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Journal articles on the topic 'Oxygen separator'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 17 July 2025

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Faour, Maisa, Karam Yassin, and Dario R. Dekel. "Anion-Exchange Membrane Oxygen Separator." ACS Organic & Inorganic Au 4, no. 5 (2024): 498–503. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00052.

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Anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), known for enabling the high conductivity of hydroxide anions through dense polymeric structures, are pivotal components in fuel cells, electrolyzers, and other important electrochemical systems. This paper unveils an unprecedented utilization of AEMs in an electrochemical oxygen separation process, a new technology able to generate enriched oxygen from an O2/N2 mixture using a small voltage input. We demonstrate a first-of-its-kind AEM-based electrochemical device that operates under mild conditions, is free of liquid electrolytes or sweep gases, and produces oxygen of over 96% purity. Additionally, we develop and apply a one-dimensional time-dependent and isothermal model, which accurately captures the unique operational dynamics of our device, demonstrates good agreement with the experimental data, and allows us to explore the device’s potential capabilities. This novel technology has far-reaching applications in many industrial processes, medical oxygen therapy, and other diverse fields while reducing operational complexity and environmental impact, thereby paving the way for sustainable on-site oxygen generation.

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Raychaudhuri, Aryama, Rudra Narayan Sahoo, and Manaswini Behera. "Application of clayware ceramic separator modified with silica in microbial fuel cell for bioelectricity generation during rice mill wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 1 (2021): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.213.

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Abstract Ceramic separators have recently been investigated as low-cost, robust, and sustainable separators for application in microbial fuel cells (MFC). In the present study, an attempt was made to develop a low-cost MFC employing a clayware ceramic separator modified with silica. The properties of separators with varying silica content (10%–40% w/w) were evaluated in terms of oxygen and proton diffusion. The membrane containing 30% silica exhibited improved performance compared to the unmodified membrane. Two identical MFCs, fabricated using ceramic separators with 30% silica content (MFCS-30) and without silica (MFCC), were operated at hydraulic retention time of 12 h with real rice mill wastewater with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 3,200 ± 50 mg/L. The maximum volumetric power density of 791.72 mW/m3 and coulombic efficiency of 35.77% was obtained in MFCS-30, which was 60.4% and 48.5%, respectively, higher than that of MFCC. The maximum COD and phenol removal efficiency of 76.2% and 58.2%, respectively, were obtained in MFCS-30. MFC fabricated with modified ceramic separator demonstrated higher power generation and pollutant removal. The presence of hygroscopic silica in the ceramic separator improved its performance in terms of hydration properties and proton transport.

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Lee, Mungyu, Sanath Kondaveeti, Taeyeon Jeon, Inhae Kim, and Booki Min. "Influence of Humidity on Performance of Single Chamber Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cells with Different Separators." Processes 8, no. 7 (2020): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070861.

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The maximum performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is significantly affected by the reduction reactions in the cathode, but their optimum condition is not fully understood yet. The air-cathode MFC operations with different separators (Nafion 117 and polypropylene (PP80) were evaluated at various relative humidity (RH) at the cathode chamber. Air cathode MFCs with a Nafion 117 separator at RH of 90 ± 2% produced the highest cell voltage of 0.35 V (600 Ω) and power density of 116 mW/m2. With a PP80 separator, the maximum power generation of 381 mW/m2 was obtained at a relatively lower RH of 30 ± 2%. The cyclic voltammogram and Tafel analysis indicated that the best performance of cathodic oxygen reduction reactions could be observed at 90% RH for Nafion and 50% RH for the PP80 separator. Additionally, the RH conditions also affected the anodic reactions and oxygen mass transfer rates to the anode chamber through the cathode and separators. This study suggests that the optimum RH condition at the cathode is important in order to obtain a high performance of MFC operations and needs to be controlled at different optimum levels depending on the characteristics of the separators.

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Mahobia, S. K. "TO STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PEM FUEL CELL WITH VARIOUS TYPE OF PARAMETERS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 8 (2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i8.2017.90.

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In this paper, we are observed the PEM fuel Cells, which are consist of anode plate, cathode plate, separator, oxygen gases, and hydrogen gases. Separators are used to between the anode plate and cathode plate. The various mass flow rates of oxygen gases and hydrogen gases are obtaining with the help of controlling valve of cylinders. In this way we are achieving the various voltages.

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Dr., S. K. Mahobia. "TO STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PEM FUEL CELL WITH VARIOUS TYPE OF PARAMETERS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 8 (2017): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889028.

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In this paper, we are observed the PEM fuel Cells, which are consist of anode plate, cathode plate, separator, oxygen gases, and hydrogen gases. Separators are used to between the anode plate and cathode plate. The various mass flow rates of oxygen gases and hydrogen gases are obtaining with the help of controlling valve of cylinders. In this way we are achieving the various voltages.

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Park, Dongjoo, Sangbaek Park, and Dong-Wan Kim. "Electrospun Cellulose Nanofiber Membranes as Multifunctional Separators for High Energy and Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (March 21, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1541858.

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Although Li–S batteries (LSB) are one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage technologies, their practical applications are limited by their rapid capacity decay and uncontrolled lithium dendrite formation. In addition to the well-known role of a separator in lithium-ion batteries, LSB separators must perform additional functions. Using a facile electrospinning method, we developed an eco-friendly separator prepared from natural cellulose with an interconnected fibrous and porous structure rich in polar oxygen-containing functional groups. These polar functional groups enhance electrolyte wettability, polysulfide adsorption, and lithiophilicity, thus boosting LSB performance. A cellulose separator with a thickness (22 μm) comparable to that of a commercial polypropylene (Celgard) separator delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1458 mAh·g−1 at 0.1C with a high sulfur utilization of 87%, including a high reversible discharge capacity of 1091 mAh·g−1 for 100 cycles, exhibiting a 1.8-times greater capacity retention than those of Celgard-containing LSBs. In addition, an excellent rate capability of 908 mAh·g−1 can be achieved at a high rate of 1C. These intriguing characteristics indicate that these separators could replace conventional synthetic polymer-based separators for commercial LSBs.

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Kotowicz, Janusz, and Sylwia Berdowska. "The influence of selected parameters on the efficiency and economic charactersistics of the oxy-type coal unit with a membrane-cryogenic oxygen separator." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 1 (2016): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0005.

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AbstractIn this paper a 600 MW oxy-type coal unit with a pulverized bed boiler and a membrane-cryogenic oxygen separator and carbon capture installation was analyzed. A membrane-cryogenic oxygen separation installation consists of a membrane module and two cryogenic distillation columns. In this system oxygen is produced with the purity equal to 95%. Installation of carbon capture was based on the physical separation method and allows to reduce the CO2emission by 90%. In this work the influence of the main parameter of the membrane process – the selectivity coefficient, on the efficiency of the coal unit was presented. The economic analysis with the use of the break-even point method was carried out. The economic calculations were realized in view of the break-even price of electricity depending on a coal unit availability.

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Li, Zhen, Qianqian Jiang, Zhaoling Ma, Qiuhong Liu, Zhenjun Wu, and Shuangyin Wang. "Oxygen plasma modified separator for lithium sulfur battery." RSC Advances 5, no. 97 (2015): 79473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17629h.

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O2 plasma treatment could generate electronegative oxygen functional groups such as –COOH and –OH on the separator to restrain the shuttle effect of polysulfide intermediates in Li–S battery.

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Nanthapong, Sirinuch, Soorathep Kheawhom, and Chalida Klaysom. "MCM-41/PVA Composite as a Separator for Zinc–Air Batteries." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (2020): 7052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197052.

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Membrane separators are one of the critical components in zinc–air batteries (ZABs). In the control of mass transfer, and hence, electrochemical reaction, membrane separators have an important role to play. This work addresses the issue of battery performance in a ZAB via a new composite membrane separator based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). To enhance the electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity, mesoporous Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) is incorporated as a filler in the membrane while maintaining its integrity. The presence of MCM-41 is seen to reduce the number of cycles of secondary ZABs due to the uninvited drawbacks of increased zincate crossover and reduced triple phase boundary at the air cathode, which is pivotal for oxygen reduction reaction. Overall, results suggest that the application of the MCM-41/PVA composite has the potential for use as a separator in high-capacity primary ZABs.

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Pavasant, P., P. Wongsuchoto, and V. Suksoir. "Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Airlift Contactors." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 5, no. 1 (2005): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50165.

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A mathematical model was proposed to explain the gas-liquid mass transfer behavior in an airlift contactor (ALC). The model separated the airlift contactor into three sections: riser, gas separator, and downcomer. The riser and downcomer were described using the dispersion model whilst the gas separator was modeled as a .completely mixed tank. All parameters needed for the model were obtained from independent experiments both carried out in this work and reported elsewhere. Simulation results were compared with a number of experimental data obtained from the systems with various geometrical and operational conditions. It was shown that the model could predict the oxygen mass transfer between phases in the ALC with reasonable accuracy. Keywords: Airlift contactor (ALC), dispersion model, mass transfer, mathematical model, and verification.

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Mishima, Fumihito, Yoko Akiyama, and Shigehiro Nishijima. "Fundamental Study on Magnetic Separator Using Oxygen Dissolved Perfluorocarbon." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 24, no. 3 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2013.2292311.

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Mancini, N. D., S. Gunasekaran, and A. Mitsos. "A Multiple-Compartment Ion-Transport-Membrane Reactive Oxygen Separator." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 23 (2012): 7988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie202433g.

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Lavorante, María J., Carla Y. Reynoso, and Juan I. Franco. "Straight-Parallel Electrodes and Variable Gap for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2019 (August 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5392452.

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The challenges to be overtaken with alkaline water electrolysis are the reduction of energy consumption, the maintenance, and the cost as well as the increase of durability, reliability, and safety. Having these challenges in mind, this work focused on the reduction of the electrical resistance of the electrolyte which directly affects energy consumption. According to the definition of electrical resistance of an object, the reduction of the space between electrodes could lower the electrical resistance but, in this process, the formation of bubbles could modify this affirmation. In this work, the performance analyses of nine different spaces between stainless steel 316L electrodes were carried out, although the spaces proposed are not the same as those from the positive electrode (anode) to the separator and from the separator to the negative electrode (cathode). The reason why this is studied is that stoichiometry of the reaction states that two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen can be obtained per every two moles of water. The proposed spaces were 10.65, 9.20, 8.25, 7.25, 6.30, 6.05, 4.35, 4.15, and 3.40 millimetres. From the nine different analysed distances between electrodes, it can be said that the best performance was reached by one of the smallest distances proposed, 4.15 mm. When the same distance between electrodes was compared (the same and different distance between electrodes and separator), the one that had almost twice the distance (negative compartment) presented an increase in current density of approximately 33% with respect to that where both distances (from electrodes to separator) are the same. That indicates that the stichometry of the electrolysis reaction influenced the performance.

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Wu, Shichao, Yu Qiao, Han Deng, and Haoshen Zhou. "A single ion conducting separator and dual mediator-based electrolyte for high-performance lithium–oxygen batteries with non-carbon cathodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 21 (2018): 9816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02567c.

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Kim, Byung Gon, Joo-Seong Kim, Jaeyun Min, et al. "A Moisture- and Oxygen-Impermeable Separator for Aprotic Li-O2Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 26, no. 11 (2016): 1747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201504437.

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Zhou, Junbo, Kuisheng Wang, and Liping Gao. "Failure Analysis of the Pressure Vessel by Stainless Steel: 1Cr18Ni9Ti." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 4 (2004): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1811106.

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The corrosion failure of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel pressure vessel was studied with the aid of metallurgical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, scanning Auger energy spectra and X-ray diffraction meters. The main causes of the failure included: inter-crystalline corrosion initiated at or near welding position between head and body of cylinder, electrochemical corrosion due to chloride ions in electrolyte and corrosive action formed by oxygen separator and hydrogen separator. Some measures of corrosion resistance and design improvement were proposed.

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Fan, Chuan Gang, Yan Bo Zuo, Jun Qing Lu, Si Wei Zhu, Wei Liu та Chu Sheng Chen. "Oxygen Separator Based on SrCo_0.8Fe_0.1Sn_0.1O_3-δ Permeable Membranes". Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (березень 2007): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.921.

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In this article, the densely SrCo0.8Fe0.1Sn0.1O3-δ (SSCF) tubular membranes were prepared by the traditional extrusion method. The prototype oxygen separator was constructed by the resulting SSCF tubular membrane. The resulting oxygen product had purity over 99%. At 920oC, a tubular membrane with a wall thickness of 1.4mm, had the permeation rate of 2.4ml/min.cm2, which kept unchanged during 1000hrs operation.

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Siswantara, Ahmad Indra, Adi Syuriadi, Ridho Irwansyah, Gun Gun Ramdlan Gunadi, Dianta Mustofa Kamal, and Supriyadi. "Analysis of the Effect of Inlet velocity on Pressure drop on Cyclone separator to be used in Pyrolysis system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2972, no. 1 (2025): 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2972/1/012016.

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Abstract Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of biomass through heating at high temperatures (above 300°C), with no or little oxygen, which produces green fuels such as: syngas, bio-oil, and bio-char. The most important component of a pyrolysis system is the cyclone separator. The function of the cyclone separator is to remove solid particles from the syngas formed, so that the syngas becomes cleaner. Therefore, to improve the performance of the cyclone separator, it is necessary to test it experimentally. Pressure drop is an important variable in determining the performance level of the cyclone separator in the pyrolysis system. The cyclone types tested are Stairmand and Lapple types. Based on the experimental results, inlet velocity is very influential on the pressure drop of the cyclone separator. The greater the inlet velocity value, the higher the pressure drop value. The highest-pressure drop is in the Lapple type of 16.26 mbar compared to the Stairmand type of 12.16 mbar with each inlet velocity of 13 m/s.

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Luo, Wen-Bin, Shu-Lei Chou, Jia-Zhao Wang, Yong-Mook Kang, Yu-Chun Zhai, and Hua-Kun Liu. "A hybrid gel–solid-state polymer electrolyte for long-life lithium oxygen batteries." Chemical Communications 51, no. 39 (2015): 8269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01857a.

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A gel–solid state polymer electrolyte has been used as the separator and an electrolyte for lithium oxygen batteries, which can not only avoid electrolyte evaporation but also protect the lithium metal anode during reactions over long-term cycling.

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Assanis, D. N., R. B. Poola, R. Sekar, and G. R. Cataldi. "Study of Using Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Air for Locomotive Diesel Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 1 (2000): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1290590.

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A thermodynamic simulation is used to study the effects of oxygen-enriched intake air on the performance and nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions of a locomotive diesel engine. The parasitic power of the air separation membrane required to supply the oxygen-enriched air is also estimated. For a given constraint on peak cylinder pressure, the gross and net power output of an engine operating under different levels of oxygen enrichment are compared with those obtained when a high-boost turbocharged engine is used. A 4 percent increase in peak cylinder pressure can result in an increase in net engine power of approximately 10 percent when intake air with an oxygen content of 28 percent by volume is used and fuel injection timing is retarded by 4 degrees. When the engine is turbocharged to a higher inlet boost, the same increase in peak cylinder pressure can improve power by only 4 percent. If part of the significantly higher exhaust enthalpies available as a result of oxygen enrichment is recovered, the power requirements of the air separator membrane can be met, resulting in substantial net power improvements. Oxygen enrichment with its attendant higher combustion temperatures, reduces emissions of particulates and visible smoke but increases NO emissions (by up to three times at 26 percent oxygen content). Therefore, exhaust gas after-treatment and heat recovery would be required if the full potential of oxygen enrichment for improving the performance of locomotive diesel engines is to be realized.

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Jiang, Qianqian, Zhen Li, Shuangyin Wang, and Han Zhang. "A separator modified by high efficiency oxygen plasma for lithium ion batteries with superior performance." RSC Advances 5, no. 113 (2015): 92995–3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra18457f.

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The separator modified by high efficiency oxygen plasma is used for the Li/LiMn2O4 batteries, which show excellent electrochemical performance in terms of capacity and cycling performance, especially at the elevated temperature of Li-ion batteries.

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Solomatin, A., E. Orlova, A. Sorokin, et al. "INTERACTION OF MATERIALS OF THE SEPARATOR OF HYDROGEN WITH SODIUM AND IMPURITY IN IT." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2019, no. 1 (2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2019-1-117-123.

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Work is devoted to a research of materials (zirconium and nickel) for hydrogen separation by its production with use of nuclear reactor in relation to the high-temperature fast sodium reactor (BN-VT) developed in IPPE, for production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon raw materials. These materials can be used in relation to the thermal reactor of the operating nuclear power plants or the reactor of new generation of VTGR, the electrolysis of water offered for receiving hydrogen in Research Center KI. Hydrogen on the NPP is formed also at reaction of water with structural materials, at water leak emergencies in sodium and steam - Zr reaction, at nuclear reactions, etc. In the real work results of LAES of the analysis of zirconium and nickel after their interaction with sodium and impurity in it are presented at 1053 K during 100 h in the sodium purified from oxygen to the level which is not exceeding 2 mg/kg and containing 6 mg/kg of hydrogen. Interaction of zirconium and nickel with sodium and impurity in it is revealed (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon). The maximum quantity of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen in zirconium is concentrated in a small layer of a sample by thickness near 10 microns. Hydrogen is concentrated probably near borders of grains, oxygen content in zirconium significantly exceeded oxygen content in initial zirconium that will be coordinated with results of thermodynamic calculations. It is shown that for increase in purity of hydrogen and durability of service of the device it is necessary to have zirconium as well as a nickel membrane in a gas phase.

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Gupta, Ruchika. "Development of Membranes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 36 (2023): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01362037mtgabs.

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Alkaline water electrolysis is one of the important methods for generating high purity hydrogen. Alkaline electrolysis, because of the possibility of using relatively inexpensive electrode materials, is more economical than hydrolysis in acidic medium; the medium is also less corrosive. The challenges in water electrolysis in general are to reduce the cost, energy consumption and maintenance, hence increase the efficiency of the overall process. An important consideration in the above is the separator between the two electrode compartments, which has to be such that it minimizes (or eliminates) the possibility of mixing of gases evolved at the two electrodes, while not adding much to the overall voltage drop in the electrolyzer. The objective of this study is to develop a membrane separator with low ohmic resistance and hydrogen permeability, essential for the alkaline electrolysis operation. A thorough analysis of the membrane’s resistance is done based on a study of how synthesis parameters, and (through them) the structure, determine the physical and electrochemical properties and influence the electrolysis. Three categories of separators have been reported for alkaline water electrolysis: porous separators, anion exchange membranes and ion-solvating membranes. Anion exchange membranes have a functionalized polymeric base with cationic groups linked to the polymer backbone, for anion conduction across the membrane separator. An ion-solvating membrane is a dense polymeric material containing a polymer backbone with affinity to aqueous KOH (the normally used electrolyte) to achieve ionic conductivity. Porous separators are diaphragms which physically separate the anodic and cathodic chambers, although allowing some ion conduction by virtue of their ability to sorb the electrolyte. Our focus in this study is on the last type of separators. We report here our studies on a porous composite Zirfon membrane separator made up of polysulfone polymer and zirconium dioxide, with 80wt% loading of zirconium dioxide and a nylon mesh support. The membranes were made in-house and had an average thickness and ohmic area-resistance of 320μm and 4.5Ω-cm2 (measured in 0.5M NaOH via Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy), respectively. A lab-scale electrolyzer cell was installed with the composite Zirfon membrane and commercial Zirfon membrane and was tested for alkaline electrolysis; a quantitative relationship between the cell voltage, current and impedance results is established and analyzed by calculating the expected ohmic losses, Tafel kinetics and purity of hydrogen gas evolved. The electrolyzer achieved a cell voltage of 2.4V with the in-house membrane and 2V with the commercial membrane at a current density of 0.06Acm-2 in 0.5M NaOH solution with Nickel foam as electrodes. The Tafel slopes obtained for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions for Nickel foam electrodes with commercial Zirfon and in-house composite Zirfon separator was 200 mV/dec and 220 mV/dec, respectively. The results obtained for the in-house membrane are benchmarked against the commercial Zirfon membrane. Figure 1

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Fujita, Yuko, Hitoshi Nakamura, and Tamotsu Muto. "An electrochemical oxygen separator using an ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 16, no. 6 (1986): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01006541.

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Jin, So Yeon, James Manuel, Xiaohui Zhao, Won Ho Park, and Jou-Hyeon Ahn. "Surface-modified polyethylene separator via oxygen plasma treatment for lithium ion battery." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 45 (January 2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.08.021.

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Graf, John, Dale Taylor, and James Martinez. "Determining the Source of Water Vapor in a Cerium Oxide Electrochemical Oxygen Separator to Achieve Aviator Grade Oxygen." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, S3 (2014): 1896–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614011210.

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Nakashima, Kohei, Masao Yoshida, and Yuki Kondo. "Performance Characteristics of a Free-Breathing Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell with Various Channel Shapes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 46 (2024): 3234. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02463234mtgabs.

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Free-breathing fuel cells of channel-type cathodes have straight vertical channels with open ends to supply oxygen to their cathode by natural convection. The channel structure should efficiently feed air to the cathode and ensure uniform contact between the electrode and the electrolyte. Several studies have reported the performance characteristics of free-breathing fuel cells with channel-type cathodes, including the effects of the width and the depth of the channels, the thickness of the gas diffusion layers, and the air blowing into the channels. However, we have seen no full reports investigating the performance characteristics of free-breathing fuel cells as a function of their channel shapes. This study utilized a small free-breathing fuel cell, with an active area of 4 cm2 (2 cm × 2 cm), and channel cathodes with various channel shapes, to experimentally investigate the effect of channel structure on cell performance, to numerically analyze the natural convection air flow in channels, and to compare with the results of performance characteristics. Our free-breathing fuel cell used a solid polymer electrolyte membrane of Nafion 112, with a thickness of 50 μm. The electrodes with gas diffusion layers were carbon paper (TGP-H-120) with a thickness of 0.37 mm, loaded with 1.0 mg/cm2 platinum. A separator on the anode had a meander channel with a width of 2 mm and a depth of 1 mm. The various channel-type separators on the cathode were based on a separator with four straight channels with a width of 3 mm, a depth of 3 mm, and a rib width of 2 mm, then some of the ribs were eliminated or their shapes were modified to promote natural convection through the channels. Experiments were carried out with the cell center plane perpendicular to the ground, and the channels of the cathode separator oriented vertically. The cell voltage and resistance (at a frequency of 10 kHz) were measured, by increasing current density in increments of 5 mA/cm2, until the cell voltage dropped to 0.3 V, at a non-humidified hydrogen supply rate of 7.0 cm3/min (normal). Experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures of 16 - 22 ºC and relative humidities of 35 - 40%. The experimental results indicated that, compared with a conventional cathode separator with four straight channels, cell performance was improved by eliminating some of the channel ribs and increasing the opening ratio, up to a point. A separator with 2 mm square ribs rotated by 45° further improved cell performance. However, when the opening ratio became too large, cell performance leveled off. CFD ULTIMATE (Autodesk Inc.) software was used to analyze the natural convection air flow. The analytical model consisted of the cathode separator, the electrode, the gasket, and their separating spaces, as well as spaces above and below the cathode separator (3 mm thick x 31 mm wide x 100 mm long). Natural convection of air was analyzed in these spaces. The temperature was set at 25 ºC on the electrode surface and 20 ºC on the other surfaces. The gauge pressure at the inlet of the space below the separator and at the outlet of the space above was set to 0 Pa. No air flow was allowed in the vertical direction on the sides of the spaces above and below the separator. The turbulence model was a low Reynolds number k-ε model and the analysis method was incompressible steady flow. The analysis results showed that, compared with a conventional cathode separator with four straight channels, eliminating some of the ribs and increasing the opening ratio resulted in higher flow velocities in the channels. In addition, a separator with 2 mm square ribs rotated by 45° showed even higher velocities next to the ribs. These analysis results revealed that separators with modified channels improved cell performance by promoting natural convection.

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Hnat, Jaromir, Karel Denk, Roman Kodým, Martin Paidar, and Karel Bouzek. "Characterisation of the Operational Parameters of the Laboratory-Scale Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis Stack." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (2022): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261227mtgabs.

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Alkaline water electrolysis utilising porous diaphragm type separator of the electrode compartments represents industrially well-established technology of hydrogen production. This is due to the durable and stable operation utilizing abundant materials as iron, nickel, or stainless steel. However, many of the designs, construction solutions and approaches originate in the historical demands on the process (like mentioned durability rather than flexibility) and do not reflect up to date demands. Current demands on water electrolysis are given by the expected connection of water electrolysis technology with renewable sources of energy. The role of the water electrolysis is to use the surplus electrical energy in periods of the high output and/or low need for production of hydrogen. Hydrogen in such scheme represents an energy vector, which can be stored and used for electricity production in periods of the insufficient output of the renewable sources and/or high demand. Alternatively, hydrogen can be used as a fuel in fuel cell-based cars or as feedstock in industry. Due to connection with unpredictable renewable source, it is necessary for water electrolysis technologies to be flexible, highly efficient and be able to produce hydrogen of high purity. Current alkaline water electrolysis failed in several of these demands. Nowadays demands on water electrolysis are met by process utilizing proton exchange membrane (PEM) as separator of the electrode compartments. Unfortunately, PEM water electrolysis is limited by the need of the materials like titanium, platinum and iridium, which are rare, to be involved as electrodes, or catalysts of electrode reactions. The significant effort is paid to the possibility to combine advantages of both, alkaline and PEM processes by replacing porous diaphragm by dense anion-selective polymer membrane (ASM). Such change would allow to reduce the interelectrode distance to the thickness of the ASM used as separator of the electrode compartments, which would increase the performance of the membrane alkaline water electrolysis process. Utilisation of the ASM would also allow to decrease concentration of circulating electrolyte from commonly used 25 – 30 wt.% KOH to 1 – 5 wt.% KOH, increasing thus safety and flexibility. Another important beneficial impacts of ASM application are related to the improved current efficiency at low current densities and purity of the produced gasses, again especially at low current densities. Significant development was achieved in ASM synthesis in last decade and first promising materials are being commercially available. Despite the fact that many of the novel materials are tested in single cells under conditions of the membrane alkaline water electrolysis, the information on the stack behaviour are rare. In our work, we focused on the comparison of the porous diaphragm type and ASM separators in short stack comprising of 3 cells and geometrical area of the separator 78.5 cm2 under different operational conditions in terms of performance achieved. Besides the performance characterisation by mean of the load curve measurement, the complementary information on the gas purity, current efficiency and long-term stability were gathered for ASM separator. Zirfon Perl UTP 500 (Agfa, Belgium) was used as diaphragm type separator, meanwhile chloromethylated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene backbone functionalized by DABCO groups was used as ASM (TailorMem s.r.o., Czech Republic). Different concentrations of the liquid electrolyte represented by KOH solution were used in the range 1 – 15 wt.%. The temperature effect was verified at the same time by using the temperature of 25 and 40 °C. Load curves were measured galvanostically up to current density of 600 mA cm-2. The current efficiency was calculated based on the Faradays law by measuring the real oxygen production and comparing with theoretical value. The gas purity was measured for oxygen stream as the penetration of hydrogen into the oxygen stream is more important. Gas chromatography was used to measure the oxygen stream composition. The long-term stability was measured in 10 wt.% KOH solution at 40 °C at 240 mA cm-2. The results obtained indicate that at low KOH concentrations the performance of membrane alkaline water electrolysis is significantly better when compare to application of the diaphragm type separator. The differences in performance mitigated at increasing concentration. The characterisation of the membrane alkaline water electrolysis short-stack showed possibility to achieve high purity of the produced gasses and current efficiency even at low current densities. The long-term test showed excellent stability of the used ASM. Acknowledgement: This project has received funding from the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 Research and innovation action under grant agreement No 862509. Financial support by the Technology agency of the Czech Republic within the framework of the project No. TK02030103 is gratefully acknowledged.

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Черкесов, А. Ю., С. А. Щукин, and И. А. Денисова. "Study of the catalytic iron oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by air oxygen in a reactor with a membrane separator." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.01.01.

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Приведены результаты исследований железокаталитического окисления сероводорода кислородом воздуха в реакторе с мембранным разделителем. Исследования проводили на лабораторной установке. Объектом исследований служила искусственно приготовленная модельная сероводородсодержащая вода. Лабораторная установка представляла собой емкость-реактор, где происходило окисление сероводорода кислородом воздуха в присутствии гидроксида железа, выступающего катализатором процесса. Отделение очищенной воды от Fe(OH)3 проводили методом ультрафильтрации. Все эксперименты осуществлялись в условиях, рекомендованных для протекания железокаталитического окисления сероводорода: концентрация гидроксида железа (III) 2 г/дм3, рН 7–8, время пребывания в реакторе 1 час, расход воздуха 2 м3/м3, температура 20–23 ºС. Экспериментально подтверждена окислительная способность метода при вышеуказанных стандартных значениях показателей. Получено уравнение регрессии, описывающее железокаталитическое окисление сероводорода кислородом воздуха в реакторе с мембранным разделителем. Представленный метод может быть рекомендован в схемах очистки сероводородсодержащих природных вод для целей питьевого водоснабжения. The results of studies of the catalytic iron oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by air oxygen in a reactor with a membrane separator are presented. The studies were carried out in a laboratory setup. An artificially prepared model hydrogen sulfide-containing water served as the object of study. The laboratory setup was a reactor vessel where hydrogen sulfide was oxidized by air oxygen in the presence of iron hydroxide that acted as a catalyst for the process. The separation of purified water and Fe (OH)3 was carried out by ultrafiltration. All the experiments were executed under the conditions recommended for the iron catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide: concentration of iron (III) hydroxide 2 g/dm3, pH 7–8, residence time in the reactor 1 hour, air consumption 2 m3/m3, temperature 20–23 ºС. The oxidizing ability of the method has been experimentally confirmed at the above standard values of the indicators. A regression equation has been obtained that describes the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by air oxygen in a reactor with a membrane separator. The presented method can be recommended in the process flow schemes of natural hydrogen sulfide-containing water purification for the purposes of drinking water supply.

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Male, P. C., and W. A. Pretoruis. "Aerobic treatment of inhibitory wastewater using a high-pressure bioreactor with membrane separation." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 11 (2001): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0666.

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Wastewater high in phenolic content (948 mg/l) and dissolved solids (5.4 g/l) had to be treated to remove most of the organic material and toxic compounds. A laboratory scale High Pressure (3 bar) Bioreactor (HPB) was developed and operated to treat the wastewater using a ceramic ultra filtration membrane as biomass separator. The performance of the system was compared to a normal activated sludge plant (ASP) using sludge settling for separation. The HPB was more stable than the ASP, which twice became unstable with a resulting biomass loss. Both reactors removed 90% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading, reducing the phenol concentration below 20 mg/l. The maximum COD removal rate of the HPB was 28 kg/m3.d compared to 15 kg/m3.d of the ASP, while the HPB achieved 16-32 times better oxygen transfer than the ASP. It was concluded that the HPB was the preferred treatment system compared to the ASP, when treating high strength inhibitory wastewaters, due to its stable operating performance and high COD removal rate.

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Tao, Runming, Susheng Tan, Xiao-Guang Sun, et al. "In-Situ Ionothermal Synthesis of Nanoporous Carbon/Oxide Composites: A New Key to Functional Separators for Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 7 (2024): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-017778mtgabs.

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Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are promising high-energy energy storage systems. However, conventional polypropylene-based separator cannot avoid polysulfides shuttling and thus dramatically impedes the practical LSBs. Herein, a novel in-situ ionothermal synthesis strategy that concurrently applies ionic liquid as the solvent, template and high-yield carbon source is proposed for facile preparation of nanoporous carbon/oxides composites. Theoretical and experimental studies suggests that the composites exhibit features of high polarity, Ti3+ doping, oxygen vacancy, heteroatom doping, abundant defects and high electronic conductivity for fast trapping and conversion of polysulfides in LSBs. As functional materials towards separator modification, the assembled high-loading LSBs deliver enhanced performance due to the suppression of shuttle effects. Furthermore, the proposed strategy exhibits excellent versatility and good practicality.

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Mazumder, Gour Chand, SM Nasif Shams, Md Habibur Rahman, and Saiful Huque. "Development and Performance Analysis of a Low-Cost Hydrogen Generation System Using Locally Available Materials." Dhaka University Journal of Science 68, no. 1 (2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v68i1.54597.

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In this paper, a low-cost water electrolyzer is developed and its performance study is presented. Locally found materials are used to develop the electrolyzer. The electrolyzer has two cells connected in parallel and bipolar electrode configuration. In common, different cells are connected in series but for this electrolyzer parallel connection has been tested. A very thin polymer, Nylon-140 has been used as separator membranes for this electrolyzer. In separator membrane assembly, the designed geometry creates two separate gas channels internally which enables the direct collection of hydrogen and oxygen gas from the designated outlet port of the electrolyzer. The geometry excludes the need of external tubing into each cell-compartments to collect hydrogen and oxygen separately. The developed electrolyzer is found to be 42% efficient with its highest production rate of 227.27 mL/min. The purity of hydrogen is found to be more than 92% and justified with the burn test. The cost is 20 times less than the commercial electrolyzers. The development method and scheme can be helpful to popularize the small scale use of hydrogen in Bangladesh for various renewable energy applications. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 68(1): 49-56, 2020 (January)

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Shomura, Ryo, Ryota Tamate, and Shoichi Matsuda. "Lithium-Ion-Conducting Ceramics-Coated Separator for Stable Operation of Lithium Metal-Based Rechargeable Batteries." Materials 15, no. 1 (2022): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010322.

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Lithium metal anode is regarded as the ultimate negative electrode material due to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, the significantly high reactivity of Li metal limits the practical application of Li metal batteries. To improve the stability of the interface between Li metal and an electrolyte, a facile and scalable blade coating method was used to cover the commercial polyethylene membrane separator with an inorganic/organic composite solid electrolyte layer containing lithium-ion-conducting ceramic fillers. The coated separator suppressed the interfacial resistance between the Li metal and the electrolyte and consequently prolonged the cycling stability of deposition/dissolution processes in Li/Li symmetric cells. Furthermore, the effect of the coating layer on the discharge/charge cycling performance of lithium-oxygen batteries was investigated.

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Rita Youfa and Dinda Asyifa. "The Effect of Excess Oxygen and Operating Temperature on Bioscrubber Performance in Reducing H2S Concentration in Biogas." International Journal of Mathematics and Science Education 1, no. 4 (2024): 01–07. https://doi.org/10.62951/ijmse.v1i4.93.

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Bioscrubber merupakan separator yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan konsentrasi hidrogen sulfida (H2S) pada biogas. Permasalahan yang mempengaruhi kinerja bioscrubber diantaranya yaitu jumlah oksigen berlebih (excess oxygen) dan suhu yang tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan operasi sehingga menyebabkan tidak maksimalnya kinerja bioscrubber dalam menurunkan konsentrasi hidrogen sulfida (H2S). Untuk meminimalisir permasalahan ini maka dilakukan analisa data terkait kebutuhan jumlah oksigen berlebih dan suhu operasi yang optimal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengumpulan data secara langsung yaitu dengan pengambilan data produksi biogas di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biogas (PLTBg) Sei Mangkei yang kemudian dilakukan pengolahan data terkait kebutuhan excess oxygen dan suhu operasi pada proses separasi H2S. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan, diketahui bahwa proses penurunan konsentrasi H2S menggunakan bioscrubber yang ada di PLTBg Sei Mangkei membutuhkan excess oxygen sebanyak 363,4% dari kebutuhan oksigen teoritis dan suhu operasi 38oC untuk dapat menurunkan konsentrasi H2S hingga 97,5%.

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Miyakawa, Shuntaro, Shoichi Matsuda, Shoji Yamaguchi, Manai Ono, Takaya Saito, and Goto Masatoshi. "Lithium-Oxygen-Battery Using Lightweight Gas-Diffusion Current Collector." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 7 (2024): 839. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-027839mtgabs.

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Introduction There is a growing demand for high-energy-density storage devices owing to the increasing number of mobile device applications. On the other hand, an energy-density of currently mainstream lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has almost reached its theoretical limit, and there is a strong desire for a next-generation batteries that use high-capacity materials based on designs different from conventional ones. Lithium oxygen batteries (LOBs), comprising gas phase oxygen and lithium metal foil as the positive and negative electrode materials, have received great attention as next generation energy storage devices owing to their superior theoretical energy densities. These days, there has been considerable technological progress in the field of LOBs, however, the progress on gas diffusion layer (GDL) has not been sufficient despite their importance in providing an oxygen supply needed to achieve practical power densities. The current mainstream design of LOBs uses a carbon fiber-based GDL which are used in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, but its heavy-weight makes it hardly to apply to high energy-dense LOBs. A new material design is required to achieve practical power density with minimal weight load. In this study we demonstrated a gas-diffusible current collector that combines the function of oxygen mass transport and electron transfer by a Ni-coated polymer fiber mesh and investigated its applicability in LOBs. Experimental Method A Ni-coated polymer fiber mesh, which is a gas-diffusible current collector, was obtained by electroless plating of 0.5 μm of Ni onto a 0.8 mg/cm2 mesh comprised a 27 μm diameter PET fiber. The LOB cell was fabricated with the following configuration. Cathode active material: a self-standing KB-based membrane (270 mm thick, 5.4 mg/cm2 carbon-loaded), Anode active material: Li foil (20 μm thick), Separator: polyolefin-based separator (20 μm thick), Electrolyte: 0.5 M LiTFSI + 0.5 M LiNO3 + 0.2 M LiBr in TEGDME, GDL: a carbon fiber membrane (200 μm thick) or the Ni-coated PET mesh, positive electrode current collector: SUS-304 foil (20 μm thick). And a ceramic-based, solid-state separator (LICGC, 90 μm thick), which was sandwiched between polyolefin separator, was used to protect the lithium negative electrode. Result and Discussion First, we investigated the effect of the mass loading of the GDL and positive electrode current collector on the energy density of a LOB. A 200 μm carbon fiber membrane (8.4 mg/ cm2) and a 30 μm SUS mesh (3.5 mg/cm2) were used as a GDL and a cathode current collector and total weight of GDL and cathode current collector reached 11.9 mg/cm2. On the other hand, the weight of the Ni-coated polymer fiber mesh is only 1.4 mg/cm2 (PET fibers: 0.8 mg/cm2, Ni coating layer: 0.6 mg/cm2). Therefore, when this material is used as a gas diffusible current collector, a weight reduction of about 10 mg/cm2 can be achieved. (Based on our calculations [1], it’s equivalent to an increase of approximately 150 Wh/kg in a LOB). These results illustrate the importance of a gas-diffusible current collector in high-energy-density LOBs. Then we fabricated the following two LOB cells and evaluated their battery performance. (i) Cell A: carbon fiber membrane GDL and SUS mesh current collector (total weight 11.9 mg/cm2), (ii) Cell B: Ni-coated PET fiber mesh gas-diffusible current collector (total weight 1.4 mg/cm2). The schematic illustration of LOB cells is shown in Figure a, b. Figure c, d shows the discharge profiles of the LOB cells at 0.4 mA/cm2 current density and 4.0 mAh/cm2 areal capacity and this result indicated that the gas-diffusible current collector possesses an oxygen transport ability equivalent to that of a conventional carbon fiber membrane, albeit with a smaller thickness and less weight. We also conducted a cycling test at current density of at 0.4 mA/cm2 current density and 4.0 mAh/cm2 areal capacity. These two cells displayed stable discharging/charging and showed an equivalent cycle-life performance. These results indicated that equivalent LOB performance can be achieved even when using a lightweight gas-diffusible current collector instead of a conventional thick, heavy carbon fiber membrane. We believe that the concept of an ultralightweight gas diffusible current collector demonstrated in this study opens future directions in the search for metal air batteries with high energy-density and power densities. [1] M. Shuntaro et al., ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2023, 6, 1906−1912 Figure 1

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Boldyreva, E. Y., N. V. Kadnikova, V. V. Volynskii, and I. A. Kazarinov. "The sealed nickel-cadmium accumulator of KGL300P with electrodes of lamella construction." Electrochemical Energetics 9, no. 4 (2009): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2009-9-4-222-225.

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The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of designing a valve-regulated nickel-cadmium KGL300P battery on the basis of the commercial lamellar-electrode KL300P battery with the use of a universal principle of compulsory oxygen pumping into the cadmium electrode's pores. The unwoven geotextile TU 8397-056-05283280-2002 linen of the Geocom A-200 brand can be used as a separator material in the design of such a battery. An increase in the oxygen absorption rate up to 0.2–0.5 C in the valve-regulated nickel-cadmium KGL300P battery can be achieved at a fixed step of assembly of the electrode block to ensure reliable condensation of the interelectrode gap.

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Bölükbaşı, Ö. S., and B. Tufan. "Steelmaking slag beneficiation by magnetic separator and impacts on sinter quality." Science of Sintering 46, no. 3 (2014): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1403331b.

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Basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) slag is the main problem at all iron and steel factories. About more than 6 million tons/year of BOF slag has been accumulated from the waste stockyards in Turkey. Dumps slags can be revaluated by a processing technology which makes it possible to obtain products that meet the requirements of sintering and blast furnace production. The slags with particle size of -10 mm were enriched by the magnetic separator resulting and increase in Fe grade from 18% to 33%. The use of BOF slag in sinter blend provided additional Mn, CaO, MgO and introduced a good solution to environmental problems.

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Zhai, Wentao, Hanwei Yu, Hao Chen, et al. "Stable fouling resistance of polyethylene (PE) separator membrane via oxygen plasma plus zwitterion grafting." Separation and Purification Technology 293 (July 2022): 121091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121091.

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Deng, Han, Zhi Chang, Feilong Qiu, et al. "A Safe Organic Oxygen Battery Built with Li‐Based Liquid Anode and MOFs Separator." Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 12 (2020): 1903953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903953.

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Chauhan, Sunil, Ankit Kumar, Soumya Pandit, et al. "Investigating the Performance of a Zinc Oxide Impregnated Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Low-Cost Cation Exchange Membrane in Microbial Fuel Cells." Membranes 13, no. 1 (2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010055.

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The current study investigated the development and application of lithium (Li)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO)-impregnated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) proton exchange membrane separator in a single chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC). Physiochemical analysis was performed via FT-IR, XRD, TEM, and AC impedance analysis to characterize thus synthesized Li-doped ZnO. PVA-ZnO-Li with 2.0% Li incorporation showed higher power generation in MFC. Using coulombic efficiency and current density, the impact of oxygen crossing on the membrane cathode assembly (MCA) area was evaluated. Different amounts of Li were incorporated into the membrane to optimize its electrochemical behavior and to increase proton conductivity while reducing biofouling. When acetate wastewater was treated in MFC using a PVA-ZnO-Li-based MCA, the maximum power density of 6.3 W/m3 was achieved. These observations strongly support our hypothesis that PVA-ZnO-Li can be an efficient and affordable separator for MFC.

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Paste, Rohan, Syed Ali Abbas, Anupriya Singh, Hong-Cheu Lin та Chih Wei Chu. "(Digital Presentation) Stable Passivation Layer of Oxygen Deficient α-MoO_3-X Nanobelts Suppress Li Dendrites to Achieve High-Capacity Li-S Battery". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, № 4 (2022): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014517mtgabs.

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The high energy density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are considered promising energy storage devices for future development. The Li metal reacts with electrolyte and forms an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), such SEI break down upon cycles and exposes fresh Li metal to the electrolyte which further initiate the growth of Li dendrites. The Li dendrites eventually penetrate the separator and can cause catastrophic battery failure. To suppress the growth of Li dendrites, we have formed a passivation layer on Li metal anode by using oxygen-deficient α-MoO3 nanobelts (MNBs) via a simple spray coating method. The MNBs were synthesized by simple ball milling method. The porous net-like interconnected structure formed by MNBs accommodates the excess Li, provides shorter diffusion pathways to Li+ ions and avoids the dendritic growth and pulverization of SEI. The Li-Li symmetrical cells with MNBs coated Li electrodes (MNB-Li) operated at current density of 1 mA cm–2 with a deposition capacity of 1 mAh cm–2 shows lower overpotential (~30 mV) than the cells with pristine Li (~45mV) after 100 hours of cycling. Oxygen vacancies present on the surface of MNBs act as shallow donors and boost carrier concentration, resulting in increased surface conductivity. The MNB-Li paired up with sulfur expanded graphite (SEG) cathode and activated expanded graphite (AEG) coated separator offers ~1077 mAh g-1 initial capacity at 0.5C (1C=1600 mAh g-1) and ~99 % coulombic efficiency for 100 cycles. Figure 1

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Li, Fei, Ying Wang, Ri-Sheng Bai, Xiao-Xue Wang, Ma-Lin Li, and Ji-Jing Xu. "Resolving the cathode passivation of lithium–oxygen batteries with an amination SiO2/TiO2 functional separator." Journal of Power Sources 483 (January 2021): 229180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229180.

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Izbasarova, Aniia A., and Marina M. Burashnikova. "Obtaining a Fibrous Polymeric Material from a Mixture of Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Polystyrene by Capillary-free Electrospinning for a Sealed Lead-Acid Accumulator Separator." Electrochemical Energetics 20, no. 4 (2020): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2020-20-4-219-229.

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The paper considers the most significant properties of moulding solutions based on a mixture of polyvinylidene fluoride and polystyrene for the process of capillary-free electrospinning nonwoven materials. It has been shown that the material obtained from the mixed solution of polyvinylidene fluoride and polystyrene in the ratio of components 0.75 : 0.25 is the largest porous, the diameter of the fibers is in the widest range from 0.14 to 2.8 µm, and branching of the fibers is observed. The use of an absorptive glass matrix separator and this material improved the oxygen cycle efficiency.

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Lobachev, Emil, and Petru Andrei. "The Impact of Multi-Layered Porosity Distribution on the Performance of Lithium-Oxygen Batteries with Organic Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (2022): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024424mtgabs.

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Li-oxygen batteries have attracted much attention in the last few years because of their relatively high theoretical energy densities compared to other batteries and because of the recent advancements in material technologies. The high theoretical energy density of Li-oxygen batteries makes these batteries suitable for applications requiring light power sources such as portable electronic devices, unmanned aerial vehicles, and renewable energy storage. In this presentation, we investigate the impact of the porosity distribution on the performance of Li-air batteries with cathodes made of carbon nanotube foams. After presenting the transport model appropriate for such cathodes, we develop a mathematical optimization method to find the optimum 1-D porosity distribution inside the Li-air battery that maximizes the energy density of these batteries. Our preliminary results show that to maximize the energy density of Li-air batteries, it is better to use cathodes with spatially variable porosity, in which the porosity at the oxygen entrance is higher than near the separator. More details about the mathematical approach and preliminary experimental data will be presented at the conference.

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Kafle, Saroj Raj, Pragati Gaire, and Nerisha Tuladhar. "Production of fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics: technical notes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1279, no. 1 (2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1279/1/012008.

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Abstract This paper described the plant scale catalytic process of the plastic waste materials in order to obtain an alternative fuel from three plastic wastes Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and Polyethylene (PE). Pyrolysis is the thermochemical decomposition of plastics at elevated temperatures (in absence or little supply of oxygen) into a range of useful products: gas, liquid, and solid residue. These waste have plastics consisting of PP, PE and PS, are first sorted manually and crushed by using crusher and finally feed in the reactor enclosed in the burner maintaining the reaction temperature about 500°C. Nitrogen gas is used to create inert environment and for fluidization in reactor. The produced cracked gas is now sent to be condensed to a condenser followed by the series of cyclone separator and electrostatic precipitator then finally feed into the liquid vapor separator. The plastic pyrolysis plant is design of capacity 3.2 tons of plastics each day, obtained 80% gaseous fuel and 7% Liquid and remaining as residue. The variation of yield of the products according to increase in temperature is also shown in this paper.

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Gong, Tianyu, Xuzhi Duan, Yan Shan, and Lang Huang. "Gas Generation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Failure Pathways, and Thermal Safety Implications." Batteries 11, no. 4 (2025): 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11040152.

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Gas evolution in lithium-ion batteries represents a pivotal yet underaddressed concern, significantly compromising long-term cyclability and safety through complex interfacial dynamics and material degradation across both normal operation and extreme thermal scenarios. While extensive research has focused on isolated gas generation mechanisms in specific components, critical knowledge gaps persist in understanding cross-component interactions and the cascading failure pathways it induced. This review systematically decouples gas generation mechanisms at cathodes (e.g., lattice oxygen-driven CO2/CO in high-nickel layered oxides), anodes (e.g., stress-triggered solvent reduction in silicon composites), electrolytes (solvent decomposition), and auxiliary materials (binder/separator degradation), while uniquely establishing their synergistic impacts on battery stability. Distinct from prior modular analyses, we emphasize that: (1) emerging systems exhibit fundamentally different gas evolution thermodynamics compared to conventional materials, exemplified by sulfide solid electrolytes releasing H2S/SO2 via unique anionic redox pathways; (2) gas crosstalk between components creates compounding risks—retained gases induce electrolyte dry-out and ion transport barriers during cycling, while combustible gas–O2 mixtures accelerate thermal runaway through chain reactions. This review proposes three key strategies to suppress gas generation: (1) oxygen lattice stabilization via dopant engineering, (2) solvent decomposition mitigation through tailored interphases engineering, and (3) gas-selective adaptive separator development. Furthermore, it establishes a multiscale design framework spanning atomic defect control to pack-level thermal management, providing actionable guidelines for battery engineering. By correlating early gas detection metrics with degradation patterns, the work enables predictive safety systems and standardized protocols, directly guiding the development of reliable high-energy batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage.

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Kim, Haewon C. "Red cell exchange: special focus on sickle cell disease." Hematology 2014, no. 1 (2014): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.450.

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Abstract The primary function of red blood cells (RBCs) is to deliver oxygen from the lungs to tissues. Tissue hypoxia occurs when the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is compromised due primarily to 3 causes: (1) a reduction in circulating RBC mass, (2) an increase in circulating RBC mass, or (3) abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) that either does not sufficiently release oxygen to tissues (high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin) or occludes the microvasculature due to deformed RBCs (sickled RBCs). To improve oxygenation in patients with reduced or increased RBC mass, RBC administration (simple transfusion) or RBC removal (RBC depletion) is performed, respectively. However, for patients with abnormal Hb, RBCs containing abnormal Hb are removed and replaced by healthy volunteer donor RBCs by red cell exchange (RCE). RCE can be performed by manual exchange or by automated exchange using a blood cell separator (erythrocytapheresis). In this review, indications for RCE in sickle cell disease using the evidence-based American Society for Apheresis categories1 are presented and the rationale for RCE in each disorder are discussed. Simple transfusion versus RCE and manual RCE versus automated RCE are compared. Finally, this review briefly presents some of the challenges of performing erythrocytapheresis in small children and discusses various choices for central venous access during RCE.2

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Li, Chun, Chia-Han Liang, and Chun Huang. "Tailoring surface properties of polyethylene separator by low pressure 13.56 MHz RF oxygen plasma glow discharge." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 55, no. 1S (2015): 01AF04. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.55.01af04.

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Wu, Chaolumen, Taoran Li, Chenbo Liao, Lei Li, and Jun Yang. "Tea polyphenol-inspired tannic acid-treated polypropylene membrane as a stable separator for lithium–oxygen batteries." J. Mater. Chem. A 5, no. 25 (2017): 12782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03456c.

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Guo, Yonglang, Jianyong Wu, Likun Song, M. Perrin, H. Doering, and J. Garche. "The Behavior of Oxygen Transport in Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries with Absorptive Glass Mat Separator." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 148, no. 12 (2001): A1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1413990.

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