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Journal articles on the topic 'PA6'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Fawwas Asrory, Fahriza, Seniola Sima Datuan, Anthonius Dhinar Hasto Wisnugroho, and Ramy Yahya. "ANALISIS RISIKO RANTAI PASOK MENGGUNAKAN METODE SUPPLY CHAIN OPERATION REFERENCE (SCOR) DAN HOUSE OF RISK (HOR) PADA RUMAH PRODUKSI BERAS SIUNG MAS PT BERAU COAL." Industri Inovatif : Jurnal Teknik Industri 14, no. 1 (April 11, 2024): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/industri.v14i1.8309.

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Rumah produksi Beras Siung Mas didirikan oleh Yayasan Dharma Bhakti Berau Coal dan menjadi unit bisnis yang dikelola oleh tim Community Enterprise Development (CED) sebagai upaya memberdayakan dan membangun kemandirian petani lokal di Kabupaten Berau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi risiko rantai pasok pada jaringan rantai pasok rumah produksi Beras Siung Mas. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi risiko menggunakan metode SCOR dan HOR diperoleh 20 kejadian risiko dan 27 sumber risiko dengan 4 sumber risiko prioritas yaitu: waktu proses pengeringan yang lama (A9), pengaruh cuaca (A4), penyimpanan gabah terlalu lama (A17) dan proses pengeringan yang kurang sempurna (A8). Ada 10 rekomendasi mitigasi risiko untuk menangani sumber risiko prioritas dan kemudian dilakukan perangkingan berdasarkan nilai Effectiveness to Difficulty (ETD) yaitu: dilakukan pengukuran kadar air untuk gabah (PA10), memperbanyak pembelian gabah kering siap giling dari petani (PA2), pembuatan Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) proses pengeringan gabah (PA9), melakukan pembalikan gabah secara berkala selama proses penjemuran (PA1), menerapkan sistem FIFO (First In First Out) (PA8), memberikan label tanggal masuk gabah ke gudang (PA7), memperbaiki tempat penjemuran gabah (PA3), menyediakan stok gabah siap giling (PA4), menerapkan manajemen pemilihan musim tanam yang tepat (PA5) dan penamahan tenaga kerja (PA6).
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2

Riskiana, Wulan, Moehamad Aman, and Affan Rifa'i. "Analisis Risiko Rantai Pasok Dengan House of Risk di PT. Petrogas Prima Service." Borobudur Engineering Review 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/benr.3165.

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Perkembangan manajemen rantai pasok menfokuskan pada kajian tentang efektifitas dan efisiensi aliran barang, sistem informasi dan aliran keuangan sehingga mencakup semua rantai pasok dengan semua pihak yang bersangkutan. Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam PT Petrogas Prima Services perusahaan repair tabung gas LPG volume 3 kg adalah keterlambatan kedatangan material. Pada pengiriman sealtape hanya 97,4% dari pemesanan, Pada pemesanan valve melebihi hari pengiriman dan pada saat distribusi terdapat kendala yang tidak bisa diprediksi. Oleh kerena itu, dibutuhkan manajemen rantai pasok untuk koordinasi dan mengelola aktifitas rantai pasok supaya proses produksi berjalan dengan baik dan tidak ada keterlambatan produksi maupun distribusi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis risiko pada aktivitas rantai pasok mengunakan metode House of Risk. Dari House of risk fase I menghasilkan 5 penyebab risiko dominan yaitu gangguan teknis (mesin tidak optimal), karyawan kurang teliti, perencanan kurang maksimal, babhan baku tidak sesuai dan system informasi yang tidak efektif. Melalui House of Risk Fase II dihasilkan 13 langkah aksi pencegahan yang direkomendasikan bagi perusahaan untuk mengurangi potensi kejadian risiko, yaitu melakukan pemeriksaan rutin (PA2), melakukan pencegahan (PA4), menyusun SOP perawatan (mesin/transportasi) (PA1), pembagian sift kerja yang sesuai (PA5), menejemen persediaan sperpart mesin (PA3), pengendalian bahan baku (PA11), pengadaan training (PA6), menyusun SOP pengadaan (inventory) dan supplier (PA8), meningkatkan pengelolaan terhadap menenjemen (PA9), menyusun alternative perencanaan (PA10), pelatihan (PA13), pemberian sangsi disiplin (PA7), dan dukungan software (PA12).
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Ferreira, P. B., P. R. N. Rorato, F. C. B. Mello, B. Bevilaqua, A. Macedo, and L. B. P. Brittes. "Egg production evaluation of laying hens by multivariate analysis." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 3 (June 2017): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8540.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the existence of differences between hens from the Barred Plymouth Rock (PRB) breed and White Plymouth Rock (PRW) breed by multivariate analysis of weekly egg production and cumulative during the years of 1998 and 2010, from the Laboratório de Avicultura (LAVIC) of the Departamento de Zootecnia at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). For the analysis of the univariate and multivariate variance, the experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (breed) and 299 repetitions of the PRW breed and 350 of the PRB breed. The parameters analyzed were the weekly productions of eggs per bird from the 21st to the 50th week of age (P21, P22, ..., P50) and production of eggs accumulated being from the 21st to the 25th (PA1), 21st to the 30th (PA2), 21st to the 35th (PA3), 21st to the 40th (PA4), 21st to the 45th (PA5) and 21st to 50th (PA6). Analyzes of univariate and multivariate variance were conducted and the comparison of means were made by "T" Student and Wilks respectively (P < 0, 05). Based on the results, an analysis of the principal components was performed with parameters PA1, PA2, PA4, PA5 and PA6. With the average egg production per family accumulated, a cluster analysis using Euclidean distance and single linkage method (nearest neighbors) was performed. The first two principal components meet the total variation in egg production accumulated from the 21st to 25th, 21st to 30th, 21st to 40th, 21st to 45th and 21st to 50th weeks of age. Most of the phenotypic variation of the layers can be explained by the production of eggs accumulated from the 21st until the 40th week of age, and this variable is highly correlated with total egg production. Families from the PRW and PRB breed form seven distinct groups, but homogeneous by the similarity between them. This allows direct crossings between different groups, in the pursuit for heterosis.
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4

McNelis, Jenna, Bree Gaffney, Haley Linder, Zachary Buessing, Jennifer E. Earing, Daniel W. Shike, Marion Bernardeau, and Joshua C. McCann. "212 The Effects of Propionibacterium Acidipropionici P169 in an in Vitro Ruminal Acidosis Model." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.169.

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Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of Propionibacterium acidipropionici P169 (PA) concentration on fermentation characteristics in a ruminal acidosis in vitro model. Ruminal acidosis is a common metabolic disorder in feedlot cattle characterized by a low rumen pH. The experiment included 5 treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments included a negative control (NCON), 5 × 105 colony forming units (CFU) PA (PA5), 5 × 106 CFU PA (PA6), 5 × 107 CFU PA (PA7), and a positive control with greater forage inclusion (PCON). Flasks for NCON, PA5, PA6, and PA7 contained 8.75 g of substrate (70% corn, 15% DDG, 15% silage) while substrate for PCON flasks contain additional silage (40% corn, 15% DDG, 45% silage). Treatments were run in duplicate and the experiment was replicated 3 times. All flasks included 175 mL of inoculum (4 McDougall’s buffer:1 rumen fluid). Flasks were incubated at 39◦C for 36 hours and sample aliquots were collected every 4 hours. The MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 was used for statistical analysis with a repeated measures analysis. A treatment by hour interaction (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for pH; at hour 8, PCON was the least and PA5 was the greatest. From 20 to 36 h, PCON had the greatest pH. There was no treatment by hour interaction (P = 0.99) observed for redox potential. However, treatment affected (P &lt; 0.01) redox potential with PCON being greater than PA6, PA7, and NCON, with PA5 being intermediate. In vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) tended (P = 0.09) to be affected by treatment; PA5, PA6, and PA7 were greater than PCON. In conclusion, Propionibacterium acidipropionici P169 concentrations affected IVDMD, pH, and redox in a ruminal acidosis in vitro model.
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Zhang, Yajing, Mingda Wang, Di Zhang, Yibing Wang, Li Wang, Yongjun Qiu, Liquan Wang, Tao Chen, and Liming Zhao. "Crystallization and Performance of Polyamide Blends Comprising Polyamide 4, Polyamide 6, and Their Copolymers." Polymers 15, no. 16 (August 14, 2023): 3399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15163399.

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Polyamide 4 (PA4) is a biobased and biodegradable polyamide. The high hydrogen bond density of PA4 bestows it with a high melting point that is close to its thermal decomposition temperature, thereby limiting the melt processing of PA4. In this study, PA4 was blended with polyamide 6 (PA6) and further modified with copolyamide 4/6 (R46). The effects of composition on the crystallization behavior of the blends were studied. The results demonstrated that the binary PA4/PA6 (B46) and ternary PA4/PA6/R46 (B46/R46) blends formed two crystalline phases (PA4- and PA6-rich phases) through crystallization-induced phase separation. With increasing PA6 content, the thermal stability and crystallinity of the B46 blend increased and decreased, respectively, and the contribution of PA6 toward the crystallization of the PA4-rich phase diminished. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the molecular chain orientation of the B46 blends well. The melting points, crystallinities, and grain sizes of the B46/R46 blends were lower than those of the B46 blends. The crystallization of the PA4-rich phase was restrained by the dilution effect of molten-state PA6, and the nucleation and crystallization of the PA6-rich phase were promoted by the presence of crystallized PA4. The B46 blends with 30–40 wt% PA6 had the best mechanical properties.
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Krause, Beate, Lisa Kroschwald, and Petra Pötschke. "The Influence of the Blend Ratio in PA6/PA66/MWCNT Blend Composites on the Electrical and Thermal Properties." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010122.

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It is known that the percolation threshold of polyamide 6 (PA6)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites is higher than that of PA66/MWCNT composites under the same mixing conditions and melt viscosity. A series of blends of PA6 and PA66 containing 1 wt % MWCNTs have been prepared to investigate this phenomenon. At contents up to 20 wt % PA66, the blends were not electrically conductive. The electrical resistivity dropped to 109 Ohm∙cm for PA66/PA6 30/70 blends. The resistivity was 105 Ohm∙cm at higher PA66 contents. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermal behavior of blends. The glass transition temperature was almost constant for all blend compositions, indicating that the amorphous phases are miscible. The MWCNT addition influenced the crystallization of PA66 much more than the PA6 crystallization. A heterogeneous crystallization of the polyamide in PA66/PA6 blends took place, and the MWCNTs were mainly localized in the earlier crystallizing PA66 phase. Thus, the formation of the nanotube network and thus the electrical volume resistivity of the PA6/PA66 blends with 1 wt % MWCNTs is significantly influenced by the crystallization behavior. In PA66/PA6 blends up to 60 wt %, the more expensive PA66 can be replaced by the cheaper PA6 while retaining its electrical properties.
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7

Kaushal, Bindiya, Salbi Paul, and F. Marion Hulett. "Direct Regulation of Bacillus subtilis phoPR Transcription by Transition State Regulator ScoC." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 12 (April 9, 2010): 3103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00089-10.

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ABSTRACT Induction of the Pho response in Bacillus subtilis occurs when the Pi concentrations in the growth medium fall below 0.1 mM, a condition which results in slowed cellular growth followed by entry into stationary phase. The phoPR promoter region contains three σA-responsive promoters; only promoter PA4 is PhoP autoregulated. Expression of the phoPR operon is postexponential, suggesting the possibility of a repressor role for a transition-state-regulatory protein(s). Expression of a phoPR promoter-lacZ fusion in a scoC loss-of-function mutant strain grown in low-phosphate defined medium was significantly higher than expression in the wild-type strain during exponential growth or stationary phase. Derepression in the scoC strain from a phoP promoter fusion containing a mutation in the CcpA binding site (cre1) was further elevated approximately 1.4-fold, indicating that the repressor effects of ScoC and CcpA on phoP expression were cumulative. DNase I footprinting showed protection of putative binding sites by ScoC, which included the −10 and/or −35 elements of five (PB1, PE2, PA3, PA4, and PA6) of the six promoters within the phoPR promoter region. PA6 was expressed in vivo from the phoP cre1 promoter fusion in both wild-type and scoC strains. Evidence for ScoC repression in vivo was shown by primer extension for PA4 and PA3 from the wild-type promoter and for PA4 and PE2 from the phoP cre1 promoter. The latter may reflect ScoC repression of sporulation that indirectly affects phoPR transcription. ScoC was shown to repress PA6, PA4, PE2, and PB1 in vitro.
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Vasanthan, N. "Determination of Molecular Orientation of Uniaxially Stretched Polyamide Fibers by Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy: Comparison of X-Ray Diffraction and Birefringence Methods." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 7 (July 2005): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702054411715.

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Polarized infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been used to determine the crystalline and amorphous orientation of polyamide fibers. The transition moment angle of the band at 936 cm−1 of PA66 was determined to be 48° using IR spectroscopy and birefringence measurement. The crystalline orientation of PA66 fibers was estimated from the band at 936 cm−1 while the amorphous orientation of PA66 fibers was obtained by an indirect method. The α crystalline orientation of PA6 has been obtained using the band at 930 cm−1 and the amorphous orientation of PA6 has been determined using the band at 1124 cm−1. Crystalline orientation increased rapidly at low draw ratios (DR < 3) and increased slowly at higher draw ratios (DR > 3) for both PA66 and PA6 fibers, while the amorphous orientation increased slowly throughout the whole extension range for PA66 fibers. A good correlation was found between the crystalline orientation values obtained by infrared spectroscopy and other methods such as X-ray diffraction for PA66 and PA6 fibers. On the basis of this observation, it has been concluded that polarized infrared spectroscopy can be used reliably to measure the orientation of polyamide fibers without combining with other techniques.
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Xu, Bao Feng, Zhi Dan Lin, Jiang Ming Chen, and Jun Lin. "Preparation and Characterization of GNP/Nylon Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.339.

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Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and nylon (PA) have been often used as thermal filler and matrix and respectively to produce composites. In this work, PA6/PA66/GNP thermal composites were prepared via a melt blending method. Mechanical properties, morphology, and thermal properties of PA6/PA66/GNP composites were investigated. Because the GNP is very expensive, we investigated to use Al2O3 and graphite and examined the characteristics of the prepared composites. Thermal conductivity values of PA6/PA66/GNP composites remarkably increased with increase of GNP contents mainly via layered dispersion in nylon matrix. The thermal conductivity of composite containing 50 wt % of GNP was measured as 5.03 W·m–1·K–1 at 30 °C, indicating an increase of more than 15 times compared with that of the neat PA6. When the Al2O3 was replaced for GNP, the thermal conductivity of composites decreased, but the mechanical properties improved. When graphite was used to replace for GNP, thermal conductivity basically remained unchanged but mechanical properties decreased.
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Oliveira, Maria do Socorro Padilha de, Márcia Motta Maués, and Maura Anjos de Andrade Kalume. "Viabilidade de pólen in vivo e in vitro em genótipos de açaizeiro." Acta Botanica Brasilica 15, no. 1 (April 2001): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062001000100004.

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Determinou-se a viabilidade de pólen in vivo e in vitro em 20 genótipos de açaizeiro, da coleção de germoplasma da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Os grãos de pólen in vivo foram retirados de botão floral (BF) e de flor recém-aberta (FA) e os in vitro de ampolas armazenadas em freezer (-10ºC), com período de armazenamento (PA) de um (PA1), três (PA3), seis (PA6) e doze (PA12) meses. Utilizou-se a solução de Baker, sendo foi retirada uma amostra para cada estádio. Calculou-se a taxa de viabilidade pela contagem de, aproximadamente, 500 grãos de pólen. Pólen in vivo, na maioria dos genótipos exibiram alta viabilidade com médias de 84,8% para botões e 93,2% para flores recém-abertas, sendo as melhores taxas registradas nos genótipos 3 e 19. Para pólen in vitro, os genótipos apresentaram redução na viabilidade com o aumento do período de armazenamento (PA1: 79,6%, PA3: 77,4%, PA6: 74,1% e PA12: 61,3%) mas o armazenamento não foi prejudicial, pois grande parte dos genótipos alcançaram valores acima de 50%, destacando-se os genótipos 3 e 9 com as maiores percentagens. Portanto, pode-se considerar que, nos genótipos testados, pólen in vivo têm alta viabilidade e os in vitro devem ser usados em polinizações controladas sem prejuízos na fecundação, em até doze meses de conservação.
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Gonçalves, Joel, Jorge Fernandez dos Santos, Leonardo Bresciani Canto, and Sergio de Traglia Amancio Filho. "Aperfeiçoamento da técnica de Soldagem Pontual por Fricção (FSpW) para união de poliamida 6 e laminado de poliamida 66 com fibra de carbono." Soldagem & Inspeção 19, no. 1 (March 2014): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-92242014000100004.

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A Soldagem Pontual por Fricção ('Friction Spot Welding - FSpW') é uma técnica inovadora que foi desenvolvida e patenteada em 2005 pelo centro de pesquisa alemão Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG). A técnica apresenta ciclos rápidos, baixo custo operacional e gera soldas com alto desempenho mecânico. Foi inicialmente projetada para a soldagem de ligas metálicas leves. A soldagem de polímeros é alvo de pesquisas recentes e a soldagem de compósitos poliméricos por FSpW ainda é inédita. Este estudo demonstrou a viabilidade técnica da soldagem de chapa de poliamida 6 (PA6) e laminado de poliamida 66 e fibra de carbono (CF-PA66) por FSpW. O histórico térmico, o acabamento superficial, a microestrutura da região da solda e a resistência mecânica ao cisalhamento de juntas sobrepostas PA6/CF-PA66 foram investigados. O aumento do tamanho do anel de fixação da ferramenta original, projetada para a soldagem de metais, possibilitou a seleção de parâmetros de soldagem que resultaram em grande aporte térmico, resultando no aumento da área soldada, num menor entalhe (inscrição) deixado pela ferramenta na amostra, produzindo melhoria no acabamento superficial da solda. Essa otimização resultou em uma junta PA6/CF-PA66 com resistência ao cisalhamento de 35 MPa (2196 N), com fratura predominante na placa superior de PA6.
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Low, Hoi Pang, Maria A. M. Santos, Benjamin Wizel, and Rick L. Tarleton. "Amastigote Surface Proteins of Trypanosoma cruzi Are Targets for CD8+ CTL." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 4 (February 15, 1998): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1817.

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Abstract Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi express surface proteins that, when released into the host cell cytoplasm, are processed and presented on the surface of infected cells in the context of MHC class I molecules to be recognized by CD8+ CTL. To further understand the role of CTL in T. cruzi infection, we used the available MHC class I peptide binding motifs to identify potential CTL target epitopes in two recently described T. cruzi amastigote surface proteins, ASP-1 and ASP-2. The predicted amino acid sequences of ASP-1 and ASP-2 were screened for H-2b allele-specific class I peptide motifs, and four peptides (PA11, PA12, PA13, and PA14) and six peptides (PA5, PA6, PA7, PA8, PA9, and PA10) were synthesized from ASP-1 and ASP-2, respectively. The majority of the peptides bound to some degree to H-2b class I MHC molecules, and six of 10 of the peptides stimulated spleen cells from T. cruzi-infected mice to lyse target cells sensitized with the homologous peptides. Short term T cell lines specific for three of these peptides also lysed T. cruzi-infected target cells. These results demonstrate that ASP-1 and ASP-2 are targets of in vivo generated CTLs and that this CTL response induced by T. cruzi infection is parasite and peptide specific, MHC restricted, and CD8 dependent.
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Zhong, Yingying, Qibei Bao, Lifeng Yuan, Jiawen Liu, Yan Cai, and Xianfeng Chen. "Analysis of Microplastics in Aquatic Shellfish by Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry after Alkali Digestion and Solvent Extraction." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2022): 3888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183888.

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Microplastics are harmful to both marine life and humans. Herein, a pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique for the detection of microplastics in aquatic shellfish is demonstrated. The organic matter in aquatic shellfish was removed by alkali digestion. Subsequently, using hexafluoroisopropanol as the extraction solvent, the extraction method was optimized. The influence of the digestion process on the nature of microplastics was investigated by analyzing the samples before and after the alkali treatment via infrared spectrometry, laser particle sizing, and scanning electron microscopy. Spiked recovery experiments and an analysis of actual samples were performed using PA6 and PA66 as analytes. A quantitative analysis of the characteristic ion fragment produced by high-temperature cracking was performed after chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry identification. The linear range of this method for PA6 and PA66 was 2–64 μg. The limits of detection of PA6 and PA66 were 0.2 and 0.6 μg, while the limits of quantitation were 0.6 and 2.0 μg, respectively. Recovery ranged from 74.4 to 101.62%, with a precision of 4.53–7.56%. The results suggest that the Py-GC/MS technique is suitable for the analysis and detection of trace microplastics in aquatic shellfish.
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Wang, Juan, Jianping Qiu, Siyi Xu, Jianxi Li, and Liguo Shen. "Electron beam irradiation influencing the mechanical properties and water absorption of polycaprolactam (PA6) and polyhexamethylene adipamide (PA66)." RSC Advances 10, no. 36 (2020): 21481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03673k.

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Lijuan, Long, He Wentao, Li Juan, Xiang Yushu, Qin Shuhao, and Yu Jie. "Effects of AP and AP-ethyl on the properties of PA6." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 12 (December 28, 2017): 1609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717743289.

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In this work, the effects of inorganic phosphinate flame retardant of aluminum hypophosphite (AP) and organic phosphinate flame retardant of ethyl substituted phosphinates (AP-ethyl) on the thermal degradation, flame performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) were investigated. Scanning electron micrograph showed AP with the shape of bulk and the mean size of 8 μm while AP-ethyl with irregular shape and the mean size of 30 μm. Thermal analysis indicated that the thermal degradation behavior of flame-retardant PA6 was different from pure PA6. Moreover, the cone calorimeter test results revealed that peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PA6/AP (85/15) and PA6/AP-ethyl (85/15) decreased by 51% and 64%, respectively, compared with pure PA6. Furthermore, pure PA6 showed ductile stress–strain curve with the tensile strength of 54.8 MPa. However, PA6/AP and PA6/AP-ethyl displayed brittle stress–strain curve and their tensile strength decreased to 52.3 and 47.1 MPa, respectively. In addition, pure PA6 showed a glossy and tough fracture surface morphology. The rough fracture surface morphologies for PA6/AP and PA6/AP-ethyl were observed, and the interface of PA6/AP was more obscure than that of PA6/AP-ethyl. Consequently, the small particle size of AP had a more uniform dispersion in PA6 matrix.
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Li, Ya, Yuqin Wan, Yan Zhang, Ji-Huan He, and Ping Wang. "Bubbfil electrospinning of PA66/Cu nanofibers." Thermal Science 20, no. 3 (2016): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1603993l.

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Different PA66/Cu nanofibers were prepared under various electrospinning parameters through bubbfil electrospinning. The process parameters were determined. Cuprum particles with different size were added to PA66 solution to produce PA6/66-Cu composite nanofibers. The influence of cuprum nanoparticle size on the PA66 nanofibers was analyzed.
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Agrawal, Pankaj, Edcleide M. Araújo, and Tomás J. A. de Mélo. "Desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos a partir de blendas com matriz de PA6." Polímeros 21, no. 5 (November 23, 2011): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-14282011005000062.

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Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos nanocompósitos de polímero/argila a partir de blendas com matriz de PA6. Inicialmente foi avaliado por reometria de torque a reatividade dos copolímeros funcionais PEgAA, PEgMA e EG com a PA6 e a influência destes no sistema PA6/argila. Os ensaios de reometria de torque mostraram que o copolímero PEgAA foi o que apresentou maior reatividade com a PA6. Já nos sistemas de PA6/Argila, o copolímero EG foi o que apresentou a maior interação com o sistema PA6/argila corroborado pelo aumento do torque em função do tempo. Os nanocompósitos foram caracterizados por Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), propriedades mecânicas e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Os resultados de DRX indicaram que o sistema PA6/CL20A apresentou estrutura intercalada enquanto que os sistemas PA6/EG/CL20A apresentaram estrutura parcialmente esfoliada. Os ensaios de DRX e DSC indicaram que no sistema PA6/EG/CL20A onde a argila foi pré-intercalada na PA6, a mesma ficou localizada na fase de PA6 enquanto que no sistema onde a argila foi pré-intercalada no copolímero EG a mesma ficou localizada na fase de EG. O sistema PA6/EG/CL20A onde a argila foi pré-intercalada na PA6 apresentou propriedades de módulo e resistência ao impacto balanceadas quando comparadas às da PA6. Os ensaios de MEV indicaram que a argila está bem dispersa nos sistemas PA6/CL20A e PA6/EG/CL20A.
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Hirai, Takayuki, Kenzo Fukumori, Taiji Ikawa, and Tetsuya Oda. "Polyamide 6 and high molecular weight phenol novolac blend having excellent mechanical properties in humid conditions." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 6 (June 10, 2018): 778–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718780195.

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Polymer blends of polyamide 6 (PA6) and phenol novolac (PN) were prepared by melt mixing. Up to 30 wt% of high molecular weight PN (HPN) or low molecular weight PN (LPN) was blended with PA6, and the physical and mechanical properties were examined. The water absorption of PA6 is inhibited by PN, and this effect is independent of the molecular weight of PN. PA6 and PN are miscible, and their blends show a single glass transition temperature ( T g) that is higher than that of PA6. HPN can enhance the T g of PA6 more efficiently than LPN because of its high T g. PA6 and the PA6/LPN blend after immersion in water had lower-than-room-temperature T gs transitioning to rubbery states. In contrast, the PA6/HPN blend after immersion in water had a higher-than-room-temperature T g. The PA6/HPN blend in water has excellent mechanical properties in its glassy state compared to those of PA6 in the dry state. Thus, the PA6/HPN blend can be used to broaden the applications of PA6, especially in humid conditions.
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Ma, Yanan, Tao Zhou, Gehong Su, Yan Li, and Aiming Zhang. "Understanding the crystallization behavior of polyamide 6/polyamide 66 alloys from the perspective of hydrogen bonds: projection moving-window 2D correlation FTIR spectroscopy and the enthalpy." RSC Advances 6, no. 90 (2016): 87405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra09611e.

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Fang, Wenxiang, Guixue Liang, Jiang Li, and Shaoyun Guo. "Microporous Formation Mechanism of Biaxial Stretching PA6/PP Membranes with High Porosity and Uniform Pore Size Distribution." Polymers 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112291.

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The low porosity and wide pore size distribution of biaxial stretching PP microporous membranes continue to be the primary impediments to their industrial application. To solve this problem, there is a critical and urgent need to study the micropore-forming mechanism of PP membranes. In this research, the interfacial micropore formation mechanism of PA6/PP membranes during biaxial stretching was investigated. PA6/PP membranes containing spherical PA6 and fibrillar PA6 were found to exhibit different interfacial micropore formation mechanisms. Numerous micropores were generated in the PA6/PP membranes, containing PA6 spherical particles via the interface separation between the PP matrix and PA6 spherical particles during longitudinal stretching. Subsequent transverse stretching further expanded the two-phase interface, promoting the breakdown and fibrosis of the PP matrix and forming a spider-web-like microporous structure centered on spherical PA6 particles. In PA6/PP membranes with PA6 fibers, fewer micropores were generated during longitudinal stretching, but the subsequent transverse stretching violently separated the PA6 fibers, resulting in a dense fiber network composed of PA6 fibers interwoven with PP fibers. Crucially, the PA6/PP biaxial stretching of microporous membranes presented an optimized pore structure, higher porosity, narrower pore size distribution, and better permeability than β-PP membranes. Furthermore, this study explored a new approach to the fabrication of high-performance PA6/PP microporous membranes, with good prospects for potential industrial application.
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Shi, Yu Kun, Jin Long Xu, Song Lin Wang, Sheng Lin Yang, Jun Hong Jin, and Guang Li. "Effect of Copoly(Ester-Amide 6)(PET-PA6) on Compatibility of PET/PA6 Blended Fibers." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.709.

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Significant improvement of compatibility in PET/PA6 blends is essential to obtain fibers having enough mechanical strength as well as the comprehensive performance. In this article, copoly (ester-amide 6) was used as compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of PET and PA6. Three copoly (ester-amide 6) s with 5, 10% content of PA6 were prepared by co-polymerization from PTA , EG, as well as PA6 or caprolactam (A6), i.e. polyamide was incorporated both in the form of polymer and monomer, respectively. The sequence length of PET in the copoly (ester-amide 6) s is 33.4, 16.5 and 38.4 for PET-PA6-5%, PET-PA6-10% and PET-A6-5%, respectively, calculated by 13C NMR. Then PET/PA6 blend fibers were fabricated by melting spinning of PET and PA6 with 20 %wt addition of PET-PA6-5%, PET-PA6-10% and PET-A6-5%, respectively, to explore the effect of copoly (ester-amide 6) s on compatibility of PET/PA6 blend fibers, where the mass ratio of PET and PA6 is 85/15. DSC results show that the crystallization peaks of PET and PA6 during cooling from the blend melt become adjacent each other with increasing addition of copoly (ester-amide 6) s, even forming fused crystallization of them. It was found from SEM that the size of PA6 phase decreased and the phase boundary became indistinct due to the presence of copoly (ester-amide 6) s. Further more, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of PET and PA6 closed to each other based on DMA result. Among these three copoly (ester-amide 6) s, PET-A6-5% display the best effect on the compatibility of PET and PA6 blend fiber, suggesting copoly (ester-amide 6) s could play important role in raise the compatibility of PET and PA6 blend.
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Xu, Li Li, Yu Hao Deng, Ye Wang, Chang Hua Liu, and Sheng Peng Liu. "In Situ Polymerization Approach to Magnesium Hydroxide-Reinforced PA6 Composites." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.457.

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Polyamide 6 (PA6)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) nanoparticles composites have been prepared by in situ polymerization of ε-caprolactam in the presence of pristine MH and γ-aminopropyl-triethoxysilan ( KH550 ) grafted MHs (MMH). Compared with pure PA6, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PA6/MH and PA6/MMH composites shown obvious increasement and attain maximum at loading of 3 wt% MHs. The tensile strength and elongations at break of PA6/MMH composites exhibited notably enhancement contrast with that of PA6/MH composites. Comparing with PA6/MH composites, the izod impact strength of PA6/MMH composites were also improved. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shown that MMH particles were homogeneous dispersed in PA6 matrix due to the surface modification of grafting KH550.
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23

Wei, Wei, Jen Taut Yeh, and Liang Qiu. "The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Polyamide 6 Electrospun Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.809.

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The effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on polyamide 6 (PA6) electrospun fibers were investigated on this study. The interaction between CaCl2 and PA6 could affect the crystaline of PA6. XRD, DSC and FTIR revealed that the crystaline of PA6 reduced with increasing CaCl2. Moreover, the addition of CaCl2 could modify PA6 spinning solution properties, i.e., conductivity, surface tension and viscosity. The interaction between CaCl2 and PA6 has an important influence on morphological appearance and sizes of the resulting PA6 electrospun fibers.
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24

Li, Li Li, Zhi Hao Wu, Shuai Shuai Jiang, Tian Ze Wu, Shou Yang Lu, Bin Sun, and Mei Fang Zhu. "Study on the Properties of Melamine Cyanurate Modified Polyamide 6 Nanocomposites with Different Dimensional Siliciferous Particles." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.169.

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Different dimensional siliciferous particles including silica (0D), halloysite nanotubes (HNTs,1D) and montmorillonite (MMT,2D) were melt blending with certain amount of melamine cyanurate and polyamide 6(PA6) by a twin-screw extruder. Characterization of the PA6 composites has been investigated using scan electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), universal testing machine and limiting oxygen index instrument. SEM images indicate that the nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the PA6 but there was some aggregation of MCA in the composites. The incorporation of silica exerted a negative effect on the flame retardancy of PA6/MCA composite, whereas adding HNTs and MMT lead to the improvements of LOI value of 30.4 and 30.9 respectively. TGA results show that PA6/MCA/silica, PA6/MCA/HNTs and PA6/MCA/OMMT exhibit two degradation stages. Higher Tmax1 and Tmax2 appeared comparing with PA6/MCA. Char residue of PA6/MCA/OMMT at 600°C were elevated most. HNTs and OMMT can increase the tensile strength and elongation of PA6/MCA by universal testing machine results, even higher than pure PA6, showing enhanced effects of these 1D and 2D fillers. These could enhance strength of the char and finally increase the flame retardancy of PA6.
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Zhang, Tao, and Ho-Jong Kang. "Enhancement of the Processability and Properties of Nylon 6 by Blending with Polyketone." Polymers 13, no. 19 (October 3, 2021): 3403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193403.

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Polyketones (PKs) having strong hydrogen bonding properties and a chain extender are used as additives in the melt processing of nylon 6 (PA6). Their effect on the chain structure and properties of PA6 is studied to enhance the processability of PA6 in melt processing. The addition of the chain extender to PA6 increases the melt viscosity by forming branches on the backbone. The addition of PKs results in an additional increase in viscosity through the hydrogen bonding between N–H of PA6 and C=O of PK. The change in the N–H bond FT-IR peak of PA6 and the swelling data of the PA6/PK blend containing a chain extender, styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (ADR), suggest that incorporation of chain extender and PK in the melt processing of PA6 results in physical crosslinks through hydrogen bonding between the branched PA6 formed by the addition of chain extender and PK chains. This change in the chain structure of PA6 not only increases the melt strength of PA6 but also increases randomness resulting in decreased crystallinity.
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Wu, Hai Xia, Shui Qing Jiang, Hai Rong Cui, and Jie Yuan Cui. "Maleic Anhydride Grafted Modified PA6 as Compatilizer Preparation of PLA/PA6 Blend." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.284.

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This thesis is mainly about modifying PLA with PA6 as compatilizer and blending PLA with PA6. The alloying of PLA and PA6 can change the original fragility and mutability of PLA, and therefore improve its mechanical property. The blending of PLA into PA6 decreases the water absorbability and light resistance of PA6. Since PLA is of high cost, the blending of PA6 can lower the cost.
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27

Chen, Yi, Wei Jian Xu, Guang Sheng Zeng, Xiao Hong Zeng, Wen Yong Liu, and Yu Gang Huang. "Preparation and Properties Research of PA6/PLA Blends Toughening Modified by TPU." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.278.

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Polyamide 6/Poly(lactic acid) (PA6/PLA) blends introduce the degradability of PLA to high performance PA6, but the bad toughness of both PA6 and PLA limits the application of blends. Aiming at this deficiency, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was used as an additive for modifying the toughness of PA6/PLA blends. PA6/PLA/TPU blends at various compositions were prepared by melt blending, the effects of blend compositions on the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of blends were investigated. The results showed that the addition of TPU improves the compatibilization between PA6 and PLA and makes the blends show more obvious plastic fracture behavior than PA6/PLA.When the content of PLA in PA6/PLA increases, the impact and tensile strength of blends decrease slightly with the intense decrease of the elongation at break, adding TPU into PA6/PLA blends strengthens the toughness of blends, but the tensile strength of blends decreases. Moreover, the crystallinity of PA6 /PLA blend is hampered by TPU.
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28

Pesetskii, Stepan S., and Yuri M. Krivoguz. "BLENDS OF ALIPHATIC POLYAMIDES WITH FUNCTIONALIZED POLYOLEFINS: INTERPHASE INTERACTIONS, FEATURES OF THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF MELTS, STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 62, no. 4 (September 13, 2018): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2018-62-4-480-487.

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The effect of addition of functionalized polyolefins (fPO) in an amount of 28 wt. % – mixtures of polyethylene and copolymer of ethylene with higher olefin containing 0.43 and 0.77 wt. % grafted monomer having two carboxyl groups in its composition – to aliphatic polyamides PA6 and PA66 on the structural features, the rheological behavior of melts and the mechanical properties of mixed materials was investigated. The materials studied were prepared by reactive mixing of the components in a melt in an extrusion reactor. It is shown that mixtures of PA66/fPO are characterized by more significant changes in the characteristics under analysis compared with those based on PA6 when the concentration of a grafted monomer is varied. An abnormally sharp increase (by more than two decimal orders) of the melt viscosity of a mixture of PA66 with fPO containing 0.77 wt. % of the grafted monomer, compared with the viscosity of initial PA66, is due to the specificity of the interphase interactions in the mixtures.
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29

Zhang, Xuewei, Renbo Ma, Jiang Liu, and Wei Wu. "Morphology and electrical properties of polypropylene/polyamide 6/glass fiber composites with low carbon black loading." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 9 (September 25, 2019): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0024.

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Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the electrically conductive properties and percolation thresholds of carbon black (CB)-filled polypropylene (PP)/glass fiber (GF), PP/polyamide 6 (PA6), and PP/PA6/GF composites. Compared to CB-filled PP/GF and PP/PA6 composites, PP/PA6/GF/CB composites exhibited a reduction of the percolation threshold. Under the same CB loading, the surface resistivity of PP/PA6/GF/CB composites was much lower, indicating a better conductivity. According to the morphology images characterized by transmission electron microscopy, CB was preferentially located in the PA6 phase due to the good interaction between CB and PA6 and the lower viscosity of PA6. The addition of GF formed a PA6-coated GF structure. This structure with a relatively long diameter can effectively assist the construction of conductive paths. Meanwhile, GF also played a volume-occupying role and improved the effective concentration of the conductive component in the system. The influences of GF and PA6 mass fraction on the surface resistivity of PP/PA6/GF/CB composites were also explored, respectively. It was found that appropriate amounts of GF and PA6 could effectively increase the electrical conductivity, providing guidance for fabricating an antistatic or conductive material with high comprehensive performance.
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30

Kuram, Emel, Levent Sarac, Babur Ozcelik, and Faruk Yilmaz. "Mechanical, chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of recycled PA6/ABS binary and PA6/PA66/ABS ternary blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 18 (April 22, 2014): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.40810.

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31

Run, Ming Tao, Wen Zhou, Bing Tao Xing, and Meng Yao. "Crystal Morphology and Thermal Properties of PA6/PP-g-MAH/POE Blends." Advanced Materials Research 366 (October 2011): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.366.314.

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The crystal morphology and thermal properties of the PA6/PP-g-MAH/POE blends prepared by twin-screw extruder were studied by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) respectively. The results suggest that the crystal morphology of PA6 is acicular crystal while PP-g-MAH is micro-spherulites; The acicular crystals form across POE phase to PA6 phase, and the acicular crystals of PA6 in the POE phase have better regularity in dimension than those in amorphous PA6 phase. Acting as a compatibilizer, PP-g-MAH improves the miscibility of PA6 and POE, leading to the glass transition temperature of the blends decreases gradually with increasing POE contents. PA6 and PP-g-MAH can crystallize individually, and the formed PA6 crystals induced the crystallization of PP-g-MAH at higher temperature; furthermore, PP-g-MAH and POE components can increase the crystallization rate of PA6.
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32

Li, Yuanyuan, Yunzhi Lin, Kai Sha, and Ru Xiao. "Preparation and characterizations of flame retardant melamine cyanurate/polyamide 6 composite fibers via in situ polymerization." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 5 (August 20, 2016): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516632478.

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To improve the flame retardancy of polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers, melamine cyanurate (MCA)/PA6 composites were synthesized via in situ polymerization of ɛ-caprolactam in the presence of adipic acid-melamine salt and cyanuric acid-hexane diamine salt. The flame retardant MCA/PA6 composite fibers were prepared by melt spinning. The structure and properties of MCA/PA6 composites and MCA/PA6 composite fibers were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, tensile tests, vertical burning tests (UL94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. Experimental results indicated that the MCA/PA6 composites loaded with 8 wt% of additives can achieve UL94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 29.3%. The tenacity at break of PA6 fiber decreased from 4.85 to 3.11 cN·dtex–1 for MCA/PA6-8 composite fiber. However, the MCA/PA6 composite fibers can effectively suppress the propagation of flame in fabric. This means that the in situ polymerization approach paves the way for the preparation of MCA/PA6 composites that have good spinnability and flame retardancy.
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33

ÜNAL, Hüseyin, Salih Hakan YETGİN, and Mustafa GÜLEŞEN. "Friction and Wear Behavior of Polyamide-6 Polymer and Mica and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide-6 Polymer Composites against Poly-phenylene-Sulfide Polymer Composite." International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 35, no. 4 (November 10, 2023): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7240/jeps.1289110.

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Bu çalışmada, katkısız Poliamit (PA6) polimeri ile ağırlık olarak %20 oranında mika katkılı Poliamit 6 (PA6/20M) ve %20 oranında mika/%10 oranında cam elyaf (CE) katkılı Poliamit 6 (PA6/20M/10CE) kompozitlerin tribolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Kompozit granül üretimi için önce çift vidalı ekstruder kullanılmış, test numuneleri üretimi için ise enjeksiyon makinası kullanılmıştır. Aşınma ve sürtünme testleri kuru ortam şartları altında %40 kısa cam elyaf takviyeli Poli-fenilen-Sülfit (PPS/40CE) kompozit diskine karşı yapılmıştır. Aşınma deneyleri pim-disk aşınma test cihazı kullanılarak oda sıcaklığında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Triboloji deneylerinde üç farklı yük (10-20-30 N) ve 0.5m/s sabit kayma hızı kullanılmıştır. Çalışma şartları alrındaki malzemelerin sürtünme katsayısı ve aşınma hacmi değişimi belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda uygulanan yükün artması ile katkısız PA6 polimeri ile PA6/20M ve PA6/20M/10CE kompozitlerinin sürtünme katsayısı sırasıyla %25.2, %29.6 ve %15.2 oranlarında artış göstermiştir. PA6 polimeri ilave edilen %20 oranındaki mika katkısı sürtünme katsayısını %33.0 oranında artırmıştır. PA6/20M kompozitine ilave edilen %10 oranındaki cam elyaf ise sürtünme katsayısını %86.1 oranında azaltmıştır. Uygulanan yükün artırılması ile katkısız PA6 polimerinin aşınma hacmi %200 oranında artarken PA6/20M kompozitinde %291.3 oranında artmıştır. Buna ilaveten PA6/20M/10CE hibrit kompoziti ise %371.4 oranında artmıştır. Deneyler sonucunda en az aşınma hacmi diğer kombinasyonlarla kıyaslandığında minimum %20 oranında PA6/20M-10CE/PPS-40CE kombinasyonunda elde edilmiştir.
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Ben Amor, Ichrak, Olga Klinkova, Mouna Baklouti, Riadh Elleuch, and Imad Tawfiq. "Mechanical Recycling and Its Effects on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polyamides." Polymers 15, no. 23 (November 28, 2023): 4561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15234561.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of mechanical recycling on the physical and mechanical properties of recycled polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66) in relation to their microstructures. Both PA6 and PA66 raw materials were reprocessed six times, and the changes in their properties were investigated as a function of recycling number. Until the sixth round of recycling, slight changes in the mechanical properties were detected, except for the percentage of elongation. For the physical properties, the change in both flexural strength and Young’s modulus followed a decreasing trend, while the trend in terms of elongation showed an increase. Microscopic analysis was performed on virgin and recycled specimens, showing that imperfections in the crystalline regions of polyamide 6 increased as the number of cycles increased.
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Zaldua, Maiz, de la Calle, García-Arrieta, Elizetxea, Harismendy, Tercjak, and Müller. "Nucleation and Crystallization of PA6 Composites Prepared by T-RTM: Effects of Carbon and Glass Fiber Loading." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101680.

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Thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM) is attracting much attention due to the need for recyclable alternatives to thermoset materials. In this work, we have prepared polyamide-6 (PA6) and PA6/fiber composites by T-RTM of caprolactam. Glass and carbon fibers were employed in a fixed amount of 60 and 47 wt.%, respectively. Neat PA6 and PA6 matrices (of PA6-GF and PA6-CF) of approximately 200 kg/mol were obtained with conversion ratios exceeding 95%. Both carbon fibers (CF) and glass fibers (GF) were able to nucleate PA6, with efficiencies of 44% and 26%, respectively. The α crystal polymorph of PA6 was present in all samples. The lamellar spacing, lamellar thickness and crystallinity degree did not show significant variations in the samples with or without fibers as result of the slow cooling process applied during T-RTM. The overall isothermal crystallization rate decreased in the order: PA6-CF > PA6-GF > neat PA6, as a consequence of the different nucleation efficiencies. The overall crystallization kinetics data were successfully described by the Avrami equation. The lamellar stack morphology observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) is consistent with 2D superstructural aggregates (n = 2) for all samples. Finally, the reinforcement effect of fibers was larger than one order of magnitude in the values of elastic modulus and tensile strength.
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Ismail, Zulhelmi, and Kamal Yusoh. "Thermal Performance of Polyamide 6/Cloisite 20A Composite Hybrid by Adiabatic Extrusion: A Study on the Influence of Difference Approach of Compounding." Advanced Materials Research 903 (February 2014): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.903.118.

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In this paper, the possibility of thermal stability enhancement for PA6/Cloisite 20A through the application of adiabatic extrusion was inspected. Samples at 1 wt. %, 3 wt. % and 5 wt. % of clay loading Cloisite 20A were prepared by using adiabatic and conventional compounding with consistent screw speed of 200 RPM. The thermal properties of PA6/C20A nanocomposite were characterized from thermal gravimetric analysis. It has been found that adiabatic extrusion managed to increase the resistant of PA6 against heat degradation for PA6-1wt. % as PA6-3wt. % and PA6-5wt. % did not shown any distinctive in value of Tmin. as adiabatic extrusion does only have a minor effect on the increased content of clay C20A in PA6 based on thermal gravimetric characterization. The combination effect of adiabatic system and clay C20A presence is proposed as the main influence in the enhancement mechanism of thermal characteristic of PA6/C20A nanocomposite.
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Zhou, Shao Feng, Chao Qun Wu, Lian Hui Chen, and Qiao Xin Zhang. "Effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforcement on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of PA6/PPS Composites." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2323.

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The mechanical and tribological properties of PA6/PPS blend reinforced by different content of carbon fiber were studied in the manuscript. It was found that the strength, modulus and hardness of PA6/PPS blend is improved apparently though breaking elongation rate and impact strength decreases to some extent. Average friction coefficient value of the carbon fiber reinforced PA6/PPS (PA6/PPS-CF) composites at the state stage is lower than PA6/PPS blend and PA6/PPS-CF10% exhibits the lowest friction coefficient of 0.34. As the content of carbon fiber increases, wear rate of the PA6/PPS-CF composites trends to increasing. These results is useful for providing some practical guidance for the application of polymer materials in the tribological field.
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Zhao, Ming, Xiao Zhong Lu, Kai Gu, Xiao Min Sun, and Chang Qing Ji. "Investigation on the Rheological Behavior of Polyamide6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by Reactive Extrusion." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1998–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1998.

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The rheological behavior of PA6/montmorillonite(MMT) by reactive extrusion was investigated using cone-and-plate rheometer. The experimental results indicated that PA6/MMT exhibited shear-thinning behavior. The shear stress of both neat PA6 and PA6/MMT increased with the increase in the shear rate. The reduction of the viscous activation energy with the increase of shear stress reflected PA6/MMT can be processed over a wider temperature.
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Lin, Xintu, Yuejun Liu, Xi Chen, Yincai Wu, Lingna Cui, Long Mao, Wei Zheng, and Minghao Lin. "Reactive Compatibilization of Polyamide 6/Olefin Block Copolymer Blends: Phase Morphology, Rheological Behavior, Thermal Behavior, and Mechanical Properties." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051146.

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In this study, the morphology, rheological behavior, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of a polyamide 6 (PA6) and olefin block copolymer (OBC) blend compatibilized with maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene-octene copolymer (POE-g-MAH) were investigated. The morphological observations showed that the addition of POE-g-MAH enhanced the OBC particle dispersion in the PA6 matrix, suggesting a better interfacial compatibility between the pure PA6 and OBC. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and the Molau test confirmed the compatibilization reactions between POE-g-MAH and PA6. The rheological test revealed that the melt viscosity, storage modulus (G’), and loss modulus (G”) of the compatibilized PA6/OBC blends at low frequency were increased with the increasing POE-g-MAH content. The thermal analysis indicated that the addition of OBC had little effect on the crystallization behavior of PA6, while the incorporation of POE-g-MAH at high content (7 wt%) in the PA6/OBC blend restricted the crystallization of PA6. In addition, the compatibilized blends exhibited a significant enhancement in impact strength compared to the uncompatibilized PA6/OBC blend, in which the highest value of impact strength obtained at a POE-g-MAH content of 7 wt% was about 194% higher than that of pure PA6 under our experimental conditions.
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40

Costa, Dilma A., Clara Marize F. Oliveira, and Maria In�s B. Tavares. "Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of the PA6/PC, PA6/PPO, and PA6/PC/PPO blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, no. 1 (July 5, 1998): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980705)69:1<129::aid-app15>3.0.co;2-v.

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41

Feng, Na, Jian Hui Liu, Hiroshi Uyama, and Wei Liu. "Effect of Modified-Silicon Rubber on Thermal Degradation and Anti-Droplet Properties of Polyamide 6/Melamine Cyanurate Flame Retardant Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1511.

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In this paper, the effect of modified-silicon rubber (MSR) on thermal degradation and anti-droplet properties of melamine cyanurate (MCA) flame retardant polyamide 6 (PA6) composites was studied by using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and vertical burning test. TG analyses indicated that modified-silicon rubber could markedly promote the condensation process of PA6/MCA/MSR composites compared with PA6/MCA composites, and the char residue of PA6/MCA/MSR composites at 600¡æwas much higher than that of PA6/MCA composites. DTGcurves showed that MSR could slow down the rate of degradation of PA6/MCA composites. More importantly, there was no melt-drip produced when PA6/MCA/MSR composites was burning. It was concluded that MSR increase the thermal stability of composites and could effectively prevent the formation of melt drip.
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42

Rwei, Syang-Peng, Palraj Ranganathan, and Yi-Huan Lee. "Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics Study of Fully Aliphatic PA6 Copolyamides: Effect of Novel Long-Chain Polyamide Salt as a Comonomer." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030472.

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N1, N6-bis (4-aminobutyl) adipamide (BABA) diamine and sebacic acid (SA), also called BABA/SA polyamide salt, were used in a typical melt polymerization processes of polyamide 6 (PA6) to form a series of PA6-BABA/SA copolyamides. The effects of BABA/SA on the isothermal crystallization kinetics of PA6-BABA/SA were studied for the first time. An isothermal crystallization analysis demonstrates that the PA6-BABA/SA matrix provided a higher crystallization rate and shorter half-crystallization time than virgin PA6 did. The degree of crystallization of the PA6-BABA/SA30 matrix was also the lowest among all of the samples considered herein. This result is attributed to the high nucleation efficacy of a small amount of BABA/SA in the crystallization of PA6. Values of the Avrami exponent (n) from 1.84 to 3.91 were observed for all of the polyamide samples, suggesting that the crystallization was involved via a two- to three-dimensional growth mechanism. These findings deepen our understanding of the structure–property relationship of PA6-BABA/SA copolyamides, favoring their practical application.
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43

Navid, Nematzadeh, Uzir Wahit Mat, Hassan Azman, and Mahmoudian Shaya. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyamide 6 Nanocomposite Toughened with Epoxidised Natural Rubber-25." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.518.

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Polyamide (PA6) is an engineering plastic with wide range of applications and the development in the field of montmorillonite (MMT) filled polymer nanocomposites has resulted in the development of PA6/MMT nanocomposites. However, MMT filled PA6 nanocomposites are notch sensitive and brittle at low temperatures, which posed as a major setback for many of its applications. The main objective of this study is to enhance the toughness of PA6/MMT (100/4) nanocomposites with epoxidised natural rubber-25 (ENR25). The ENR-25 content in the composites ranged from 15 to 30 wt%. The PA6/ENR/MMT nanocomposites were extruded and injection molded into tensile and impact test samples. The addition of ENR25 into PA6/MMT nanocomposites improved the impact strength of the nanocomposites while tensile modulus and tensile strength decreased with increasing ENR25 content. The thermal properties of PA6/ENR/MMT nanocomposites were also investigated via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Both T10% and derivative thermal analysis (DTA) determined the lower thermal stability of PA6/MMT nanocomposites after addition of ENR.
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44

Wang, Yu, Wenjie Sun, Song Liu, Huajian Ji, Xin Chen, Huihao Zhu, Haili Zhao, Yulu Ma, and Linsheng Xie. "The Formation of a Highly Oriented Structure and Improvement of Properties in PP/PA6 Polymer Blends during Extrusion-Stretching." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040878.

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During the “slit die extrusion-hot stretching” process, highly oriented polyamide 6 (PA6) dispersed phase was produced and retained in the polypropylene (PP) matrix directly. By adjusting the stretching forces, the PA6 spherical phase evolved into the ellipsoid, rod-like microfibril with a decreasing average diameter; then, the PA6 microfibrils broke. Moreover, the effects of the PA6 phases formed in the process of the microfibrillation on PP’s crystallization behaviors were studied systematically. As the stretching forces increased, the crystallization ability and orientation degree of PP crystals improved significantly. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy confirmed the formation of PP spherulite, fan-shaped lamellae and a transcrystalline layer under the induction of the PA6 phases with different morphology. In the PP/PA6 microfibrilar composites (MFCs), PP crystals showed smaller average size, more crystals and stronger interface adhesion due to more excellent heterogeneous nucleation ability of the PA6 microfibrils, which made contributions to the improvement of the melt elasticity responses and oxygen barrier properties of the PP/PA6 polymer blends.
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Lu, Chang, Xin Hui Huang, Jia Xi Wang, and Xiao Ning Hu. "An Innovative Method to Reduce Percolation Threshold of Carbon Nanotubes Filled Nylon6/Polystyrene Blends." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.654.

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Selective localization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the interface of immiscible polymer blend was achieved by the method that poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) was first reacted with CNTs, and then blended with nylon6/polystyrene (PA6/PS). In the PA6/PS blends, CNTs was localized in PA6 phase and the percolation threshold was 2wt%. However, for the PA6/PS/(SMA- CNTs) composites, TEM results showed that most of CNTs were selectively localized in matrix, but some of tubes were induced by SMA to disperse at the interface. The localization of CNTs at the interface caused the percolation threshold of PA6/PS/(SMA- CNTs) was only 0.33 wt%, which is much lower than that of PA6/PS/ CNTs.
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46

Guo, Zhenghong, Yu Shen, and Zhengping Fang. "Compatibilization of polyamide 6/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) blends by poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0163.

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Abstract The properties of polyamide 6 (PA6)/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) blends (60/40, wt%) compatibilized by poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) were studied. The addition of SMA can form an in situ copolymer, SMA-graft-PA6. The SMA-graft-PA6 copolymer actually plays a key role as a compatibilizer to improve the interface between PA6 and PPO. It was found that the effect of compatibilization resulted in improvement of the morphology, impact strength and water absorbability of PA6/PPO blends (60/40, wt%), but with no favorable effects for thermal stability. However, at high SMA contents, the properties of PA6/PPO (60/40, wt%) blends deteriorated to some degree.
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47

Luna, Carlos Bruno Barreto, Edson Antonio dos Santos Filho, Danilo Diniz Siqueira, Edcleide Maria Araújo, Emanuel Pereira do Nascimento, and Tomás Jeferson Alves de Mélo. "Influence of Small Amounts of ABS and ABS-MA on PA6 Properties: Evaluation of Torque Rheometry, Mechanical, Thermomechanical, Thermal, Morphological, and Water Absorption Kinetics Characteristics." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072502.

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In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) properties were tailored and improved using a maleic anhydride-grafted acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS-MA). The PA6/ABS-MA blends were prepared using a co-rotational twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, the extruded pellets were injection-molded. Blends were characterized by torque rheometry, the Molau test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), impact strength, tensile strength, Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), Contact Angle, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and water absorption experiments. The most significant balance of properties, within the analyzed content range (5, 7.5, and 10 wt.%), was obtained for the PA6/ABS-MA (10%) blend, indicating that even low concentrations of ABS-MA can improve the properties of PA6. Significant increases in impact strength and elongation at break have been achieved compared with PA6. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, HDT, and thermal stability properties of the PA6/ABS-MA blends remained at high levels, indicating that maleic anhydride interacted with amine end-groups of PA6. Torque rheometry, the Molau test, and SEM analysis suggested interactions in the PA6/ABS-MA system, confirming the high properties obtained. Additionally, there was a decrease in water absorption and the diffusion coefficient of the PA6/ABS-MA blends, corroborating the contact angle analysis.
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48

Zhang, Yingwei, Chunhua Wang, Yong Yi, Wenzhi Wang, and Jun Yang. "Synthesis and Properties of Polyamide 6 Random Copolymers Containing an Aromatic Imide Structure." Polymers 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132812.

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In order to adjust the properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) and expand its application, a new strategy of introducing an aromatic imide structure into the PA6 chain through the random copolymerization method is reported. The diimide diacid monomer was first synthesized by the dehydration and cyclization of pyromellitic dianhydride and 6-aminocaproic acid before it reacted with 1,6-hexamethylene diamine to form poly(amide imide) (PAI) salt, and finally synthesized PA6/PAI random copolymers containing an aromatic imide structure by the random copolymerization of ε-caprolactam and PAI salt. The introduction of an aromatic imide structural unit into the PA6 chain could have a great influence on its properties. As the content of PAI increases, the crystallinity (Xc) and melting temperature (Tm) of the PA6/PAI random copolymer gradually decrease, but its glass transition temperature (Tg) increases obviously. When the PAI content is 20 wt%, the copolymer PA6/PAI-20 has the best comprehensive performance and not only has high thermal stabilities but also excellent mechanical properties (high strength, high modulus, and good toughness) and dielectric properties (low dielectric constant and dielectric loss). Moreover, these properties are significantly superior to those of PA6. Such high-performance PA6 random copolymers can provide great promise for the wider applications of PA6 materials.
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Tang, Lian, Dan Yue Wang, Qiu Shu Xu, Chao Sheng Wang, Hua Ping Wang, and Qing Huang. "Preparation and Characterization of Antibacterial Nylon 6 Fiber." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2254.

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Due to its excellent mechanical property, dye ability and skin affinity, PA6 has been widely used in apparel, home textiles, military products, etc. However, PA6 fiber is easy to breed bacteria and corroded by bacteria in humid environment. One of development tendency of functional PA6 fiber is to design and develop nylon 6 fiber with excellent antibacterial properties, which is also the research target of this paper. In the present investigation, ZnO antibacterial agent was prepared through sol-gel method, and antibacterial masterbatch was acquired via blending antibacterial agent with PA6 using a twin-screw, then antibacterial PA6 fiber was obtained through melt spinning. The thermal properties, crystallization property of antibacterial PA6 masterbatch were discussed. The effect of drawing ratio on fiber strength, elongation of break, orientation and crystallization was also investigated. The antibacterial properties of antibacterial agent and antibacterial PA6 fiber was analyzed by agar diffusion method. The results of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) suggests that the antibacterial agent causes the rise of crystallization temperature and crystallization rate. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and mechanical testing results reveal that the higher drawing ratio leads to higher orientation and strength of PA6 fiber, lower elongation at break. The addition of antibacterial agent increases the degree of orientation and crystallization, reduces the strength of fiber and tends to form α crystalline in PA6 fiber. Antibacterial tests show that antibacterial PA6 fiber has a good antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Liu, Xiaochao, Dengwang Lai, Yuejun Liu, Pu Shi, Wenzhi Wang, Jinghua Tan, Long Mao, and Jun Yang. "Structure and properties of PA6-66/γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified clay nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2017-0460.

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AbstractIn this study, PA6-66/γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified clay nanocomposites were prepared byin situpolymerization. It was found that the γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane was chemically grafted onto clay successfully, and the covalent bond was formed between the clay and polymer chains. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites were obtained. The PA6-66 nanocomposites exhibited improved mechanical performance compared to that of neat PA6-66. Most importantly, the PA6-66 nanocomposites showed significantly improved toughness. In comparison with neat PA6-66, the rupture stress and elongation at the break of the nanocomposite with only 0.5 wt% clay increased 91.9% and 91.8%, respectively. The excellent toughness of PA6-66 nanocomposites should be mainly ascribed to the combined effects of strong polymer-clay interaction, the intercalated-exfoliated structures of clay, refined crystalline, formation of γ-form crystals, and decreased crystallinity of PA6-66.
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