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1

Steponavičienė, Aušra, Dainius Steponavičius, Algirdas Raila, and Aurelija Kemzūraitė. "MODELLING THE OZONE PENETRATION IN A GRAIN LAYER / OZONO SKVERBTIES GRŪDŲ SLUOKSNYJE MODELIAVIMAS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 20, no. 4 (November 22, 2012): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2011.645826.

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Studies of grain drying with ozone-air mixture were carried out to detect the ozone penetration patterns through the grain mound of various moisture content (14.6 ≤ w 0 ≤ 23.0%) at different ozone concentrations (500 ≤ C 0 ≤ 1250 ppb) in the supplied air. The ozone penetration through the grain layer depends on the initial ozone concentration in the supplied air, ozonation time, velocity of the supplied air, height of the grain mound, initial grain moisture content and mycobiotic contamination of grain surface. It was determined that in a 60 cm height of the grain layer ozone is first recorded after 12 h, and at 105 cm – only after 34 h at w 0 = 19.0%, C 0 = 500 ppb. If the initial concentration of ozone is higher, it is first recorded sooner. Ozone penetration through the grain layer with higher moisture level is slower, and ozone reaction with grain surface and microflora present on it is longer. Hypothesis about the adequacy of the model (how it reflects the real process) has been verified by calculating reproduction and adequacy variance. The mathematical model could be applied for prediction of the course of grain ozonation process. Santrauka Grūdų džiovinimo ozono ir oro mišiniu tyrimai atlikti siekiant išaiškinti ozono skverbties per skirtingo drėgnio grūdų sampilą dėsningumus (14,6 ≤ w 0 ≤ 23,0%), esant skirtingoms ozono koncentracijoms (500 ≤ C 0 ≤ 1250 ppb) tiekiamame ore. Ozono skverbtis grūdų sluoksnyje priklauso nuo pradinės ozono koncentracijos tiekiamame ore, ozonavimo trukmės, tiekiamo oro greičio, grūdų sampilo aukščio, pradinio grūdų drėgnio ir jų paviršiaus mikobiotinio užterštumo. 60 cm grūdų sluoksnio aukštyje ozonas pradėtas fiksuoti po 12 h, o 105 cm – tik po 34 h, kai w 0 = 19,0%, C 0 = 500 ppb. Padidinus pradinę ozono koncentraciją, ozonas pradedamas fiksuoti greičiau. Ozonuojant drėgnesnius grūdus, ozonas per jų sluoksnį skverbiasi lėčiau, vyksta ilgesnė jo reakcija su grūdų paviršiumi ir ant jų esančia mikroflora. Hipotezė apie modelio adekvatumą (kaip jis atspindi realų procesą) buvo patikrinta apskaičiavus reprodukcijos ir adekvatumo dispersijas. Sudarytas matematinis modelis gali būti taikomas grūdų ozonavimo procesui prognozuoti.
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WALUYO, WALUYO, DERIL ALVIAN PERMANA, and SITI SAODAH. "Perancangan dan Realisasi Generator Ozon menggunakan Metoda Pembangkitan Tegangan Tinggi Bolak – Balik (AC)." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v3i1.38.

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ABSTRAKPemanfaatan teknologi ozon pada berbagai sektor telah menunjukkan kegunaan dan keunggulan dari pemanfaatan ozon.Salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan ozon melalui peluahan muatan listrik dengan korona discharge. Metoda perancangan generator ozonmenggunakan pembangkitan tegangan tinggi dari trafo dengan variasi tegangan ±3000V & ±4000V, laju alir oksigen (1 dan 3 liter/menit), dan waktu ozonasi (5; 10; 15; 20; 25 dan 30 menit) dan mengatur jarak antar batang konduktor 0,3 cm. Produk ozon dialirkan pada air bersih dan dihitung konsentrasi sisa ozonnya menggunakan larutan indigo kolorimetri. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa semakin menurunnya laju alir oksigen, konsentrasi ozon meningkat. Peningkatan tegangan output akan menambah besar medan listrik yang dihasilkan, sehingga konsentrasi ozon meningkat. Besar tegangan yang berhasil dibangkitkan sebesar 3370 V dan 4324 V. Konsentrasi maksimum ozon yang terbentuk adalah 0.088 mgO3/liter pada voltase 4324 V dan laju alir oksigen 1 liter/menit. Konsentrasi minimum ozon yang terbentuk adalah 0,012 mgO3/L pada voltase 3370 dan laju alir oksigen 3 liter/menit.Kata Kunci: indigo kolorimetri, korona discharge,medan listrik, ozon, ozon generator ABSTRACTUsing of ozone technology at various sectors have shown excellence and usefulness of ozone. One of the way to produce ozone is by electric discharge with corona discharge. The design method of ozone generator by generating high voltage from the transformer with voltage variation ± 3000 V and ± 4000 V , the oxygen flow rate ( 1 and 3 liters / min ) , and the time of ozonation ( 5 ; 10 ; 15 ; 20 ; 25 and 30 min) and adjust the distance between the conductor rod 0.3 cm.Product ozone water flowed in and calculated the concentration of residual ozon use solution indigocolorimetri. Result indicated that the decreasing of oxygen flowrate leads ozon concentration increase. By increasing of voltage variation, the electric field increasingly large, the more the results of ozone is formed. Large voltage successfully raised at 3370 V and 4324 V. The maximum concentration of ozone is formed is 0.088 mgO3 / liter at 4324 volts voltage and oxygen flow rate of 1 liter / min . The minimum concentration of ozone is formed is 0.012 mgO3 / L at 3370 voltage and oxygen flow rate of 3 liters / min. Keyword: indigo kolorimetri, korona discharge,electric field, ozon, ozon generator
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3

Zahar, Intan, Sutriono Sutriono, Puryadi Puryadi, Syafrizal Hasibuan, and Dian Puspita Sari. "PENGARUH PENERAPAN OZON DARI DOUBLE DIELECTRIC BARIER DISCHARGE PLASMA UNTUK MENJAGA KESEGARAN JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS )." ORBITA: Jurnal Kajian, Inovasi dan Aplikasi Pendidikan Fisika 7, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/orbita.v7i2.6126.

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ABSTRAKJamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) merupakan salah satu produk makanan yang mudah mengalami kerusakan dan mempunyai waktu simpan pendek yaitu 1-2 hari. Produksi jamur tiram di Indonesia semakin tahun mengalami peningkatan sehingga dibutuhkan alternatif dalam menjaga umur simpan pada jamur. Salah satu teknologi yang masih terus berkembang adalah teknologi plasma ozon. Teknologi ini menggunakan plasma dingin untuk menghasilkan ozon (O3). Baru-baru ini, beberapa peneliti telah mengembangkan teknologi ozon untuk mejaga umur simpan pada produk pasca panen hortikultura. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyimpanan jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) dengan teknologi plasma ozon yang dibangkitkan dengan teknik Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma (DDBDP). Hasil kosentrasi ozon pada penelitian ini yaitu 65 ppm dengan kapasitas ozon sebesar 5.85 gram/jam pada flowrate 1.5 (L/min) dan tegangan 9,5 kV. Ozon dialirkan ke dalam plastik yang berisi sampel jamur pada perlakuan (5, 10, 15, 20 dan 25) menit. Berdasarkan hasil uji perubahan susut yang dilakukan, diperoleh perubahan susut tidak terlalu significant mengalami penurunan pada perlakuan ozone 20 menit dan 25 menit. Kata kunci: Jamur tiram; ozone; Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma; produk hortikultura ABSTRACTWhite oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a food product that is easily damaged and has a short shelf life of 1-2 days. The production of oyster mushrooms in Indonesia is increasing every year so that an alternative is needed to maintain the shelf life of mushrooms. One technology that is still developing is plasma ozone technology. This technology uses cold plasma to produce ozone (O3). Recently, several researchers have developed ozone technology to maintain shelf life in post-harvest horticultural products. This study aims to determine the effect of storing white oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) with ozone plasma technology generated by the Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma (DDBDP) technique. The results of the ozone concentration in this study were 65 ppm with an ozone capacity of 5.85 grams/hour at a flowrate of 1.5 (L/min) and a voltage of 9.5 Kv. Ozone was flowed into a plastic containing mushroom samples in the treatment (5,10,15, 20 and 25) minutes. Based on the results of the shrinkage change test carried out, it was found that the shrinkage change was not too significant and decreased in the 20 minute and 25 minute ozone treatment Keywords: Oyster mushroom; ozone; Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma; horticultural products.
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Chuturkova, Rozalina. "OZONE AND OZONE PRECURSORS IN URBAN ATMOSPHERE." Journal Scientific and Applied Research 8, no. 1 (November 14, 2015): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v8i1.176.

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Monitoring of atmospheric air at an urban background station in the city of Varna, Bulgaria between 2007 and 2014 to evaluate the levels of the secondary pollutants О3 and its precursors – NO, NO2, NMHC and CO. Annual, monthly and diurnal variations were studied. The results show that О3 and the precursors do not exceed the norms that threaten human health. As compared with the start of the monitoring, the О3 concentrations have risen from 32.22 to 52.04 µg/m3 and the differences have high statistical significance (0.025 ≤ Р ≤ 0.05). The maximum concentrations of the secondary pollutant О3 are achieved several hours after the peak precursor levels. Measures are proposed for reduction of the emissions of the О3 precursors with the aim to reduce the concentrations of the secondary pollutant in the lower atmosphere.
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Hidayah, Nikmatul, Christina Winarti, and Usman Ahmad. "Ozone to Overcome Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin in Grains: Opportunities and Challenges of Implementation." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 40, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v40n2.2021.p149-158.

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<p>Ozone can be used as an alternative to control mold and aflatoxins in grains that is more eco-friendly because it does not leave residues that are harmful for humans, animals and environment. The use of ozone was quite effective in reducing mold and aflatoxin in grains such as barley, whole wheat, corn and rice. In Indonesia, ozone was limited used for sterilization of fruit and vegetable. Therefore, the comprehensive review on the potential of ozone in grains is needed, especially on the priority commodities of agricultural development in Indonesia, such as rice and corn. The objective of this review was to examine the opportunities of ozone to reduce Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin in grains, so that it can improve its quality and shelf life. Many studies showed that the use of ozone reduced Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin in grains by 50-90%.<br />Keywords: Grains, Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin, ozone</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong>OZON UNTUK MENGATASI CEMARAN ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS DAN</strong><br /><strong>AFLATOKSIN PADA BIJI-BIJIAN: PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN</strong><br /><strong>IMPLEMENTASI</strong></p><p>Ozon dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif pengendalian cendawan dan aflatoksin pada biji-bijian yang lebih ramah lingkungan karena tidak meninggalkan residu yang berbahaya bagi manusia, hewan, maupun lingkungan. Penggunaan ozon cukup efektif mengurangi kontaminasi cendawan dan aflatoksin pada bijibijian seperti barley, biji gandum, jagung, dan beras. Di Indonesia, ozon digunakan secara terbatas untuk proses pencucian beberapa jenis buah dan sayuran. Oleh karena itu diperlukan telaah lebih lanjut mengenai potensi penggunaan ozon pada biji-bijian terutama komoditas strategis yang menjadi prioritas dalam pembangunan pertanian di Indonesia seperti padi dan jagung. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk menelaah peluang penggunaan ozon dalam mengurangi kontaminasi Aspergillus flavus dan cemaran aflatoksin pada produk biji-bijian, sehingga diharapkan dapat memperbaiki kualitas dan meningkatkan umur simpan produk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan ozon dapat menurunkan cemaran A. flavus dan aflatoksin pada biji-bijian sampai 50-90%.<br />Kata kunci: Biji-bijian, Aspergillus flavus, aflatoksin, ozon</p>
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Sholihah Ayu Wulandari, Sekar Ayu Wulandari, Ahmad Haris Hasanuddin Slamet, Ahmad Fahriyannur Rosyady, and Rahmat Dhandy. "Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Alat Sterilisasi Buah Menggunakan Ozone-Box." Food Scientia : Journal of Food Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/fsj.v2i2.3690.2022.

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Alat sterilisasi ozone-box merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk proses sterilisasi buah dengan menggunakan teknologi ozon yang efektif untuk mengatasi cemaran mikroba dan kimiawi. Persaingan di dalam lingkungan bisnis semakin ketat sehingga usaha alat sterilisasi buah ozone-box dituntut untuk dapat mengembangkan usahanya agar dapat bertahan dan bersaing di pasar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor internal dan faktor eksternal dari usaha alat sterilisasi buah menggunakan ozone-box yang kemudian sebagai acuan dalam menentukan strategi bisnis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kajian deskriptif dengan menggunakan analisis SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, dan threats) terkait pengembangan usaha alat sterilisasi buah menggunakan ozone-box. Data yang digunakan atas data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer berupa pengamatan alat sterilisasi ozon dan data wawancara dengan para pakar. Data sekunder berupa sumber-sumber penunjang dari web maupun artikel jurnal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usaha produk ozone-box berada pada posisi Kuadran II yakni kuadran di antara kekuatan dan ancaman (Strength – Threat) sehingga kemungkinan alternatif strategi yang dilakukan untuk mengembangkan produk ini yaitu dengan meningkatkan promosi di media sosial seperti Facebook, Instagram, Shopee dan WhatsApp serta melakukan sosialisasi tentang teknologi ozon untuk sterilisasi buah-buahan, positioning produk yang sesuai kebutuhan dan melakukan riset secara berkala untuk memperbaharui teknologi yang digunakan.
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Lázaro-Gimeno, David, and Ana M. Ibars. "Impacto del ozono troposférico sobre la anatomía foliar de Abies pinsapo Boiss. I.: Estudio de la distribución de daños." Acta Botanica Malacitana 34 (December 1, 2009): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v34i0.6952.

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RESUMEN. Impacto del ozono troposférico sobre la anatomía foliar de Abies pinsapo Boiss. I: Estudio de la distribución de daños. Con el fin de elaborar unos criterios unificados para la evaluación del impacto del ozono troposférico y compararlos con la respuesta de las poblaciones naturales de Sierra Bermeja y Sierra de las Nieves, se han reproducido en cámaras Open Top, ambientes filtrados y enriquecidos con ozono para realizar una caracterización microscópica del daño que produce el ozono troposférico sobre Abies pinsapo Boiss. Los resultados demuestran que pese a que la morfología foliar permanece inalterada tras someter durante un mes en condiciones de 30 ppb durante 8 horas al día, a nivel tisular se han producido daños de consideración que afectan de este endemismo.Palabras clave. Anatomía, Abies pinsapo, ozono, cámaras Open Top.ABSTRACT. Tropospheric ozone injury on the foliar anatomy of Abies pinsapo Boiss. I: Study of damage distribution. With the aim of develop unified criteria to evaluate the tropospheric ozone injury and compare with responses in Abies pinsapo Boiss. in natural populations in Sierra Bermeja and Sierra de las Nieves, it has been reproduced in Open Top Chambers conditions of filtered air and addition of controlled amounts of ozone. Results show that despite leaf morphology remains unaltered after a treatment with 30 ppb 8 hours per day, at tissue level there have been injuries that affect this endemism.Key words. Anatomy, Abies pinsapo, ozone, Open Top chambers.
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Valuntaitė, Vaida, Vaida Šerevičienė, and Raselė Girgždienė. "OZONE CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS NEAR HIGH‐VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES/OZONO KONCENTRACIJOS KITIMAS TIES AUKŠTOSIOS ĮTAMPOS TIEKIMO LINIJOMIS/ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ ОЗОНА ВБЛИЗИ ВЫСОКОВОЛЬТНЫХ ЛИНИЙ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧ." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-6897.2009.17.28-35.

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Changes and distribution of ozone concentration in the area of high‐voltage transmission lines were investigated. The investigation on ozone concentration changes was performed with application of two methods: by using an ozone analyser and by passive samplers. The role of an accumulating element was performed by a glass‐fiber filter installed in a passive sampler. It was impregnated with a 1.2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene and acetate acid solution. The impact of meteorological parameters on the passive sampler efficiency and ozone concentration variation is discussed. These parameters can increase or decrease the real concentration value in comparison with the concentration obtained by co‐located continuously running ozone analyser. Ozone concentration near high‐voltage lines varied from 10 to 51 ppb, and “background” ozone concentration changed from 3 to 50 ppb during the investigation period. The average concentrations were 28.1 and 27.5 ppb near the lines and “background” during the whole experiment period. The wind direction from “background” location to the high‐voltage lines prevailed during the experiment. The obtained results by different methods demonstrated good agreement; the difference between ozone concentrations was from 1 to 24% for individual cases. Santrauka Tirta ozono koncentracijos kitimas ir pasiskirstymas ties aukštosios įtampos perdavimo linijomis. Ozono koncentracija matuota dviem metodais – ozono analizatoriumi ir pasyviaisiais kaupikliais. Pasyviajame kaupiklyje kaip kaupiantysis elementas buvo naudojamas stiklo pluošto filtras, impregnuotas 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)etileno ir acetatinės rūgšties tirpalu. Vėjo greitis, vėjo kryptis, UV spinduliuotė, temperatūra ir santykinė oro drėgmė gali turėti įtakos pasyviųjų kaupiklių efektyvumui bei ozono koncentracijos pasiskirstymui, todėl kartu tirti ir meteorologiniai parametrai (temperatūra, santykinė oro drėgmė, vėjo greitis ir kryptis). Tyrimo laikotarpiu ozono koncentracija ties aukštosios įtampos tiekimo linijomis kito nuo 10 iki 51 ppb, o nutolusioje per 222 m vietovėje, kuri buvo traktuojama kaip foninė, – nuo 3 iki 50 ppb. Išmatuota vidutinė ozono koncentracija foninėje vietoje buvo 27,5 ppb, o ties linijomis – 28,1 ppb. Eksperimento metu vyravo pietryčių krypties vėjas, t. y. nuo foninės vietos – aukštosios įtampos tiekimo linijų link. Nustatant ozono koncentraciją skirtingais metodais duomenys pakankamai sutapo, pavieniais atvejais nesutapimas svyravo nuo 1 iki 24 %. Резюме Исследовалось изменение и распределение концентрации озона в районе высоковольтных линий электропередач. Концентрация озона измерялась двумя методами: анализаторами озона УФ-поглощения непрерывного действия и с использованием пассивных сорбентов. В качестве сорбента использовался фильтр из стекловолокна, пропитанный 1,2-ди(4-пиридил)этиленом и уксусной кислотой. Параллельно непрерывно измерялась температура и относительная влажность воздуха, скорость и направление ветра. Исследования показали, что концентрация озона в течение эксперимента изменялась в интервале от 10 до 51 ррb у линии и от 3 до 50 ррb на «фоновой» точке, удаленной от линий электропередач на расстояние 222 м. В течение эксперимента почти половину времени преобладал боковой ветер по отношению к высоковольтным линиям со стороны фоновой точки. Средние измеренные концентрации озона составляли 27,5 ррb на «фоновой» точке и 28,1 ррb – у линий. Результаты измерения концентрации озона как анализаторами непрерывного действия, так и по методике с использованием пассивных сорбентов показали хорошее совпадение: разница составляла 2–15% и лишь в отдельных случаях 24%.
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Valdenassi, Luigi, Marianno Franzini, Vincenzo Simonetti, and Giovanni Ricevuti. "Oxygen-ozone therapy: paradoxical stimulation of ozone." Ozone Therapy 1, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ozone.2016.5837.

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After several years of scientific research and accurate clinical practice, the oxygen-ozone therapy continues to represent a method full of prospects and new opportunities. On this basis we present an updated review on basic mechanisms through which the ozone acts. Ozone, a molecule notable for its heterodoxy and atypicalness, has been regarded with suspicious for a long time since it was a possible generator of free radicals and correlated pathologies, but it is important distinguishing between the oxidative damage from free radicals, characterized by irreversible chemical modifications of the molecular target, and the physiological effects from free radicals (redox signaling), characterized on the other hand, by reversible chemical and selective alterations, which are potentially suitable to become an active part in the various metabolic regulation mechanisms, with positive effects on several pathologies.
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Maulidha, Dithya Ema, and Naziyah Naziyah. "Analisis Intervensi Keperawatan Penggunaan Polyurethane Foam sebagai Secondary Dressing dan Terapi Ozone Bagging pada Fase Proliferasi Pasien Ny. E dan Tn. D Dengan Diagnosa Medis Diabetic Foot Ulcer Diklinik Wocare Kota Bogor." Jurnal Kreativitas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 1268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v6i3.8807.

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ABSTRAK Saat ini ada >500 jenis modern wound dressing salah satunya Polyurethane foam, Polyurethane foam adalah Balutan berfungsi untuk menyerap cairan yang dapat digunakan sebagai balutan primer dan sekunder. Saat ini sudah banyak terapi komplementer untuk pengobatan ulkus diabetik yang dapat dipadukan dengan perawatan luka modern. Salah satu terapi yang dianjurkan adalah terapi kantong ozon karena relatif murah. Analisis keperawatan intervensi dengan terapi polyurethane foam secondary dressing dan ozone bagging pada pasien proliferatif Ny .E dan Tn. D, didiagnosis ulkus kaki diabetik di Klinik Wocare Center di Kota Bogor. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam studi kasus ini adalah metode deskriptif. Setelah dilakukkan penggunaan polyurethane foam pada Ny. E dan Tn. D sebagai secondary dressing pada fase proliferasi, dapat dibuktikan dengan perubahan ukuran luka pada pasien Tn. D saat kunjungan ke-4, dan Jumlah eksudat pada luka Ny. E saat kunjungan ke-6, dengan jaringan granulasi mencapai 100%. Pada intervensi penggunaan polyurethane foam dan terapi ozone bagging pada jaringan dengan luka diabetic foot ulcer saat fase proliferasi sangat efektif untuk menangani diabetic foot ulcer dibuktikan dengan perubahan dalam ukuran luka dan jumlah eksudat dengan menggunakan winner scale score. Kata Kunci: Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Polyurethane Foam, Ozzone Bagging ABSTRACT Currently there are > 500 types of modern wound dressings, one of which is Polyurethane foam, Polyurethane foam is a dressing that functions to absorb fluids that can be used as primary and secondary dressings. Currently, there are many complementary therapies for diabetic ulcer management that can be combined with modern wound care. One of the recommended therapies is ozone bagging therapy, because ozone bagging therapy is relatively inexpensive. To analyze nursing care through interventions using polyurethane foam as secondary dressing and ozone bagging therapy in the proliferative phase of patient Ny. E and Mr. D with a medical diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcer at the Wocare Center clinic, Bogor City. The research method used in this case study is a descriptive method. After using polyurethane foam on Mrs. E and Mr. D as a secondary dressing in the proliferative phase, as evidenced by changes in wound size in Tn's patients. D at the fourth visit, and the amount of exudate on Mrs. E at the sixth visit, with granulation tissue reaching 100%. the intervention using polyurethane foam and ozone bagging therapy on tissues with diabetic foot ulcer wounds during the proliferative phase is very effective for treating diabetic foot ulcers as evidenced by changes in wound size and amount of exudate using the winner scale score. Keywords: Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Polyurethane Foam, Ozzone Bagging
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KOPPAR, A. L., and S. C. NAGRATH. "Seasonal variation in the vertical distribution of zone over Oakshin Gangotri, Antarctica." MAUSAM 42, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i3.3232.

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Ozone soundings made from Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica during 1987 are presented. The vertical distribution of ozone over Antarctica is characterised by a double peak profile, one around 200-150 hPa and the other around 50 hPa. During late winter-early spring the upper peak is considerably depleted. Tropospheric ozoe remains low and nearly constant throughout the year.
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Savcheniuk, M., B. Yarchuk, L. Korniienko, T. Tsarenko, D. Okhrimenko, I. Yanchevskyi, O. Dovhal, S. Bilyk, P. Shulha, and O. Novik. "Use of ozone for dіcrease of microbal load." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2(160) (November 24, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-160-2-50-55.

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Ozone enters into chemical reaction with many organic compounds. Ozone is a very strong oxidant. It oxidizes most of the elements to higher oxides. In the oxidation reaction by ozone activity second only to fluorine, its oxide and free radicals. It is formed from oxygen by absorbing heat in this case, and, conversely, when the expansion goes into oxygen, giving off heat. The main method of obtaining ozone for practical purposes is electrosynthesis. In industrial conditions for using ozone and corona discharge barrier. Ozonizers corona discharge can significantly increase the efficiency of ozone by reducing capital and operating costs for the process equipment and ozonation. Research shows that ozone air ozonator pulsed mode increases the resistance of animals to the action of microorganisms factor. In animals and poultry in industrial production often develop diseases caused by pathogens factor. These diseases mainly occurring symptom of lesions of the respiratory and digestive systems. In many countries today conducted research using ozone, and the results of these studies are published in the course of scientific-metric database. For normal growing animals, especially young animals, premises should be thoroughly disinfected. Disinfection is required for all technological facilities as livestock and poultry. Experimentally found that ozone has a bactericidal effect (for example, test cultures E. coli) on different surfaces (wood, Petri dish) considering its concentration and exposure. The results of influence of different concentrations of ozone in ozonair mixture is fed into the container of the Petri dish, and time impact on survival of microorganisms provides a fairly accurate prediction of the results of impact parameters ozonation. Key words: ozon, ozone therapy, Escherichia coli, disinfection.
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Chusaeni, Amana F., Gunawan Wibisono, and Tira H. Skripsa. "Pengaruh Paparan Gas Ozon terhadap Jumlah Koloni Jamur Candida albicans." e-GiGi 9, no. 2 (June 4, 2021): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/eg.9.2.2021.32332.

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Abstract: Candida albicans is one of the pathogenic fungal species which causes oral infections. One of the methods to minimize the risk of fungal infection is by application of asepsis procedure through gargling with antiseptics. Ozone has high oxidative properties, therefore, it is considered as an antiseptic agent. Plasma Study Center of Diponegoro University has developed an ozone generator machine which opens up an opportunity to identify ozone properties as an antiseptic in controlling the number of fungal colonies, especially Candida albicans. This study was aimed to identify the effects of ozone exposure on the number of fungal colonies of Candida albicans. This was a laboratory experimental study with one-group pretest-posttest design. A total of 32 samples of Candida albicans suspensions were divided into two groups (16 each). Group 1 was not treated with ozonation, while group 2 were ozonated. Then, the two groups were cultured in SDA media using the spread plate method and were incubated for 48 hours. The data were obtained by calculating the number of fungal colonies growing in SDA media. The Wilcoxon test obtained a p-value <0.05, meaning that there were differences in the colony number of Candida albicans before and after ozonation. In conclusion, ozone exposure has a significant effect on the number of fungal colonies of Candida albicans. Further studies are needed adding variables or parameters. Keywords: ozone; fungal colony; Candida albicans Abstrak: Candida albicans merupakan salah satu spesies jamur patogen yang menyebabkan infeksi oral. Salah satu metode untuk meminimalkan risiko infeksi jamur ialah melalui penerapan prosedur asepsis dengan berkumur menggunakan antiseptik. Ozon memiliki kemampuan oksidasi tinggi sehingga dipertimbangkan untuk menjadi bahan antiseptik. Pusat Penelitian Plasma Universitas Diponegoro telah mengembangkan mesin generator ozon yang membuka peluang untuk mengetahui kemampuan ozon sebagai antiseptik dalam mengendalikan jumlah koloni jamur terutama Candida albicans. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh paparan gas ozon terhadap jumlah koloni jamur (Candida albicans). Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental laboratorik dengan one group pretest-posttest design. Sebanyak 32 sampel suspensi jamur Candida albicans dibagi menjadi dua kelompok (masing-masing 16 sampel). Kelompok 1 tidak dilakukan ozonasi dan kelompok 2 dilakukan ozonasi kemudian kedua kelompok dikultur dalam media SDA dengan metode spread plate dan diinkubasi 48 jam. Data diperoleh dengan menghitung jumlah koloni jamur yang tumbuh pada media SDA. Hasil uji statistik Wilcoxon mendapatkan nilai p<0,05 yang berarti terdapat perbedaan jumlah koloni jamur (Candida albicans) sebelum dan setelah pemberian gas ozon. Simpuolan penelitian ini ialah paparan gas ozon berpengaruh secara bermakna terhadap jumlah koloni jamur (Candida albicans). Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan dengan penambahan variabel atau parameter.Kata kunci: gas ozon; koloni jamur; Candida albicans
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Irawati, Denny, Soekmana Wedatama, Futoshi Ishiguri, and Shinso Yokota. "Association of Mushroom Cultivation and Ozonolysis as Pretreatment for Enzymatic Saccharification of Sengon(Falcataria moluccana) Sawdust." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 12, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.34104.

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Wood industry based on sengon (Falcataria moluccana) material has developed rapidly and cause the huge wastes. Lignocellulosic materials, such as sengon sawdust, offer a great potential as cheap and abundant feedstock for biofuels production. Ozone oxidation pretreatment was carried out on sengon wastes to improve fermentable sugar production by enzymatic saccharification. Sengon wood (SW), sengon media (SM), and sengon spent media (SMM), that was waste of media after mushroom cultivation, treated with ozone for different treatment time were enzymatically saccharified. Then the decrease of hydrolysis weight, reducing sugar yield, and monosaccharide yields were determined. Ozone treatment resulted in Klason lignin degradation in the all samples, resulting in the improvement of subsequent enzymatic saccharification. Ozone treatment with the duration more than 30 min was not suitable for SMM sample. Glucose yield after saccharification from the ozone-treated sample for 60 min was the highest among all samples in SW and SM treated, but for SMM it was 30 min. Based on these results, we concluded that mushroom cultivation can reduce the ozone time treatment and it is an effective treatment to improve sugar yield by enzymatic saccharification of sengon wastes. Gabungan Pra-perlakuan Ozonolisis dan Budidaya Jamur Sebelum Sakarifikasi Enzimatis Serbuk Kayu Sengon (Falcataria moluccana)IntisariIndustri kayu berbahan baku kayu sengon (Falcataria moluccana) saat ini tengah berkembang dengan sangat pesat dan hal ini menyebabkan timbulnya banyak limbah kayu sengon. Materi lignosellulosa, seperti limbah serbuk kayu sengon, merupakan potensi yang sangat baik sebagai bahan baku bio-fuel karena murah dan banyak tersedia. Praperlakuan dengan oksidasi ozon pada limbah kayu sengon dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi gula reduksi melalui proses sakarifikasi enzimatis. Serbuk sengon (SW), media sengon (SM), dan limbah media sengon (SMM), yang merupakan sisa dari media budidaya jamur, diberi perlakuan dengan ozon pada berbagai lama waktu perlakuan. Sampel yang sudah diberi perlakuan ozon tersebut kemudian dianalisis kandungan kimianya dan di-sakarifikasi secara enzimatis. Selanjutnya diukur laju hidrolisis, kadar gula pereduksi, dan kadar monosakarida. Perlakuan dengan ozon menyebabkan degradasi kadar Klason lignin di semua sampel, sehingga mengakibatkan peningkatan kemampuan sakarifikasi dari enzim. Perlakuan ozon dengan lama waktu lebih dari 30 menit tidak sesuai untuk sampel SMM. Kadar glukosa hasil sakarifikasi yang tinggi diperoleh dari sampel SW dan SM yang diberi perlakuan ozon selama 60 menit, serta SMM yang diberi perlakuan 30 menit. Berdasarkan hasil ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan jamur dapat mengurangi lama waktu perlakuan ozon dan praperlakuan efektif untuk meningkatkan kadar gula reduksi yang dihasilkan dari sakarifikasi enzimatis limbah kayu sengon.
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Faradillah, Rifdah, and Naziyah Naziyah. "Analisis Asuhan Keperawatan melalui Intervensi Terapi Ozone dan Infrared sebagai Adjunctive Treatment pada Pasien dengan Diabetic Foot Ulcer di Wocare Center Kota Bogor." Jurnal Kreativitas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 3716–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v6i9.11394.

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ABSTRAK Diabetic foot ulcer didefinisikan sebagai luka terbuka di permukaan kulit yang timbul berawal dari makroangipati hingga menyebabkan vaskulerinsusifiensi serta neuropati yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi. Masalah keperawatan utama yang didapatkan pada pengkajian terhadap pasien Ny.T, Ny.R dan Ny,K adalah gangguan integritas jaringan yang dibuktikan dengan adanya data subjektif dan objektif pada pasien dengan gejala dan tanda mayor yang ada berupa luka diabetic foot ulcer. Ketiga klien menggunakan terapi tambahan pada perawatan lukanya yaitu terapi ozone dan infrared. Terapi ozone dan infrared merupakan terapi tambahan pada perawatan luka yang dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka, mengurangi infeksi pada luka serta mengurangi bau pada luka. Analaisis asuhan keperawatan melalui intervensi terapi ozone dan infrared sebagai adjunctive treatment pada pasien dengan Diabetic foot ulcer di Wocare Center Kota Bogor. Terapi ozone dan infrared dilakukan disetiap pertemuan perawatan luka yang dilakukan 3 hari sekali pada Ny.T, Ny.R dan Ny.K dengan durasi 15menit/sesi terbukti efektif terhadap proses percepatan penyembuhan luka, mengurangi infeksi serta mengurangi bau pada luka. Hal itu dibuktikan dalam penurunan skor luka menggunakan winner scale score serta penurunan parameter bau odor menggunakan odor assesment tools. Berdasarkan case study yang telah dilakukan, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa terapi ozone dan infrared sebagai terapi adjuvant mampu membantu proses mempercepat penyembuhan luka, mengurangi infeksi pada luka serta mengurangi bau pada luka. Terapi ozone dan infrared akan maksimal lagi dilakukan bersama dengan perawatan luka menggunakan teknik lembab sehingga diharapkan mendapat hasil yang diharapkan untuk penyembuhan luka. Kata Kunci: Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Terapi Ozone, Infrared ABSTRACT Diabetic foot ulcer is defined as an open wound on the surface of the skin that arises from macroangiopathy to cause vascular insufficiency and neuropathy which can cause infection. The main nursing problem found in the assessment of Mrs.T, Mrs.R and Mrs.K is a disruption of tissue integrity as evidenced by the existence of subjective and objective data in patients with major symptoms and signs in the form of diabetic foot ulcers. The three clients used additional therapy in wound care, namely ozonee and infrared therapy. Ozonee and infrared therapy are additional therapies in wound care that can accelerate wound healing, reduce wound infection and reduce wound odor. Analysis of nursing care through ozonee and infrared therapy interventions as a therapeutic treatment for patients with Diabetic foot ulcer at the Wocare Center, Bogor City. Ozonee and infrared therapy are carried out at every wound care meeting which is carried out once every 3 days for Mrs.T, Mrs.R and Mrs.K with a duration of 15 minutes/session proven to be effective in accelerating wound healing, reducing infection and reducing odor in the wound. This was proven in reducing wound scores using the winner scale score and reducing odor parameters using odor assessment tools. Based on the case study that has been done, the authors conclude that ozonee and infrared therapy as adjuvant therapy can help accelerate wound healing, reduce wound infection and reduce wound odor. Ozonee and infrared therapy will be maximally carried out together with wound care using moist techniques so that it is expected to get the expected results for wound healing. Keywords : Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Ozonee Therapy, Infrared
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Szczepański, Tomasz, Urszula Więckiewicz, Barbara Konior, and Patryk Pucułek. "Wpływ dezynfekcji pomieszczeń ozonem na skuteczność ujawniania śladów daktyloskopijnych na powierzchni papieru metodą DFO w dobie pandemii SARS-CoV-2." Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego 13, no. 24 (2021): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20801335pbw.21.008.13565.

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W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, których celem było określenie, w jakim stopniu ozon wykorzystywany do dezynfekcji pomieszczeń wpływa na możliwość ujawnienia metodą DFO śladów linii papilarnych na podłożach papierowych. Gwałtowny wzrost zachorowani na COVID-19 skierował uwagę na dezynfekcję pomieszczeń technikami, które zapewniają bezpieczeństwo ich użytkownikom. Istotne staje się także zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa osobom otrzymującym przesyłki, na których mogą się znajdować patogeny. Ich inaktywacja powinna być dokonana w taki sposób, aby można było przeprowadzić badania pozwalające na identyfikację nadawcy, co jest istotne z punktu widzenia kryminalistyki. Ozonowanie jest techniką dezynfekcji wykorzystywaną od wielu lat, szczególnie do uzdatniania wody, w przemyśle spożywczym. Eksperymenty wykonano w pomieszczeniach o kubaturze ok. 20 m3 przy użyciu generatora ozonu dostępnego na rynku. Uzyskiwane stężenie gazowego ozonu nie przekraczało 10 ppm. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły, że ślady linii papilarnych pozostawione na papierze kserograficznym umieszczonym w pomieszczeniu poddanym ozonowaniu w stężeniu nieprzekraczającym 10 ppm nie ulegają zniszczeniu i z powodzeniem mogą być ujawnione metodą DFO. The effect of ozone disinfection of rooms on the efficacy of revealing dactyloscopic traces on the surface of the paper using the DFO method during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic The article presents the results of research aimed at determining the extent to which ozone used for disinfecting rooms affects the possibility of developing fingerprints on paper using the DFO method. A sudden increase in COVID-19 cases has placed the focus on disinfection techniques for user safety. It is also becoming important to ensure the safety of parcels addressed to various recipients by inactivating pathogens, while maintaining the possibility of examination that can identify the sender, which is important from the point of view of forensics. Ozonation is a disinfection technique that has been used for many years, in particular for water treatment or in the food industry. The experiments were carried out in rooms with a cubature of approx. 20 m3 using an ozone generator available on the market. The obtained ozone gas concentration did not exceed 10 ppm. The conducted research confirmed that the traces of fingerprints left on xerographic paper placed in a room subjected to ozonation in a concentration not exceeding 10 ppm are not damaged and can be successfully developed with the DFO method.
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Franzini, Marianno. "Welcome to Ozone Therapy." Ozone Therapy 1, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ozone.2016.5836.

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Kusumaningrum, Desy Galuh. "Pengaruh Lama Pemaparan Ozon Terhadap Kualitas Mikrobiologi dan Kandungan Nutrisi Susu Kambing Peranakan Ettawa." Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan 10, no. 1 (September 4, 2020): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17728/jatp.7252.

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Susu kambing mengandung komponen gizi yang tinggi dan dibutuhkan oleh manusia, namun mempunyai sifat mudah rusak akibat cemaran bakteri sehingga dikenal sebagai perishable food. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaplikasikan ozon dalam susu dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis total bakteri dalam susu, serta pengaruhnya terhadap komponen protein, lemak dan laktosa. Ozon dengan kadar 3 ppm digunakan dalam penelitian ini dan diaplikasikan pada susu dengan lama pemaparan 0, 3, 6, dan 9 menit. Pengamatan dilakukan pada akhir penelitian dan dianalisis dalam hal total bakteri, protein, lemak dan laktosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bakteri dalam susu semakin menurun (p<0,01) seiring lamanya waktu pemaparan ozon. Penurunan bakteri mencapai 0,45; 0,95; dan 1,42 log CFU/ml masing-masing dengan lama ozonisasi 3, 6 dan 9 menit. Terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat (r=0,92; R2= 0,99; p<0,0001) antara lama waktu pemaparan ozon dengan penurunan jumlah bakteri dalam susu yang mengikuti fungsi y= 7E+06e-0,364x. Tingkat lama pemaparan ozon tidak secara nyata mempengaruhi kadar protein susu, namun secara signifikan menyebabkan penurunan pada kadar lemak (p<0,01) dan laktosa susu (p<0,05) pada lama ozonisasi 6 menit. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa ozon dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas mikrobiologi susu segar dan menjaga kandungan nutrisi susu.The Effects of Ozone Exposure Time on Microbiological Quality and Nutrient Contents of Ettawa Crossbred Goat MilkAbstractGoat milk is known to have high nutritional components that plays an important role in human health. However, it has a short shelf-life and highly perishable. Milk is an excellent medium for the growth of microorganism, particularly bacterial pathogens that cause spoilage and disease in consumers. This research aims to apply ozone in milk, then to analyse bacterial count as well as their effects on protein, fat and lactose. Sample of raw milk were collected before and after ozone gas exposure at 3 ppm for 0, 3, 6 and 9 minutes. The assays were carried out using a randomized experimental design and the results were statistically evaluated by ANOVA. As results, bacterial counts in milk decreased (p<0.01) with the length of ozonation time. The decline in bacterial count reached 0.45; 0.95; and 1.42 log CFU/ml with 3, 6 and 9 minutes ozonation, respectively. There was a very strong relationship (r = 0.92; R2= 0.99; p<0.0001) between the length of time of ozone exposure and the decrease in the number of bacteria in milk with following equation y = 7E+06e-0,364x.The duration of ozone exposure did not affect much in milk protein, but significantly caused a decrease in milk fat (p<0.01) and lactose concentrations (p<0.05) at 6 minutes of ozonation. It can be concluded that, ozone could be used to improve the microbiological quality of fresh milk and maintain its nutrient content.
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Yamabe, Chobei, and Eiji Sakai. "The Ozone. Ozone Generation Technology." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 114, no. 4 (1994): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.114.357.

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Nakayama, Sigeki, and Nariko Shinriki. "The Ozone. Application of Ozone." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 114, no. 4 (1994): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.114.362.

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Öztürk Güngör, F., Ö. Özdestan Ocak, and M. K. Ünal. "Effect of ozone treatment on the physical, microbiological and sensorial properties of Spanish-style table olives." Grasas y Aceites 71, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0103191.

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Ozone has been widely used in the food industry as an effective antimicrobial agent. In this study the possibilities of using ozone in table olive preservation was investigated for the first time. For this purpose, the Domat variety of table olives was processed according to the Spanish style and treated with aqueous ozone for 5, 10, and 20 minutes at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 ppm. The effects of ozonation on the microbiological, physical and sensory characteristics of the table olives were evaluated during the storage period (up to 180 days). The pH, color and firmness of the ozone treated table olives showed higher stability. Statistically significant reductions in the total bacteria and yeast/mould counts were obtained (p < 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli were not found in the samples. After 60 days of storage the control samples (ozone untreated olives) obtained low values for sensory analysis, and did not meet market requirements. The results indicate that treating green table olive with ozon (1 ppm concentration) for 10 min in aqueous form reduces the microbial population without any negative effects on the firmness, color (L*, a* b*) or sensory attributes of the table olives.
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Kobayashi, Jiro. "Ozone Bleaching. Large Capacity Ozone Generation System for Ozone Bleaching." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 51, no. 5 (1997): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.51.705.

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Bustamante Oviedo, Johana, Cecilia Sánchez Borja, Jovanny Santos Luna, Andrés Medina Preciado, and Marisela Segura Osorio. "Ozonoterapia y su acción en la bacteria helicobacter pylori. // Ozonetherapy and its action in the bacterium helicobacter pylori." CIENCIA UNEMI 10, no. 22 (July 6, 2017): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol10iss22.2017pp98-104p.

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La ozonoterapia es la técnica que consiste en la aplicación en el organismo humano, con fines terapéuticos, de una mezcla compuesta de gas ozono con oxígeno medicinal, en la acción de la bacteria helicobacter pylori. Por lo tanto, se plantea como objetivo, el análisis de información recopilada, antecedentes, principales hallazgos que sustentan el uso científico y médico del ozono, específicamente enfocado en el tratamiento de helicobacter pylori, a través de la búsqueda de fuentes electrónicas disponibles y revisión de conceptos relacionados con la rama de las ciencias médicas, que se ocupa del tratamiento de pacientes con infecciones gástricas por helycobacter pilory, sin profundizar en aspectos moleculares y bioquímicos. Los resultados obtenidos mediante estudios experimentales evidencian que el uso del ozono, como terapeútica para la infección por h. pylori en el tratamiento de úlceras duodenales, conlleva resultados positivos, con una propiedad favorecedora como es la ausencia o escasa presencia de reacciones adversas. Ozone therapy is the technique that consists of the application of a compound mixture of ozone gas with medicinal oxygen in the human body for therapeutic purposes, in the action of the bacterium helicobacter pylori. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the information collected, the background, the main findings that support the scientific and medical use of ozone, specifically focused on the treatment of helicobacter pylori, through the search of available electronic sources and review of Concepts related to the branch of medical sciences, which deals with the treatment of patients with gastric infections by helycobacter pilory, without deepening in molecular and biochemical aspects. The results obtained through experimental studies show that the use of ozone as a therapeutic agent for h. Pylori in the treatment of duodenal ulcers, leads to positive results, with a favorable property such as the absence or low presence of adverse reactions.
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Dzierżyńska, Anna. "„Good” and „Bad” Ozone - Evaluation on the Basis of Plant Reaction to Ozone / „Dobry” I „Zły” Ozon - Ocena Na Podstawie Reakcji Roślin Na Ozon." Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 17, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2012): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cdem-2013-0009.

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Abstract Ozone is a natural and artificial chemical compound of Earth’s atmosphere. O3 is an absorbent of ultraviolet and infrared radiation and has strong oxidative properties. In the stratosphere the ozone layer protects the planet’s surface from dangerous UV radiation, its indirect effect on plant organisms is positive so stratospheric ozone can be called “good” ozone. The depletion of the ozone layer, as a result of atmosphere pollution, described as an ozone “hole” is causing UVB radiation enhanced level on Earth’s surface. The genetic, cytological, physiological and morphological reaction of prolonged UVB exposure in plants is twofold: it damages plants and simultaneously plants protect themselves and repair their injuries. The ozone in the troposphere originates from natural sources and is also a secondary pollutant, formed in photochemical reactions, leading to “smog” and ozone “spots” occurrence. As a strong oxidant, O3 is directly toxic to plants and can be recognized as “bad” ozone. Ozone is also classified as a “greenhouse” gas, participating in global warming. It is difficult to value the impact of O3 as a “greenhouse” gas on plants. The combined effect of O3 changes in the stratosphere and troposphere on plants can be estimated as loss in crop yield and in productivity of natural ecosystems
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Rakovsky, Slavcho, Metody Anachkov, and Gennady Zaikov. "Fields of Ozone Applications." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2009): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.02.139.

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The powerful oxidative action of ozone provides basis for development of novel or improved technologies which are widely used in ecology and industry. Special attention is paid to purification of waste gases, water, and soils. The disinfection and cleaning of drinking and process water are considered in detail. Applications of ozone in chemical, pharmaceutical and perfume industries, cosmetics, cellulose, paper and sugar industries, flotation, microelectronics, and many others are also examined in the review
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Ciampa, Stefano, Giovanni Dequerquis, and Biagio Lettieri. "The role of ozone in the treatment of the acute phase of ischemic heart disease." Ozone Therapy 1, no. 3 (January 18, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ozone.2016.6549.

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The present paper describes the role of ozone in the treatment of the acute phase of ischemic heart disease. Two studies are presented: the first mechanically induced myocardial ischemia in rats; the second involved 42 consecutive patients with an outcome comparable to the UA/non-Q wave NSTEMI AMI group of the ENACT study, divided randomly into 2 groups with homogeneous quantitative levels (NYHA class II-III) and was evaluated at weeks 8 and 12 of treatment with ozone. Both studies confirm that i) the effectiveness of ozone therapy increases in relation to how early and how long treatment is performed; and ii) that ozone reduces the relative risk both of ischemic (infarct extension) and arrhythmia complications.
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&NA;. "Ozone." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1388 (February 2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201213880-00094.

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Benarie, Michel. "Ozone." Science of The Total Environment 58, no. 3 (December 1986): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90213-5.

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29

Hewitt, Paul. "OZONE." Physics Teacher 46, no. 5 (May 2008): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2909741.

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Fischbacher, Alexandra, Holger V. Lutze, and Torsten C. Schmidt. "Ozone/H2O2 and ozone/UV processes." Water Intelligence Online 16 (May 15, 2017): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780407197_0163.

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Kurita, Kohei, and Takeshi Oitani. "Ozone Bleaching. Kvaerner Ozone Bleaching System." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 51, no. 5 (1997): 744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.51.744.

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32

Kobayashi, Toru. "Ozone Bleaching. High Consistency Ozone Bleaching." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 51, no. 5 (1997): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.51.762.

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33

Sutriono, Sutriono, and Intan Zahar. "Perbandingan Efektivitas Bacillus thuringiensis dengan Teknologi Ozon dalam pengendalian hama Spodoptera litura pada daun cabai (Capsicum annum)." Rona Teknik Pertanian 15, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/rtp.v15i2.28350.

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Abstrak. Hama ulat grayak (S. litura) merupakan salah satu hama yang menyebabkan daun berlubang tidak beraturan, sehingga mengganggu proses fotosintesis sehingga mengurangi produksi tanaman cabai sehingga perlu dilakukan penanganan hama. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk melihat perbandingan efektivitas B. thuringiensis dengan teknologi ozon yang dibangkitkan melalui reaktor Dielectric Barier Discharge Plasma dalam mengendalikan S. litura pada daun cabai di laboratorium.Metode penelitian terdiri dari beberapa tahapan yaitu (1) Pemeliharaan larva S. litura (2) Perlakuan dan Pengujian Ozon terhadap S. litura (3) Pengujian Toksisitas Isolat Bt terhadap S. litura. Parameter penelitian ini tentang mortalitas (%), dan perubahan persentase populasi (%). Perlakuan pemberian Bacillus thuringiensis sangat efektif dalam mengendalikan Spodoptera litura, hal ini terlihat pada 1 hari setelah aplikasi (HSA) sudah tampak hama ulat yang mortalitas (kematian), sedangkan perlakuan ozon mortalitas S. litura baru tampak pada 3 hari setelah aplikasi (HSA). Hasil penurunan jumlah hama S. litura pada aplikasi bakteri B. thuringiensis lebih cepat di hari ke 4 hari setelah aplikasi (HSA) yaitu 0 persentase ulat yang hidup, sedangkan perlakuan ozon sampai hari ke 10 HSA masih tersisa 20 % hama S. litura.Comparison of the Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis with Ozone Technology in Spodoptera litura pest control in chili leaf (Capsicum annum)Abstract. The armyworm pest (S. litura) is one of the pests that causes irregular perforated leaves, thus disrupting the photosynthesis process thereby reducing the production of chili plants so that pest management is necessary. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis with ozone technology generated through the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma reactor in controlling S. litura on chili leaves in the laboratory. The research method consisted of several stages, namely (1) Maintenance of S. litura larvae (2) Ozone treatment and testing of S. litura (3) Toxicity testing of Bt isolates against S. litura.The results of this study will reveal about mortality (%),and change in population percentage (%). The treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis was very effective in controlling Spodoptera litura, it was seen 1 day after application (HSA) the caterpillar pests showed mortality (death), while the ozone treatment of mortality of S. litura only appeared 3 days after application (HSA). The results of the decrease in the number of S. litura pests on the application of B. thuringiensis bacteria were faster on the 4th day after application (HSA), namely 0 percentage of live caterpillars, while the ozone treatment until the 10th day of DSA still remained 20% of S. litura pests.
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Matłok, Natalia, Anita Zapałowska, Beata Durał, and Maciej Balawejder. "Effect of Ozon Treatment on Shelf-Life of Poultry Meat in the Logistic Chain." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2023-0013.

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Abstract A study was carried out to determine the influence of ozon treatment on the shelf-life of poultry meat. The following doses of gaseous ozone were used: 0 ppm for 0 min, 10 ppm for 1 min, 10 ppm for 5 min, 10 ppm for 15 min, 100 ppm for 1 min, 100 ppm for 5 min, and 100 ppm for15 min. Treated and untreated samples were stored at 4°C for a maximum of 3 days and microbiologically examined on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day of cold storage. The textural properties and water content were also analyzed. The present study showed that the most desirable color change was recorded after the 3rd day of storage, on the samples treated with gaseous ozone of 10 ppm for 15 min. Regardless of exposure time and the gas dose used, ozone has been shown to effectively reduce meat hardness. Although the analyzes performed had non-significant effects on water content and microbiological load during post-treatment storage at 4 °C, our findings confirmed the effectiveness of the ozone gas used on extending shelf life of the examined poultry meat by influencing their texture profile and color parameters.
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Tanuwidjaja, Irina, and Mirna Mrkonjic Fuka. "Ozone in Droplets and Mist in Inhibition of Phytopathogenic Microbiota." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111875.

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Ozon is considered an environmentally friendly, low-cost antimicrobial treatment and an effective alternative to chemical pesticides. Ozonated water in the form of droplets and mist has been used in two concentrations (4 and 2 mg/L) against three biomasses (102, 104, and 106 CFU/mL) of phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens and fungus Botrytis cinerea that infest a wide range of crops worldwide and pose a threat to global food production. Regardless of concentration, ozone dissolved in water showed a pronounced inhibitory effect on phytopathogenic bacteria when applied in the form of droplets. However, the effect was only detected when the bacterial load was not higher than 104 CFU/mL, indicating the necessity to treat the crops and plant materials when the bacterial load is still manageable. Unlike bacterial phytopathogens, B. cinerea was the most susceptible to treatment with aqueous ozone, regardless of the applied biomass, ozone concentration, or type of application. Total removal of high biomass of B. cinerea was achieved even with the lowest ozonated water concentration thus underlying the power of ozone in treating this particular fungal contamination.
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Franzini, Marianno, Luigi Valdenassi, and Giulia Ionita. "First evaluations of oxygen-ozone therapy in antibiotic-resistant infections." Ozone Therapy 1, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ozone.2016.5838.

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Acquired antibiotic resistance represents one of the main restrictions to an effective antibacterial chemotherapy. The continuous growth of the phenomenon draws a therapeutical problem to eradicate infections. Ozone presents known properties, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulation, and reactivation of microcirculation. Oxygen-ozone therapy has no collateral effects, it is minimally invasive, it is not painful and it does not cause allergic or toxic reactions or drug-drug interactions. Therefore, oxygen-ozone therapy has proved to be useful to control and run out infections in patients with a noted antimicrobial resistant pathology. We are evaluating the best protocol to treat these pathologies, to obtain the most efficient therapeutical response.
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37

Riadi, Lieke, Andrian Sugiharto, and Hana Gondokusumo. "Ozonation of Yarn dyed Wastewater in a Continous Stirred Tank Reactor : Kinetic Study and Performance Optimisation." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603019.

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This paper describes the ozonation process in yarn dyed wastewater using continuous stirred tank reactor with the objective to study the kinetic of COD degradation at various volumetric flow rate (30, 50, 70 ml/min) and ozone concentration (2.70 %, 4.25%, 5.86 % mol/mol). The wastewater which was collected from a yarn dying process located in Surabaya area was pretreated by electrocoagulation prior to ozonation process. The electrocoagulation process was carried out to reduce the color intensity and total suspended solid. The pretreated wastewater was then processed using ozonation for 2.5 hours. The result showed that at various concentration of ozone, maximum COD removal was 90.78% which was achieved at 5.86 %mol/mol of Ozon and volumetric flow rate 50 ml/min. It was found that the degradation process followed the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The obtained pseudo-first order rate constants for volumetric rate of 50 mil/min were 0.0307 min-1, 0.0419 min-1 and 0.053 min-1 for ozon concentration of 2.70 %, 4.25%, 5.86 % mol/mol respectively. The residence time were 41 minutes, 31 minutes and 23 minutes for ozone concentration of 2.70 %, 4.25%, 5.86 % mol/mol respectively. These findings offers an alternative treatment for wastewater containing dyes.
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Rimini, Daniele, Filippo Molinari, William Liboni, Vincenzo Simonetti, and Marianno Franzini. "The speed of reinfusion affects the vascular system during ozone major autohemotherapy." Ozone Therapy 1, no. 3 (January 18, 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ozone.2016.6477.

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Ozone major autohemotherapy (O-MAHT) is a way of ozonetherapy administration consisting of drawing patient’s venous blood, mixing with oxygen/ozone, and reinfusing it into the vein. Some ozone therapists reported side effects during the O-MAHT, but the origin has not been described yet. We investigated the effect of blood drawing velocity during O-MAHT to see its effects on the vascular system and symptomatology. We administered O-MAHT to 11 subjects, and we interleaved fast and slow reinfusions. We monitored cerebral macrocirculation with transcranial Doppler (TCD) and tissue microcirculation with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Annoying symptoms appeared just during the fast reinfusion periods. NIRS and TCD parameters revealed vasoconstriction during fast reinfusion and improved metabolism during slow reinfusion. Overall, our investigation well discriminated fast from slow reinfusion velocity.
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39

Valuntaitė, Vaida, Vaida Šerevičienė, Raselė Girgždienė, and Dainius Paliulis. "RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE IMPACT TO OZONE AND NITROGEN OXIDES REMOVAL RATE IN THE EXPERIMENTAL CHAMBER / SANTYKINIO ORO DRĖGNIO IR TEMPERATŪROS ĮTAKA OZONO IR AZOTO OKSIDŲ SUIRIMO GREIČIUI EKSPERIMENTINĖJE KAMEROJE / ВЛИЯНИЕ ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ ВЛАЖНОСТИ И ТЕМПЕРА ТУРЫ НАС КОРОСТЬ РАСПАДА ОЗОНА И ОКСИДОВ АЗОТА В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ КАМЕРЕ." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 20, no. 1 (March 8, 2012): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2011.633335.

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The indoor ozone and nitrogen oxides concentration depends on their outdoor concentrations, indoor sources and their removal rates on the surfaces. The paper presents experimental data of the of ozone and nitrogen oxide removal in the chamber. The ambient conditions were simulated by four combination of different temperature and relative humidity levels. The impact of temperature (T = 20 °C and T = 30 °C) and relative humidity (RH = 24% and RH = 80%) on the deposition velocity was estimated. It was found that the ozone removal in the chamber was influenced more by temperature, and the nitrogen oxides removal was affected more by relative air humidity. The results showed that higher ambient temperature (T = 30 °C) increased the ozone removal rate in the chamber 3 times on an average, and high relative humidity (RH = 80%) increased the NOx removal rate 4.5 times in comparison with the initial conditions (T = 20 °C; RH = 24%). The obtained deposition velocities varied in the range (0.0045–0.0137) cm s−1 for ozone and in the range (0.002-0.0129) cm s −1 for nitrogen dioxide. Santrauka Ozono ir azoto oksidų koncentracija patalpose priklauso nuo šių teršalų koncentracijos lauke, jų šaltinių patalpose ir šių teršalų suirimo greičio ant skirtingų paviršių. Darbe nagrinėjamas ozono ir azoto oksidų suirimas eksperimentinėje kameroje. Skirtingos mikroklimatinės sąlygos buvo sukuriamos naudojant keturių skirtingų temperatūrų ir santykinių oro drėgnių lygių derinius. Vertinta temperatūros (T = 20 °C ir T = 30 °C) ir santykinio drėgnio (RH = 24 % ir RH = 80 %) įtaka tiriamų teršalų suirimui. Nustatyta, kad ozono suirimui daugiau įtakos turėjo temperatūra, o NOX irimui – santykinis oro drėgnis. Nustatyta, kad aukštesnė aplinkos temperatūra (T = 30 °C) paspartina ozono suirimą kameroje vidutiniškai tris kartus, o didelis santykinis drėgnis (RH = 80 %) paspartina NOX suirimą 4,5 karto, lyginant su pradinėmis sąlygomis (T = 20 °C; RH = 24 %). Eksperimento metu ozono suirimo greitis kito nuo 0,0045 iki 0,0137 cm s−1, o azoto oksidų – nuo 0,002 iki 0,0129 cm s−1. Резюме Концентрации озона и оксидов азота в помещениях зависят от их концентрации в открытом воздухе, источникахвнутри помещений и скорости их распада на поверхностях. В статье представлены экспериментальные данные по распаду озона и оксидов азота в камере при разных микроклиматических условиях, созданных с применением четырех комбинаций температур и относительной влажности. Оценивалось воздействие температуры (T = 20 °С и Т = 30 °С) и относительной влажности воздуха (RH = 24% и RH = 80%) на скорость осаждения. Было обнаружено,что на распад озона в камере большее влияние оказывает температура, а на распад оксидов азота – относительная влажность воздуха. Результаты показали, что при повышении температуры окружающей среды (T = 30 °С) увеличилась скорость распада озона в камере в 3 раза по сравнению со средней, а при высокой относительной влажности (RH = 80%) увеличилась скорость распада NOx в 4,5 раза по сравнению с начальными условиями (T = 20 °C; RH = 24%). Полученные для озона скорости осаждения варьировали в пределах (0,0045−0,0137) cм с-1, а для оксида азота – в пределах (0,002−0,0129) cм с-1.
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40

Sanui, Hiroshi. "Ozone Bleaching. Low-Temperature-Adsorption Ozone Concentrator." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 51, no. 5 (1997): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.51.712.

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41

Mori, Yoshihiko, Takashi Oota, Masatoshi Hashino, Masakazu Takamura, and Yasujirou Fujii. "Ozone resistance Membrane and Ozone-Microfiltration System." membrane 23, no. 5 (1998): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.23.273.

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42

Mori, Yoshihiko. "Ozone Resistant Membrane and Ozone-Microfiltration System." membrane 24, no. 6 (1999): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.24.324.

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43

Monastersky, R. "UV Hazard: Ozone Lost versus Ozone Gained." Science News 142, no. 12 (September 19, 1992): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3976682.

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44

樊, 孝华. "Effect of Ozone Denitrification on Ozone Pollution." Advances in Environmental Protection 09, no. 02 (2019): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/aep.2019.92028.

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45

Riadi, Lieke, Ali Altway, Sasmita Mirifica Vania, and Andy Widyasayogo. "Study on kinetic parameter in real yarn dyed wastewater treatment using electrocoagulation-ozonation process." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.073.

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Treatment of real yarn dyed wastewater using hybrid electrocoagulation (EC)-ozonation process has been carried out to solve the non biodegradable wastewater. The work aimed to treat the real yarn dyed wastewater under different ozone concentration and agitation speed and to estimate the kinetic parameter of ozonation. The effect of ozone concentration, agitation speed were studied to give the best performance of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The result indicated 38.12% of COD removal and 92.53% of color removal using EC with Al/Al electrodes for 10 minutes. The effluent was pumped to ozonation process for further COD removal. The result showed that 1 mg/L ozon was needed to destroy 4.73 mg/L COD. At ozonation process, the COD removal was 87.4% using 5.8% mol ozone at 400 rpm for 60 minutes. The kinetic parameter was estimated based on the experimental data. The reaction rate constant was 173.5 cm3/(g sec).
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46

Rakovsky, Slavcho, and Gennady Zaikov. "Application of Ozone in Medicine." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.03.237.

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This review deals with the application of ozone in medicine, its effects on the human organism and its use as a therapeutic approach and sterilizing agent. A particular attention is paid to the therapeutic properties, therapeutic dosage and scope of application. Some mechanisms of the ozone effect at exposure on different organs and systems in human body are also considered. Ozone toxicity is reviewed. The ozone use as a sterilizing agent in the pharmaceutical industry and cosmetics, as well as in the food processing industry is discussed.
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47

Almira Daulbayeva, Almira Daulbayeva, and Margarita Filipova. "CONSUMPTION OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES." Journal Scientific and Applied Research 11, no. 1 (March 3, 2017): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v11i1.215.

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The destruction of the ozone layer, it is an extremely serious problem for mankind. Therefore, a number of international agreements were adopted to reduce the production and use of particularly aggressive halocarbons and finding replacement by other substances. The article describes the trend of consumption of ozone-depleting substances in Kazakhstan over the past fifteen years.
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48

Iskandarovna, Todjieva Nigina. "FETOPLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY AND OZONE THERAPY." International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research 03, no. 04 (April 1, 2023): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/volume03issue04-08.

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Placental insufficiency, as well as its complication intrauterine chronic fetal hypoxia, is one of the important problems of modern perinatology. At the same time, its numbers have been increasing in recent years. Purpose - Evaluation of the effect of ozone therapy on the blood circulation of the mother and fetus, fetoplacental blood flow and the degree of adaptation of the fetus to hypoxia according to the results of cardiotocography, ultrasound and dopplerometry. Material and methods: 38 pregnant women who applied to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Clinic No. 1 of the Samara State Medical University with fetoplacental insufficiency were divided into two groups according to the type of treatment: patients who received complex treatment with ozone therapy, and patients who received standard medical procedures. Results: about a third of women in each group had a combined extragenital pathology. Women in both groups were statistically comparable when compared in terms of general clinical characteristics, basic anthropometric data, extragenital diseases and reproductive history. The most common complications of childbirth were premature rupture of amniotic fluid (4 in the 1st group - 22.2% and 5-25% in the 2nd group) and acute fetal hypoxia (3-16.7% and 3-15%). Conclusion: Thus, the indicators of maternal-fetal circulation, fetoplacental circulation in women in the ozone therapy group were more positive than in the 2nd group, and the level of fetal adaptability to hypoxia was higher.
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49

Donati, Girolamo. "Drug-induced jaw osteonecrosis." Ozone Therapy 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ozone.2019.8698.

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Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), an adverse reaction to medication, has been reported since 2002, at first in cancer patients with bone metastases treated intravenously with pamidronate or zoledronate, and later in patients taking oral bisphosphonate for the treatment of osteoporosis. Several cases of MRONJ have also been described in patients treated with antiangiogenic drugs with a so-called biological target (bevacizumab, sunitinib, sorafenib). Oxygen/ozone therapy for MRONJ treatment represents a possible and efficient alternative to the two main therapeutic approaches currently in use, antibiotic therapy and surgery. Since 2010, I have diagnosed 51 MRONJ cases at ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco. Subsequently and following the approval of the Ethics Committee (2015), patients with MRONJ level 1 and 2 have been included in an experimental protocol with oxygen/ozone therapy: Treatment of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with oxygen/ozone therapy and surgical debridement with piezoelectric scalpel. The study is currently running and up to now six out of fourteen patients healed perfectly. Among these six, four spontaneously or almost spontaneously have expelled the necrotic part without undergoing surgery. In three cases, there was only an improvement in symptoms. Five patients are currently being treated. Because of its antiseptic properties, oxygen ozone therapy reduced the effects of infection and inflammation, while the bio stimulant action of this therapy promoted the demarcation of bone sequestration and soft tissue healing.
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50

Lemoine, R. "Secondary maxima in ozone profiles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, no. 4 (July 8, 2004): 1085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1085-2004.

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Abstract. Ozone profiles from balloon soundings as well as SAGEII ozone profiles were used to detect anomalous large ozone concentrations of ozone in the lower stratosphere. These secondary ozone maxima are found to be the result of differential advection of ozone-poor and ozone-rich air associated with Rossby wave breaking events. The frequency and intensity of secondary ozone maxima and their geographical distribution is presented. The occurrence and amplitude of ozone secondary maxima is connected to ozone variability and trend at Uccle and account for a large part of the total ozone and lower stratospheric ozone variability.
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