Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oxygen. Soil aeration. Soils

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Oxygen. Soil aeration. Soils'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Oxygen. Soil aeration. Soils"

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Knee, Michael, and Ruth Brake. "Growth of Ornamental Plants in Compacted Soils in Relation to Root Growth under Low Oxygen and High Atmospheric Pressure." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 479d—479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.479d.

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In urban situations, particularly after construction, herbaceous ornamentals may be planted into soils that are compacted or have poor structure so that plant roots may encounter poor aeration or physical resistance. Low oxygen concentrations may be the most important aspect of poor aeration and are readily reproduced in the laboratory. High atmospheric pressure might be used to screen for the ability to grow against physical resistance. We tested the suggestion that “native” plants would grow better in compacted soils than typical bedding plants and for differences in tolerance to low oxygen
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Syafruddin, S., G. Wieshammer, M. Puschenreiter, I. Langer, M. Wieshammer-Zivkovic, and W. W. Wenzel. "Effect of N and P fertilisation and aeration on biodegradation of crude oil in aged hydrocarbon contaminated soils." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 4 (2010): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/146/2009-pse.

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We conducted two laboratory experiments to examine the effects of fertilisation and agitation (aeration) on crude oil degradation in two soils with differential nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus) availability. Two soils that had been spiked with crude oil two years before were mixed with nitrogen and/or phosphorus at three different levels and subsequently incubated 28 days (Exp. 1). In experiment 2 we investigated the effect of repeated agitation (manual mixing) on hydrocarbon degradation with and without fertilisation. One of the soils was also freshly spiked to assess the impact of ageing. Hep
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Meyer, WS, HD Barrs, RCG Smith, NS White, AD Heritage, and DL Short. "Effect of irrigation on soil oxygen status and root and shoot growth of wheat in a clay soil." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 2 (1985): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850171.

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Two watering treatments (flood and control) were applied to undisturbed (bulk density �? 1.6 mg mm-3 ) and repacked �? 1.2 mg mm-3 ) cylinders of Marah clay loam. The cylinders (0.75 m o.d. by 1.4 m deep) were housed in a lysimeter facility. Wheat (cv. Egret) was grown in the cylinders and the soil was either kept well watered with frequent small amounts of water (control treatment) or subjected to three separate periods, ranging from 4 to 72 h, of surface inundation (flood treatment). The greater pore space and better drainage of the repacked soil ensured that its average level of soil oxygen
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Chaudhry, Urooj Fatima. "Waterlogging In Cotton: Stress, Consequences, Adaptability, Mechanisms and Measures for Mitigation of Yield Losses." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8750.

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From many years, global cotton production suffers from waterlogging stress. Climatic variation and heavy rainfall conditions with poor internal soil drainage mechanism limits the growth and development of cotton crop due to waterlogging. It reduced the soil oxygen which causes the severe yield losses and sometimes even failure of a crop. Indeterminate growth habit of cotton plant makes it able to adapt this stress by activation of the escape, self compensation and quiescence mechanism. The reduction of biomass, development of adventitious roots and accelerated growth mechanism, all are associa
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Dougherty, Phillip M., and Charles A. Gresham. "Conceptual Analysis of Southern Pine Plantation Establishment and Early Growth." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 3 (1988): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.3.160.

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Abstract Southern pine seedling silvical requirements for early survival and growth are examined in relation to physical and chemical properties of soils of the southeastern United States. Because of its influence on almost every plant process, soil moisture is the factor of greatest concern. Solar radiation is also critical in the first years because of intense competition for light by seedlings and competing vegetation. The importance of soil aeration is also commonly realized, especially in the coastal plain. However, the threshold soil oxygen levels for survival and growth are not known. W
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Day, S. D., N. L. Bassuk, and H. van Es. "Effects of Four Compaction Remediation Methods for Landscape Trees on Soil Aeration, Mechanical Impedance and Tree Establishment." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 13, no. 2 (1995): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-13.2.64.

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Abstract Landscape trees are often planted in heavily compacted soils around newly constructed buildings or in urban areas. Under such conditions, trees frequently die, or decline prematurely. Four techniques for improving tree establishment on such sites were studied: peat-amended backfill; vertical drainage mat panels; radiating trenches filled with sandy loam soil; and vertical, gravel-filled sump drains. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum ‘Seneca Chief’), a species sensitive to soil compaction, and the less sensitive Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Redspire’) were planted bare root into treatment
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SIMOJOKI, A. "Responses of soil respiration and barley growth to modified supply of oxygen in the soil." Agricultural and Food Science 9, no. 4 (2000): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5671.

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Roots of dry-land plants are supplied with oxygen mainly by molecular diffusion from soil air. Roots may suffer from hypoxia if soil aeration is reduced by compaction and wetting. Although the mechanisms involved are well known, more research is needed to relate soil aeration status to plant growth. The effects of reduced oxygen supply on soil respiration and the growth of barley seedlings were studied in pot experiments with fine sand soil, where the soil air composition was varied by flushing the soil with gas streams containing 0%, 2%, 6%, 10% or 20% O2 independently of compactness (bulk de
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Jayawardane, NS, and J. Blackwell. "The effects of gypsum-enriched slots on moisture movement and aeration in an irrigated swelling clay." Soil Research 23, no. 4 (1985): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850481.

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The low yields of flood irrigated row crops on transitional red-brown earths have been attributed to low infiltration rates and poor aeration. A new method for soil amelioration using gypsum-enriched slots to overcome these limitations was investigated in a field experiment. Gypsum-enriched slots were formed by excavating 0.4 m deep and 0.15 m wide parallel slots, mixing the excavated soil with gypsum and loosely refilling the slots. Moisture and aeration profiles were regularly monitored using a neutron moisture meter during the cropping season on field plots with gypsum enriched slots, and o
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Włodarczyk, T., J. Gliński, and U. Kotowska. "N2O emission from mineral soils – Reviews." Research in Agricultural Engineering 50, No. 3 (2012): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4937-rae.

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Increasing deposition of N-compounds cause environmental problems such as leaching of nitrate or enhanced emission of N<sub>2</sub>O. Most N<sub>2</sub>O is formed from dissimilatory reduction of nitrate in oxygen deficient environment, although it can also be produced from chemolitotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification and assimilatory reduction of nitrate in aerobic conditions. N<sub>2</sub>O production is affected by many physical and biochemical factors, such as: the nature and amount of organic matter available as energy sources to the denitrifiers an
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Ley, Martin, Moritz F. Lehmann, Pascal A. Niklaus, and Jörg Luster. "Alteration of nitrous oxide emissions from floodplain soils by aggregate size, litter accumulation and plant–soil interactions." Biogeosciences 15, no. 22 (2018): 7043–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7043-2018.

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Abstract. Semi-terrestrial soils such as floodplain soils are considered potential hot spots of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Microhabitats in the soil – such as within and outside of aggregates, in the detritusphere, and/or in the rhizosphere – are considered to promote and preserve specific redox conditions. Yet our understanding of the relative effects of such microhabitats and their interactions on N2O production and consumption in soils is still incomplete. Therefore, we assessed the effect of aggregate size, buried leaf litter, and plant–soil interactions on the occurrence of enhanced N
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oxygen. Soil aeration. Soils"

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Morgenroth, Justin. "The Effect of Porous Concrete Paving on Underlying Soil Conditions and Growth of Platanus orientalis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5112.

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Urbanisation is characterised by mass migration of people to urban areas and conversion of land from rural to urban land uses. Changes in population dynamics have led to half the world’s population living in urban areas; in developed countries, urban dwellers account for three-quarters of the total population. Though populations have shifted from rural to urban areas, people continue to rely on their environment, and trees in particular, for tangible and intangible benefits alike. A great deal of factual and anecdotal knowledge supports the role of trees for ecological, social, and economic
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Ba, Te. "Flow of air-phase in soils and its application in emergent stabilization of slopes /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20BA.

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Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-180). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Van, de Water James Gordon 1963. "Physical and chemical processes affecting forced ventilation of benzene and p-xylene in a desert soil." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277044.

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The rate at which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are removed from the vadose zone by forced ventilation may be reduced by slow micro-scale processes such as diffusion through intra-aggregate and pore water and slow reactions at sorption sites located at the soil-water interface. Column experiments using benzene and p-xylene were performed in order to simulate cleanup of VOC's in the vadose zone by forced ventilation. Analytical solutions of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation coupled to mass transfer equations were fitted to the data. Parameter estimates were used in order to
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Neilson, Julia Killian Worsley 1958. "Microbial respiration as an index of soil aeration in compacted and sewage sludge amended soils." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191287.

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The use of liquid sewage sludge on agricultural soils may improve productivity, but cause compaction due to an application procedure requiring multiple passes with heavy machinery. The movement of water through the soil profiles was used as an index indicating a greater degree of compaction in soils amended with high amounts of sewage sludge vs. low amounts or inorganic fertilizer. Laboratory studies developed a method to utilize CO 2 evolution from microbial respiration as an index of soil aeration. Samples of Pima clay loam soil of varying moisture levels were amended with inorganic fertiliz
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Duffy, Margaret R. "Determining the biological turnover rate of phosphate in agricultural soils using stable oxygen isotopes." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1593864445251739.

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Tomashefski, David J. "An Erodibility Assessment of Central Ohio Cropland Soils." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460994636.

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Almond, Peter C. "Soils and geomorphology of a lowland rimu forest managed for sustainable timber production." Lincoln University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1782.

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Saltwater Forest is a Dacrydium cupressinum-dominated lowland forest covering 9000 ha in south Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Four thousand hectares is managed for sustainable production of indigenous timber. The aim of this study was to provide an integrated analysis of soils, soil-landform relationships, and soil-vegetation relationships at broad and detailed scales. The broad scale understandings provide a framework in which existing or future studies can be placed and the detailed studies elucidate sources of soil and forest variability. Glacial landforms dominate. They include late
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Chelladurai, Jennifer. "Using Keeling Plots to Trace δ13C and δ18O of CO2 Through Processes of Heterotrophic Respiration, Diffusion and Soil Water Equilibration in Artificial C3- and C4-Grassland Soils". Scholar Commons, 2009. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1896.

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Global carbon cycle dynamics and fluxes of CO2 between biosphere and atmosphere have been progressed through the use of Keeling Plots. Processes that control and effect the isotopic composition of soil-respired CO2, soil CO2, and equilibrated soil carbonate are specifically addressed in this study through the use of Keeling Plots. Replicate grassland soil profiles containing either C3 or C4 homogenized organic matter were constructed and maintained under controlled settings to encourage the production of soil-respired CO2 and the precipitation of pedogenic carbonate. Soil CO2 was sampled over
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Jenkins, Sommer. "Ecophysiological principles governing the zonation of puccinellia (Puccinellia ciliata) and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) on saline waterlogged land in south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0133.

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Puccinellia (puccinellia ciliata) and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) often show ecological zonation in saline landscapes, with puccinellia occurring in less elevated more saline/waterlogged locations, and tall wheatgrass occurring in more elevated less saline/waterlogged locations. The aims of this study were to: (a) characterize the observed ecological zonation at a field site, (b) quantify the effects of variables likely to explain growth differences of the two plants in glasshouse experiments, and (c) identify and compare anatomical and physiological mechanisms that explain these zon
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Ou-yang, Ying. "Dynamic mathematical model of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between soil and atmosphere." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37466.

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Gaseous transport through soil in the presence of soil microorganisms has been investigated. More recently, modeling of gaseous transport in the unsaturated zone has been investigated. However, the problem of mathematical model of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport through soil, as affected by the climatic conditions, the transport of soil water, and the biological activities, has not been studied. The problem of time-dependent diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through plant canopy and soil system, as affected by the infiltration and evaporation of soil water and the rate of consumption
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Books on the topic "Oxygen. Soil aeration. Soils"

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Murray, E. J. Unsaturated soils: A fundamental interpretation of soil behaviour. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Ng, C. W. W. Unsaturated soil mechanics and engineering. Taylor & Francis, 2007.

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Genuchten, M. Th Van. The RETC code for quantifying the hydraulic functions of unsaturated soils. Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Genuchten, M. Th Van. The RETC code for quantifying the hydraulic functions of unsaturated soils. Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Schäffer, Jürgen. Bodenstruktur, Belüftung und Durchwurzelung befahrener Waldböden: Prozessstudien und Monitoring. Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Abteilung Boden und Umwelt, 2012.

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Sword, Mary A. Local soils information needed to define the root zone in process models on the Gulf Coastal Plain. Southern Research Station, 2002.

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(2010), GeoShanghai International Conference. Experimental and applied modeling of unsaturated soils: Proceedings of the GeoShanghai 2010 International Conference, June 3-5, 2010, Shanghai, China. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.

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1972-, Hoyos Laureano R., Zhang Xiong 1971-, Puppala Anand J, and American Society of Civil Engineers, eds. Experimental and applied modeling of unsaturated soils: Proceedings of the GeoShanghai 2010 International Conference, June 3-5, 2010, Shanghai, China. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.

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Doyle, Marie. The effect of forest-harvesting machine traffic on the aeration and pore size distribution in a blanket peat. University College Dublin, 1997.

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Sitnikov, Anatoliĭ Borisovich. Dinamika vlagi i soleĭ v pochvogruntakh zony aėrat͡s︡ii. Nauk. dumka, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Oxygen. Soil aeration. Soils"

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Koning, M., I. Cohrs, and R. Stegmann. "Development and Application of an Oxygen-Controlled High-Pressure Aeration System for the Treatment of TPH-Contaminated Soils in High Biopiles (a Case Study)." In Treatment of Contaminated Soil. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04643-2_26.

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Smucker, A. J. M., and A. E. Erickson. "Tillage and Compactive Modifications of Gaseous Flow and Soil Aeration." In Mechanics and Related Processes in Structured Agricultural Soils. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2421-5_16.

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Keefer, Robert F. "Soil Nutrients (Soil Fertility)." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0012.

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Under the section on “Soil Aeration” (Chapter 4), it was explained that all living plants respire. This is the process where oxygen is used to burn food into carbon dioxide and water. Now we will consider another process used by green plants to manufacture their own food called “photosynthesis,” In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are used along with light energy in the plant cell chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll) to produce their own food (carbohydrates) with oxygen produced as a by-product: Although this seems to be the opposite process from respiration, yet there are differences. Note that light energy and chlorophyll are required in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the green coloring matter in plants. There are, at present, seventeen (17) elements that plants need to grow and complete their life cycle. These are called “essential elements” or “nutrients.” Usually an essential element cannot be completely replaced by any other element. There are also four (4) other elements, although not essential, that help plants to grow better. These are called “functional” or “metabolic.” To remember all of these elements a memory aid, a mnemonic (the first letter is silent) has been devised. The 21 elements used by plants, carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), boron (B), silicon (Si), chlorine (Cl), and sodium (Na), can be listed in their chemical abbreavtions with the mnemonic below: The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen can be considered nonmineral elements, as these are obtained by plants from air and water (O2, CO2, and H2O) and not from the soil. Plants use these three elements to form simple carbohydrates from which large amounts of more complex plant compounds (about 95% of plant tissue) are formed. There is little control of these elements by man, except for water. Supplemental CO2 has been provided to plants to increase photosynthesis by using solid CO2 (dry ice), hut this has not proved economical.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Controlling Erosion." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0009.

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Erosion can be controlled by four main means, that is, improving soil structure, covering soil with plants, covering soil with mulch, and using special structures. Soil structure is related to the soil tilth, or physical condition of a soil, with respect to ease of tillage or workability as shown by the fitness of a soil as a seedbed and the ease of root penetration. Other terms relating to soil structure improvement are soil aggregation and the formation of aggregates. Aggregates form when a cementing substance is present in a soil. The most important cementing substances in soil are soil polysaccharides and soil polyuronides produced as by-products from microorganisms during decomposition of organic matter. Other less important cementing substances in soil include clays, Ca, and Fe. Formation of aggregates results in improved water infiltration with reduction in erosion. Decomposition of organic matter in soils can be shown as an equation: . . . Plant and animal remains + O2 + soil microorganisms → CO2 + H2O + elements + humus + synthates + energy . . . The decomposition process has the following features: . . . 1. Oxygen is required; thus soil aeration is important. Anytime a soil is stirred or mixed by cultivation, spading, plowing, some organic matter decomposition occurs. 2. Readily available decomposable organic material is required for the microbes to work on. Green organic material, such as grass clippings, is an excellent substrate. 3. Many different types of soil microorganisms are involved in this process. Decomposition is more rapid in soils at pH 7 (neutral). 4. A product of organic decomposition is humus. Humus has many desirable features that improve a soil for plant growth. 5. Plant or animal remains are not effective in soil aggregation until they begin to decompose. 6. The more rapid the decomposition, the greater effect of soil aggregation. . . . Microbial synthates consist of polymers called “polysaccharides” and “polyuronides.” A polymer is a long-chain compound made up of single monomer units hooked together acting as a unit. The term “poly” means “many” and “saccharide” means “sugar.”
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Gliński, Jan, and Witold Stępniewski. "Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production in the Soil Environment." In Soil Aeration and Its Role for Plants. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351076685-2.

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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Physics." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0007.

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Soil physics deals with physical properties of soils such as soil texture, porosity, soil water, soil aeration, soil temperature, soil structure, and the influence of these properties on plant growth. Soil texture refers to the particle-size distribution of soils. The primary soil particles are arbitrarily divided into different size classes. The International Society of Soil Science defines soil particles larger than 0.02 mm and smaller than 2 mm as sand, those larger than 0.002 mm but smaller than 0.02 mm as silt, and those smaller than 0.002 mm as clay. Soil particles larger than 2 mm, such as gravel and stones, are called coarse fragments and are not part of the soil itself, to which the term soil texture applies, but can have considerable influence on soil properties and plant growth. Sand particles (0.02-2 mm) can be further divided into fine sand (0.02-0.2 mm) and coarse sand (0.2-2 mm). Sand particles can be rounded or angular, and are noncohesive. They usually consist of a single mineral, usually quartz (SiO2) or other primary silicate, and may appear brown, yellow, or red as a result of Fe-oxide coatings. Due to its mineral composition, sand has a smaller plant-nutrient content than finer soil particles. Sand particles have large voids between them which promote drainage of water and entry of air into the soil. Due to their low specific surface area, sand particles can hold little water, therefore rain needs to be received at short intervals to enable plant growth on sandy soils. Silt particles (0.002-0.02 mm) do not feel gritty when rubbed between fingers and are not visible to the unaided eye as sand particles are. Quartz is generally the dominant mineral. However, when silt is composed of weatherable minerals, the release of plant nutrients can be significant. The pores between silt particles are smaller and more numerous than those in sand, and silt therefore retains more water than sand, which helps to sustain plant growth. Silt itself does not exhibit much stickiness or plasticity and is therefore easily washed away by water. If silt fractions have some cohesion and adsorptive capacity, it is due to a film of adhering clay particles.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Management: An Overview." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0013.

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The term “soil management” refers to the human manipulation of chemical, physical, and biological conditions of the soil for the production of agricultural plants. Good soil management helps maintain and improve soil fertility while sustaining optimum crop yield over time, whereas inappropriate soil management practices can lead to the degradation of soil fertility and a declining crop yield within a relatively short period of time. In a cropped field, where pests and disease are not limiting factors, the decline in crop yield over time may be attributed to several soil-related factors, namely, deterioration of soil physical conditions, such as surface crusting and subsurface compaction, depletion of available nutrients in the soil and soil acidification, soil moisture stress (drought or waterlogging), and the decline in soil organic matter and soil biological activity. Thus, major tasks of soil management for crop production include the following: • tillage and seedbed preparation • replenishment of soil nutrients • soil moisture management • maintenance of soil organic matter The main purposes of tillage are to loosen a compacted surface soil to facilitate seed emergence and root growth through improved soil aeration and water storage, and to eradicate weeds before planting and control subsequent weed growth during the cropping season. Common tillage practices used in tropical agriculture are as follows: • Slash-and-burn, followed by sowing seeds into holes made by punching a wooden stick into the porous surface soil. • Slash-and-burn, followed by heaping or ridging the compacted surface soil using a hand hoe. • Plowing, harrowing, and puddling in irrigated rice paddies using water buffalo or a two-wheel power-tiller. • Ridge tillage using a hand hoe, animal traction or an engine-powered tractor on crusted or compacted soils and poorly drained clayey soils. • Minimum or strip tillage with a crop-residue mulch on coarse-textured soils and on sloping land. • Conventional tillage involving plowing and harrowing on fine-textured soils and compacted soils on flatland. • Minimum tillage with a plant-residue mulch or cover crop in annual and tree crop mixed systems (agroforestry).
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Sposito, Garrison. "Soil Minerals." In The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630881.003.0006.

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The chemical elements in soil minerals occur typically as charged species arranged in spatial configurations held together by ionic bonds. Ionic bonds involve atoms that retain their unique “electron clouds” and, therefore, they are weaker than covalent bonds, which involve significant mixing of the electron clouds of the bonding atoms, leading to the electron sharing that makes covalent bonds stronger. However, ionic and covalent bonds are idealizations that real chemical bonds only approximate. A real chemical bond shows some degree of ionic character, which maintains the electronic identity of the bonding partners, and some degree of electron sharing, which blurs their electronic identity. The Si—O bond, for example, is said to be an even partition between ionic and covalent character, and the Al—O bond is thought to be about 40% covalent and 60% ionic. Aluminum, however, is exceptional. Almost all the metal–oxygen bonds that occur in soil minerals are ionic. For example, Mg—O and Ca—O bonds are considered to be 75% to 80% ionic whereas Na—O and K—O bonds are 80% to 85% ionic. Covalence thus plays a minor role in determining the atomic structures of soil minerals, aside from the important feature that Si—O bonds, being 50% covalent, impart mineral resistance to weathering, as discussed in Section 1.3. Given this perspective on bonding, the two most important properties of the chemical elements in soil minerals should be their ionic valence and radius. Valence is the ratio of the electric charge on an ionic species to the charge on the proton. Ionic radius is a less direct concept, because the radius of a single ion cannot be measured. Accordingly, ionic radius is a defined quantity based on the following three assumptions: (1) the radius of the bivalent oxygen ion (O2-)in all minerals is 0.140 nm, (2) the sum of radii of the cation and anion participating in a chemical bond equals the measured interatomic distance between the two, and (3) the ionic radius has the same value in all mineral structures containing an ion with a given coordination number (CN).
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9

White, Robert E. "Soil Quality in Vineyards." In Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.003.0009.

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The soil must provide a favorable physical environment for the growth of vines—their roots and beneficial soil organisms. Some of the important properties con­tributing to this condition are infiltration rate, soil strength, available water ca­pacity, drainage, and aeration. Ideally, the infiltration rate IR should be &gt;50 mm/hr, allowing water to enter the soil without ponding on the surface, which is predisposed to runoff and erosion. The range of infiltration rates for soils of different texture and structural condi­tion is shown in table 7.1. Typically, the soil aggregates should have a high de­gree of water stability so that when the soil is subjected to pressure from wheeled traffic or heavy rain, the aggregates do not collapse, nor do the clays deflocculate. Some of the problems associated with the collapse of wet aggregates and clay de-flocculation, and the formation of hard surface crusts when dry, are discussed in section 3.2.3. Pans that develop at depth in the soil profile, as a result of remolding of wet aggregates under wheel or cultivation pressure, can be barriers to root growth. Soil strength is synonymous with consistence, which is the resistance by the soil to deformation when subjected to a compressive shear force (box 2.2). Soil strength depends on the soil matrix potential m and bulk density BD, as illustrated in fig­ure 7.1. In situ soil strength is best measured using a penetrometer, as discussed in box 7.1. The soil strength at a ψm of −10 kPa (FC ) should be &lt;2 MPa for easy root penetration and should not exceed 3 MPa at –1500 kPa (PWP). As shown in figure 7.1, when ψm is between −10 and −100 kPa, the soil strength increases with BD. The BD of vineyard soils can increase, particularly in the inter-row areas because of compaction by machinery, such as tractors, spray equip­ment, and harvesters. Typically, compaction occurs at depths between 20 and 25 cm and is more severe in sandy soils than in clay loams and clays (except when the clays are sodic; see section 7.2.3). Figure 7.2 shows the marked difference in soil compaction, measured by penetration resistance, under a wheel track and un­der a vine row on a sandy soil in a vineyard.
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White, Robert E. "The Living Soil." In Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.003.0008.

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Soil is the living “skin” of the earth’s terrestrial ecosystem. Like skin, it is bom-barded by the sun’s radiation, wind, and rain and abraded by all manner of objects scraping its surface. Unlike skin, after an initial phase of weathering, soil develops primarily from the surface downward as plant and animal residues are continually added to the surface layer. These organic residues nourish a diverse population of organisms, feeding on the dead residues and on each other. In turn, they release mineral nutrients in an interminable cycle of growth, death, and decay, commonly called the carbon (C) cycle. Figure 5.1 is a diagrammatic representation of the C cycle in a vineyard. Green plants use energy from the sun to make carbohydrates, and subsequently proteins, lipids (fats), and other complex molecules, for their own growth and reproduction. As plant tissue matures, biochemical changes take place that lead to senescence; leaves yellow and eventually fall. In a perennial plant such as the grapevine, leaves are shed in winter but roots grow, age, and die all the time. Prunings may also be returned to the soil. Collectively, the above-ground plant material returned to the soil is called litter. Below ground, root fragments that are “sloughed off” and C compounds that leak from living roots constitute rhizo-C deposition. This below-ground C material is a readily accessible substrate (food) for microorganisms, which proliferate in the cylinder of soil surrounding each plant root, a zone called the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere is also the zone from which roots take up nutrients, as described in “The Absorbing Root,” chapter 3. When digesting and decomposing C substrate derived from litter and in the soil proper, organisms obtain energy and essential nutrients for growth. In so doing, in a healthy soil, they consume oxygen (O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2) to the air below and above ground, thus completing the C cycle. Directly analogous to the process described for nitrogen (N) in chapter 3, C is said to be immobilized in the bodies of the soil organisms and mineralized when it is released as CO2.
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Conference papers on the topic "Oxygen. Soil aeration. Soils"

1

King, Fraser, Russell Given, Robert G. Worthingham, and Greg Van Boven. "Effect of Transitions in the Water Table and Soil Moisture Content on the Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipelines." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10171.

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Buried pipelines can be subject to transitional environments due to changes in soil type or moisture content. Changes in the height of the water table, for example, will affect not only the availability of water but also the access of oxygen to the pipe surface. Transitions between different soil types will also result in different exposure conditions for different parts of the pipe. These variations can affect the distribution of potential on the pipe surface and the ability of the CP system to provide adequate protection. A combination of laboratory-scale soil box tests and field measurement
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2

Al-Meer, S. H., M. A. Amr, A. I. Helal, and A. T. Al-Kinani. "Ultratrace Determination of Strontium-90 in Environmental Soil Samples From Qatar by Collision/Reaction Cell-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CRC-ICP-MS/MS)." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96160.

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Because of the very low level of 90Sr in the environmental soil samples and its determination by beta counting may take several weeks, we developed a procedure for ultratrace determination of 90Sr using collision reaction cell-inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (CRC-ICP-MS/MS, Agilent 8800). Soil samples were dried at 105 °C and then heated in a furnace at 550 °C to remove any organics present. 500 g of each soil samples were aliquoted into 2000 ml glass beakers. Each Soils samples were soaked in 2 ppm Sr solution carrier to allow determination of chemical yield. The solid to
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