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1
Brimberg, Jack, and George O. Wesolowsky. "Probabilisticl p distances in location models." Annals of Operations Research 40, no. 1 (1992): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02060470.
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Nieminen, Mauri. "Response distances of wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönnb.) and semi-domestic reindeer (R. t. tarandus L.) to direct provocation by a human on foot/snowshoes." Rangifer 33, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.33.1.2614.
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The objective of the study was to examine response distances of wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönnb.) and semi-domestic reindeer (R. t. tarandus L.) in Finland and Norway to direct provocation by a human on foot/snowshoes in 5 areas and in 15 reindeer herding cooperatives during different seasons in 2010-12. There were no significant differences in mean herd size or in sight, alert, flight and closest response distances of wild forest reindeer in the Kuhmo and Suomenselkä areas. The encounter distance in wild forest reindeer was significantly (P< 0.005) longer than in semi-domestic reindeer in Finland and in Finnmark, Norway, and it increased with the group size. The sight and the alert distances in wild forest reindeer were significantly (P< 0.001) longer than in semi-domestic reindeer. In addition, the flight distance for wild forest reindeer (mean 192 m) was significantly (P< 0.001) and almost three times longer than in semi-domestic reindeer in Finland (mean 68 m). The closest mean distance was in wild forest reindeer 191m (range 100-320 m) but only 44 m (range 2-110 m) in semi-domestic reindeer (P< 0.001). The sight, alert, flight and closest response distances were slightly longer in Norwegian than in Finnish semi-domestic reindeer. However, these distances were significantly (P<0.005) longer in Pohjois-Salla (no supplementary feeding) than in other Finnish reindeer herding cooperatives and at the Kaamanen experimental station. The mean flight distance of reindeer in Pohjois-Salla was 115 m but only 65 m in other cooperatives (P< 0.001). The closest distance of semi-domestic reindeer in Pohjois-Salla (mean 105 m) was more than 2.5 times longer than in other reindeer herding cooperatives (mean 40 m). The mean sight, alert and flight distances in wild forest reindeer in autumn and winter were significantly longer (P<0.005) than in semi-domestic reindeer in Finland. However, during summer these distances in wild forest reindeer herds with young calves were significantly longer (P<0.005). The mean herd size of Finnish semi-domestic reindeer was almost the same in different seasons, but in wild forest reindeer it was slightly bigger during winter and spring and smaller during summer and autumn, only 7-23 reindeer. The mean encounter and sight distances in semi-domestic reindeer were significantly longer (P<0.005) in winter, but the mean alert and flight distances were almost the same in winter and summer and slightly longer than during other seasons. The results suggest that the supplementary feeding practice during winter may likely cause a reduction in flight distances in semi-domestic reindeer.
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ROOIN, Jamal, Somayeh HABIBZADEH, and Mohammad Sal MOSLEHIAN. "Geometric Aspects of $p$-angular and Skew $p$-angular Distances." Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 41, no. 1 (2018): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3836/tjm/1502179269.
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Wu, Wenbo, Sidao Ni, and Xiangfang Zeng. "Evidence for P′P′ asymmetrical scattering at near podal distances." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 11 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052179.
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Afkhami, Taba, and Hossein Dehghan. "Operator inequalities related to p-angular distances." Filomat 33, no. 7 (2019): 2107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1907107a.
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For any nonzero elements x,y in a normed space X, the angular and skew-angular distance is respectively defined by ?[x,y] = ||x/||x|| - y/||y|||| and ?[x,y] = ||x/||y|| - y/||x||||. Also inequality ? ? ? characterizes inner product spaces. Operator version of ? p has been studied by Pecaric, Rajic, and Saito, Tominaga, and Zou et al. In this paper, we study the operator version of p-angular distance ?p by using Douglas? lemma. We also prove that the operator version of inequality ? p ? ?p holds for normal and double commute operators. Some examples are presented to show essentiality of these conditions.
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Qiu, Jing Hui, and Fei He. "P-distances, q-distances and a generalized Ekeland’s variational principle in uniform spaces." Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series 28, no. 2 (2011): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10114-011-0629-z.
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Iwata, Yo, Fusako Fujimura, Tomoya Handa, Nobuyuki Shoji, and Hitoshi Ishikawa. "Effects of Target Size and Test Distance on Stereoacuity." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7950690.
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Target size and test distance effects on stereoacuity were investigated in 24 subjects using a three-dimensional monitor.Examination 1: Target Size Effects. The test distance was 2.5 m for 0.1°, 0.2°, 0.5°, and 0.9° target sizes; crossed parallax was presented in 22-second units. Average stereoacuity values for 0.1°, 0.2°, 0.5°, and 0.9° target sizes were59.58±14.86,47.66±13.71,41.25±15.95, and39.41±15.52seconds, respectively. Stereoacuity was significantly worse with a 0.1° target than with 0.2°, 0.5°, and 0.9° target sizes (P=0.03,P<0.0001, andP<0.0001, resp.).Examination 2: Test Distance Effects. Test distances of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 m were investigated for a 0.5° target size; crossed parallax was presented in 22-second units. Average stereoacuity values at 2.5 m, 5.0 m, and 7.5 m test distances were44.91±16.16,34.83±10.84, and24.75±7.27seconds, respectively. Stereoacuity at a 7.5 m distance was significantly better than at distances of 2.5 m and 5.0 m (P<0.0001andP=0.02, resp.). Stereoacuity at a 5.0 m distance was significantly better than at 2.5 m (P=0.04). Stereoacuity should be estimated by both parallax and other elements, including test distance and target size.
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Pardhan, Shahina, Rajiv Raman, Brian C. J. Moore, Silvia Cirstea, Saranya Velu, and Andrew J. Kolarik. "Effect of early versus late onset of partial visual loss on judgments of auditory distance." Optometry and Vision Science 101, no. 6 (2024): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000002125.
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SIGNIFICANCE It is important to know whether early-onset vision loss and late-onset vision loss are associated with differences in the estimation of distances of sound sources within the environment. People with vision loss rely heavily on auditory cues for path planning, safe navigation, avoiding collisions, and activities of daily living. PURPOSE Loss of vision can lead to substantial changes in auditory abilities. It is unclear whether differences in sound distance estimation exist in people with early-onset partial vision loss, late-onset partial vision loss, and normal vision. We investigated distance estimates for a range of sound sources and auditory environments in groups of participants with early- or late-onset partial visual loss and sighted controls. METHODS Fifty-two participants heard static sounds with virtual distances ranging from 1.2 to 13.8 m within a simulated room. The room simulated either anechoic (no echoes) or reverberant environments. Stimuli were speech, music, or noise. Single sounds were presented, and participants reported the estimated distance of the sound source. Each participant took part in 480 trials. RESULTS Analysis of variance showed significant main effects of visual status (p<0.05) environment (reverberant vs. anechoic, p<0.05) and also of the stimulus (p<0.05). Significant differences (p<0.05) were shown in the estimation of distances of sound sources between early-onset visually impaired participants and sighted controls for closer distances for all conditions except the anechoic speech condition and at middle distances for all conditions except the reverberant speech and music conditions. Late-onset visually impaired participants and sighted controls showed similar performance (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that early-onset partial vision loss results in significant changes in judged auditory distance in different environments, especially for close and middle distances. Late-onset partial visual loss has less of an impact on the ability to estimate the distance of sound sources. The findings are consistent with a theoretical framework, the perceptual restructuring hypothesis, which was recently proposed to account for the effects of vision loss on audition.
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Rodríguez-Larralde, Alvaro. "Genetic distance estimated through surname frequencies of 37 counties from the state of Lara, Venezuela." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 1 (1993): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000020344.
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SummaryGenetic distances between all possible pairs of counties (n = 37) in the state of Lara, Venezuela were calculated using surname frequencies and the Euclidean distance as estimator. In general, Euclidean distances were smaller between counties closer together, and the product moment correlation between geographic and Euclidean distances was 0·49 (p < 0.02). The results suggest that, in Lara, geographic distance has been an important determinant of genetic structure, although topography and roadways also have had an important influence upon this structure.
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Chumnanvej, Sorayouth, Duangkamol Pattamarakha, Thanwa Sudsang, and Jackrit Suthakorn. "Anatomical workspace study of Endonasal Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approach." Open Medicine 14, no. 1 (2019): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2019-0060.
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AbstractPurposeTo determine the workspace through an anatomical dimensional study of the skull base to further facilitate the design of the robot for endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal (EET) surgery.MethodsThere were 120 cases having a paranasal sinus CT scan in the database. The internal volumes of the nasal cavities (NC), the volumes of the sphenoid sinuses (SS), and the distance between the anterior nasal spine and base of the sellar (d-ANS-BS) were measured.ResultsThe Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) between the relevant distances and the volumes of the right NC was 0.32; between the relevant distances and the volumes of the left NC was 0.43; and between the relevant distances and volumes of NC was 0.41; with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). All PCCs had a statistically significant meaningful difference (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe volume of NCs were significantly correlated with distances (p < 0.05). The safest and shortest distance to guide the robotic arm length in the EET approach could be represented by d-ANS-BS. This result was also used as primary information for further robotic design.
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Cross, Austin, Grace Smith, Caleb Gulledge, et al. "The impact of distance and the crow hop on medial elbow stress during an interval throwing program." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (2020): 2325967120S0034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00340.
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Objectives: Rehabilitation programs following ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction include an interval throwing program in order to gradually increase stress and prevent excessive elbow valgus loads. These programs often instruct players to use the crow hop, even at short distances, in order to reduce stress on the reconstructed ligament. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of the crow hop on medial elbow stress at various distances of an interval throwing program. Methods: High school and college-aged baseball players were recruited for this study. Players threw at distances of 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 feet. At each distance, participants made 3 throws while using a crow hop and 3 throws without using a crow hop with the instruction to throw on an arc. A wearable device recorded elbow torque, arm slot, arm speed, and shoulder rotation. Ball velocity was measured using radar gun. Results: A total of 20 players participated in this study. Overall elbow torque at each distance was 12.9, 20.5, 26.3, 31.9, 34.7, 36.1, and 37.1 Nm, respectively. There was no difference in elbow stress for throws with a crow hop compared to throws without a crow hop at any distance of throwing (p > 0.05). There was no difference in elbow torque for throws at 150 feet compared to 120 feet (p = 0.10) or 150 feet compared to 180 feet (p = 0.83); however, there were significant increases in elbow torque between every other throwing distance (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Medial elbow torque significantly increases at greater throwing distances of a standard interval throwing program, although the effect becomes less pronounced at longer distances as players maximize effort. The crow hop does not affect medial elbow torque at any distance of throwing.
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Chaveerach, Arunrat, Tawatchai Tanee, Arisa Sanubol, Pansa Monkheang, and Runglawan Sudmoon. "Efficient DNA barcode regions for classifying Piper species (Piperaceae)." PhytoKeys 70 (September 20, 2016): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.70.6766.
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Piper species are used for spices, in traditional and processed forms of medicines, in cosmetic compounds, in cultural activities and insecticides. Here barcode analysis was performed for identification of plant parts, young plants and modified forms of plants. Thirty-six Piper species were collected and the three barcode regions, matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer, were amplified, sequenced and aligned to determine their genetic distances. For intraspecific genetic distances, the most effective values for the species identification ranged from no difference to very low distance values. However, P. betle had the highest values at 0.386 for the matK region. This finding may be due to P. betle being an economic and cultivated species, and thus is supported with growth factors, which may have affected its genetic distance. The interspecific genetic distances that were most effective for identification of different species were from the matK region and ranged from a low of 0.002 in 27 paired species to a high of 0.486. Eight species pairs, P. kraense and P. dominantinervium, P. magnibaccum and P. kraense, P. phuwuaense and P. dominantinervium, P. phuwuaense and P. kraense, P. pilobracteatum and P. dominantinervium, P. pilobracteatum and P. kraense, P. pilobracteatum and P. phuwuaense and P. sylvestre and P. polysyphonum, that presented a genetic distance of 0.000 and were identified by independently using each of the other two regions. Concisely, these three barcode regions are powerful for further efficient identification of the 36 Piper species.
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Wang, Haitao. "Aggregate-MAX Top-k Nearest Neighbor Searching in the L1 Plane." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 25, no. 01 (2015): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195915500053.
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We study the aggregate/group top-k nearest neighbor searching for the Max operator in the plane, where the distances are measured by the L1 metric. Let P be a set of n points in the plane. Given a query set Q of m points, for each point p ∈ P, the aggregate-max distance from p to Q is defined to be the maximum distance from p to all points in Q. Given Q and an integer k with 1 ≤ k ≤ n, the query asks for the k points of P that have the smallest aggregate-max distances to Q. We build a data structure of O(n) size in O(n log n) time, such that each query can be answered in O(m+k log n) time and the k points are reported in sorted order by their aggregate-max distances to Q. Alternatively, we build a data structure of O(n log n) size in O(n log2 n) time that can answer each query in O(m + k + log3 n) time.
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Desai, Jinal, Shivlal Vishnoi, Priyadarshini P Nadig, Kandarp Raj, Darshna Kasundra, and Dhwani Bharucha. "Influence of interproximal dimensions on interdental papilla presence." Bioinformation 21, no. 1 (2025): 91–95. https://doi.org/10.6026/973206300210091.
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The presence of interdental papilla in relation to vertical distance between alveolar crest and the contact point, as well as horizontal distance between adjacent roots is of interest to dentists. Hence, 50 patients with a total of 501-papilla were examined. Following extensive debridement, mucoperiosteal flap was reflected and measurements of horizontal and vertical distances between adjacent roots were taken. Prior to reflection, each papilla was also given a JEMT index score. Linear trend analysis was done using x2 to examine the incidence of papilla and in 88.9% of cases, interdental papilla were found when vertical distances was 4 mm (P<0.01). Additionally, when horizontal distances were between 0.5 and 1 mm, papilla were present in 95.7% to 100% of cases (P<0.01). Thus, the presence of interproximal papilla was significantly influenced by vertical and horizontal distances of interproximal areas, both separately and in combination.
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Fields, Jennifer B., Andrew R. Jagim, Nicholas Kuhlman, Mary Kate Feit, and Margaret T. Jones. "Comparison of Match External Loads across a Men’s and Women’s Lacrosse Season." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 8, no. 3 (2023): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8030119.
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The purpose of this study was to compare external workloads between collegiate men’s (MLAX) and women’s lacrosse (WLAX) matches and examine positional differences across the season. Athletes (MLAX: n = 10; WLAX: n = 13) wore a global positional system device during all matches. External load metrics included in the analysis were total distance (TD), sprint distance (SD), accelerations (>3 m/s2), sprint efforts, player load per minute (PL/min), top speed, and distances spent in various speed zones. WLAX had higher TD (p = 0.001), SD (p < 0.001), distances in SZs 2–5 (p < 0.001), PL (p < 0.001), and sprint efforts (p < 0.001) compared to MLAX. However, MLAX performed more acceleration (p < 0.001) and deceleration (p < 0.001) efforts. WLAX midfielders (M) and defenders (D) reached higher top speeds and performed more accelerations than attackers (p < 0.001). Midfielders covered the greatest distance at high speeds (p = 0.011) and the smallest distance at low speeds (<0.001) for WLAX. For MLAX, midfielders performed the highest SDs, top speeds, accelerations, decelerations, and distances in higher speed zones (p < 0.001) compared to attackers and defenders. Results indicate that there are significant gender and positional differences in external workload demands during match play, specifically for volume- and intensity-derived workload parameters, between men’s and women’s lacrosse. Therefore, sports performance coaches should create gender- and position-specific conditioning programs to prepare athletes for match demands.
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Well, Lennart, Clemens Spink, Alexander Lenz, et al. "Pre-interventional assessment of right renal to right adrenal vein distance: Impact on procedure time and radiation dose in adrenal vein sampling." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (2022): e0279552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279552.
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Purpose Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the reference standard for evaluation of lateralized hormone production in primary aldosteronism. We aimed to investigate the impact of pre-interventional right renal vein (RRV) to right adrenal vein (RAV) distance measurement on fluoroscopy time, contrast agent exposure and radiation dose during AVS. Materials and methods Forty-five patients with primary aldosteronism undergoing AVS were enrolled in our retrospective study and divided into three groups. In the group “ruler” (n = 14), RRV-RAV-distances were determined pre-interventionally by cross-sectional imaging (CT/MRI) and AVS was performed by one interventional radiologist with limited experience in AVS. CT/MRI-derived and fluoroscopy-derived RRV-RAV-distances were correlated for aimed cannulation of the RAV. Patients in group “no ruler” (n = 24, three interventional radiologists with limited experience in AVS) and in group “expert”, (n = 7, one expert interventional radiologist) underwent AVS without pre-interventional estimation of RRV-RAV-distances. Procedure parameters (fluoroscopy time, contrast agent volume, radiation dose) of group “ruler” were compared to both other groups by Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test. Results Correlation of CT/MRI-derived and fluoroscopy-derived RRV-RAV-distances was good (r = 0.74;p = 0.003). The median RRV-RAV-distance was 4.5cm at CT/MRI (95%-CI:4.2–5.0cm) and 4.0cm at fluoroscopy (95%-CI:3.8–4.5cm). Fluoroscopy time (p<0.0001), contrast agent exposure (p = 0.0003) and radiation dose (air kerma and dose area product both p = 0.038) were significantly lower in group “ruler” compared to group “no ruler” (all p<0.05), and similar to group “expert” (all p>0.05). Conclusions CT/MRI-derived pre-interventional renal-adrenal vein distance measurements correlate well with angiographic distance measurements. Pre-interventional estimation of the RRV-RAV-distance allows for aimed cannulation of the RAV with potential reduction of fluoroscopy time, contrast agent exposure and radiation-dose during AVS.
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Brezis, Haïm, Petru Mironescu та Itai Shafrir. "Distances between homotopy classes ofWs,p(𝕊N;𝕊N)". ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 22, № 4 (2016): 1204–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv/2016037.
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Mustapha, Sami. "Distorsion des distances dans les groupes p-adiques." Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 124, no. 3 (2000): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-4497(00)00129-9.
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Tsai, Yun-Fang, and Shwu-Hua Lee. "P206: Older adults’ perceptions of social distance toward older adults with depression, suicidal ideas, and suicide attempts." International Psychogeriatrics 35, S1 (2023): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610224000292.
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Objective:Social distance can be used to measure degrees of prejudice in people towards other members of a diverse social group. The objective of this study was to explore older adults’ perceptions of social distances toward older adults with depression, suicidal ideas, and suicide attempts.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Older adults were recruited by convenience from outpatient clinics of three hospitals in Taiwan.Results:A total of 327 older adults participated in this study. The mean scores of social distances toward older adults with depression, suicidal ideas, and suicide attempts were 20.8 (SD=4.2), 20.8 (SD=4.2), and 26.8 (SD=5.1), respectively. Participants had significantly higher scores on social distance toward older adults with suicide attempters than with depression (p<0.01) and suicidal ideas (p<0.01). Having them care for my family member was rated as the most disliked situation across three target groups. Participants’ social distances toward older adults with depression and suicidal ideas were influenced by their religious beliefs (p=0.02). Their social distance toward suicide attempters was influenced by their education level (p<0.01). Illiterates and college graduates tended to have significantly higher scores on social distance toward suicide attempters than junior high graduates did.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, it was the first study to explore older adults’ perceptions of social distances toward older adults with depression, suicidal ideas, and suicide attempts. The results of this study can be used for further intervention of older adults to decrease prejudice against older adults with mental illness.
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Zhang, Baolong, Xiangfang Zeng, Jun Xie, and Vernon F. Cormier. "Validity of Resolving the 785 km Discontinuity in the Lower Mantle with P′P′ Precursors?" Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (2020): 3278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200210.
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Abstract P ′ P ′ precursors have been used to detect discontinuities in the lower mantle of the Earth, but some seismic phases propagating along asymmetric ray paths or scattered waves could be misinterpreted as reflections from mantle discontinuities. By forward modeling in standard 1D Earth models, we demonstrate that the frequency content, slowness, and decay with distance of precursors about 180 s before P′P′ arrival are consistent with those of the PKPPdiff phase (or PdiffPKP) at epicentral distances around 78° rather than a reflection from a lower mantle interface. Furthermore, a beamforming technique applied to waveform data recorded at the USArray demonstrates that PKPPdiff can be commonly observed from numerous earthquakes. Hence, a reference 1D Earth model without lower mantle discontinuities can explain many of the observed P′P′ precursors signals if they are interpreted as PKPPdiff, instead of P′785P′. However, this study does not exclude the possibility of 785 km interface beneath the Africa. If this interface indeed exists, P′P′ precursors at distances around 78° would better not be used for its detection to avoid interference from PKPPdiff. Indeed, it could be detected with P′P′ precursors at epicentral distances less than 76° or with other seismic phases such as backscattered PKP·PKP waves.
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Ese, Anibor, Enaohwo Mamerhi Taniyohwo, and Jobome Glory Toluwanimi. "INNER AND OUTER INTERCANTHAL DISTANCES IN A NIGERIAN POPULATION." EPH - International Journal of Medical and Health Science 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijmhs.v9i1.148.
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This study investigated the inner and outer intercanthal distances in a Nigeria population. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional study was carried on 384 adults (males and females) between the ages of 18-35years. This study was carried in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. A pair of digital venier calipers was used to carry out anthropometric measurement of the inner and outer intercanthal distances measured between the medial and lateral ends of the palpebral fissures respectively.The canthal index (CI) was calculated as [ICD x 100]/OCD. Simple descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated from the data obtained. Gender and age differences were scrutinized using the students’ t-test and correlation respectively. P value <0.05 was accepted as significant difference. Results: The mean canthal dimensions for the Nigerian population was inner-canthal distance (38.65±1.49mm), outer-canthal distance (76.25±4.03mm), and canthal index (50.85±3.50). According to gender, inner-canthal distance was 39.15±1.44mm and 38.15±1.38mm, outer-canthal distance was 76.59±4.13mm and 75.89±3.91mm, and canthal index was 51.26±3.46 and 50.41±3.52 for male and female respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the inner-canthal distance and canthal index between male and female. There was insignificant correlation between: age and inner-canthal distance (r= 0.082, p= 0.108), age and outer-canthal distance (r= -0.024, p= 0.641), and age and canthal index (r= 0.064, p=0.213). Conclusion: Sexual dimorphism occurred as the inner canthal distance and canthal index were significantly higher in males compared to females in the Nigerian population.
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DEL-PRADO, Ruth, Pradeep K. DIVAKAR, and Ana CRESPO. "Using genetic distances in addition to ITS molecular phylogeny to identify potential species in the Parmotrema reticulatum complex: a case study." Lichenologist 43, no. 6 (2011): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282911000582.
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AbstractWe used a genetic distance approach in conjunction with molecular phylogeny to establish species boundaries and detect cryptic lineages in the Parmotrema reticulatum – P. pseudoreticulatum complex. The phylogeny of specimens from a broad geographic distribution was reconstructed from the internal transcribed spacer region. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated and compared to an intraspecific range defined for the parmelioid lichens to circumscribe species-level groups. Our results showed that P. reticulatum and P. pseudoreticulatum are polyphyletic, being comprised of at least seven well-supported lineages. In contrast, the genetic distance approach revealed ten cryptic lineages within the P. reticulatum – P. pseudoreticulatum complex. Neither morphology nor geography was conclusive in attempting to corroborate these genetic lineages. However FST indices suggest significant genetic differentiation between these lineages. Our results suggest that the morphology-based circumscriptions underestimated species in Parmotrema and that, in some cases, genetic distances may be used as an additional tool to determine species boundaries in morphologically cryptic species complexes. The most significant contribution of the present study is the application of a fast and accurate method to identify problematic groups and candidate species using the ITS locus with a genetic distances approach.
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Najafi, Bijan, Tahir Khan, Adam Fleischer, and James Wrobel. "The Impact of Footwear and Walking Distance on Gait Stability in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103, no. 3 (2013): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1030165.
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Background: We explored gait differences in patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and aged-matched controls over short and long walking distances. The potential benefit of footwear for improving gait in patients with DPN was also explored. Methods: Twelve patients with DPN and eight controls walked at their habitual speed over short (7 m) and long (20 m) distances under two conditions: barefoot and regular shoes. A validated system of body-worn sensors was used to extract spatiotemporal gait parameters. Neuropathy severity was quantified using vibratory perception threshold measured at the great toe. Results: Gait deterioration in the DPN group was observed during all of the walking trials. However, the difference between patients with DPN and participants in the control group achieved statistical significance only during long walking distance trials. Shod and barefoot double support times were longer in the DPN group during long walking distances (&gt;20%, P = .03). Gait unsteadiness, defined as coefficient of variation of gait velocity, was also significantly higher in the DPN group when barefoot walking over long distances (83%, P = .008). Furthermore, there was a high correlation between neuropathy severity and gait unsteadiness best demonstrated during the barefoot walking/long walking distance condition (r = 0.77, P &lt; .001). The addition of footwear improved gait steadiness in the DPN group by 46% (P = .02). All differences were independent of age, sex, and body mass index (P &gt; .05). Conclusions: This study suggests that gait alteration in patients with DPN is most pronounced while walking barefoot over longer distances and that footwear may improve gait steadiness in patients with DPN. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(3): 165–173, 2013)
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Garcia Espinilla, Oscar, Irene Sanchez, and Raul Martin. "Intrasession repeatability and agreement of a new method to measure the foveal fixation axis." PeerJ 11 (February 24, 2023): e14942. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14942.
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Purpose Ophthalmic lens adaptation, particularly with progressive addition lenses, requires accurate measurements of the patient nasopupillary distance (NPD) and interpupillary distance (IPD), which are usually collected using the pupil centre as a reference. However, differences between the pupil centre and visual or foveal axis could induce some subsidiary effects of correcting lenses. This study aimed to assess the intrasession repeatability of a new prototype (Ergofocus®; Lentitech, Barakaldo, Spain) that can measure the foveal fixation axis (FFA) distance and assess the agreement with the NPD measurements collected using a traditional method (frame ruler). Methods The FFA at far and near distances was measured three consecutive times in 39 healthy volunteers to determine the intrasession repeatability according to the British Standards Institute and International Organization for Standardization. Additionally, the FFA and NPD (standard frame ruler) were measured in 71 healthy volunteers and compared using Bland–Altman analysis. Two blinded experienced practitioners conducted each FFA and NPD measurement. Results The FFA measurements showed acceptable repeatability at far distances (right eye (RE): Sw = 1.16 ± 0.76 mm and coefficient of variation (CV) = 3.92 ± 2.51%; left eye (LE) Sw = 1.11 ± 0.79 mm and CV = 3.76 ± 2.51%) and at near distances (RE: Sw = 0.97 ± 0.85 mm and CV = 3.52 ± 3.02%; LE: Sw = 1.17 ± 0.96 mm and CV = 4.54 ± 3.72%). Additionally, agreement with the NPD showed large differences at far distances (RE: −2.15 ± 2.34, LoA = −6.73 to 2.43 mm (P < 0.001); LE: −0.61 ± 2.62, LoA = −5.75 to 4.53 mm (P = 0.052)) and near distances (RE: −3.08 ± 2.80, LoA −8.57 to 2.42 mm (P < 0.001); LE: −2.97 ± 3.97, LoA: −10.75 to 4.80 mm (P < 0.001)). Conclusions FFA measurements showed clinically acceptable repeatability at both far and near distances. Agreement with the NPD measured using a standard frame ruler showed significant differences, suggesting that both measurements are not interchangeable in clinical practice to prescribe and center ophthalmic lenses. Further research is necessary to assess the impact of FFA measurement in ophthalmic lens prescriptions.
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Molinari, Claire A., Johnathan Edwards, and Véronique Billat. "Maximal Time Spent at VO2max from Sprint to the Marathon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (2020): 9250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249250.
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Until recently, it was thought that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was elicited only in middle-distance events and not the sprint or marathon distances. We tested the hypothesis that VO2max can be elicited in both the sprint and marathon distances and that the fraction of time spent at VO2max is not significantly different between distances. Methods: Seventy-eight well-trained males (mean [SD] age: 32 [13]; weight: 73 [9] kg; height: 1.80 [0.8] m) performed the University of Montreal Track Test using a portable respiratory gas sampling system to measure a baseline VO2max. Each participant ran one or two different distances (100 m, 200 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 10 km or marathon) in which they are specialists. Results: VO2max was elicited and sustained in all distances tested. The time limit (Tlim) at VO2max on a relative scale of the total time (Tlim at VO2max%Ttot) during the sprint, middle-distance, and 1500 m was not significantly different (p > 0.05). The relevant time spent at VO2max was only a factor for performance in the 3000 m group, where the Tlim at VO2max%Ttot was the highest (51.4 [18.3], r = 0.86, p = 0.003). Conclusions: By focusing on the solicitation of VO2max, we demonstrated that the maintenance of VO2max is possible in the sprint, middle, and marathon distances.
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Mejri, Sami B. "Examining the Correlation between American Students’ Cultural Intelligence, Political Affiliations, and Their Social Distances from Their International Peers." Journal of International Students 9, no. 3 (2019): 873–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v0i0.81.
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Guided by the theories of cultural intelligence and social distance, the purpose of this quantitative non-experimental study was to determine whether first-year American-born college students’ political party affiliations and cultural intelligence (CQ) relate to their self-reported social distances (SDs) from international students. One hundred and twenty-one first-year college students at a 4-year Midwestern university participated in this study. Regression analysis showed that political party affiliation (β = .194, t = 3.074, p = .003), metacognitive CQ (β = −.239, t = −.2.885, p = .005), motivational CQ (β = −.363, t = −4.225, p = .001), and behavioral CQ (β = −.215, t = −3.078, p = .003) of American-born college students were statistically significant predictors of their social distances from international peers. However, cognitive CQ (β = .009, t = .112, p = .911) was not a statistically significant predictor of social distance between these two groups of students.
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Martinez-Torremocha, Gemma, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Antonio Alonso-Callejo, et al. "Physical Demands in the Worst-Case Scenarios of Elite Futsal Referees Using a Local Positioning System." Sensors 23, no. 21 (2023): 8662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218662.
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The aim of this study is to analyze the worst-case scenarios of professional futsal referees during the first and second half of official matches in the Spanish Futsal Cup using a Local Positioning System (LPS) for monitoring their movement patterns. Eight professional futsal referees (40 ± 3.43 years; 1.80 ± 0.03 m; 72.84 ± 4.01 kg) participated in the study. The external load (total distance, high-speed running distance and efforts, sprint distance and efforts, and accelerations and decelerations distances) of the referees was monitored and collected using an LPS. The results revealed significant differences in the worst-case scenarios of the futsal referees during the match according to the time window analyzed (p < 0.05). The longest time windows (120 s, 180 s, and 300 s) showed lower relative total distances in the worst-case scenarios (p < 0.05). The high-speed running distances were significatively higher in the first half for the 120 s (+2.65 m·min−1; ES: 1.25), 180 s (+1.55 m·min−1; ES: 1.28), and 300 s (+0.95 m·min−1; ES: 1.14) time windows (p < 0.05). No differences were found between the first and second half for the high-intensity deceleration distance (p > 0.05). These results will serve to prepare the referees in the best conditions for the competition and adapt the training plans to the worst-case scenarios.
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Ginting, Rehulina, and Debora Lovelisa Hinson Simbolon. "Correlation of the vertical dimension of occlusion with five distances between facial landmarks among those of Batak Toba ethnicity." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 53, no. 1 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v53.i1.p30-35.
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Background: The normal vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) results in orofacial and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) biomechanical balance. If the VDO changes due to attrition, full edentulism, accidents involving the lower third of the face and even improper denture manufacturing will result in the disruption of mastication, speech and aesthetic functions. Therefore, the right technique is needed to predict the correct VDO. Purpose: To identify the correlation values and regression equation of the VDO for five distances between facial landmarks among people of Batak Toba ethnicity. Methods: This research is an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. A purposive-sampling technique obtained 30 Batak Toba subjects, consisting of 15 males and 15 females aged 19–24 years. The data were analysed by an independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, the Pearson correlation, and linear regression (p<0.05). Results: A significant difference distance in the VDO (p=0.0001, p<0.05) was observed between male subjects (72.96±3.75mm) and female subjects (65.24±5.12mm). A positive and significant correlation was observed between the VDO distance and the facial landmark distances, where the criteria for significant correlation were the RO–Pu distance being {r male=0.723(p=0.02) and female=0.650(p=0.09)} and the OC–RO distance being {r male=0.689(p=0.004) and female=0.615(p=0.015)}; the moderate correlation criteria were the OC–IC distance being {r male=0.476(p=0.045) and female=0.428(p=0.043)}, the E–E being {r male=0.435(p=0.043) and female=0.458(p=0.047)}, and the EH being {r male=0.398(p=0.051) and female=0.414(p=0.051)}. The regression equation for the VDO distance in males is {[22.694 + 0.673 (RO–Pu)], [24.371 + 0.642 (OC–RO} and in females is {[23.017 + 0.616 (RO–Pu)], [21.795 + 0.632 (OC–RO)]}. Conclusion: The distances of RO–Pu and OC–RO have the strongest correlation with the VDO in people of Batak Toba ethnicity.
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Brožka, Matěj, Tomáš Gryc, Milan Kotrba, and František Zahálka. "Analysing the Accuracy of Elite Amateur Golf Players during a Pre-tournament Wedge Test." Open Sports Sciences Journal 14, no. 1 (2021): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x02114010086.
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Background: Previous studies identified a medium/strong relationship between the accuracy of wedge play and performance of professional golf players. However, there is a lack of research studies investigating which distance in wedge play has the strongest relationship to performance. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the accuracy with wedges of elite amateur golfers and find out the relationship between accuracy from different distances and short and long-term performance. Methods: Ten elite golf players assessed accuracy across distances (45 – 85 m) with Trackman in a pre-tournament wedge test and afterward attended a three-round tournament. Results: Percentage error rate decreases (19.0% to 8.4%) with increasing distance, in addition, a significant difference in percentage error rate between 45 m distance and 85 m distance (p = 0.02) significant relation between percentage error rate and short term/long term performance indicators at 45 and 55 m. Conclusion: Distance control was significantly more difficult (more variable) than direction control with wedges. Significant difference between distances indicates greater difficulty in controlling distance over shorter distances played with wedges. Results show higher importance of accuracy with wedges on performance in shorter (45 and 55 m) versus longer (65, 75 and 85 m) distances. Players performed the stroke more consistently in terms of controlling key impact factors at longer distances, especially in regards to the club head speed, which, together with the ball speed, is the main determinant of the carry distance.
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Chen, Yu-Feng, Chin-Yun Pan, Yung-Chung Chen, Je-Kang Du, and Ting-Hsun Lan. "Accuracy and Wear Evaluation of the Customized Zirconia Guided Sleeves." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 9035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199035.
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This in vitro study investigated the accuracy and wear conditions of three drill sleeve distances (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mm) for 3D-guided stents in simulated clinical dental implant surgery. Fifteen sets of upper and lower partially edentulous epoxy tooling board models with four edentulous first molar sites were prepared in a Nissin Simple Manikin II and set on a dental chair. Sixty computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) designed and guided stents with three drill sleeve distances were prepared in this study. The maximum height (Sz) of the wear roughness of drills, maximum deviation, and drilling time were observed. The highest maximum horizontal deviations were observed at the upper first molar (0.48 ± 0.12 mm, p < 0.001). The highest maximum vertical and angular deviations were observed at the lower left first molar (1.08 ± 0.35 mm and 5.61° ± 1.21°, respectively, p < 0.001). Only angular deviation significantly differed among the three drill sleeve distances (p = 0.046); the 0.03 mm distance exhibited the maximum angular deviation (3.92° ± 1.87°). The bigger drill sleeve distance (0.03 mm) was associated with more wear roughness (8.70 ± 2.29 µm) of the drills. Guided stents with varying drill-sleeve distances (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mm) exhibited no significant difference in preparation drilling time and abrasive wear. In practice, the optimal drill sleeve distance for single-type CAD/CAM-guided stents of dental implantation was 0.01 mm.
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Bartosz, Mieszko, Agata Latocha, Joanna Motowidło, Michał Krzysztofik, and Adam Zając. "The relationship between countermovement jump performance and sprinting speed in elite sprinters." Physical Activity Review 12, no. 1 (2024): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2024.12.19.
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Data regarding associations between vertical jumping and sprinting ability is lacking in elite sprinters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between variables such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height, relative peak power, and sprint time including flight time and ground contact time across various distances in the 50-m sprint among elite sprinters. Twenty- three male sprinters performed two CMJ attempts followed by two 50-m sprints on an indoor track. Jumping performance was assessed via force plates, while sprint times were recorded using timing photocells, with gates at 0, 5, 20, 30, and 50-m. Results showed a statistically significant negative correlations ranging from large to very large, between CMJ height and sprint time (p<0.01; r= -0.56 to -0.73) across specific distances. Similarly, a significant large to very large correlations was found between CMJ relative peak power and sprint time (p<0.01; r= -0.61 to -0.85) at the studied distances. Furthermore, a large significant correlations was indicated between sprint contact time and sprint time at certain distances (p<0.01; r= -0.55 to 0.62), while sprint flight time correlated with distances above 20-m sprint time (p<0.05; r= 0.45 to 0.48) and with the 20-50-m flying start sprint time (p<0.05; r= 0.48), reaching a moderate magnitude. These findings suggest a significant negative correlation between relative peak power, CMJ height and sprint times across various distances, highlighting the potential for individualized training based on distinct sprint phases. Remarkably, the strength of these correlations increase with longer sprint distance.
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Carmona, A., A. M. Encinas, and M. Mitjana. "Resistance distances on networks." Applicable Analysis and Discrete Mathematics 11, no. 1 (2017): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aadm1701136c.
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This paper aims to study a family of distances in networks associated with effective resistances. Specifically, we consider the effective resistance distance with respect to a positive parameter and a weight on the vertex set; that is, the effective resistance distance associated with an irreducible and symmetric M-matrix whose lowest eigenvalue is the parameter and the weight function is the associated eigenfunction. The main idea is to consider the network embedded in a host network with additional edges whose conductances are given in terms of the mentioned parameter. The novelty of these distances is that they take into account not only the influence of shortest and longest weighted paths but also the importance of the vertices. Finally, we prove that the adjusted forest metric introduced by P. Chebotarev and E. Shamis is nothing else but a distance associated with a Schr?dinger operator with constant weight.
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Jenny Lorentzen, and Glenn Björklund. "Specializing When It Counts: Comparing the Dose–Time Effect of Distance Variety between Swimming and Track Running." Sports 12, no. 10 (2024): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports12100272.
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Objective: To conduct a longitudinal retrospective analysis, explore the relationship between success at peak performance age and the number of different race distances athletes competed in each year (within-sport distance variety), and compare the dose–time effect of this distance variety throughout the development process between male swimmers and track runners. Methodology: Male swimmers (n = 6033) and track runners (n = 19,278) still competing at peak performance age were ranked, and the number of different race distances was extracted retrospectively for each year until early junior age (13–14-year-old category) from the databases of the European Aquatics and World Athletics federations. Firstly, correlation analysis determined the relationship between ranking at peak performance age and distance variety. Secondly, Poisson distribution provided the probability and dose–time effect of distance variety for becoming an international-class athlete at peak performance age. Results: Generally, correlation analysis revealed low coefficients (r ≤ 0.22) but significant effects (p < 0.001) for larger distance variety and success at peak performance age. Poisson distribution revealed the highest probability of becoming an international-class swimmer when competing in 2–4 race distances at junior age, depending on the primary race distance. The dose–time effect indicated a gradual reduction in the number of race distances as athletes approached peak performance age, narrowing down to 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4 distances for sprint, middle-, and long-distance races, respectively. Track runners exhibited a lower distance variety than swimmers, with a consistent optimum of 1–2 race distances across the age groups. Conclusions: The present findings including data of the most combined race distances for each primary race distance and a comparison between swimming and track running provide new background information to challenge traditional training regimes and help establish new strategies for long-term athlete development.
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Stanley, Uzairue, Victor Matthews Olu, Charles Ochonogor, Amaize Peter, and Anyasi Francis. "Experimental Analysis of Cable Distance Effect on Signal Attenuation in Single and Multimode Fiber Optics." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 3 (2018): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1577-1582.
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<div class="WordSection1"><p>Losses during transmission and high demand of high data rate by the end users have become the biggest challenges facing the telecommunication industries worldwide with Nigeria inclusive. Fiber optic cable as a channel of communication has been adapted worldwide in solving these problems but there is a little limitation in the place of multimode fiber in long distance communication. This paper focuses on the effect of changes in distance on transmitted bandwidth on single mode and multimode fiber. Two cases were considered during this research; (a) with optical amplifier placed in between multimode fiber and (b) without optical amplifier in between multimode fiber. Readings were taken at various distances when specific bandwidth ranging from 50Mbps to 500Mbps was transmitted from the base station to the various distances and it was observed that there was no significant changes in bandwidth received at specified distances (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 etc) m when using single mode fiber, there was a drastic reduction in bandwidth when it get to a distance of 300m when using multimode. When optical amplifier was placed in between the multimode fiber at some selected distances after 400m from the transmitting BTS, it was noticed that the drastic reduction in transmitted bandwidth was almost eliminated, thereby proven that multimode fiber can be use in long distance communication provided optical amplifiers are incorporated in between the distance to bust the signal strength.</p></div>
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Wang, Lijun, Lin Zhao, Xiting Yang, Yi Zhang, Dingying Liao, and Jianming Wang. "Comparison of Outcomes after Phacoemulsification with Two Different Corneal Incision Distances Anterior to the Limbus." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (August 19, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1760742.
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Purpose. To compare visual performance and visual quality outcomes after phacoemulsification with two different clear corneal incision (CCI) distances anterior to the limbus in senile cataract patients. Methods. Retrospective case series. Patients who had undergone phacoemulsification were divided into two groups according to the CCI distances anterior to the limbus. The CCI distances in group A range from 1 mm to 1.5 mm, while those in group B range from 0.5 mm to 1 mm. The visual acuity, refraction, surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), corneal aberrations, anterior segment parameters, and subjective vision quality were evaluated. Results. This study enrolled 54 eyes, with 27 eyes per group. Both groups had significant improvement in postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant between-group differences in postoperative UDVA, CDVA, SIA, corneal aberrations, anterior segment parameters, or VF-QOL questionnaire performance (P>0.05). Conclusions. The phacoemulsification with CCI distances ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm is an effective and safe therapy to senile cataract. The CCI distance anterior to the limbus that ranges from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm is recommended for routine phacoemulsification.
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Plucinski, Mateusz M., and Joel L. N. Barratt. "Nonparametric Binary Classification to Distinguish Closely Related versus Unrelated Plasmodium falciparum Parasites." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (2021): 1830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0117.
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ABSTRACTAssessing genetic relatedness of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes is a key component of antimalarial efficacy trials. Previous methods have focused on determining a priori definitions of the level of genetic similarity sufficient to classify two infections as sharing the same strain. However, factors such as mixed-strain infections, allelic suppression, imprecise typing methods, and heterozygosity complicate comparisons of apicomplexan genotypes. Here, we introduce a novel method for nonparametric statistical testing of relatedness for P. falciparum parasites. First, the background distribution of genetic distance between unrelated strains is computed. Second, a threshold genetic distance is computed from this empiric distribution of distances to demarcate genetic distances that are unlikely to have arisen by chance. Third, the genetic distance between paired samples is computed, and paired samples with genetic distances below the threshold are classified as related. The method is designed to work with any arbitrary genetic distance definition. We validated this procedure using two independent approaches to calculating genetic distance. We assessed the concordance of the novel nonparametric classification with a gold-standard Bayesian approach for 175 pairs of recurrent P. falciparum episodes from previously published malaria efficacy trials with microsatellite data from five studies in Guinea and Angola. The novel nonparametric approach was 98% sensitive and 84–89% specific in correctly identifying related genotypes compared with a gold-standard Bayesian algorithm. The approach provides a unified and systematic method to statistically assess relatedness of P. falciparum parasites using arbitrary genetic distance methodologies.
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Nadjafi-Arani, Mohammad Javad, Mahsa Mirzargar, Frank Emmert-Streib, and Matthias Dehmer. "Partition and Colored Distances in Graphs Induced to Subsets of Vertices and Some of Its Applications." Symmetry 12, no. 12 (2020): 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12122027.
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If G is a graph and P is a partition of V(G), then the partition distance of G is the sum of the distances between all pairs of vertices that lie in the same part of P. A colored distance is the dual concept of the partition distance. These notions are motivated by a problem in the facility location network and applied to several well-known distance-based graph invariants. In this paper, we apply an extended cut method to induce the partition and color distances to some subsets of vertices which are not necessary a partition of V(G). Then, we define a two-dimensional weighted graph and an operator to prove that the induced partition and colored distances of a graph can be obtained from the weighted Wiener index of a two-dimensional weighted quotient graph induced by the transitive closure of the Djoković–Winkler relation as well as by any partition that is coarser. Finally, we utilize our main results to find some upper bounds for the modified Wiener index and the number of orbits of partial cube graphs under the action of automorphism group of graphs.
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Chen, Han-Sheng, Ying-Sheng Chen, I.-Ling Lin, and Chun-Feng Chen. "Antilingula as a Surgical Reference Point for Vertical Ramus Osteotomy." BioMed Research International 2021 (April 20, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5585297.
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Purpose. This study investigated the antilingula and its related landmarks, the mandibular rami, by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods. CBCT images of 37 patients (74 sides of the mandibular ramus) were collected. The landmarks of antilingula (AntiL), anterior ramus (A), posterior ramus (P), superior ramus (S), and inferior ramus (I) were identified. The distances (A-AntiL, P-AntiL, S-AntiL, and I-AntiL) were statistically evaluated according to gender, side (right and left), and skeletal patterns. Results. The distance from the antilingula to the anterior (A-AntiL) border of the ramus was significantly longer on the right side (14.69 mm) than on the left side (13.97 mm). Male patients had longer AntiL-P, AntiL-I, and S-I distances (18.96, 40.07, and 54.94 mm, respectively) than did female patients (16.66, 35, and 47.54 mm, respectively). Regarding skeletal patterns, the classes can be ordered as follows in terms of the measurements: class III>class II>class I. However, the differences between the classes were nonsignificant. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that gender and S-I distance were strongly correlated ( r = 0.667 ); specifically, male patients had a longer S-I distance. A-AntiL and A-P also exhibited a strong correlation ( r = 0.796 ). Conclusion. Antilingula-related distances did not differ between skeletal patterns. Among antilingula-related variables, A-AntiL could serve as a favorable measuring point during operation.
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Shayegh, Seyed S., Seyed MR Hakimaneh, Mohammad T. Baghani, et al. "Effect of Interimplant Distance and Cyclic Loading on the Retention of Overdenture Attachments." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 11 (2017): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2179.
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ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of interimplant distance and cyclic loading on the retention of two locator attachment systems. Materials and methods A total of 72 acrylic resin blocks were fabricated and divided into six groups of six pairs each. Locators of DIO and 3i implant systems were positioned on analogs in three different interimplant distances (19, 23, and 29 mm). The blocks were attached to a universal testing machine, and 1,440 dislodging cycles by the force of 136 N were applied. After 0, 120, 360, 720, and 1,440 cycles, the retention was recorded. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in retention between the various combinations of the locator, interimplant distance, and cyclic loadings. Results Interimplant distance was significantly associated with retention, independent of the locator system used, and dislodgement force cycles. Mean retention was significantly higher under the 3i system relative to the DIO system (p < 0.0001). This association varied with both interimplant distance (p > 0.0001) and dislodgement force (p < 0.0001) as well as across the various combinations of distance and cycle (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Interimplant distances could affect the initial retention of locator attachments. There was little difference in retention between distances of 23 and 29 mm across all cycles when both locator systems were combined. Distance of 23mm was associated with superior retention in the DIO system. With regard to the speed of retention decrease, the 23 mm distance was associated with better performance. Clinical significance Interimplant distance could play a significant role in overdenture retention with locator attachments. How to cite this article Shayegh SS, Hakimaneh SMR, Baghani MT, Shidfar S, Kashi FK, Zamanian A, Arezoobakhsh A. Effect of Interimplant Distance and Cyclic Loading on the Retention of Overdenture Attachments. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(11):1078-1084.
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Werther, Lukas, Tanja Menn, Johannes Schmidt, and Hartmut Müller. "Modelling pre-modern flow distances of inland waterways – a GIS study in southern Germany." Virtual Archaeology Review 12, no. 25 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.15245.
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<p class="VARAbstract">Rivers form major traffic arteries in pre-modern Central Europe and accurate regional to supra-regional network models of inland navigation are crucial for economic history. However, navigation distances have hitherto been based on modern flow distances, which could be a significant source of error due to modern changes in flow distance and channel pattern. Here, we use a systematic comparison of vectorized old maps, which enlighten the fluvial landscape before most of the large-scale river engineering took place, and modern opensource geodata to deduce change ratios of flow distance and channel patterns. The river courses have been vectorised, edited and divided into comparable grid units. Based on the thalweg, meandering and braided/anabranching river sections have been identified and various ratios have been calculated in order to detect changes in length and channel patterns. Our large-scale analytical approach and Geographic Information System (GIS) workflow are transferable to other rivers in order to deduce change ratios on a European scale. The 19<sup>th</sup> century flow distance is suitable to model pre-modern navigation distances. As a case study, we have used our approach to reconstruct changes of flow pattern, flow distance and subsequent changes in navigation distance and transportation time for the rivers Altmühl, Danube, Main, Regnitz, Rednitz, Franconian and Swabian Rezat (Southern Germany). The change ratio is rather heterogeneous with length and travel time changes of the main channel up to 24% and an extensive transformation of channel morphology in many river sections. Based on published travel time data, we have modelled the effect of our change ratios. Shipping between the commercial hubs Ulm and Regensburg, to give an example, was up to 5 days longer based on pre-modern distances. This is highly significant and underlines the necessity for river-specific correction values to model supra-regional networks of pre-modern inland waterways and navigation with higher precision.</p><p>Highlights:</p><ul><li><p>Systematic comparison of old maps and modern geodata to deduce river-specific length correction values to improve supra-regional network models of pre-modern inland navigation.</p></li><li><p>Large-scale analytical approach and transferable GIS workflow for flow distance reconstruction with case studies in Southern Germany.</p></li><li><p>Length changes of navigated fairways result in pre-modern period travel times up to 24% higher in corrected models.</p></li></ul>
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Bodwin, Greg, and Virginia Vassilevska Williams. "Better Distance Preservers and Additive Spanners." ACM Transactions on Algorithms 17, no. 4 (2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490147.
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We study two popular ways to sketch the shortest path distances of an input graph. The first is distance preservers , which are sparse subgraphs that agree with the distances of the original graph on a given set of demand pairs. Prior work on distance preservers has exploited only a simple structural property of shortest paths, called consistency , stating that one can break shortest path ties such that no two paths intersect, split apart, and then intersect again later. We prove that consistency alone is not enough to understand distance preservers, by showing both a lower bound on the power of consistency and a new general upper bound that polynomially surpasses it. Specifically, our new upper bound is that any p demand pairs in an n -node undirected unweighted graph have a distance preserver on O( n 2/3 p 2/3 + np 1/3 edges. We leave a conjecture that the right bound is O ( n 2/3 p 2/3 + n ) or better. The second part of this paper leverages these distance preservers in a new construction of additive spanners , which are subgraphs that preserve all pairwise distances up to an additive error function. We give improved error bounds for spanners with relatively few edges; for example, we prove that all graphs have spanners on O(n) edges with + O ( n 3/7 + ε ) error. Our construction can be viewed as an extension of the popular path-buying framework to clusters of larger radii.
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Bodwin, Greg, and Virginia Vassilevska Williams. "Better Distance Preservers and Additive Spanners." ACM Transactions on Algorithms 17, no. 4 (2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490147.
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We study two popular ways to sketch the shortest path distances of an input graph. The first is distance preservers , which are sparse subgraphs that agree with the distances of the original graph on a given set of demand pairs. Prior work on distance preservers has exploited only a simple structural property of shortest paths, called consistency , stating that one can break shortest path ties such that no two paths intersect, split apart, and then intersect again later. We prove that consistency alone is not enough to understand distance preservers, by showing both a lower bound on the power of consistency and a new general upper bound that polynomially surpasses it. Specifically, our new upper bound is that any p demand pairs in an n -node undirected unweighted graph have a distance preserver on O( n 2/3 p 2/3 + np 1/3 edges. We leave a conjecture that the right bound is O ( n 2/3 p 2/3 + n ) or better. The second part of this paper leverages these distance preservers in a new construction of additive spanners , which are subgraphs that preserve all pairwise distances up to an additive error function. We give improved error bounds for spanners with relatively few edges; for example, we prove that all graphs have spanners on O(n) edges with + O ( n 3/7 + ε ) error. Our construction can be viewed as an extension of the popular path-buying framework to clusters of larger radii.
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Ayorinde, Adenola F., Bola O. Oboh, and Olubunmi A. Otubanjo. "Differentiation of some populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in three areas of Lagos State, Nigeria, using wing morphometry." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 36, no. 04 (2016): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758416000151.
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AbstractDiversity amongst the different populations is one of the problems in the control of medically important mosquitoes. Wing morphometry was used to identify within-species variation amongst some populations ofAedes aegyptiin three areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. Ten landmarks on the right wing of adult femaleAe. aegyptimosquitoes were digitized using TPSdig software. Relative distances of the veins and interpoints were calculated as well as the Euclidean distances based on these relative distances. In three (50%) of the interpoints, the relative distances were significant (P&lt;0.05) to both the Brown–Forsythe F ratio and Welch ANOVA. The highest Euclidean distance of 7.738 was between Ebute Metta 2 and Badagry; the lowest of 4.426 was between Ikorodu and Ebute Metta 2. The distance between Ebute Metta 1 and Ebute Metta 2 was 5.867, which is more than the distance between Ebute Metta 2 and Ikorodu. Three groups ofAe. aegyptiwere identified, and the differences in lengths and interpoints observed on the wing veins suggest a possible morphological divergence amongst populations.
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Avery, Roger, and Gianluca Tosini. "Dynamics of predation in Lacertidae: the relation between locomotor pattern and prey-capture probability in three contrasted species." Amphibia-Reptilia 16, no. 1 (1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853895x00145.
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AbstractThe probability that lizards would capture crickets declined with distance from the snout, at rates which were significantly more rapid in all directions in Lacerta vivipara than in Podarcis muralis or L. viridis, i.e. the former species responded to potential prey over a smaller area. Capture probabilities at any distance in front of or behind the snout were lower in P. muralis or L. viridis which were pausing during locomotion than in basking lizards, confirming previous results with L. vivipara. Using capture probabilities for pausing lizards to calculate the average time it would take to find a single item of prey (tf) in relation to the mean length of locomotor bursts, on the assumption that prey could only be detected while a lizard was pausing, showed that actual mean burst distance corresponded exactly with the burst distances which gave rise to minimum tf in L. vivipara. Mean locomotor burst distances in P. muralis and L. viridis were lower than the distances which gave minimum tf values. It is suggested that, in these species, the mean burst length has evolved as a compromise between minimising tf and avoiding the high overall energy expenditures which would result from long burst lengths.
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Mohialdeen, Hasan Khiraldeen, Mohammed A. Abdulla, Ammar Kh Al-Noori, and Ashraf Measar Mohamad. "Accuracy of intraoral scanners based on jaw curve and inter-implant distance." Dental Journal 57, no. 4 (2024): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v57.i4.p241-247.
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Background: In digital dentistry, the intraoral scanner (IOS) is the primary data-collecting device. The data must be accurate to prevent undesirable stresses and technological difficulties resulting from prosthetic misfits. The span length of restorations influences the accuracy of IOS impressions. Purpose: This research aimed to compare the accuracy of virtual models scanned by different IOSs to determine whether jaw curvature and inter-implant distance affect accuracy. Methods: Four mandibular edentulous models were prepared by replacing the site of the missing tooth with an implant. The prepared holes were drilled at 7mm, 14mm, 21mm, and 28mm. Five scans for each model were taken with a desktop laboratory scanner as a reference model and with Trios3Shape and 3Disc Heron IOSs to evaluate trueness and precision (T&P). The scans were saved as standard triangulation language files and statistically analyzed at a level of significance (P ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a significant difference between the IOSs in inter-implant distances (P < 0.05). The greatest distortion was reported in the 21mm and 28mm groups for both scanners (P ≤ 0.05), while the lowest distortion was observed in the 7mm and 14mm groups for the Trios3Shape scanner. Conclusion: Jaw curvature and inter-implant distance impacted the accuracy of the IOS. Distortion and reduced reproducibility of T&P increased with jaw curve and inter-implant distance. The Trios3Shape IOS showed maximum accuracy at 7mm and 14mm inter-implant distances, while the 3Disc Heron IOS produced significant distortion of trueness at 21mm and 28mm inter-implant distances.
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Corfield, Peter W. R., та Uwe Seeler. "Crystal structure of bis(1,1,2,2-tetramethyldiphosphane-1,2-dithione-κ2S,S′)copper(I) tetrafluoridoborate". Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, № 6 (2015): 716–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015009913.
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In the title compound, [Cu(C4H12P2S2)2]BF4, both diphosphine disulfide molecules bind to the CuIatom, as chelating ligandsviathe S atoms, forming a monovalent cation with a slightly distorted tetrahedral coordination around the CuIatom. The average Cu—S distance is 2.350 (15) Å, with small but possibly significant differences within each chelate ring. Ligand P=S distances average 1.964 (3) Å, and the P—P distances are 2.2262 (13) and 2.2166 (14) Å. The ligand chelate rings are twisted in opposite directions, with one in the λ and one in the δ configuration. Although the anisotropic displacement parameters of the F atoms of the anion are quite large compared to that of the B atom, difference Fourier syntheses indicate only one set of sites for the F atoms. In the crystal, possible C—H...F hydrogen bonds may stabilize the orientation. The B—F distances, uncorrected for libration, average 1.359 (6) Å.
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Dowling, Brittany, Michael P. McNally, Walter A. Laughlin, and James A. Onate. "Changes in Throwing Arm Mechanics at Increased Throwing Distances During Structured Long-Toss." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 12 (2018): 3002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518795892.
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Background: Elbow injuries among adolescent baseball players have been outpacing those of college and professional players. In attempts to prevent injuries and maximize return-to-play potential following injury, attention has been focused on “return to throw” programs, which include long-toss throws. Because the few studies that were conducted on long-toss throwing focused primarily on college-aged athletes, it is not known what type of load is incurred at the elbow during interval throwing progression among high school baseball players. Purpose: To quantify the change in arm slot, arm speed, shoulder external rotation, and elbow varus torque across increasing throwing distances within a given athlete. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Ninety-five high school baseball players performed a long-toss protocol while wearing an inertial sensor and sleeve. Each participant was tested for 5 throws at distances of 9 m, 18 m, 27 m, 37 m, and 46 m. Linear mixed-effects models and likelihood ratio tests were used to estimate the within-participant relationship between throw distance and arm slot, arm speed, shoulder external rotation, and elbow varus torque. Results: Arm slot ( P < .01), arm speed ( P < .01), shoulder external rotation ( P < .01), and elbow varus torque ( P < .01) were significantly associated with long-toss throw distance. As the throw distance increased, there was an increase in arm speed and shoulder external rotation and a decrease in arm slot for each distance. However, elbow varus torque increased with each distance up to 37 m and then remained the same at 46 m. Conclusion: The use of longer distances for conditioning and rehabilitation may be beneficial in increasing shoulder range of motion and arm speed; however, precaution needs to be taken, as throwing longer distances are accompanied by an increase in arm rotation, arm speed, and elbow torque, with a decrease in arm slot. Clinical Relevance: Return-to-throw programs have been utilized by sports medicine clinicians and coaches to help guide a player during rehabilitation. These programs involve throwing at increased efforts through increased distances with no immediate feedback on elbow stress. This investigation describes arm biomechanical changes during submaximum interval throwing and demonstrates a tool that can be utilized to measure arm stress in real time for clinicians and athletes progressing through an interval throwing program.
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Wang, Magnus, and Arnd Schreiber. "Population genetics of the woodlouse Porcellio scaber Latr. (Isopoda: Oniscoidea) in central Europe: passive dispersal and postglacial range expansion." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 9 (1999): 1337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-106.
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Allozyme variability was studied in 581 Porcellio scaber from 20 population samples in Germany, France, and Poland that were spaced at geographic distances ranging from a few metres to 1200 km. Four of 12 inferred genetic loci proved to be polymorphic (Aat-2*, Gpi*, Mdh-2*, and Pgm*), with three (Aat-2*) to five (Gpi*, Mdh-2*, and Pgm*) alleles each. Average polymorphism (P), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and allelic diversity (AD) were 0.329, 0.155, and 1.72, respectively. Genetic among-sample distances, fixation indices, and principle component analysis of allele frequencies indicate considerable genetic homogeneity throughout the study area, except for one of two population samples from offshore islands. Isolation by distance was indicated by increasing genetic distances and declining fixation indices with increasing geographical distance between collection sites. The population genetic homogeneity of a litter-dwelling organism lacking efficient means for active dispersal is interpreted as resulting from the recent postglacial recolonization of the study area from a single ice age refugial area, by the large effective population size of P. scaber, and by passive human-aided dispersal.
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Quevedo, Alexandre S., and Robert C. Coghill. "Filling-In, Spatial Summation, and Radiation of Pain: Evidence for a Neural Population Code in the Nociceptive System." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 6 (2009): 3544–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91350.2008.
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The receptive field organization of nociceptive neurons suggests that noxious information may be encoded by population-based mechanisms. Electrophysiological evidence of population coding mechanisms has remained limited. However, psychophysical studies examining interactions between multiple noxious stimuli can provide indirect evidence that neuron population recruitment can contribute to both spatial and intensity-related percepts of pain. In the present study, pairs of thermal stimuli (35°C/49°C or 49°C/49°C) were delivered at different distances on the leg (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 cm) and abdomen (within and across dermatomes) and subjects evaluated pain intensity and perceived spatial attributes of stimuli. Reports of perceived pain spreading to involve areas that were not stimulated (radiation of pain) were most frequent at 5- and 10-cm distances (χ2 = 34.107, P < 0.0001). Perceived connectivity between two noxious stimuli (filling-in) was influenced by the distance between stimuli (χ2 = 16.756, P < 0.01), with the greatest connectivity reported at 5- and 10-cm separation distances. Spatial summation of pain occurred over probe separation distances as large as 40 cm and six dermatomes ( P < 0.05), but was maximal at 5- and 10-cm separation distances. Taken together, all three of these phenomena suggest that interactions between recruited populations of neurons may support both spatial and intensity-related dimensions of the pain experience.
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Szulc, Adam Michał, and Elżbieta Sandurska. "Deaflympic Games 2017 vs. Olympic Games 2016 - male swimming competition, analysis of the age, reaction time, speed and final time." Acta kinesiologica 18, N4 2024 (2024): 12–19. https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2024.18.4.2.
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Purpose: The aim was to analyze the swimming performance of the world's best deaf male swimmers at the Deaflympic Games (2017) and male hearing swimmers at the Olympic Games (2016). Methods: To analysis at Deaflympic competition the results of 8 the best finalists in all strokes and distances were used (n=128 records). Olympic participants (n=312) were divided into two groups (a) 8 the best finalists in all swimming strokes and distances (b) outsiders – last 16 places (records) from the participation’s lists were used to compare. The age, start reaction time, average speed swimming and finish time of race in all strokes and distances were compared. The comparison of starting variables was made using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc test or, alternatively, the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: No statistically significant differences were found for age and start reaction time. Differences between deaf and best hearing swimmers were found for average speed swimming and final race time (all P< .001, except freestyle at the distance 50 m (P= .264)). Comparing deaf and last 16 places hearing swimmers’ significant values was found for: freestyle at distance 50 m and 1500 m (P= .009, P= .017), breaststroke at distance 100 m and 200 m (P= .038; P= .009), butterfly at 200 m (P=.006), individual medley at distance 200 m and 400 m (P= .011, P= .004). Conclusions: The results achieved by the best deaf swimmers placed them rather at the same level with the group of hearing swimmers with the worst times than with the group of hearing leaders. The results obtained by deaf swimmers confirm the necessity of separating competitions for deaf and hearing people due to health and organizational limitations. Include Deaf swimmers in hearing sports, they could reach the level of hearing swimmers. The analyses performed may be helpful in the training process and in setting sports goals.