Academic literature on the topic 'PA66GF35'

Rising weight and cost requirements in the automotive industry have led to an increasing substitution of metals by short-or endless-fiber reinforced thermoplastics. The use of thermoplastic matrices is necessary to meet the cycle time challenges which arise from large production quantities. The substituted components are often applied in the chassis or motor compartment, which means an exposition to environmental influences, e.g. moisture or thawing salts, during the entire operating lifetime. The degradation of the material properties of PA6GF30 due to a longtime exposition in DI (deionized) water, sodium-and calcium-chloride solutions is investigated and the fracture behavior examined by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Also, the fatigue properties were determined on a special test rig, which allows the spraying of the specimen with the different fluids during the mechanical cyclic testing.

Joining between polyamides (PA) and metals has potential applications in the industry. Based on PA66GF and AISI304, the experimental study of laser transmission joining of the dissimilar materials is conducted in this article. Firstly, comprehensive experiments of laser transmission joining between PA66GF and AISI304 are carried out by Nd: YAG pulsed laser source according to the central composite rotatable design method (CCRD). Secondly, the effects of the process parameters like voltage, joining speed and stand-off distance on the joint quality are analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, mathematical models between the process parameters and the lap-shear strength and the joint width are established and based on which, the optimization of the joining process is done and the optimized results are predicted. The results show that the process parameters of laser transmission joining play a significant role in determining the joint quality; the predicted data of the models are in good agreement with the experimental results and can be of great help for the optimization of the joining process. As a result, this study could provide an effective instruction about how to choose the reasonable process parameters for enhancing the joining efficiency.

This paper presents a laser transmission joining (LTJ) experiment between thermoplastic Polycarbonate (PC) and glass reinforced nylon (PA66GF) using diode laser equipment. Laser transmission joining experimental design and experiment are carried out according to a single process parameters window. Response surface methodology (RSM) in Design-Expert v7 software is employed to develop mathematical models between LTJ process parameters and joint strength. The interaction effects of joining process parameters (line energy, spot diameter, clamp pressure) on the joint strength are investigated using analysis-of-variance (ANOVA), the result shows that the interaction effect of line energy and spot diameter has maximum influence on the joint quality. Finally, the predicted values from mathematical models developed by RSM are compared with the experimental values and it is found that they are nearly agreed with each other. The purpose of predicting joint strength based on reasonable process parameters is achieved.

Abstract This paper aims to present an integrated multi-scale method for predicting the anisotropic and nonlinear elasto-plastic behavior of short glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials typically produced by injection molding. The proposed method combines injection molding and microstructure together, with considering the nonaligned fibers and their corresponding anisotropy, to semi-analytically estimate the local effective mechanical properties at every point of GFRP. Micro-computed tomography measurement and injection molding simulation are used to obtain the fiber orientation tensor. The two-step mean-field homogenization method is applied to calculate the mechanical behaviors of the PA66GF30 GFRP with distributed-orientation fibers based on the fiber orientation tensor. Reverse engineering is used to obtain the optimized parameters of J2-plasticity and Tsai-Hill three-dimensional transversely isotropic stain-based failure criterion. Moreover, the integral mapping method can complete the transformation of the fiber orientation tensor from injection simulation to structure simulation model. The proposed integrated approach with the optimized parameters is verified by predicting the ring samples’ behavior from injection plates. The results from this investigation are expected to provide some design guidelines for GFRP composites.

Submitted by Avital Rosa (avitalgabriel@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-23T16:54:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação de Mestrado_PPGCM _Aluno Avital Gabriel de Almeida Rosa.pdf: 5418816 bytes, checksum: f6f7f278fa5c0f54a96a91c4b6a87ad0 (MD5) Carta comprovante da versão final - Avital.png: 3621222 bytes, checksum: 7228740ac2bf0d70ebaad75deb22b89d (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2018-01-23T17:13:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação de Mestrado_PPGCM _Aluno Avital Gabriel de Almeida Rosa.pdf: 5418816 bytes, checksum: f6f7f278fa5c0f54a96a91c4b6a87ad0 (MD5) Carta comprovante da versão final - Avital.png: 3621222 bytes, checksum: 7228740ac2bf0d70ebaad75deb22b89d (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2018-01-23T17:13:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação de Mestrado_PPGCM _Aluno Avital Gabriel de Almeida Rosa.pdf: 5418816 bytes, checksum: f6f7f278fa5c0f54a96a91c4b6a87ad0 (MD5) Carta comprovante da versão final - Avital.png: 3621222 bytes, checksum: 7228740ac2bf0d70ebaad75deb22b89d (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T17:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação de Mestrado_PPGCM _Aluno Avital Gabriel de Almeida Rosa.pdf: 5418816 bytes, checksum: f6f7f278fa5c0f54a96a91c4b6a87ad0 (MD5) Carta comprovante da versão final - Avital.png: 3621222 bytes, checksum: 7228740ac2bf0d70ebaad75deb22b89d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-18<br>Não recebi financiamento<br>The three cylinder motors tend to vibrate more than the conventional four cylinder ones. In this new condition the transmission system and in particular the torsional damper of the clutch disc is subjected to sever wear and friction. The great challenge is to select new materials with low wear rate and adequate friction coefficient to attenuate this new vibration level. In this work three different candidate materials to be used as friction rings inside the torsional damper of clutch discs were tested in terms of wear resistance and friction. Two of the studied materials are currently used in the market (PA66 35 GF and NBR) in four cylinder motors and the third is currently used in clutch facing (NBR matrix composite). The materials were purchased from Schaeffler suppliers. The first step was the microstructural characterization and determination of the thermal stability of the three materials without the influence of friction. For that, the microstructure was analyzed by optical and electronic microscopy of Scanning (SEM), the amount of fibers and inorganic reinforcers was determined by burning tests and,the transition temperatures were determined by differential calorimetry. Two aging temperatures were studied 80 and 150oC. The effect of the ageing time was determined by hardness and infrared spectroscopy measurements. Among the three materials and clutch facing, they show a more stable structure in the temperature range between 80 and 150ºC. The PA66GF35 suffered changes in crystalline content and the NBR thermal degradation. The second step consisted in determining the wear characteristics of the material in bench tests with the objective of measuring the wear rate and friction coefficient of the material under extreme conditions of specific pressure and velocity (DIN50320, 1979). The results of the friction test had the following classification: NBR (0.13)> PA66GF35 (0.11)> clutch facing (0.09). Despite having a lower coefficient of friction, the clutch facing was the only material that achieved the minimum wear resistance required for the friction ring. Therefore the clutch facing is the best material for a 3 cylinder engine that requires a higher wear and thermal resistance on the clutch plate.<br>O motor de três cilindros tende a ter vibrações maiores que do motor de quatro cilindros. Nesta nova configuração o sistema de transmissão e, em particular, o amortecedor torcional do disco de embreagem fica sujeito a condições de desgaste e atrito mais severas. O grande desafio atual está na busca de componentes com baixo desgaste e um coeficiente de atrito adequado e que elimine os ruídos. Neste trabalho foram caracterizados os materiais utilizados na fabricação de anéis de atrito do amortecedor torcional de discos de embreagem quanto à resistência ao desgaste e atrito. Dois dos três materiais são hoje utilizados no mercado como componente de anel de atrito (PA66GF35 e elastômero NBR) em motores de quatro cilindros e o terceiro é atualmente utilizado em Lonas de embreagem. A primeira etapa consistiu na caracterização microestrutural e determinação da estabilidade térmica dos três materiais sem a influência de atrito. Para isso foram realizadas análises em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), teste de queima para porcentagem de fibra e tratamentos de envelhecimento, seguido de análises através de calorimetria diferencial, dureza, espectroscopia no infravermelho. Dentre os três materiais a lona de embreagem mostrou ser a mais estável na faixa de temperaturas entre 80 e 150ºC. O PA66GF35 sofreu alteração de cristalinidade e o NBR endurecimento devido à degradação térmica. A segunda consistiu na determinação das características de desgaste do material em função das variáveis de influência em condições controladas de laboratório. Para isso foi realizado um teste de bancada com o objetivo de medir a taxa de desgaste e coeficiente de atrito do material em condições extremas de pressão específica e velocidade (DIN50320, 1979). Os resultados do ensaio o atrito teve a seguinte classificação: NBR (0,13) >PA66GF35 (0,11)>Lona (0,09). Apesar de ter um coeficiente de atrito menor, a Lona de embreagem foi o único material que atingiu a resistência ao desgaste mínima exigida para o anel de atrito. Portanto a Lona de embreagem é o melhor material para um motor 3 cilindros que exige uma maior resistência ao desgaste e térmica, no disco de embreagem.

L’utilisation des thermoplastiques renforcés de fibres de verre courtes pour la fabrication de pièces de structure dans l’industrie des transports est croissante pour des applications structurelles en environnements chauds. La conception de telles pièces nécessite le développement d’un outil de dimensionnement en fatigue à hautes températures. La prise en compte de la distribution d’orientation des fibres (DOF), dû au procédé d’injection, hétérogène est essentielle.Ces travaux de thèse, cofinancés par la Direction Générale de l’Armement et la région Poitou-Charentes, proposent une approche complétement intégrée de la simulation du procédé d’injection à la prédiction de durée de vie en fatigue, dans un cadre viscoélastique, de pièces injectées en thermoplastiques renforcés, à 110°C.Différentes étapes jalonnent la structure de l’outil numérique qualifié de « Through Process Modelling » (TPM). A partir de la connaissance de la DOF au sein d’une pièce obtenue par simulation du procédé d’injection, les propriétés effectives anisotropes locales sont estimées par homogénéisation viscoélastique. Les champs mécaniques hétérogènes, associés à différents types/niveaux de chargement et obtenus par simulation éléments finis, sont post-traités pour extraire la grandeur mécanique équivalente en entrée d’un critère de fatigue énergétique fournissant la durée de vie de la pièce pour chacune de ces conditions de chargement.L’identification des paramètres du critère de fatigue, puis la validation de l’ensemble de la méthodologie, s’appuient sur des essais de fatigue en traction uniaxiale à 110°C. Ces essais sont réalisés, en enceinte climatique, sur éprouvettes découpées dans des plaques injectées de PA66GF30 selon différentes orientations par rapport à la direction d’injection, pour 2 rapports de charge (R = 0,1 et R = -1) et à 2Hz.Les prédictions de durées de vie sont très satisfaisantes. L’influence de la qualité de prédiction de la DOF en entrée de la chaîne de calcul sur les résultats est aussi discutée<br>The employment of short glass fibres reinforced thermoplastics is increasing in the automotive industry for hot environment applications. The design of components in such conditions and with this type of materials under fatigue loading must be optimized using a fatigue life assessment methodology. The heterogeneous fibres orientation distribution (FOD), due to the injection process should be considered.This work, funded by the Direction Générale de l’Armement et Région Poitou-Charentes, suggests an integrated approach from the injection process simulation to the assessment of the fatigue life at 110°C of injected components in a viscoelastic framework.The methodology here advanced is called “Through Process Modelling” (TPM). From the FOD in the component given by the injection simulation, the anisotropic effective local properties are estimated using viscoelastic homogenisation. The heterogeneous mechanical fields obtained by finite element simulations, for different types/levels of loading, are post-processed in order to get the input equivalent mechanical quantity of an energetic fatigue criterion giving the fatigue life of the component in each of these loading conditions.The identification of the fatigue criterion parameters and the validation of the whole methodology rely on an experimental fatigue database for a PA66GF30. Uniaxial tensile fatigue tests are carried out at 110°C in a climatic chamber, for 2 stress ratios (R = 0,1 and R = -1) and at 2Hz. They are performed for specimens cut out from injected plates with different orientations with respect to the flow direction.The methodology leads to very good predictions. The influence of the prediction of the FOD, input of the calculation chain, on the results is discussed

Dans le contexte environnemental actuel, l’industrie automobile cherche à réduire les émissions de CO2 tout en gardant des puissances équivalentes de véhicules. Un des solutions est d’alléger les véhicules. Cette thèse CIFRE, portée par Solvay Engineering Plastics en collaboration avec Vibracoustic, s’inscrit dans ce contexte. Elle concerne la tenue en fatigue de pièces injectées en Polyamide 6.6 renforcé par 50% en masse de fibres de verre courtes, et plus précisément la prise en compte des effets induits par des chargements multi-axiaux et la présence de singularités géométriques dans le dimensionnement en fatigue. L’étude est menée sous un conditionnement fixé de température (80°C) et d’humidité relative (50%) représentatif de l’environnement moteur. Pour répondre à l’objectif précité, une méthode complètement intégrée, depuis la simulation d’injection jusqu’à la prédiction de durée de vie par critère de fatigue (Through Process Modelling (TPM)), est utilisée. Une spécificité concerne le calcul de la réponse mécanique en chaque point, à partir d’une approche multi-échelle prenant en compte la viscoélasticité de la matrice et l’orientation des fibres issue du procédé. Le critère de fatigue retenu est un critère en énergie dissipée. Le « Fatigue Indicator Parameter » (FIP) du critère est ici assimilé à l’aire de boucle contrainte-déformation en régime stabilisé, obtenue par post-traitement des champs mécaniques en chaque point de la structure.Après identification inverse de la loi de comportement de la matrice, une première partie du travail s’intéresse, sur éprouvettes lisses, à l’optimisation du degré de discrétisation de l’éprouvette dans l’épaisseur et au choix de la méthode d’identification du critère de fatigue.La méthode est ensuite appliquée à une large base de données expérimentale, construite pour les besoins de l’étude,et impliquant des éprouvettes et des chargements de complexité croissante. Dans un premier temps, le cadre est celui de chargements uniaxiaux en traction sur éprouvettes lisses (avec différentes orientations préférentielles des fibres), sur tubes puis sur éprouvettes entaillées. Puis, on s’intéresse à des chargements en cisaillement sur éprouvettes papillon et de torsion sur tubes, et enfin à des chargements de traction-torsion combinés sur tubes.Pour les différents chargements et degrés de singularité, le travail porte sur la définition d’un volume autour de la singularité sur lequel intégrer le FIP en entrée du critère de fatigue. La définition repose sur l’analyse des gradients mécaniques. Les durées de vie simulées avec la méthode TPM, associée à la définition proposée du volume d’intégration,sont ainsi proches des valeurs expérimentales dans une très grande majorité des configurations étudiées<br>In the current environmental context, the automotive industry looks for reducing CO2 emissions while keeping vehicles power. To this aim, a solution is to lighten the vehicles. In this context, this Ph.D. thesis, supported by Solvay Engineering Plastics in collaboration with Vibracoustic, deals with fatigue resistance of injected parts in Polyamide 6.6reinforced by 50% wt. of short glass fibers, and attempts to take into account the effects of multiaxial loadings and geometrical singularities into a fatigue design methodology. The study is conducted for a given conditioning(RH50%,T80°C) representative of the atmospheric conditions experienced by motor mounts. A fully integrated numerical approach from injection simulation to lifetime prediction by a fatigue criterion, named Through Process Modelling (TPM), is used. One TPM specificity lies in the calculation of the local mechanical response at each point of the part from a multi-scale approach considering the matrix viscoelasticity and the fibers orientation due to the injection process. The fatigue criterion selected is a dissipated energy one. It is based on a “Fatigue Indicator Parameter” (FIP) assimilated to the stress-strain loop area in the stationary regime and obtained by post-treatment of mechanical fields at each point of the part.First, the matrix constitutive law is identified by reverse engineering. Then, the question of the discretization to be adopted in the thickness of an injected part is addressed on smooth samples, and the identification strategy of the fatigue criterion is defined. Subsequently, TPM is applied to a large fatigue database, specifically built for the study, and involving samples and loadings with increasing complexity. Uniaxial tension loadings are studied, firstly on smooth samples (with different fibers orientations), then on pipes, and finally on notched samples. Shear loadings on butterfly samples and torsion loadings on pipes are studied. At last, pipes under combined tension-torsion are considered. For each loading and each singularity level, attention is paid to the definition of a volume around the singularity onwhich the FIP should be spatially averaged. The definition relies on the mechanical gradients analysis. The TPM provides thus lifetimes predictions close to experimental ones in most of the studied configurations

Dans les conditions réelles d'utilisation à 130°C, la boîte à eau est susceptible de se dégrader au contact de l'antigel (mélange d'eau et de glycol). L'étude menée dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif d'élucider les mécanismes de vieillissement du composite, constitutif de la boîte à eau, dans le milieu antigel. La démarche a consisté à étudier le polymère PA66 et le composite (PA66GF30) à plusieurs températures au contact des milieux eau, glycol et antigel séparément. Dans chacun des cas, l'évolution des propriétés d'utilisation, et en particulier des propriétés mécaniques, a été mise en relation avec les modifications de la structure chimique à l'échelle macromoléculaire en particulier. Ainsi, l'évolution des masses molaires, suivie par chromatographie d'exclusion stérique, s'est révélée pertinente et déterminante pour la compréhension des mécanismes de vieillissement. Dans le milieu eau, comme on s'y attend, c'est la réaction équilibrée d'hydrolyse, par coupures statistiques de chaînes, qui est responsable de la fragilisation du matériau. Au contact du glycol, il n'y a pas de glycolyse à cette température. Seul le solvant absorbé conduit à une dégradation irréversible par désenchevêtrement des chaînes. Dans le milieu antigel, l'action combinée du vieillissement physique du glycol par désenchevêtrement des chaînes et du vieillissement chimique de l'eau par hydrolyse conduit à la ruine du matériau. Sa durée de vie dans l'antigel est plus courte que dans le milieu eau seul.

By using the internal state variable (ISV) theory (Horstemeyer and Bammann, 2010), we developed a finite deformation anisotropic and temperature dependent constitutive model to predict elastoviscoplasticity and progressive damage behavior of short fiber reinforced polymer (SFRP) composites. In this model, the SFRP is considered as a simple anisotropic equivalent medium (lamina), and the rate dependent plastic behavior of the SFRP is captured with the help of three physically-based ISVs. A second-order damage tensor is introduced to describe the anisotropic damage state of the SFRP and the tensorial damage evolution equations are used based on the damage mechanism of micro voids/cracks nucleation, growth and coalescence. The constitutive model developed herein arises employing standard postulates of continuum mechanics with the kinematics, thermodynamics, and kinetics being internally consistent. The developed model is then calibrated to a 35 wt% glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 (PA66GF-35) for future numerical analyses.