sensing applications and possibilities have not been exploited yet. This review paper provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of international research articles focusing on remote sensing application for locust management and research. We reviewed 110 articles published over the last four decades, and categorized them into different aspects and main research topics to summarize achievements and gaps for further research and application development. The results reveal a strong focus on three species—the desert locust, the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), and the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera)—and corresponding regions of interest. There is still a lack of international studies for other pest species such as the Italian locust, the Moroccan locust, the Central American locust (Schistocerca piceifrons), the South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata), the brown locust (Locustana pardalina) and the red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata). In terms of applied sensors, most studies utilized Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre VEGETATION (SPOT-VGT), Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as well as Landsat data focusing mainly on vegetation monitoring or land cover mapping. Application of geomorphological metrics as well as radar-based soil moisture data is comparably rare despite previous acknowledgement of their importance for locust outbreaks. Despite great advance and usage of available remote sensing resources, we identify several gaps and potential for future research to further improve the understanding and capacities of the use of remote sensing in supporting locust outbreak- research and management.

En raison de la relative disparition progressive des jachères qui permettaient auparavant la conservation des ressources minérales du sol, la problématique de recherche agronomique dans le Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire est étroitement liée à la petite superficie des exploitations agricoles. Dans un tel contexte, la méthode a consisté à caractériser deux facteurs déterminants : le caractère « terre » qui représente la ressource rare des exploitations agricoles et le caractère « légumineuse » dont la nécessité d’insertion dans les associations. Des systèmes de cultures pures, les cultures associées maïs- cajanus et maïs-arachide ont été étudiés dans le Nord-Côte d’Ivoire. Les résultats ont montré que l’arrangement spatial du semis modifie sensiblement la production de ces associations. On constate que la culture est favorisée par l’association céréale-légumineuse par rapport à la culture pure. Sur le sol objet du présent travail, le maïs associé valorise aussi bien la productivité que le maïs cultivé individuellement. Les possibilités d'améliorer l’association traditionnelle maïs-légumineuse, sans application des fertilisants, sont également examinées. La supériorité de l’association réside plutôt dans la valorisation du capital terre (Land Equivalent Ratio, LER >1) que dans la productivité du travail, qui ne se distingue pas globalement de celle des cultures pures ; cela signifierait que l’association gagne de son intérêt en milieu dégradé. Les différents LER totaux calculés montrent également une différence non significative entre les rendements obtenus sur Labours à plat et billons dans toutes les différentes associations légumineuses-maïs. De ce fait, les paysans n’ont aucune crainte à cultiver sur le labour à plat pour éviter de créer des poches à l’érosion à travers des sillons créés par le billonnage et qui se transforment en rigoles. Les meilleurs systèmes d’associations sont cajanusmaïs et cajanus-maïs-arachide.

Ophiolites are complex assemblages of ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks that are now widely considered to be pieces of ancient oceanic crust that were emplaced on to the continents courtesy of global plate tectonics. However, most examples were originally considered parts of enormous layered mafic intrusions and so were interpreted in that light. The new understanding of ophiolites in the late 1960s and early 1970s was a crucial part of the global Earth Science revolution, and they are now central to all plate tectonic models developed for ancient orogenic belts. Although their equivalence to oceanic crust is now well established, many ophiolites may not be ‘typical’ examples of such, and not all examples are identical. Most ophiolites likely formed in subduction-influenced environments rather than at mid-ocean ridges. Ophiolites remain important foci for research in the 21st century, and many questions remain about their environments of formation and especially their mechanisms of emplacement onto the continents. Although it was not the first to be seen as a relic of a vanished ocean, the Bay of Islands Igneous Complex in western Newfoundland is one of the best preserved and most easily accessible ophiolites in the world. In the late 20th century, research work in this area proved highly influential in understanding the oceanic crust, and in unravelling the diachronous events involved in the progressive destruction of an ancient stable continental margin as arcs and microcontinental blocks were accreted along it. Parts of the Tablelands Ophiolite lie within Gros Morne National Park, which is a UNESCO world heritage site because of its importance to our understanding of global tectonics. The wider region around the park also includes the Cabox Aspiring Geopark Project, now also in the process of seeking recognition through UNESCO. This article provides background information on ophiolites and the development of our ideas about them, and links this material to four self-guided field excursions that allow examination of many classic features. These excursions range from a collection of roadside outcrops, to some relatively easy hiking excursions on official National Park trails, and eventually to a more challenging off-trail hike that ascends to the summit plateau of the Tablelands to visit rare exposures of the Moho (the Mohorovičić Discontinuity, i.e. the lower boundary of the Earth’s crust) and the underlying upper mantle rocks. Collectively, the field stops should allow geologically-minded visitors to experience some amazing geology in a spectacular and sometimes surreal landscape. RÉSUMÉLes ophiolites sont des assemblages complexes de roches ignées ultramafiques et mafiques qui sont maintenant généralement considérées comme des fragments de croûte océanique ancienne qui ont été charriés sur les continents grâce à la tectoniqueglobale des plaques. Cependant, la plupart des exemples étaient à l'origine considérés comme faisant partie de vastes intrusions mafiques stratifiées et ont donc été interprétés dans ce contexte. La nouvelle compréhension des ophiolites à la fin des années 60 et au début des années 70 a été un élément crucial de la révolution des sciences de la Terre. Les ophiolites sont désormais au coeur de tous les modèles tectoniques des plaques développés pour les anciennes ceintures orogéniques. Bien que leur équivalence avec la croute océanique soit maintenant bien établie, de nombreuses ophiolites peuvent ne pas en être des exemples « typiques », et tous les exemples ne sont pas identiques. La plupart des ophiolites se sont probablement formées dans des environnements influences par la subduction plutôt qu’au niveau des dorsalis océaniques. Les ophiolites restent un thème de recherché important au XXIe siècle et de nombreuses questions subsistent quant à leurs environnements de formation et notamment à leurs mécanismes de mise en place sur les continents. Bien qu'il n’ait pas été le premier à être identifié comme un vestige d'un océan disparu, le complexe igné de la baie des Îles, dans l'ouest de Terre-Neuve, fait partie des ophiolites les mieux conservées et les plus facilement accessibles au monde. À la fin du XXe siècle, les travaux de recherche dans ce domaine ont joué un rôle déterminant dans la comprehension de la croûte océanique et dans la compréhension des événements diachrones impliqués dans la destruction progressive d'une ancienne marge continentale stable au fur et à mesure de l'accrétion d'arcs et de blocs microcontinentaux. Une partie des Tablelands Ophiolite se trouve dans le parc national du Gros-Morne, site classé au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en raison de son importance pour notre compréhension de la tectonique globale. La région plus large autour du parc comprend également le projet Cabox Aspiring Geopark, qui est également à la recherche d’une reconnaissance dans le cadre de l’UNESCO. Cet article fournit des informations de base sur les ophiolites et le développement de nos idées à leur sujet, et relie ce matériel à quatre excursions autoguidées qui permettent d'examiner de nombreuses caractéristiques classiques. Ces excursions vont d’une collection de visites d’affleurements au bord de la route, à des randonnées relativement faciles sur les sentiers officiels du parc national, et finalement à une randonnée plus difficile hors-piste menant au plateau sommital des Tablelands pour visiter de rares affleurement du Moho (la discontinuité de Mohorovičić, c’est-à-dire la limite inférieure de la croûte terrestre) et des roches du manteau supérieur sousjacentes. Collectivement, les visites sur le terrain devraient permettre aux visiteurs amateurs de géologie de faire l'expérience d'une géologie remarquable dans un paysage spectaculaire et parfois surréaliste.

Исследование посвящено созданию люминофора на основе фторида кальция, легированного редкоземельными элементами: 5% Yb, 1% Er, с использованием методики синтеза из раствора в расплаве. В качестве растворителя использован нитрат натрия NaNO3, в качестве фторирующего агента – фторид натрия NaF. Полученные образцы охарактеризованы методами рентгенофазового анализа, рентгеноспектрального микроанализа, растровой электронной микроскопии и люминесцентной спектроскопии.В ходе работы исследовано влияние параметров синтеза на фазовый состав и морфологию частиц. Было установлено, что для формирования однофазных образцов – твёрдых растворов на основе фторида кальция – необходимо проводить синтез при температуре не ниже 400 °C, оптимальное время выдержки составило 3 ч. Установлен состав полученных образцов, он отличается от номинального и может быть записан как Ca0.88(Yb, Er)0.06Na0.06F2. Показано, что совместное вхождение натрия и ионов редкоземельных элементов повышает границы растворимости фториданатрия во фториде кальция. Энергетический выход люминесценции составил 1.21 %.По результатам работы был получен новый материал, обладающий ап-конверсионными свойствами. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Овсянкин В.В., Феофилов П.П. О механизме суммирования электронных возбуждений в акти-вированных кристаллах. Письма в ЖЭТФ. 1966;3(12):494–497. Режим доступа: http://www.jetpletters.ac.ru/ps/782/article_12079.pdf Auzel F. Compteur quantique par transfert d’energie entre deux ions de terres rares dans un tungstate mixte et dans un verre. C. R. Acad. Sci. B. 1966;262: 1016–1019. Fedorov P. P., Kuznetsov S. V., Osiko V. V. Elaboration of nanofl uorides and ceramics for optical and laser applications. In: Tressaud A., Poeppelmeier K. (eds.) Photonic and electronic properties of fl uoride materials: Progress in fl uorine science series. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016. p. 7–31. 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DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.08.029 Chen C., Sun L.-D., Li Z.-X., Li L.-L., Zhung J., Zhang Y.-W., Yan C.-H. Ionic liquid-based route to spherical NaYF4 nanoclusters with the assistance of microwave radiation and their multicolor upconversion luminescence. Langmuir. 2010;26(11): 8797–8803. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1021/la904545a Guo H., Guo Y., Noh H. M., Moon B. K., Park S. H., Jeong J. H., Kim K. H. Elaboration, structure and luminescence of sphere-like CaF2:RE sub-microparticles by ionic liquids based hydrothermal process. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2016;16: 1146–1150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.10800 Deng X., Dai Y., Liu J., Zhou Y., Ma P., Cheng Z., Chen Y., Deng K., Li X., Hou Z., Li C., Lin J. Multifunctional hollow CaF2:Yb3+/Er3+/Mn2+-poly(2-Aminoethyl methacrylate) microspheres for Pt(IV) pro-drug delivery and tri-modal imaging. Biomaterials. 2015;50: 154–163. 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Game of Thrones (GoT) has become the most popular way of referring to a universe that was previously known under the title A Song of Ice and Fire by fans of fantasy novels. Indeed, thanks to its huge success, the TV series is now the most common entry into what is today a complex narrative constellation. Game of Thrones began as a series of five novels written by George R. R. Martin (first published in 1996). It was adapted as a TV series by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for HBO in 2011, as a comic book series (2011—2014), several video games (Blood of Dragons, 2007; A Game of Thrones: Genesis, 2011; Game of Thrones, 2012; Game of Thrones Ascent, 2013; Game of Thrones, 2014), as well as several prequel novellas, a card game (A Game of Thrones: The Card Game, 2002), and a strategy board game (2003), not to mention the promotional transmedia developed by Campfire to bring the novels’ fans to the TV series. Thus, the GoT ensemble does indeed look like a form of transmedia, at least at first sight.Game of Thrones’ UniverseGenerally, definitions of transmedia assemble three elements. First, transmedia occurs when the content is developed on several media, “with each new text making a distinctive and valuable contribution to the whole. … Each franchise entry needs to be self-contained so you don’t need to have seen the film to enjoy the game, and vice versa” (Jenkins 97-98). The second component is the narrative world. The authors of Transmédia Dans Tous Ses États notice that transmedia stories “are in some cases reduced to a plain link between two contents on two media, with no overall vision” (Collective 4). They consider these ensembles weak. For Gambarato, the main point of transmedia is “the worldbuilding experience, unfolding content and generating the possibilities for the story to evolve with new and pertinent content,” what Jenkins called “worldmaking” (116). The third ingredient is the audience. As the narrative extends itself over several platforms, consumers’ participation is essential. “To fully experience any fictional world, consumers must assume the role of hunters and gatherers, chasing down bits of the story across media channels” (Jenkins 21).The GoT constellation does not precisely match this definition. In the canonical example examined by Jenkins, The Matrix, the whole was designed from the beginning of the project. That was not the case for GoT, as the transmedia development clearly happened once the TV series had become a success. Not every entry in this ensemble unfolds new aspects of the world, as the TV series is an adaptation of the novels (until the sixth season when it overtook the books). Not every component is self-contained, as the novels and TV series are at the narrative system’s centre. This narrative ensemble more closely matches the notion of “modèle satellitaire” conceived by Saint-Gelais, where one element is the first chronologically and hierarchically. However, this statement does not devalue the GoT constellation, as the canonical definition is rarely actualized (Sepulchre “La Constellation Transmédiatique,” Philipps, Gambarato “Transmedia”), and as transmedia around TV series are generally developed after the first season, once the audience is stabilized. What is most noticeable about GoT is the fact that the TV series has probably replaced the novels as the centre of the ensemble.Under the influence of Jenkins, research on transmedia has often come to be related to fan studies. In this work, he describes very active and connected users. Research in game studies also shows that gamers are creative and form communities (Berry 155-207). However, the majority of these studies focused on hardcore fans or hardcore gamers (Bourdaa; Chen; Davis; Jenkins; Peyron; Stein). Usual users are less studied, especially for such transmedia practices.Main Question and MethodologyDue to its configuration, and the wide spectrum of users’ different levels of involvement, the GoT constellation offers an occasion to confront two audiences and their practices. GoT transmedia clearly targets both fiction lovers and gamers. The success of the franchise has led to heavy consumption of transmedia elements, even by fans who had never approached transmedia before, and may allow us to move beyond the classical analysis. That’s why, in that preliminary research, by comparing TV series viewers in general with a quite specific part of them, ordinary gamers of the videogame GOT Ascent, we aim to evaluate transmedia use in the GOT community. The results on viewers are part of a broader research project on TV series and transmedia. The originality of this study focuses on ordinary viewers, not fans. The goal is to understand if they are familiar with transmedia, if they develop transmedia practices, and why. The paper is based on 52 semi-structured interviews conducted in 2012 (11) and 2013 (41). Consumers of fictional extensions of TV series and fans of TV series were selected. The respondents are around twenty years old, university students, white, mostly female (42 women, 10 men), and are not representative outside the case study. Therefore, the purpose of this first empirical sample was simply to access ordinary GOT viewers’ behaviours, and to elaborate an initial landscape of their use of different media in the same world.After that, we focused our analysis on one specific community, a subset of the GOT’s universe’s users, that is, players of the GoT Ascent videogame (we use “gamers” as synonym for “players” and “users”). Through this online participative observation, we try to analyse the players’ attitudes, and evaluate the nature of their involvement from a user perspective (Servais). Focusing on one specific medium in the GOT constellation should allow us to further flesh out the general panorama on transmedia, by exploring involvement in one particular device more deeply. Our purpose in that is to identify whether the players are transmedia users, and so GoT fans, or if they are firstly players. During a three month in-game ethnography, in June-August 2013, we played Aren Gorn, affiliated to House Tyrell, level 91, and member of “The Winter is Dark and Full of Terrors” Alliance (2500 members). Following an in-game ethnography (Boellstorff 123-134), we explored gamers’ playing attitudes inside the interface.The Users, TV Series, and TransmediaThe respondents usually do not know what transmedia is, even if a lot of them (36) practice it. Those who are completely unaware that a narrative world can be spread over several media are rare. Only ten of them engage in fan practices (cosplay, a kind of costuming community, fan-fiction, and fan-vidding, that is fans who write fiction or make remix videos set in the world they love), which tends to show that transmedia does not only concern fans.Most of the ordinary viewers are readers, as 23 of them cite books (True Blood, Gossip Girl, Pretty Little Liars, Les Piliers de la Terre), one reads a recipe book (Plus Belle la Vie), and seven consume comics (The Walking Dead, Supernatural). They do not distinguish between novelisation (the novel adapted from a TV series) and the original book. Other media are also consumed, however a lot less: animation series, special episodes on the Internet, music, movies, websites (blogs, fictional websites), factual websites (about the story, the production, actors), fan-fiction, and cosplay.Transmedia does not seem to be a strong experience. Céline and Ioana respectively read the novels adapted from Plus Belle la Vie and Gossip Girl, but don’t like them. “It is written like a script … There’s no description, only the dialogues between characters” (Ioana). Lora watched some webisodes of Cougar Town but didn’t find them funny. Aurélie has followed the Twitter of Sookie Stackouse (True Blood) and Guilleaume D. sometimes consumes humoristic content on 9gag, but irregularly. “It’s not my thing” (Aurélie). The participants are even more critical of movies, especially the sequels of Sex and the City.That does not mean the respondents always reject transmedia components. First, they enjoy elements that are not supposed to belong to the world. These may be fan productions or contents they personally inject into the universe. Several have done research on the story’s topic: Alizée investigated mental disorders to understand United States of Tara; Guilleaume G. wandered around on Google Earth to explore Albuquerque (Breaking Bad); for Guilleaume D., Hugh Laurie’s music album is part of the character of Gregory House; Julie adores Peter Pan and, for her, Once Upon A Time, Finding Neverland, and Hook are part of the same universe. Four people particularly enjoy when the fictional characters’ couples are duplicated by real relationships between actors (which may explain all the excitement surrounding Kit Harrington and Rose Leslie’s real-life love story, paralleling their characters’ romance on GOT). If there is a transmedia production, it seems that there is also a kind of “transmedia reception,” as viewers connect heteroclite elements to build a coherent world of their own. Some respondents even develop a creative link to the world: writing fan-fiction, poetry, or building scale models (but that is not this paper’s topic, see Sepulchre “Les Constellations Narratives”, “Editorial”).A second element they appreciate is the GOT TV series. Approximately half of the respondents cite GoT (29/52). They are not fundamentally different from the other viewers except that more of them have fan practices (9 vs. 1), and a few more develop transmedia consumption (76% against 61%). To the very extent that there is consensus over the poor quality of the novels (in general), A Song of Ice and Fire seems to have seduced every respondent. Loic usually hates reading; his relatives have pointed out to him that he has read more with GoT than in his entire lifetime. Marie D. finds the novels so good that she stopped watching the TV series. Marine insists she generally reads fan-fiction because she hates the novelisations, but the GoT books are the only good ones. The novels apparently allow a deeper immersion into the world and that is the manifest benefit of consuming them. Guilleaume G. appreciates the more detailed descriptions. Céline, Florentin, Ioana, and Marine like to access the characters’ thoughts. Julie thinks she feels the emotions more deeply when she reads. Sometimes, the novels can change their opinions on a character. Emilie finds Sansa despicable in the TV series, but the books led her to understand her sensibility.Videogames & TransmediaThe vast majority of transmedia support from the GoT universe primarily targets “world lovers,” that is, users involved in media uses because they love the fantasy of the universe. However, only video games allow a personalized incarnation as a hero over a long term of time, and thus a customized active appropriation. This is in fact undoubtedly why the GoT universe’s transmedia galaxy has also been deployed in video games. GOT Ascent is a strategy game edited by Disruptor Beam, an American company specialising in TV games. Released in February 2013, the franchise attracted up to 9,000,000 players in 2014, but only 295,107 monthly active users. This significant difference between the accumulated number of players and those actually active (around 3 %) may well testify that those investing in this game are probably not a community of gamers.Combining role playing and strategy game, GoT Ascent is designed in a logic that deeply integrates the elements, not only from the TV series, but also from books and other transmedia extensions. In GoT Ascent, gamers play a small house affiliated to one of the main clans of Westeros. During the immersive game experience, the player participates in all the GoT stories from an insider’s point of view. The game follows the various GoT books, resulting in an extension whenever a new volume is published. The player interacts with others by PVE (Player versus Environment) or PVP (Player versus Player) alliances with a common chat and the possibility of sending goods to other members. With a fair general score (4,1 on 10), the game is evaluated weakly by the players (JeuxOnLine). Hence a large majority of them are probably not looking for that kind of experience.If we focus on the top players in GoT Ascent, likely representing those most invested, it is interesting to examine the names they choose. Indeed, that choice often reveals the player’s intention, either to refer to a gamer logic or the universe of GoT. During our research, we clearly distinguished two types of names, self-referential ones or those referring to the player’s general pseudonym. In concrete terms, the name is a declination of a pseudonym of more general avatars, or else refers to other video game worlds than GoT. In GoT Ascent, the second category of names, those very clearly anchored in the world of Martin, are clearly dominant.Is it possible to correlate the name chosen and the type of player? Can we affirm that people who choose a name not related to the GoT universe are players and that the others are GoT fans? Probably not obviously, but the consistency of a character’s name with the universe is, in the GoT case, very important for an immersive experience. The books’ author has carefully crafted his surnames and, in the game, assuming a name is therefore very clearly a symbolically important act in the desire to roleplay in that universe. Choosing one that is totally out of sync with the game world clearly means you are not there to immerse yourself in the spirit of GoT, but to play. In short, the first category is representative of the gamers, but the players are not restricted to those naming their avatar out of the world’s spirit.This intuition is confirmed by a review of the names related to the rank of the players. When we studied high-level players, we realized that most of them use humorous names, which are totally out of the mood of the GoT universe. Thus, in 2013, the first ranked player in terms of power was called Flatulence, a French term that is part of a humorous semantics. Yet this type of denomination is not limited to the first of the list. Out the top ten players, only two used plausible GoT names. However, as soon as one leaves the game’s elite’s sphere, the plausible names are quickly in the majority. There is a sharp opposition between the vast majority of players, who obviously try to match the world, and pure gamers.We found the same logic for the names of the Alliances, the virtual communities of players varying from a few to hundreds. Three Alliances have achieved the #1 rank in the game in the game’s first two years: Hear Me Roar (February 2013), Fire and Blood (January 2014), and Kong's Landing (September 2014). Two of those Alliances are of a more humoristic bent. However, an investigation into the 400 alliances demonstrates that fewer than 5 % have a clear humoristic signification. We might estimate that in GoT Ascent the large majority of players increase their immersive experience by choosing a GoT role play related Alliance name. We can conclude that they are mainly GoT fans playing the game, and that they seek to lend the world coherence. The high-level players are an exception. Inside GOT Ascent, the dominant culture remains connected to the GoT world.ConclusionA transmedia story is defined by its networked configuration, “worldmaking,” and users’ involvement. The GoT constellation is clearly a weak ensemble (Sepulchre, 2012). However, it has indeed developed on several platforms. Furthermore, the relationship between the novels and the TV series is quite unprecedented. Indeed, both elements are considered as qualitative, and the TV series has become the main entry for many fans. Thus, both of them acquire an equal authority.The GoT transmedia storyworld also unfolds a fictional world and depends on users’ activities, but in a peculiar way. If the viewers and gamers are analysed from fan or game studies perspectives, they appear to be weak users. Indeed, they do not seek new components; they are mainly readers and do not enjoy the transmedia experience; the players are not regular ones; and they are much less creative and humorous than high-level gamers.These weak practices have, however, one function: to prolong the pleasure of the fictional world, which is the third characteristic of transmedia. The players experiment with GoT Ascent by incarnating characters inserted into Alliances whose names may exist in the original world. This appears to be a clear attempt to become immersed in the universe. The ordinary viewers appreciate the deeper experience the novels allow. When they feed the world with unexpected elements, it is also to improve the world.Thus, transmedia appropriation by users is a reality, motivated by a taste for the universe, even if it is a weak consumption in comparison with the demanding, creative, and sometimes iconoclastic practices gamers and fans usually develop. It is obvious, in both fields, that they are new TV series fans (they quote mainly recent shows) and beginners in the world of games. For a significant part of them, GoT was probably their first time developing transmedia practices.However, GoT Ascent is not well evaluated by gamers and many of them do not repeat the experience (as the monthly number of gamers shows). Likewise, the ordinary viewers neglect the official transmedia components as too marketing oriented. The GoT novels are the exception proving the rule. 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