Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oyster mushroom'

The use of spent coffee grounds (SCG) for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus has become a popular way to reuse this type of waste. However, it is unclear if high mushroom yields can be achieved or if the caffeine content of residues can be substantially decreased for safe disposal of SCG. To address this lack of knowledge, this study provides key information related to the fate of caffeine during cultivation of P. ostreatus on SCG. Using agar and in liquid culture, a wide range of nitrogen sources (including caffeine) and extracts from fresh and spent coffee grounds were evaluated for their ability to support vegetative (mycelial) growth. It was found that inorganic N was the best source for mycelial growth and that caffeine, while toxic at high concentrations, also promoted growth at low concentrations. Pleurotus ostreatus was also grown on SCG-amended substrates to evaluate the effect of caffeine during both vegetative and reproductive phases. In two trials, P. ostreatus was grown in treatments ranging from pure SCG (SCG100) through to pure sawdust (sawdust100) and with intermediary mixtures of these substrates. In a laboratory-scale study, three of the four treatments became fully colonized (SCG100, SCG25+sawdust75 and SCG50+sawdust50) but only SCG100 and SCG25+sawdust75 developed mushrooms. Caffeine degradation by P. ostreatus occurred when grown on SCG (with and without sawdust) with caffeine and its degradation products detected in both the substrate and fruiting bodies. In a commercial-scale study, full colonization was observed for SCG25+sawdust75 and sawdust100 and mushrooms developed on both. Again, caffeine degradation was detected and there was a decrease in caffeine content of the SCG. All of the compounds that have been previously described for fungal degradation of caffeine were detected, identified and a likely degradation pathway was suggested.

Improving food safety and food security is imperative to adequately feed a growing population that is expected to exceed 9 billion people by 2050. Mushroom cultivation provides unique opportunities to take advantage of underutilized resources and produce high-quality food from otherwise inedible or unsafe food sources. Pleurotus ostreatus is a ligninolytic and biotechnologically relevant fungus that can be cultivated on a diverse array of lignocellulosic byproducts. Prosopis spp. are abundant in the Sonoran Desert and broadly distributed in semi-arid to arid regions around the globe. Prosopis spp. legumes (pods), and approximately 25% of all commonly cultivated crops, are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, a highly carcinogenic and potentially lethal mycotoxin. This work aimed to (1) identify novel lignocellulosic byproducts from the Sonoran Desert for use as substrate materials in Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) cultivation; (2) evaluate the safety of mushrooms cultivated on plant products that are contaminated with aflatoxin; and (3) measure the amount of aflatoxin that is degraded by P. ostreatus after the contaminated products have been colonized by the fungus. Prosopis spp. pods were identified as suitable substrate component for P. ostreatus production by conducting yield evaluations and finding that the biological efficiency increased with increasing percentages of pods. No detectable quantity of aflatoxin could be measured in mushrooms that were cultivated on maize that was naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at concentrations up to 2500 ng g⁻¹. P. ostreatus degraded AFB₁ by >85% in maize with initial concentrations of 2500 ng g⁻¹ AFB₁ in repeated experiments. Thus, the cultivation of P. ostreatus on aflatoxin-contaminated products may be a viable method to produce a safe and high quality food from an otherwise unsafe food source, and may double as a means to reduce the aflatoxin concentration in contaminated plant products to levels that are acceptable for use as livestock feed.

Cultivating oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) could have multiple advantages. For example, it can contribute to food security and malnutrition eradication, as a source of healthy and nutritionally rich food. Feeding on lignocellulosic crop/plant residues, these mushroom species also convert waste materials into a wide diversity of products which have multi-beneficial effects to human beings: serving as animal feed and fertiliser, and for protecting and regenerating the environment. Therefore, objectives of the current research were (1) to investigate the use of the rapidly increasing alien plants (Acacia spp.) in South Africa in cultivating of oyster mushroom for dual benefits, income generating and controlling the population of the alien (invasive) plants; (2) to evaluate the use of pineapple residue in the Eastern Cape as sole substrate or as a supplement in the cultivation of oyster mushroom; (3) to determine the effect of mushroom spent substrate, as organic growing media, on growth of tomatoes and controlling nematode population. In an experiment to investigate yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus HK 35) grown on three acacia species [black wattle (BW: Acacia mearnsii) , silver wattle (SW: A. dealbata) and green wattle (GW: A. decurrens)] used as substrates either mixed with 50% maize bran (MB) or 50% wheat straw (WS).

Content: In the leather industry, the shaved wastes after the wet blue phase, which are exposed by the shaving process, are one of the substances that cause environmental pollution for the leather industry. Most of the time, these wastes can be buried and may cause serious environmental pollution. In this study, wet blue shaved wastes to be mineralized to chromium and so prevented oxidise to Cr (VI) by using oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) .Wet blue shaved wastes were mixed with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% doses into the growth medium. After the oyster mushroom growth, the consuming of chromium from the growth media and chromium content that uptaken by the mushroom were investigated with in House method / ICP-MS. Take-Away: -Oyster mushroom degrade the waste -Oyster mushroom can uptake chromium -Oyster mushroom can grow medium where contens chromium

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer in the environment and performs a structural and protective role in cells of many land plants. Certain basidiomycete fungi (generally called 'white rots') possess the ability to extensively degrade lignin through the use of extracellular enzyme systems, though the exact mechanism remains unclear. The process is of significance from geochemical, soil science and climate modelling perspectives and has industrial applications in both biopulping and bioremediation. This thesis demonstrates that it is possible to study multiple aspects of the white rot lignin degradation process over time in a single model system, and thus link aspects of the process that are generally investigated in isolation. A model system where lignin-containing substrates (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], common ash [Fraxinus excelsior L.] and Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis {Bong.} Carr.]) are degraded by the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (lJacq: Fr.] Kummer) was developed and on line thermal hydrolysis and methylation (THM) with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) used to investigate changes in lignin structure. Supporting analyses included fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of lignin and carbohydrate components of substrates, total organic carbon (TOC) determinations, quantification of the fungal biomarker ergosterol and selected plant sterols, plus assays of the fungal enzymes manganese dependent peroxidase (MnP), laccase and ~glucosidase. On angiosperm substrates, selective lignin degradation occurred with lignin oxidation and side chain cleavage continuing throughout the growth of the fungus. The degradation of wheat straw lignin was more extensive than ash lignin. Amounts of ergosterol, increased throughout the degradation process whilst peak enzyme activities were recorded early on. On Sitka spruce wood, only a limited oxidation of lignin occurred and enzyme activities plus fungal biomass remained low. Additionally, by tentatively identifying the products of a Cannizzaro type disproportionation reaction, the thesis provides evidence supporting use of THM when investigating fungal degradation of lignin.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo evidenciar os principais componentes químicos que influenciam o cultivo do cogumelo Pleurotus florida, bem como avaliar a composição química dos corpos de frutificação cultivados em diferentes resíduos agrícolas. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis resíduos agrícolas: palha de arroz (PA), palha de feijão (PF), palha de trigo (PT), palha de sorgo (PS), folha de bananeira (FB) e sabugo de milho (SM). Estes resíduos, coletados na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, foram analisados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn), lignina, celulose, hemicelulose, cinzas e relação C/N. Foram avaliados: o tempo necessário para a colonização do substrato (corrida micelial), o início da formação de primórdios, o tempo total de cultivo, o número de cogumelos, a produção e a eficiência biológica utilizando a fórmula: EB = (peso fresco dos cogumelos/peso seco do substrato inicial) x 100. Além disso, os cogumelos foram avaliados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn) e o teor de proteínas. O substrato PF apresentou resultados semelhantes para produção (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) e número de cogumelos (12) à PA, substrato utilizado tradicionalmente no cultivo de Pleurotus em escala comercial. Não foi possível atribuir apenas a um fator químico as altas produções e EB observadas em PA e PF e muito menos para a baixa produção em PS (77,8 g/kg-1) e SM (53,2 g/kg-1). No geral, substratos com conteúdo de N ao redor de 1,0%, relação C/N em torno de 45%, baixo teor lignina, alto conteúdo de cinzas e maiores teores de P, K e Ca foram os melhores para o cultivo de P. florida. Entre os macronutrientes analisados, P. florida apresentou maiores teores de K, seguido por P. O Ca e o Mg estiveram presentes em pequenas quantidades nos corpos...
This study aimed to show the main chemical components that influence the cultivation of the mushroom Pleurotus florida, and evaluate the chemical composition of fruiting bodies grown on different agricultural residues. For that, six agricultural residues were used: rice straw (RS), bean straw (BS), wheat straw (WS), sorghum straw (SS), banana leaf (BL) and cob of maize (CM). These wastes were collected at Teaching, Research and Extention Farm of UNESP, Campus of Ilha Solteira, analyzed for the levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn), lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, ash and the C/N ratio. Was evaluated: spawn run time, earliness, the total time of cultivation and mushroom number, production and biological efficiency using the formula: EB = (fresh weight of mushrooms/dry weight of initial substrate) x 100. Moreover, the mushrooms were evaluated for levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) and protein content. The substrate BS showed similar results for yield (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) and number of mushrooms (12) as RS substrate traditionally used for the cultivation of Pleurotus in commercial scale. Unable to allocate only the chemical factors and the high yields and EB observed in BS and RS, much less for the yield low in SS (77,8 g/kg-1) and CM (53,2 g/kg-1). In general, substrates with N content of around 1.0%, C/N ratio around 45%, low lignin content, high ash content, increased by higher levels of P, K, Ca were the best for the cultivation of P. florida. Among the macronutrients analyzed, P. florida with higher contents of K, followed by P. The Ca and Mg were present in small amounts in fruiting bodies. Among the micronutrients, Zn was present in high amount, followed by Fe and Mn. P. florida showed high ability to accumulate Zn. The mushrooms obtained in this work could not be considered a source of minerals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Graciolli
Banca: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato
Banca: Eustáquio Souza Dias
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo evidenciar os principais componentes químicos que influenciam o cultivo do cogumelo Pleurotus florida, bem como avaliar a composição química dos corpos de frutificação cultivados em diferentes resíduos agrícolas. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis resíduos agrícolas: palha de arroz (PA), palha de feijão (PF), palha de trigo (PT), palha de sorgo (PS), folha de bananeira (FB) e sabugo de milho (SM). Estes resíduos, coletados na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, foram analisados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn), lignina, celulose, hemicelulose, cinzas e relação C/N. Foram avaliados: o tempo necessário para a colonização do substrato (corrida micelial), o início da formação de primórdios, o tempo total de cultivo, o número de cogumelos, a produção e a eficiência biológica utilizando a fórmula: EB = (peso fresco dos cogumelos/peso seco do substrato inicial) x 100. Além disso, os cogumelos foram avaliados quanto aos teores de macro (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn e Zn) e o teor de proteínas. O substrato PF apresentou resultados semelhantes para produção (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) e número de cogumelos (12) à PA, substrato utilizado tradicionalmente no cultivo de Pleurotus em escala comercial. Não foi possível atribuir apenas a um fator químico as altas produções e EB observadas em PA e PF e muito menos para a baixa produção em PS (77,8 g/kg-1) e SM (53,2 g/kg-1). No geral, substratos com conteúdo de N ao redor de 1,0%, relação C/N em torno de 45%, baixo teor lignina, alto conteúdo de cinzas e maiores teores de P, K e Ca foram os melhores para o cultivo de P. florida. Entre os macronutrientes analisados, P. florida apresentou maiores teores de K, seguido por P. O Ca e o Mg estiveram presentes em pequenas quantidades nos corpos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to show the main chemical components that influence the cultivation of the mushroom Pleurotus florida, and evaluate the chemical composition of fruiting bodies grown on different agricultural residues. For that, six agricultural residues were used: rice straw (RS), bean straw (BS), wheat straw (WS), sorghum straw (SS), banana leaf (BL) and cob of maize (CM). These wastes were collected at Teaching, Research and Extention Farm of UNESP, Campus of Ilha Solteira, analyzed for the levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn), lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, ash and the C/N ratio. Was evaluated: spawn run time, earliness, the total time of cultivation and mushroom number, production and biological efficiency using the formula: EB = (fresh weight of mushrooms/dry weight of initial substrate) x 100. Moreover, the mushrooms were evaluated for levels of macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) and protein content. The substrate BS showed similar results for yield (189,8 g/kg-1), EB (89,2%) and number of mushrooms (12) as RS substrate traditionally used for the cultivation of Pleurotus in commercial scale. Unable to allocate only the chemical factors and the high yields and EB observed in BS and RS, much less for the yield low in SS (77,8 g/kg-1) and CM (53,2 g/kg-1). In general, substrates with N content of around 1.0%, C/N ratio around 45%, low lignin content, high ash content, increased by higher levels of P, K, Ca were the best for the cultivation of P. florida. Among the macronutrients analyzed, P. florida with higher contents of K, followed by P. The Ca and Mg were present in small amounts in fruiting bodies. Among the micronutrients, Zn was present in high amount, followed by Fe and Mn. P. florida showed high ability to accumulate Zn. The mushrooms obtained in this work could not be considered a source of minerals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

The effect two drying treatments (solar and oven), three blanching treatments (no blanching, water and steam), and four chemical treatments (no chemical, lemon juice, vinegar and potassium bisulfite) on oyster mushroom quality was investigated. Sensory quality, total phenolics, total flavonoids, ergothioneine, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, moisture, mold infestation, mineral content and protein were evaluated. Among the un-blanched samples, those that were treated with lemon juice and those without any chemical pretreatment before drying had better appearance, flavor and were more generally acceptable than those with vinegar and potassium bisulfite treatments. However, when blanching was done, samples treated with potassium bisulfite had superior sensory quality when compared to lemon juice, vinegar and the control. Solar drying caused more browning when compared to oven drying. The combination of water blanching with either lemon juice or vinegar treatments before drying resulted in higher flavonoid content. Lower ergothioneine and total phenolic compounds were observed in blanched mushrooms compared to the un-blanched ones. Total flavonoids were highest in the water blanched samples and least in the un-blanched ones. Among the chemical pretreatments, higher total phenolic compounds were observed in vinegar and potassium bisulfite treated samples. Blanching resulted in lower K, Mg, Na, S and P content when compared to the control. Mineral nutrients varied with chemical pre-treatments. Blanching followed by either lemon juice or no chemical treatment resulted in high mold infestation. Among the un-blanched samples, those treated with vinegar had the least mold infestation. Drying method, blanching, and chemical pretreatments affected oyster mushroom quality hence a need to carefully select preservation methods so as to minimize quality compromise.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系
105
Abstract Student ID: M10422019 Title of Thesis: Study on Using Sugarcane Bagasse for Cultivating Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and King Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) Total Pages: 56 Pages Name of Institute: Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Graduate Date: July 27, 2017 Degree Conferred: Master Degree Name of Student: Phumaphi Dlamini Advisor: Lih-Ling Chern, Ph.D. The Contents of Abstract in This Thesis: The only mushroom produced in Swaziland is Pleurotus ostreatus and the substrates commonly used are grass straw and maize stalk and cobs which are grazed by livestock interchangeably during summer and winter respectively. The study aims at evaluating yield response of P. ostreatus and P. eryngii when cultivated using sugarcane bagasse as substrate at various nutrition levels of corn powder and rice bran in the same cultivation conditions. Mycelial growth of the two mushrooms was tested at different temperatures, pH levels and nutrition supplement levels of substrates. Effect of different temperatures (p=0.05) on mycelial growth cultivated on PDA agar plates was significantly different for both mushrooms on the sixth day. For P. ostreatus the range was 37.9-88.9 mm with best growth diameter observed at 26, 28 and 30˚C while for P. eryngii mycelial growth diameter range was 22.8-67.6 mm where it was best at 26 and 28˚C and both had the lowest growth at 32˚C. Effects of pH were also significantly different on the sixth day where IV unadjusted PDA was better for both mushroom mycelial growths. The range was 58.3-88.7 mm and 34.1-69.1 mm for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii respectively. In adjusted condition, P. ostreatus favored pH 7 for growth, followed by 5, 6 and 8, and P. eryngii mycelial growth favored pH 7, followed by pH 6, then pH 5 and 8 with pH 4 being the least performing for both mushrooms. There was also significant difference between mycelial growths in the substrate tubes with various levels of nutritional supplements on the twenty first day. The range was 66.8-91.6mm in length and 40.5-64.2 mm for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii respectively. The sawdust substrate was best for both mushrooms mycelial growth at the various levels of nutrient treatments. In experiment 1 when temperature was maintained between 17-19oC there was no significant difference between substrates with various nutritional supplements in the average yield per bag of P. eryngii where the range was 38.30-62.86 g/bag and 33.01-55.51 g/bag for flush 1 and 2 respectively. For P. ostreatus there was significant difference in the first 2 flushes and no significant difference in the third flash. The range was 62.76-125.47 g/bag, 31.58-51.66 g/bag and 11.0-27.12 g/bag for flushes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Sawdust substrate exhibited lower yield in the first and third flush. The flushing interval was 6 days and 14 days interval for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii respectively. In experiment 2 when temperature was maintained between 21.5 and 22oC the P. eryngii did not produce fruiting bodies. P. ostreatus yield of 3 flushes ranged from 43.9-177.7 g/ 4bags, 76.33-203.3 g/ 4 bags and 80.33-187.5 g/4 bags for the flushes 1, 2 and 3 respectively cultivated on sugarcane bagasse. Treatment 3 had the highest average yield for all flushes. P. eryngii can be cultivated in winter in Swaziland where average temperatures are usually 12oC. Both mushrooms can be cultivated using sugarcane bagasse as a substrate supplemented correctly with corn powder and rice bran at optimum temperature and pH levels. Keywords: Swaziland, sugarcane bagasse, Pleurotus, substrate

by Law Wing Man.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-206).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
List of Figures --- p.vi
List of Tables --- p.xii
Abbreviations --- p.xv
Chapter 1. --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1. --- Pesticides --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1. --- Types and uses --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2. --- Development of pesticides --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.3. --- The case against pesticides --- p.3
Chapter 1.2. --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1. --- Production --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2. --- Toxicity --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.3. --- Persistency --- p.6
Chapter 1.3. --- Methyl-parathion --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.1. --- Production --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.2. --- Toxicity --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.3. --- Environmental fate --- p.12
Chapter 1.4. --- Conventional methods dealing with pesticides --- p.12
Chapter 1.5. --- Bioremediation --- p.15
Chapter 1.6. --- Spent mushroom compost --- p.17
Chapter 1.6.1. --- Background --- p.17
Chapter 1.6.2. --- "Physical, chemical and biological properties of SMC " --- p.19
Chapter 1.6.3. --- Recycling of agricultural residuals --- p.21
Chapter 1.6.3.1. --- Definition --- p.21
Chapter 1.6.3.2. --- Types of recycling --- p.22
Chapter 1.6.4. --- Potential uses of SMC as bioremediating agent --- p.23
Chapter 1.6.4.1. --- Use of microorganisms in SMC --- p.23
Chapter 1.6.4.2. --- Use of ligninolytic enzymes in SMC --- p.24
Chapter 1.7. --- Ligninolytic enzymes --- p.28
Chapter 1.7.1. --- Background --- p.28
Chapter 1.7.2. --- What are white rot fungi? --- p.29
Chapter 1.7.3. --- Why is lignin so difficult to degrade? --- p.29
Chapter 1.7.4. --- Three main ligninolytic enzymes --- p.32
Chapter 1.7.4.1. --- Lignin peroxidases (LiP) --- p.32
Chapter 1.7.4.2. --- Manganese peroxidase (MnP) --- p.36
Chapter 1.7.4.3. --- Laccase --- p.37
Chapter 1.8. --- Why SMC was chosen to be the bioremediating agent in my project? --- p.40
Chapter 1.9. --- Bioremediation of chlorophenols and PCP --- p.44
Chapter 1.9.1. --- Bacterial system --- p.44
Chapter 1.9.2. --- Fungal system --- p.45
Chapter 1.10. --- Bioremediation of methyl-parathion --- p.49
Chapter 1.10.1. --- Bacterial system --- p.49
Chapter 1.10.2. --- Fungal system --- p.51
Chapter 1.11. --- Proposal and experimental plan of the project --- p.51
Chapter 1.11.1. --- Study the removal of pesticides in both aquatic and soil system --- p.52
Chapter 1.11.2. --- Research strategy --- p.52
Chapter 1.11.3. --- Optimization of pesticide removal --- p.53
Chapter 1.11.4. --- Identification of breakdown products --- p.54
Chapter 1.11.5. --- Toxicity assay --- p.54
Chapter 1.11.6. --- Isotherm plot --- p.55
Chapter 1.12. --- Objectives of the study --- p.56
Chapter 2. --- Material and Methods --- p.58
Chapter 2.1. --- Material --- p.59
Chapter 2.2. --- Production of Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) --- p.59
Chapter 2.3. --- Characterization of SMC --- p.60
Chapter 2.3.1. --- PH --- p.60
Chapter 2.3.2. --- Electrical conductivity --- p.60
Chapter 2.3.3. --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur contents " --- p.60
Chapter 2.3.4. --- Ash content --- p.61
Chapter 2.3.5. --- Metal analysis --- p.61
Chapter 2.3.6. --- Anion content --- p.62
Chapter 2.3.7. --- Chitin assay --- p.62
Chapter 2.4. --- Characterization of soil --- p.63
Chapter 2.4.1. --- Soil texture --- p.63
Chapter 2.4.2. --- Moisture content --- p.64
Chapter 2.5. --- Basic studies on the removal capacity of pesticides by SMC --- p.65
Chapter 2.5.1. --- Preparation of pentachlorophenol and methyl- parathion stock solution --- p.66
Chapter 2.6. --- Experimental design --- p.65
Chapter 2.6.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.65
Chapter 2.6.2. --- In soil system --- p.68
Chapter 2.7. --- Extraction of pesticides --- p.68
Chapter 2.7.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.68
Chapter 2.7.2. --- In soil system --- p.69
Chapter 2.8. --- Quantification of pesticides --- p.69
Chapter 2.8.1. --- By high performance liquid chromatography --- p.69
Chapter 2.8.2. --- By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry --- p.71
Chapter 2.9. --- Optimization of pesticides degradation by SMC in both aquatic and soil systems --- p.72
Chapter 2.9.1. --- Effect of initial pesticide concentrations on the removal of pesticides --- p.72
Chapter 2.9.2. --- Effect of amount of SMC used on the removal of pesticides --- p.73
Chapter 2.9.3. --- Effect of incubatoin time on the removal of pesticides --- p.73
Chapter 2.9.4. --- Effect of initial pH on the removal of pesticides --- p.73
Chapter 2.9.5. --- Effect of incubation of temperature on the removal of pesticides --- p.74
Chapter 2.10. --- The study of breakdown process of pesticides --- p.74
Chapter 2.10.1. --- GC/MS --- p.74
Chapter 2.10.2. --- Ion chmatography --- p.74
Chapter 2.11. --- Microtox® assay --- p.75
Chapter 2.12. --- Assessment criteria --- p.75
Chapter 2.12.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.75
Chapter 2.12.2. --- In soil system --- p.76
Chapter 2.13. --- Statistical analysis --- p.77
Chapter 3. --- Results
Chapter 3.1. --- Characterization of SMC and soil --- p.78
Chapter 3.2. --- Quantification of pesticides by HPLC and GC/MS --- p.82
Chapter 3.3. --- Extraction efficiencies of pesticides with hexane --- p.82
Chapter 3.4. --- Stability of pesticides against time --- p.82
Chapter 3.5. --- Effect of sterilization of soil in the removal abilities of pesticides…… --- p.88
Chapter 3.6. --- Optimization of removal of pentachlorophnol --- p.88
Chapter 3.6.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.88
Chapter 3.6.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.88
Chapter 3.6.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.88
Chapter 3.6.2. --- Effect of initial PCP concentrations and amout of SMC used --- p.91
Chapter 3.6.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.91
Chapter 3.6.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.94
Chapter 3.6.3. --- Effect of pH --- p.97
Chapter 3.6.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.97
Chapter 3.6.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.97
Chapter 3.6.4. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.97
Chapter 3.6.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.97
Chapter 3.6.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.101
Chapter 3.6.5. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.101
Chapter 3.6.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.101
Chapter 3.6.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.104
Chapter 3.7. --- Microtox® assay of PCP --- p.110
Chapter 3.7.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.110
Chapter 3.7.2. --- In soil system --- p.110
Chapter 3.8. --- Optimization of removal of methyl-parathion --- p.113
Chapter 3.8.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.113
Chapter 3.8.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.113
Chapter 3.8.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.113
Chapter 3.8.2. --- Effect of initial concentration and amount of SMC --- p.115
Chapter 3.8.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.115
Chapter 3.8.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.117
Chapter 3.8.3. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.120
Chapter 3.8.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.120
Chapter 3.8.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.120
Chapter 3.8.4. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.121
Chapter 3.8.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.121
Chapter 3.8.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.124
Chapter 3.9. --- Microtox ® assay of methyl-parathion --- p.133
Chapter 3.9.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.133
Chapter 3.9.2. --- In soil system --- p.133
Chapter 4. --- Discussion
Chapter 4.1. --- Characterization of SMC and soil --- p.137
Chapter 4.2. --- Stability of pesticides against time in aquatic and soil system --- p.141
Chapter 4.3. --- Effect of sterilization of soil in the removal abilities of pesticides --- p.142
Chapter 4.4. --- Optimization of removal of PCP --- p.142
Chapter 4.4.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.142
Chapter 4.4.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.142
Chapter 4.4.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.143
Chapter 4.4.2. --- Effect of initial PCP concentrations and amount of SMC --- p.144
Chapter 4.4.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.144
Chapter 4.4.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.147
Chapter 4.4.3. --- Effect of pH --- p.149
Chapter 4.4.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.149
Chapter 4.4.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.150
Chapter 4.4.4. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.150
Chapter 4.4.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.150
Chapter 4.4.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.152
Chapter 4.4.5. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.152
Chapter 4.4.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.152
Chapter 4.4.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.158
Chapter 4.5. --- Microtox® assay of PCP --- p.159
Chapter 4.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.159
Chapter 4.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.160
Chapter 4.6. --- Removal of PCP by the aqueous extract of SMC --- p.162
Chapter 4.7. --- Optimization of removal of methyl-parathion --- p.164
Chapter 4.7.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.164
Chapter 4.7.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.164
Chapter 4.7.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.165
Chapter 4.7.2. --- Effect of initial methyl-paration concentrations and amount of SMC used --- p.165
Chapter 4.7.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.165
Chapter 4.7.2.2. --- I in soil system --- p.166
Chapter 4.7.3. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.168
Chapter 4.7.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.168
Chapter 4.7.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.169
Chapter 4.7.4. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.169
Chapter 4.7.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.169
Chapter 4.7.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.170
Chapter 4.8. --- Microtox® assay of Methyl-parathion --- p.173
Chapter 4.8.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.173
Chapter 4.8.2. --- In soil system --- p.174
Chapter 4.9. --- Removal of methyl-parathion by the aqueous extract of SMC --- p.174
Chapter 4.10. --- The ability of different types of SMC in the removal of organic pollutants --- p.176
Chapter 4.11. --- The storage of SMC --- p.178
Chapter 4.12. --- The effect of scale in the removal of pesticides --- p.180
Chapter 4.13. --- Cost-effectiveness of using SMC as crude enzymes sources --- p.180
Chapter 4.14. --- The effect of surfactant on the removal of PCP --- p.182
Chapter 4.15. --- Prospects for employment SMC in removal of pollutants --- p.185
Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.186
Chapter 6. --- Future investigation --- p.190
Chapter 7. --- References --- p.192

by Ching Mei Lun.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-145).
List of Tables --- p.I
List of Figures --- p.III
Abbreviations --- p.VII
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Present situation of municipal solid wastes in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Landfill in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Landfill leachate --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Generation --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Quality --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Environmental hazard --- p.17
Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Treatment --- p.18
Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Other alternatives --- p.24
Chapter 1.3 --- Spent mushroom compost --- p.27
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Production and nature --- p.27
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Availability --- p.29
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Physical and chemical properties --- p.31
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Capabilities to degrade phenolic compounds --- p.31
Chapter 1.3.5 --- Potential uses --- p.37
Chapter 1.4 --- Proposal and exp erimental plan --- p.38
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.41
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.41
Chapter 2.2 --- Physical and chemical analyses of pollutants --- p.41
Chapter 2.3 --- Basic studies on removal capacities on potential pollutants --- p.48
Chapter 2.3.1 --- "Removal of dyes, metals and ammonia" --- p.48
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Removal of pentachlorophenol --- p.53
Chapter 2.4 --- Applied studies on removal of pollutants --- p.58
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Treatment of landfill leachate --- p.58
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Microcosm to examine the decomposition of refuse --- p.60
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.65
Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.65
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.67
Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of spent mushroom compost and landfill leachate --- p.67
Chapter 3.2 --- Removal capacities of spent mushroom compost --- p.67
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Biosorption of dyes --- p.67
Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Evercion yellow --- p.67
Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Evercion navy H-ER blue --- p.73
Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Congo red --- p.74
Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.75
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Biosorption of metals --- p.75
Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Lead --- p.75
Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Iron --- p.81
Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Cadmium --- p.82
Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.82
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Removal of ammonia --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Basic study --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Applied removal of ammonia from landfill leachate --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.3.2.1 --- Effect of indigenous micro-organims in landfill leachate --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.3.2.2 --- Effect of spent mushroom compost and glucose --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.3.2.3 --- Effect of sugar cane waste extract --- p.89
Chapter 3.2.3.2.4 --- Effect of sugar cane waste and concentration of glucose --- p.89
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Removal of pentachlorophenol --- p.91
Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Removal by spent mushroom compost --- p.91
Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Identification of two spent mushroom compost micro-organisms --- p.91
Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Pentachlorophenol-degrading abilities of the two micro-organisms --- p.99
Chapter 3.2.5 --- A microcosm to examine the decomposition of refuse --- p.99
Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- pH --- p.99
Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- Salinity --- p.99
Chapter 3.2.5.3 --- Turbidity --- p.103
Chapter 3.2.5.4 --- Ammonia content --- p.103
Chapter 3.2.5.5 --- Orthophosphate content --- p.106
Chapter 3.2.5.6 --- "Inorganic, organic and total carbon contents" --- p.106
Chapter 3.2.5.7 --- Metals --- p.106
Chapter 3.2.5.8 --- Gases production --- p.112
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.112
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.117
Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of the spent mushroom compost --- p.117
Chapter 4.2 --- Removal abilities of pollutants by the spent mushroom compost --- p.119
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Metals and dyes --- p.119
Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.119
Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Adsorption specificity --- p.123
Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.125
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.127
Chapter 4.3 --- Decomposition of refuse --- p.129
Chapter 4.4 --- Removal of ammonia in landfill leachate --- p.132
Chapter 4.5 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.133
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.135
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Reference --- p.137
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Appendix --- p.146

Lau Kan Lung.
Thesis submitted in: November 2001.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-312).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
List of Symbols and Abbreviations --- p.I
List of Figures --- p.III
List of Tables --- p.XII
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of PAHs --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Formation of PAHs --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Sources of PAHs --- p.9
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Regulations for contamination of PAHs --- p.13
Chapter 1.1.5 --- Pollution of PAHs in environments of Hong Kong --- p.17
Chapter 1.1.6 --- Toxicity of PAHs --- p.18
Chapter 1.1.7 --- Fate of PAHs --- p.22
Chapter 1.1.7.1 --- Sorption --- p.24
Chapter 1.1.7.2 --- Volatilization --- p.25
Chapter 1.1.7.3 --- Photooxidation --- p.25
Chapter 1.1.7.4 --- Chemical oxidation --- p.27
Chapter 1.1.7.5 --- Microbial degradation --- p.28
Chapter 1.1.8 --- General principles of metabolism of PAHs --- p.30
Chapter 1.2 --- Spent mushroom compost (SMC) --- p.35
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Production of SMC --- p.35
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Physical and chemical properties of SMC --- p.36
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Availability of SMC --- p.40
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Conventional applications of SMC --- p.43
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Alternate use of SMC --- p.44
Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the study --- p.48
Chapter 1.4 --- Research strategy --- p.51
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Effect of initial PAH concentration --- p.51
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.52
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.53
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.54
Chapter 1.4.5 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.54
Chapter 1.4.6 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.55
Chapter 1.4.6.1 --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.56
Chapter 1.4.6.2 --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.58
Chapter 1.4.7 --- Toxicological study by Microtox test --- p.59
Chapter 1.4.8 --- Removal of PAH mixtures --- p.60
Chapter 1.4.9 --- Specific goals of the study --- p.61
Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.62
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.62
Chapter 2.2 --- Physical and chemical analysis of SMC --- p.62
Chapter 2.2.1 --- pH --- p.63
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.63
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Salinity --- p.63
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Ash content --- p.63
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Metal contents --- p.64
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Water-soluble anion contents --- p.65
Chapter 2.2.7 --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur contents" --- p.65
Chapter 2.2.8 --- Infrared spectroscopic study --- p.66
Chapter 2.2.9 --- Chitin content --- p.66
Chapter 2.3 --- Soil collection and characterization --- p.67
Chapter 2.4 --- Optimization for extraction --- p.67
Chapter 2.5 --- Removal of PAHs --- p.68
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Experimental design --- p.68
Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Pretreatment and incubation --- p.68
Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Extraction of sorbed PAHs in soil system or in SMC --- p.69
Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Extraction of PAHs in water system --- p.70
Chapter 2.5.1.4 --- Putative identification and quantification of PAHs --- p.71
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Assessment criteria --- p.72
Chapter 2.5.3 --- Stability of PAHs --- p.77
Chapter 2.5.4 --- Optimization for removal of PAHs --- p.78
Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Effects of initial PAH concentration and amount of SMC --- p.78
Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.79
Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.79
Chapter 2.5.4.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.79
Chapter 2.5.5 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.80
Chapter 2.5.6 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.80
Chapter 2.5.6.1 --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.80
Chapter 2.5.6.2 --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.81
Chapter 2.5.7 --- Toxicological study of Microtox® test --- p.82
Chapter 2.5.8 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.82
Chapter 2.5.9 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.83
Chapter 2.5.10 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.83
Chapter 2.5.11 --- Statistical validation --- p.83
Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.85
Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.85
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of soil --- p.85
Chapter 3.1.2 --- GC-MS analysis of soil --- p.85
Chapter 3.2 --- Calibration curves of PAHs --- p.85
Chapter 3.3 --- Optimization for extraction --- p.91
Chapter 3.4 --- Stability of PAHs --- p.101
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Soil system --- p.101
Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.101
Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.101
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Water system --- p.103
Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.103
Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.103
Chapter 3.5 --- Characterization of SMC --- p.103
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of SMC --- p.103
Chapter 3.5.2 --- GC-MS analysis of SMC --- p.106
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Infrared spectroscopic study and chitin content --- p.106
Chapter 3.5.4 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.121
Chapter 3.5.5 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.121
Chapter 3.6 --- Optimization for removal of PAHs --- p.124
Chapter 3.6.1 --- Naphthalene --- p.124
Chapter 3.6.1.1 --- Soil system --- p.124
Chapter 3.6.1.1.1 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.124
Chapter 3.6.1.1.2 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.128
Chapter 3.6.1.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.128
Chapter 3.6.1.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.128
Chapter 3.6.1.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.131
Chapter 3.6.1.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.131
Chapter 3.6.1.2 --- Water system --- p.134
Chapter 3.6.1.2.1 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.134
Chapter 3.6.1.2.2 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.137
Chapter 3.6.1.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.137
Chapter 3.6.1.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.139
Chapter 3.6.1.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.139
Chapter 3.6.1.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.143
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Phenanthrene --- p.145
Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- Soil system --- p.145
Chapter 3.6.2.1.1 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.145
Chapter 3.6.2.1.2 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.145
Chapter 3.6.2.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.148
Chapter 3.6.2.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.148
Chapter 3.6.2.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.151
Chapter 3.6.2.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.151
Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Water system --- p.155
Chapter 3.6.2.2.1 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.155
Chapter 3.6.2.2.2 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.155
Chapter 3.6.2.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.157
Chapter 3.6.2.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.157
Chapter 3.6.2.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.161
Chapter 3.6.2.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.163
Chapter 3.6.3 --- Benzo[a]pyrene --- p.163
Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Soil system --- p.163
Chapter 3.6.3.1.1 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.163
Chapter 3.6.3.1.2 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.167
Chapter 3.6.3.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.167
Chapter 3.6.3.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.168
Chapter 3.6.3.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.168
Chapter 3.6.3.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.172
Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Water system --- p.172
Chapter 3.6.3.2.1 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.172
Chapter 3.6.3.2.2 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.176
Chapter 3.6.3.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.178
Chapter 3.6.3.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.178
Chapter 3.6.3.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.181
Chapter 3.6.3.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.183
Chapter 3.6.4 --- "Benzo[g,h,i]perylene" --- p.183
Chapter 3.6.4.1 --- Soil system --- p.183
Chapter 3.6.4.1.1 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency" --- p.183
Chapter 3.6.4.1.2 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity" --- p.187
Chapter 3.6.4.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.187
Chapter 3.6.4.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.187
Chapter 3.6.4.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.189
Chapter 3.6.4.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.189
Chapter 3.6.4.2 --- Water system --- p.192
Chapter 3.6.4.2.1 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency" --- p.192
Chapter 3.6.4.2.2 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity" --- p.196
Chapter 3.6.4.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.198
Chapter 3.6.4.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.198
Chapter 3.6.4.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.198
Chapter 3.6.4.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.201
Chapter 3.7 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.205
Chapter 3.7.1 --- Sorption of naphthalene --- p.205
Chapter 3.7.2 --- Sorption of phenanthrene --- p.205
Chapter 3.7.3 --- Sorption of benzo[a]pyrene --- p.208
Chapter 3.7.4 --- "Sorption of benzo[g,h,i]perylene" --- p.208
Chapter 3.8 --- Toxicological study of Microtox test --- p.208
Chapter 3.8.1 --- Soil system --- p.214
Chapter 3.8.2 --- Water system --- p.214
Chapter 3.9 --- Operable conditions of SMC for removal of PAHs --- p.214
Chapter 3.10 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.214
Chapter 3.10.1 --- Soil system --- p.216
Chapter 3.10.2 --- Water system --- p.216
Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.221
Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of SMC --- p.221
Chapter 4.2 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.223
Chapter 4.3 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.226
Chapter 4.4 --- Extraction efficiencies of PAHs --- p.227
Chapter 4.5 --- Factors affecting removal of PAHs by SMC --- p.229
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Initial PAH concentration and amount of straw SMC --- p.229
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Initial pH --- p.237
Chapter 4.5.3 --- Incubation time --- p.237
Chapter 4.5.4 --- Incubation temperature --- p.242
Chapter 4.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.247
Chapter 4.7 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.257
Chapter 4.8 --- Toxicological study of Microtox® test --- p.258
Chapter 4.9 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.261
Chapter 4.10 --- Comparison of removal efficiencies of benzo[a]pyrene by layering and mixing of straw SMC with soil --- p.265
Chapter 4.11 --- Comparison of removal efficiencies of benzo[a]pyrene in different scales of experiment setup --- p.267
Chapter 4.12 --- Effect of age of straw SMC on removal of PAHs --- p.270
Chapter 4.13 --- Removal of benzo[a]pyrene by an aqueous extract of SMC --- p.270
Chapter 4.14 --- Advantages of using SMC in removal of PAHs --- p.273
Chapter 4.15 --- Limitations of the study --- p.278
Chapter 4.16 --- Further investigation --- p.280
Chapter 5 --- Summary --- p.282
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.285
Chapter 7 --- References --- p.286

Saprophytic fungi can be paired with companion crops in interplant systems to increase production efficiency. However, fungal species/strain, substrate, and inoculation rate can affect the growth of companion crops. This project investigated the viability of open-field mushroom production by interplanting three strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Elm A, Elm B, and 8801) with kale (B. oleracea var. acephala) and forage radish (Raphanus raphanistrub sub. sativus), and measured the effect of interplanting on plant yield over two field seasons. In the field, Elm A showed an increase in plant yield at a low inoculation rate and decrease in plant yield at a high inoculation rate, compared to the untreated. Conversely, 8801 showed a reduction in plant yield at high and low inoculation rates in the field. Elm B at a high rate showed a reduction in plant yield both in the field and greenhouse. Kale was grown in hydroponics with fungal secretions added at a range of concentrations (10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 ppm). Elm A showed an overall increase in plant yield in hydroponics, and Elm B showed an overall decrease in plant yield, compared to the untreated. Mushroom production was low in field plots and was not a commercially viable option. Pleurotus ostreatus interplanting methods with companion crops need improvement to make this a commercially viable practice.

碩士
國立臺中科技大學
資訊工程系碩士班
105
Agriculture 4.0 which is agriculture must be promoted to intelligent production and digital services model, by sensor technology, intelligent machine devices, Internet of Things, Big Data analysis and other future technologies. And how to use the Internet of Things technology in the farm, to replace the original timing controller to control the environmental conditions and provide a favorable environment for growth, is the emerging issue. The purpose of this study is to construct the real-time control of the intelligent cloud farm system, using Delphi programming language to develop system platform, combined with Arduino and related Internet of Things sensor component hardware, by using Microsoft SQL server as the back-end database, in order to replace the original use of timing controller or PLC controller and other non-real-time device control, so it can be based by variety of environmental real-time data in the farm to control the environment output unit, in order to maintain or change the environmental conditions. Moreover, as the government promoting the Agriculture 4.0, one of the focus for the agricultural pilot project is intelligent mushroom environmental control production, so this study using mushroom farm as example, and apply practical application in the Nantou area mushroom farm, and then control the growth of the mushroom. In addition, the mushroom can be controlled by the temperature in order to control the production cycle, and it can also be through the network platform in the cloud to receive orders, and then by the platform analysis for the demand, to control the automation of the mushroom production room, to achieve order-based batch production model.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
104
Agricultural waste has a predominantly organic composition. Using a suitable composting process, this waste can become a useful substrate for plant growth. This study compared conventional composting with a fast fermentation method that used rice straw and sawdust from king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) culture waste as the material to prepare two different types of compost. The two types of compost were then mixed with coir to create substrates for vegetable-growing. The study investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of the two types of substrate with the aim of identifying the best substrate, and used the substrates with appropriate nutrient solutions for vegetable seeding and bag culture. Rice straw (R) residue was shredded into 5-mm pieces. R residue and sawdust of king oyster mushroom culture waste (M) were individually mixed with soybean meal and Trichoderma-and-Bacillus culture, then composted for 11 weeks in heaps. The heaps were turned regularly, and water was added to maintain the moisture level. The carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios of the composts were all below 20, reaching the standard for compost maturity. Rice straw conventional (RC) compost had medium-sized particles, with a porosity of 75.37% and a high liquid content. In addition, RC had a high density of 0.119 g/cm3, a pH value of 7.8, an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2370 μS/cm, an available potassium level of 2.55%, and a total nitrogen content of 2.09%. Mushroom culture sawdust conventional (MC) compost had 27.24% large-sized particles and 44.82% medium-sized particles, which decayed from the sawdust. The MC compost also had a significantly lower porosity, volumetric water content and liquid/air ratio than the RC compost, but was rich in available magnesium. Rice straw fast (RF) compost and mushroom culture sawdust fast (MC) compost were prepared in the laboratory of Professor Chiu-Chung Young at the Microbiological and Biochemical Laboratory of the Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University. The particles of both RF and MF were all mainly medium in size, and both had higher liquid levels than the untreated and conventional composted materials. The pH values of RF and MF were 5.8 and 5.9, respectively. The EC value of RF was 2745 μS/cm, which was significantly higher than the values of the other compost media, the EC value of MF being only 615 μS/cm. Different mixed substrates were prepared using 40% or 60% RF, RC, MF and MC mixed with coir. With a higher percentage of compost, substrates prepared from RF, MF and MC had higher contents of medium-sized particles. RC4 (40% RC-60% coir) and RC6 (60% RC-40% coir) had higher pH values of 6.0 and 6.1, respectively. Substrates prepared from compost obtained using the conventional composting process (RC and MC) had a significantly higher EC than those prepared by the fast method (RF and MF). Substrates prepared from rice straw compost (RC and RF) had significantly higher available potassium and magnesium percentages than those made from mushroom culture sawdust waste (MC and MF). For seeding of cucumber ‘Sin-Jiao’, RC4 and RC6 demonstrated the best results, all the parameters of seeding growth being better than those obtained using peat moss as the substrate. Among the different substrates, RC6 was best for cucumber breeding, resulting in a higher starch content than other substrates. Germination of tomato ‘Siao-Ming’ had better results using substrates prepared from mushroom culture sawdust waste, with no inhibition effect. The seedling characteristics and starch contents of the plants grown using MC6 were better than those grown using peat moss. Therefore, MC6 was concluded to be the best substrate for tomato seeding. Conventional compost mixed with coir was then used as the substrate for cucumber bag culture. When the substrates were used in combination with different potassium and calcium nutrient solutions, modified Yamazaki’s 1.5× potassium (1.5× K) nutrient solution resulted in better plant characteristics than modified Yamazaki’s 1.5× calcium (1.5× Ca) nutrient solution. The results showed that plants grown using RC6 with 1.5× K solution had the greatest numbers of fruit sets and higher percentages of fruit sets; plants grown using MC4 and MC6 with 1.5× Ca solution had the best fruit yields; and plants grown using MC6 with 1.5× K solution exhibited a greater fruit weight.

by Wang Pui.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-128).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgments --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
List of Figures --- p.vi
List of Tables --- p.viii
Abbreviations --- p.ix
Chapter 1. --- Introduction Pg no
Chapter 1.1 --- Ligninolytic enzyme systems --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Three main ligninolytic enzymes --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Lignin peroxidases (LiP) --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Gene structure and Amino acid sequence structure --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Regulation of expression --- p.8
Chapter 1.3. --- MnP --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.1 --- General properties --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Gene structure and Amino acid sequence --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Regulation of Expression --- p.12
Chapter 1.4 --- Laccase --- p.12
Chapter 1.4.1 --- General Properties --- p.12
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Gene structure and Amino acid sequence --- p.14
Chapter 1.5 --- Pentachlorophenol (PCP) --- p.16
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Production --- p.16
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Toxicity --- p.15
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Persistence --- p.19
Chapter 1.6 --- Oyster mushroom --- p.22
Chapter 1.7 --- Application of ligninolytic enzymes in bioremediation --- p.23
Chapter 1.7.1 --- Genetic modification --- p.23
Chapter 1.7.2 --- Characterization of enzymes properties --- p.25
Chapter 1.7.3 --- Ligninolytic enzymes Purification and extraction --- p.26
Chapter 1.7.4 --- Immobilization of ligninolytic enzymes --- p.26
Chapter 1.8 --- Fermentation --- p.29
Chapter 1.8.1 --- Different types of fermentation --- p.29
Chapter 1.8.1.1 --- Submerged fermentation (SF) --- p.29
Chapter 1.8.1.2 --- Solid State Fermentation (SSF) --- p.30
Chapter 1.9 --- Proposal and experimental plan of the project --- p.33
Chapter 1.9.1 --- Objectives --- p.34
Chapter 2. --- Methods --- p.36
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture maintenance --- p.36
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Preparation of Pentachlorophenol (PCP) stock solution --- p.36
Chapter 2.2 --- Optimization of production of ligninolytic enzymes by effective PCP concentration --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of mycelial homogenate --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Incubation --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Specific enzyme assays --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Laccase --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Manganese peroxidase (MnP) --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Lignin peroxidase (LiP) --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Protein --- p.39
Chapter 2.3 --- Cloning of specific PCP-degradative laccase cDNA --- p.40
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Isolation of total RNA --- p.41
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Spectrophotometric quantification and qualification of DNA and RNA --- p.41
Chapter 2.3.3 --- First strand cDNA synthesis --- p.42
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Amplification of laccase cDNA --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Design of primers for PCR reaction --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Polymerase chain reaction --- p.44
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA --- p.44
Chapter 2.3.6 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.45
Chapter 2.3.7 --- TA cloning of PCR products --- p.46
Chapter 2.3.8 --- Preparation of Escherichia coli competent cells --- p.46
Chapter 2.3.9 --- Bacterial transformation by heat shock --- p.47
Chapter 2.3.10 --- Colony screening --- p.48
Chapter 2.3.11 --- Mini-preparation of plasmid DNA --- p.48
Chapter 2.3.12 --- Sequencing --- p.49
Chapter 2.3.13 --- Identification of sequence --- p.51
Chapter 2.4 --- Study of regulation temporal expression of laccase genes by PCP --- p.51
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Semi-quantitative PCR --- p.51
Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Design of gene-specific primers --- p.51
Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Determination of suitable PCR cycles --- p.54
Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Normalization of the amount of RNA of each sample --- p.54
Chapter 2.5 --- Quantification of residual PCP concentration --- p.55
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Extraction of PCP --- p.55
Chapter 2.5.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.55
Chapter 2.5.3 --- Assessment criteria --- p.56
Chapter 2.6 --- Effect of other componds on laccase activity and laccase expression --- p.56
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Study of different isoform of laccase --- p.57
Chapter 2.6.2 --- SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins --- p.58
Chapter 2.7 --- Study of laccase expression and laccase activity in fruiting process of oyster mushroom --- p.59
Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.60
Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.61
Chapter 3.1 --- Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by oyster mushroom
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Optimization of laccase production --- p.62
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Optimization of MnP production --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Change of Protein content at different PCP concentration and time --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Change of specific activity at different PCP concentration and time --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.5 --- Toxicity of PCP towards mycelial growth --- p.67
Chapter 3.1.6 --- Enzyme productivities of laccase and MnP --- p.67
Chapter 3.1.7 --- Change of % of residual PCP concentrations during 14 days --- p.70
Chapter 3.2. --- Cloning of PCP-degradative laccase genes --- p.70
Chapter 3.3 --- Regulation of expression of the laccase genes by PCP --- p.74
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Determination of suitable PCR cycles --- p.74
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Normalization of total RNA amount of different samples --- p.74
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Regulation of temporal expression of the laccase genes by PCP --- p.74
Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of other compounds and physiological status on laccase activity and expression --- p.81
Chapter 3.5 --- Study of different forms of laccase --- p.86
Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.93
Chapter 4.1 --- Production of Ligninolytic enzymes by Pleurotus pulmonarius
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Optimization of laccase and MnP production by PCP --- p.95
Chapter 4.2 --- Cloning of laccase genes --- p.97
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cloning strategy --- p.97
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Analysis of Nucleotide sequence of Lac1 - Lac3 --- p.99
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Characterization and comparison of deduced amino acid sequences of Lacl-Lac3 --- p.99
Chapter 4.3 --- Regulation of expression of the laccase genes by PCP --- p.100
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Regulation of temporal expression by PCP --- p.100
Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of the potential inducers on laccase activity and expression --- p.103
Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of the physiological status on laccase activity and expression --- p.105
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Production of PCP-degradative laccase by Solid-state fermentation --- p.107
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Uses of molecular probe in bioremediation --- p.107
Chapter 4.6 --- Different isoforms of laccase --- p.109
Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.112
Chapter 4.8 --- Further studies
Chapter 4.8.1 --- Confirmation of PCP-degradation by gene product of Lac1 and Lac2 --- p.114
Chapter 4.8.2 --- Optimization of PCP-degradative laccases production by solid-state fermentation --- p.114
Chapter 5. --- References --- p.115

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
植物保護系所
96
King oyster mushroom belongs to Pleurotaceae of Agaricales. In present, the major culture substrate for cultivating king oyster mushroom is hardwood sawdust in Taiwan. But hardwood sawdust is getting as a short resource. Therefore, the purpose in this research is to find the substitutive culture substrates for king oyster mushroom and to study the recycle of used bag-log composts due to decreasing the demand of hardwood sawdust, and the nutrition amendment to increase the mushroom yield. Culture materials experiment is conducted with guinea grass, pangolagrass, carpetgrass, rice straw, hardwood sawdust and pine sawdust that are fermentated to be as composts. 47.5% of biological efficiency (BE) obtained is the highest with pine sawdust and cow manure compost. The 30.2% is secondary in pine sawdust compost. Comparing the fermentated and nonfermentated culture substrates, the mycelial growth is great in 9.0 cm of diameter in nonfermentated pangolagrass for 14 days. In experiment of mixing nonfermatated pine sawdust with other culture substrates compost, the best production, 39.8% of BE, for king oyster mushroom, is the mixture with pangolagrass compost. In experiment of amending coconut shell fiber in nonfermatated pine sawdust culture substrates, it all increase mycelia growth with35%, 25% and 15% supplement. It is no notable good efficiency for mycelia growth with supplement cotton seed hull in nonfermatated pine sawdust culture substrates. But it can increase the average weight of fruiting body with supplement 15% cotton seed hull. The 42.9% of biological efficiency obtained from supplement 15% cotton seed hull in pangolagrass compost is significantly different from that of non cotton seed hull supplement. In nutrition supplement experiment, it is no notable difference for mycelia growth among all treatments in mixture of 8% rice bran with supplement 2% yeast flour, soy bean flour, corn flour and molasses in nonfermentated pine sawdust respectively. Whereas it is good for mycelial growth to mixed 2% corn flour, yeast powder with 8% rice bran in pangolagrass compost. The best biological efficiency of 55.4%, is gotten in mixing 2% soy bean flour with 8% rice bran to pine sawdust for mushroom yield experiment. In different nutrition proportion supplement of nonfermentated pine sawdust, it is better for mycelia growth and biological efficiency in mixture 10% corn starch, soy bean flour with 10% rice bran ,respectively, than that of nonsupplement.62.0% and 63.5% of biological efficiency are obtained respectively from the miture of 10% corn starch and 10%rice bran amended into nonfermanted pine sawdust and pangolagrass compost. In the experiment of rice bran amendment, it is high biological efficiency of 76.2% and 73.5% in nonfermatated pine sawdust to supplement 30% and 40% rice bran, while 34.3%, in supplement 10% rice bran. In the ultilization of used pine sawdust compost, 59.7% of biological efficiency of used compost, is significant difference from 43.4% of new compost. In spraying nutrition liquid onto nonfermatated pine sawdust substrates, Czapek’ liquid sprayed one week after first harvesting hash can increase the biological efficiency and mushroom yield. In test of the surface cutting of mycelia on nonfermentated pine sawdust, the 0.5 cm thickness cutting is better than noncutling for mushroom production and gets 47.7% of biological efficiency.

博士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
100
Recently, the cultivation of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) has increased rapidly, making it the 3rd largest commercially cultivated mushroom in Taiwan. Temperature is the key factor controlling the transition (or differentiation) from vegetative mycelium growth to reproductive fruiting-body formation, therefore, temperature-controlling devices are commonly used to grow the mushroom in Taiwan. Sawdust is the most popular basal ingredient in synthetic formulation of substrate used to cultivate the mushroom. However, the extensive cultivation scale of the mushroom has consumed large quantities of sawdust and caused a shortage of wood supply. Thus, two objectives were proposed in this study. The first objective is to determine the optimum temperature for P. eryngii fruiting-body differentiation and development. A temperature range between 11℃ and 23℃ was tested. The second objective is to explore alternative substrates suitable for cultivation of P. eryngii. The PDA media with various horticultural residues were inoculated with P. eryngii to evaluate the characteristics of mycelium growth and to test their suitability for P. eryngii cultivation. Three substrate materials that can be stably obtained from locally field-grown Poaceae crops including napiergrass, rice straw, and bagasse were evaluated for their potential replacement of sawdust. Partial replacements of sawdust in ratios of 25％, 50％, 75％, and 100％ were individually performed using the three above-mentioned substrate materials. Mycelium extension, fruiting-body production, biological efficiency and nutritional value of fruiting-body, and changes in the physical and chemical properties of the substrates were characterized to determine their potential use as alternative substrates. The influence of temperature on primordia formation and fruiting-body development was assessed between 11℃ and 23℃. The results indicated that the production of fruiting-body was highest at 17℃. Primordia became visible on the 5th -7th days after stimulation with low temperatures and fruiting-body grew rapidly and became economically mature 6th -8th days thereafter. Biological efficiency increased forty fold, from the initial 1.41％ to a final of 56.75％ during the eight day period. However, vegetative mycelium was unable to form reproductive fruiting-body when the temperatures were above 21℃. Moreover, fruiting-body development was inhibited when it was continuously subjected to a temperature below 11℃ or under 1℃ for more than five days. The low-temperature stress affected not only the yield but also the morphogenesis of the fruiting-body. Nevertheless, yields were significantly higher when colonized substrates were pretreated with a temperature of 12℃ for 3 or 5 days or of 15℃ for 5 days relative to the control (a constant temperature of 17℃). These results demonstrated that significant increase of fruiting-body production of P. eryngii is induced by sufficient and optimal low temperature treatment. The PDA media containing 37 horticultural residue extracts （HRE） were prepared to evaluate the potential uses of these residues as alternative substrates for P. eryngii cultivation. The results indicated that most HRE showed positive effect on mycelium growing, except HRE of Pouteria caimito Radik, Averrhoa carambola, Dimocarpus longan, Acronychia pedunculata and Pyrus pyrifolia （Taichung No. 3）. Moreover, mycelium growth was increased in PDA media containing low concentration of HRE of mango, avocado, sapodilla, persimmon, peach and plum but decreased at high concentration. The speed of mycelium extension differed in various substrates including sawdust（S）and sawdust substitutes with 25〜100％ local agricultural residues of napiergrass （N）, rice straw（R） and bagasse （B）. The highest mycelium growth rate, 8.93 mm/day, was recorded in the S substrate followed by the B, R and N substrates. On the other hand, the minimum mycelium extension rate, 3.55mm/day, was observed in the substrate with 100％ N. Days from inoculation to complete colonization were negatively correlated with mycelium extension rate. Sawdust substrate and 100％ N substrate were completely colonized by P. eryngii mycelium within periods of 18.67 days and 51 days, respectively. The highest yield of fruiting-body, 219.7 g/bag, was produced using the substrate of 25％ B ＋ 75％ S, followed by a yield of 215.3 g/bag produced with the substrate of 25％ R＋75％ S. Both substrate ingredients were superior to the 100％ S substrate with a yield of 171.2 g/bag. As for the biological efficiency（BE）, the maximum BE of 66.28％ was recorded in the substrate of 25％ R＋ 75％ S, followed by 53.64％, 52.62％, and 52.24％ in the substrates of 25％ B＋ 75％S, 50％N＋50%S, and 75％R＋25％S, respectively. All of the above-mentioned BEs were better than the BE of 48.28％ present in the sawdust substrate. Substrates with 100％ N and 100％ R were not suitable for the king oyster mushroom cultivation. Based on the yield and BE data, the best alternative substrate ingredients for P. eryngii cultivation appeared to be those with sawdust substrate substituted by 25%, 50％, and 25% of napiergrass, bagasse, and rice straw, respectively. After substrate was inoculated with P. eryngii., pH value of the substrate decreased gradually and reached the lowest point just before primordial formation. It was then slightly increased after primordia had become visible. Conversely, EC value increased gradually as mycelium extended. The degree of degradation among different lignocellulosic components varied with different substrates. In several different treatments, higher lignin and cellulose contents were observed in the spent substrate compared to those in the initial substrate. The rate of lignocellulosic decomposition was highest for hemicellulose followed by lignin and cellulose. For most substrates tested in this study, higher amounts of macroelements (such as N, P, Ca, and Mg) as well as microelements (such as Fe, Mn, and Cu) were detected in the spent substrate relative to those in the initial substrate. P. eryngii has become increasingly popular because of its high nutritional value and health-promoting effects. Contents of carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids and tocopherols, and antioxidant ability of fruiting-body were compared among different harvest days after receiving low temperature stimulation. The results indicated that all chemical compounds as well as the antioxidant ability of fruiting-body were the highest when harvested at the 10th day after cold stimulation, followed by the 12th day, and were the lowest at the 15th day. The nutritional value in different parts of fruiting-body was also compared. The results showed that pileus had higher mineral-element content and free radical scavenging ability. On the other hand, stalk contained higher amount of phenolic compounds and soluble proteins.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
104
With an attempt to select heat tolerant strains of king oyster mushroom at mycelium growth stage and to evaluate the feasibility of king oyster mushroom cultivation at high temperatures, ten king oyster mushroom strains collected from different farms were screened under high temperature. Mycelium extension rate (MER) increased in all ten king oyster mushroom strains when grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 27℃ or 30℃, however, a decrease of MER was generally noticed when grown in PDA 33℃. Our results indicated that strains 3, 4 are more heat tolerant for the decrease in MER at 33℃ was less profound in these two strains. In contrast, 7,9 are considered as heat sensitive strains. Heat tolerant and heat sensitive strains obtained in this study were cultivated in PE bag at 33℃. After 42 days, mycelium length showed significant difference between heat tolerant and heat sensitive strains and it took about 60 and 80 days for the mycelium to completely colonize the substrate, respectively. Comparing to the control (25℃), all stains spent longer time to finish mycelium growth stage at 33℃. In addition, the mycelium color, density and contamination rate of heat sensitive strains were poorer than heat tolerant strains. Pleurous eryngii mycelium growth at 33 or 25℃ and fruiting body development at 15℃ didn’t result in any difference in days of primordia appearance and the harvest time of fruiting body, but lower yield and decreased biological efficiency were observed. After different strains of king oyster mushroom were subjected to 33 or 25℃ for mycelium growth and 15℃ for fruiting body development, nutrient analysis of fruiting body indicated that the difference in macronutrients between stipe and pileus was less than that in micronutrients, the absorption of macronutrients in heat tolerant strain 3 was not affected when mycelium was growing at high temperature, total phenolic compound was not decreased in the stipe but was decreased in the pileus of some strains tested when mycelium was growing at high temperature, a similar trend was also observed for the soluble proteins with the largest decrease in the pileus of heat tolerant stain 3. When heat tolerant strain 3 was subjected to 33 or 25℃ for mycelium growth and 20℃ for fruiting body development, days of primordia appearance was not affected but the fruiting body development was hindered and the was hindered and the yield and shape of fruiting body was less satisfactory due to insufficient of low temperature. Interestingly, some nutrient contents, total phenolic compound and soluble proteins were increased in the fruiting body when cultivated under similar conditions. Overall, our results suggested the potential of heat tolerant stain 3 to be cultivated under high temperature conditions.

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系
91
In 1998, commercial cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii (Dc. : Fr.)Quēl. at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) and Wufeng areas around central Taiwan were severely affected by an unknown disease. Symptoms consisted of brown spot, curling of the tissues, sometimes even shrinking and cracking of the infected fruit bodies. Ten isolates, GR-6、GR-7、GR-12、GR-13、GR-16、GR-18、GR-23、GR-28、GR-31 and GR-37 were isolated from diseased fruiting bodies. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating the fungus onto fruit-bodies of P. eryngii for 3 - 4 days under high humidity (RH＞93%) at 16℃. Discoloration of brown spot similar to the original symptoms developed only on inoculated king oyster mushrooms. Noninoculated king oyster mushrooms P. eryngii remained symptomless. On malt extract peptone agar, colony diameter reached 32.5-35.0 mm 10 days after inoculation at 20℃, appeared to be orange to salmon red. Mycelium with septa, two kinds of conidiophores, one consists of verticillate conidiophores 110-170 µm, bearing 2-6 whorls of phialides 13-28 µm; the other bearing the “densely penicillate” phialides 10-16 µm ; Conidia hyaline, one-celled, ovoid , accumulating in a single, slimy, base protruding, smooth-walled, 4.0-6.8 x 3.0-4.5 µm. The fungus was identified as Gliocladium roseum Bainier according to the references of Domsch, et al (1980)、Schroer, et al (1999) and Smalley ＆ Hansen (1957). In advance, the causal agent was also confirmed by comparing the ITS and 28S rDNA sequences of ten isolates of the pathogen with NCBI database. The optimum temperature for conidial germination and mycelial growth of G. roseum isolates GR-12 and GR-28 was at 24-28℃. The best temperature for infection of G. roseum isolates GR-12 and GR-28 onto fruit-bodies of oyster mushroom P. eryngii was at 24-28℃. Pathogenicity of G. roseum isolates GR-12 and GR-28 was confirmed by inoculating onto fruit-bodies of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach、Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.、Flammulina velutipes (Curt.: Fr.) Sing.、Pleurotus sajor (Fr.) Sing.、Pleurotus cystidosus Miller、Agrocybe cylindracea (DC: Fr) Mre.、Hypsizigus marmoreus Bunashimeji、Coprinus comatus (Müll.: Fr. ) Pers. Twelve carbohydrates and twelve nitrogenous compounds were evaluated for their effects on mycelial growth of two isolates, GR-12 and GR-28 of the pathogen. Among those compounds, sucrose, sorbitol, starch and maltose were more effective than other carbohydrates to enhance the growth of G. roseum. As to nitrogenous compounds, NaNO3, NaNO2 and KNO3 were more effective to enhance growth of the pathogen. Seven pesticides were respectively added into the basal medium (a modified Czapek’s medium containing 3% (w/v) maltose and 0.2% (w/v) NaNO2 , MNa medium) for indexing their suppressive effectiveness. Flutolanil at 200 ppm, mertect at 4 ppm, streptomycin sulfate at 500 ppm, chloramphenicol at 500 ppm and penicillin G at 500 ppm were obviously not effective in inhibiting growth of the pathogen. Finally, maltose-NaNO2 semiselective medium (MNa semiselective medium) consisting of 30 g maltose, 2 g NaNO2, 1 g K2HPO4, 0.5 g MgSO4 7H2O, 0.5 g KCl, 0.01 g FeSO4 7H2O, 20 g agar, 200 ppm flutolanil, 4 ppm mertect, 200 ppm streptomycin sulfate, 200 ppm chloramphenicol, 200 ppm penicillin G and 1L distilled water was hence formulated for the enumeration and isolation of G. roseum from the infested sawdust. The results showed that G. roseum could be accurately detected from artificially and naturally infested sawdust by use of MNa semiselective medium. Population density of the pathogen in naturally infested sawdust was 0 - 1.0×102cfu/g sawdust and in naturally infested soil was 0 — 3.0×102cfu/g soil. High population density of the fungus was also detected from air filter of the mushroom cultivation room by MNa semiselective medium. The disease severity could be reduced more than 30% by spraying Streptomyces padanus PMS-702 at 104cfu/ml, Bacillus subtilis BS 6-14 at 105cfu/ml or CH100 at 2000-fold dilution at the same time or one day before inoculation with the pathogen onto the fruit-bodies of P. eryngii. Environmental hygiene of the mushroom cultivation room is the determinant factor for the disease control. The study indicated that washing air filter of the mushroom cultivation room with water or 2%(v/v) sodium hypochlorite was effective in reducing population density of the pathogen for the disease control.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
106
In this study, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is used as the experimental model to explore the mechanism of direct current electric field (DCEF) and alternative current electric field (ACEF) delaying mushroom cell wall decomposition. In first stage results, ACEF (400 kV/m, 50 Hz, 120 min) pre-treated oyster mushroom has a lower weight loss (from 15.84 % to 8.72 %), browning index rising rate (from 224.60% to 80.76%), firmness decline rate (from 76.9% to 64.3%), soluble solid content rising rate (from 161.5% to 107.7%) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) rising rate (from 69.11% to 36.76%) compared with untreated sample. In second stage results, ACEF 600 kV/m pre-treatment for 120 min has better effect in retarding the decrease of chitin and β-1,3-glucan. After 12 days of storage, the content of chitin and β-1,3-glucan reduced 25.64% and 53.50%, while the control group reduced 41.67% and 81.14%. As for the activity of enzyme, the chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity have inhibited for 28.12% and 47.02% in the day 12, enzyme kinetics show that electric field treatment inhibiting enzyme activity with uncompetitive inhibition type, both Km and Vmax decreased after ACEF treatment. It can be observed that the structure of cell wall is maintained with the increasing of electric field strength by using scanning electric microscope. Thus, it can be confirmed that ACEF pre-treatment can inhibit cell wall decomposition enzyme’s activity, delay the cell wall decomposition and autolysis of oyster mushroom.

碩士
國立中興大學
生物科技學研究所
107
The present study was aimed to assess inhibitory effect of alternating current electric field (ACEF) strength on the browning degree of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, P. ostreatus) and the mechanisms. The results showed that pre-treatment of P. ostreatus with ACEF (600 kV/m, 50 Hz, 120 min) reduced the browning about 40 %, the malondialdehyde content about 30 %, the polyphenol loss rate about 30%, the enzyme activity about 40-80 %, and increase cell membrane integrity about 40%. According to the enzyme kinetics results analysis, the ACEF can simultaneously reduce the maximum reaction rate of the enzymes and the affinity with the substrate. The results of structural analysis show that the alternating electric field does not destroy the primary structure of the enzymes, only affecting the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzymes, and reduce the contact ability of the active end of the enzyme with the substrate. Different from some chemical inhibitors or more severe means to destroy enzymes, it has less influence on nutrients and is a milder preservation method. The results confirm that the ACEF can maintain the appearance color of P. ostreatus, improving the loss of phenolic compounds and inhibiting the activity of enzymes during storage, moreover; ACEF can maintain the integrity of the cell membrane of P. ostreatus and does not destroy the structure of the enzyme, thereby extending its shelf life.

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
98
In the year of 2008, 3 bacterial strains, MBg1, MBg2, and MBg3, were isolated from the decay tissues of king oyster mushrooms that were cultivated at a mushroom farm in Daili, Taichung. The 3 strains elicited decay symptom on king oyster mushrooms and necrosis in tobacco leaves in pathogenicity tests, indicating they might be the causative agents of bacterial decay disease of king oyster mushrooms. The MBg strains were assayed for their physiological and biochemical properties, and the results revealed that they can grow on nutrient agar medium at 41 ℃ but not at 4 ℃, and they are sensitive to the osmotic pressure exerted by 5% (w/v) NaCl. The MBg strains have multiple enzyme activities, including gelatinases, lipases, chitinases, proteases, oxidase, and catalase. The MBg strains were identified using fatty acid methyl ester analysis (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) and SHERLOCK® Microbial Identification System, and in each instance, the bacterium was confirmed as Burkholderia gladioli. In addition, the Biolog system (Biolog, Hayward, CA) and sequence identity comparisons of 16S ribosomal DNA gene and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were performed to characterize the bacteria isolated from king oyster mushroom. The bacteria were also confirmed as B. gladioli based on a similarity of 0.58 with Biolog and 99% sequence identity for 16S rDNA and ITS sequences. Because strains of B. gladioli are commonly found in diverse ecological niches, it is predicted that B. gladioli strains from different environments may have different phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. In this study, we characterized B. gladioli strains isolated from different sources by carbon source utilization, pathogenicity assays, antagonistic activities, ITS sequences, and ERIC/BOX-PCR DNA fingerprinting. Metabolic profiles showed that the MBg strains causing king oyster mushroom bacterial decay are similar to pineapple fruit rot pathogen PBg5 and soil isolate Bg1. ITS sequences and ERIC/BOX-PCR DNA fingerprinting analyses revealed that MBg strains are closely related to soil-isolated strains Bg1 and Bg2 with respective similarities of 97.4% and 0.734. Pathogenicity assays demonstrated that MBg strains and soil-isolated strains Bg1 and Bg2 are virulent to king oyster mushroom and weakly virulent to gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus) and onions; the strains of pineapple fruit rot pathogen, PBg3 and PBg5, are weakly virulent to king oyster mushroom, gladiolus, and onions; the gladiolus-pathogenic strains HBG4 and HBG10 that were identified as B. glumae are pathogenic to gladiolus and onions but not to king oyster mushroom; the soil-isolated strain Bg3, classified as a member of B. cepacia complex, is weakly virulent to onioin but non-virulent to king oyster mushroom and gladiolus; the soil-isolated strains Bg4 and Bg5 that are also classified as members of B. cepacia complex are not virulent to king oyster mushroom, gladiolus, or onion. In addition, the antagonistic activities of B. gladioli strains were assayed by measuring the mycelium growth of king oyster mushroom and Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 and the bacterial growth of B. glumae RBg9, and the results revealed that all strains of B. gladioli used in this study have inhibitory abilities against the growth of king oyster mushroom, R. solani AG-4, and B. glumae strain RBg9 on cultured media. Taken together, our results indicated that B. gladioli MBg strains isolated from king oyster mushroom share similar phenotypic and genotypic characteristics to soil-isolated B. gladioli strains Bg1 and Bg2.

博士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系
104
Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) and P. cystidiosus (PC) are edible and medicinal mushrooms, which are rich in nutrition and health benefits and have the biotechnology and environmental value used as material in this study. The objective of the study was (1) to evaluate the effects of temperature and nutrition conditions on the mycelium growth of two oyster mushrooms PO and PC for spawn production; (2) to evaluate the effects of some factors such as substrates, light treating conditions, bag opening types, spawn sources on the growth, yield, and nutritional composition of PO and PC fruiting body; (3) to determine the effects of substrate, drying method, light treating condition on antioxidant compound, antioxidant activity of mushrooms PO and PC. The results of this study showed that: The mycelium of mushroom PO and PC can grow at 24-32oC, but at 28oC present the best. Potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), sweet potato dextrose agar medium (SPDA), yam dextrose agar medium (YDA), and malt extract agar medium (MEA) were the favorable media for mushroom PC mycelium growth while PDA and YDA were the suitable media for PO mycelium growth. Addition of sucrose at 1-5% concentration as carbon source and ammonium chloride at 0.03-0.09% concentration as nitrogen source can promote the mycelium growth of mushrooms PO and PC. Brown rice was the best grain sources to produce spawn of mushroom PO and PC while sawdust (SD), corn cob (CC), and sugarcane bagasse (SB) were suitable lignocellulose substrate sources for mycelium growth as well. Increasing the rates of using CC and SB helped decreasing C/N ratio and enhancing some mineral contents of substrate formulas resulted increasing the cap diameter, stipe thickness, mushroom weight, yield, biological efficiency (BE), protein, fiber, ash, and mineral content (Ca, K, and Mg) of mushroom PO and PC, consequently they can replace some parts or whole SD in substrate formulas. In this study, light treating conditions had effect on the growth, yield, BE and no effect on nutrition composition of oyster mushrooms PO and PC. In comparison with dark condition, light stimulated primordial formation early, decreasing the primordial formation days, so that total harvesting period under light treating was significantly shorter from 8.78 to 11.98 days in case of mushroom PO and from 6.3 to 8.2 days in case of mushroom PC. Infrared-LED (light emitting diode) light and red-LED light were the most suitable treating conditions because of reducing total harvesting period and slight increasing stipe thickness, mushroom weight, total yield, and BE of mushrooms PO and PC. This result obtained showed bag opened with larger surface induced rapidly dried substrate and reducing the number of flushes and total harvesting period. However, it induced increasing the number of effective fruiting bodies, the yield of three flushes of mushroom PO and the first flush of mushroom PC except de-plastic culture bag method, while bag opening method did not impact on nutritional composition of mushrooms PO and PC. No removing ring was the best method to get the highest yield (204.3 g/bag) and BE (40.80%) of mushroom PC, while removing ring was identified as the best method for cultivation of mushroom PO with the highest yield (298.5 g/bag) and BE (59.62%). The result showed that spawn source from brown rice grain had no significant effect on the growth, yield, and BE of mushrooms PO and PC when compared with spawn source from sawdust substrate. In large scale of oyster mushroom cultivation, spawn source from sawdust substrate should be used to replace spawn source from brown rice grain with purpose of low cost and high benefit. Regarding to antioxidant compound and activity of mushrooms PO and PC, the results showed that substrates containing higher contents of CC and SB (100% and 50%) resulted in higher values of total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) as well as high efficiency of 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, reducing power, and chelating ferrous ions ability. Whereas, substrate 100% SD reduced TPC and TFC which directly linked to a decreased antioxidant activity of mushroom PO and PC extracts. These results suggested that CC and SB can be used to replace some parts or all SD in substrate formulas for oyster mushroom cultivation which also improved antioxidant component and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts. With freeze drying method, mushrooms PO and PC cultivated in almost substrates showed efficiency in improving the TPC as well as antioxidant activity in comparison with oven drying method. The results also indicated that different light treating conditions had no significant effect on TPC of PO and PC mushroom, and TFC of mushroom PO, however, it has effect on TFC of mushroom PC. In general, mushroom PO and PC had good antioxidant activity, especially DPPH radical scavenging ability and chelating ability on ferrous ions at all light treating conditions. Different light treating conditions had slight effect on DPPH radical scavenging ability, chelating ability and reducing power at 5 mg/mL concentration of extract in methanol. Red-LED light and infrared-LED light were the suitable light treating condition, it not only helps slightly increasing yield and BE but also increases DPPH radical scavenging ability, reducing power of mushroom PO and PC as well as slight increasing chelating ability on ferrous ions of mushroom PO.