Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Packaging technology'

This project was carried out at Saint Gobain Sekurit AB. The company is a leading manufacturer ofglazing and operates within the automotive industry. The purpose of the project was to create a supply chain model to optimize the packaging management of racks which are customer owned. These are used to transport finished products to the customers of Saint Gobain. When the empty packaging is return it is stored until needed for production. The company needs to optimize the management and tracking of racks for which the company intends to develop a solution model which can provide the company with the needed information for better management and tracking. The project entailed to define parameters in the company’s IT environment and make sure that they can be used in practice. The cockpit has been categorized into three different hard coded modules which are built in Excel VBA, and an analysis module. The hard coded modules do the following: - Give visual, easy to read, overview of stocks- Generate triggers for operational actions to avoid shortages of racks and to minimize costs- Allow easy reconciliation with movements in customers portal and ease the reclamation process The analysis module of the cockpit functions as a basis for providing input for strategic decisions considering investment, layout of storage, and scrap. The design specification of the cockpit has been based of the needs of the stakeholders in the company and it has been built based on the available reports. Furthermore, user instructions has been developed, and selected personell has been trained in the usage of the implemented cockpit.
Detta projekt genomfördes på Saint Gobain Sekurit AB. Företaget är en ledande tillverkare av glasrutor och verkar inom fordonsindustrin. Syftet var att skapa en leveranskedjemodell för att optimera hanteringen av återanvändbara ställningar som ägs av kunder. Dessa används för att transportera färdiga produkter till Saint Gobains kunder. När en tom ställning returneras lagras den tills den behövs för produktion. Vad företaget behövde var optimering av hantering och spårning av återanvändbara ställningar vilket företaget ville bygga en cockpit för att tillhandahålla nödvändig information. Projektet innebar att definiera parametrar i företagets IT-miljö och se till att dessa kan användas i praktiken. Cockpiten har delats in i tre olika hårdkodade moduler som är byggda i Excel VBA, och en analysmodul. De hårdkodade modulerna gör följande: - ger en visuell, lättläst översikt över lagerstatus- genererar utlösare för operativa åtgärder för att undvika brist och minimera kostnader- möjliggör enkel avstämning med rörelser i kundportalen och underlättar reklamationsprocessen Cockpitens analysmodul fungerar som en grund för att ge input för strategiska beslut med tanke på investeringar, lagerlayout och skrotning. Designspecifikationen för cockpiten har baserats på behoven hos intressenterna i företaget och cockpiten har byggts utifrån tillgängliga rapporter. Dessutom har användarinstruktioner utvecklats och personal på företaget utbildats i användningen av den implementerade cockpiten.

This research centres on product package design related to older people's emotional needs. In particular, knowledge concerning the design of packages for transgenerational use linked to background social data has been elicited. The most distinctive accomplishment has been an exploration of the visual appeal of packaging design in relation to age, gender, education and emotional preference of older consumers. Findings are primarily related to the interaction older people in the UK with selected aspects of package design. Three areas of research have been brought together in this thesis: packaging design and multiple choice, emotional/psychological preference for packaging design characteristics and colour appeal associated ..w ith food character in packaging design. Investigations into the 'third age' and classifications beyond utilised a large sample from the 'Thousand Elders' and a range of packaging designs for selected food items. The significant findings indicate that familiarity and emotional response to packaging designs are key determinants in older consumers' intentions to purchase. Design relating to overall perception or technical cognition are shown to correlate with age related emotional feelings of arousal. Specific findings on such correlations are described in detail. A further 'emotional appeal' was found with colour; for example, green, yellow or bright tones were the most popular colour hue and value associated with varied qualities for food packaging design for specific age groups. Differences between ages, gender and education levels (hypothesised variables linked to design choices) are also analysed and correlated; for example, gender and age rather than educational level combinations appeared to significantly influence choice. Males aged between 55 and 64 relied on their experience of functional aspects for packaging design when considering a purchase. Females in the older age group of 65-74 were more emotional and considered visual appeal in a more personal way. However, few distinguishable psychological effects were noted for the over 75 year olds in their relationship with design. Personal characteristics of older people and their choice are presented in a combination of qualitative interpretation and numeric analysis. Key findings relate to the specific nature of older consumers behaviour in their engagement with packaging design.

Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Best Maid is a middle-sized regionally orientated company, headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is currently owned and operated by the fourth generation of the Dalton family. The company specializes in the production of pickles and condiment products and currently holds the title of #1 retail brand of pickles in the state of Texas. In addition to the Best Maid label, products are also produced under the Del-Dixie label. The objective of this thesis is to analyze a potential capital project: a bucket line replacement. The analysis will be completed by using net present value to determine the cost and benefits of the project. The focus of the project will be the food service bucket line. The current line was designed and installed over 20 years ago. Currently, this line and supporting resources require a staff of 17 employees to operate. The process is looking to be improved through advances in technology including vibratory conveyors, more complex PLC programming, and increased accuracy of scaling equipment. Implementing these advancements has the potential to reduce the employee labor cost as well as decrease over-scaling. The goal of this project is to inform the Best Maid owners of the investment costs, labor savings, benefits, and the financial viability of the proposed capital investment. Best Maid has consistently grown at a high single digit to low double digit rate each year. Businesses must continually identify and react to the needs of tomorrow, today. Formal processes within the business will be established to evaluate and prioritize future potential projects. The conclusion of the analysis resulted in a positive NPV of about $567 thousand and a favorable IRR. The recommendation is to adopt the new technology.

This thesis work is divided into two parts that relate to each other. The first part investigates driving forces and limiting factors in the customisation of information on packaging and the second part focuses on how the customisation task should be performed in order to obtain high productivity and efficient logistics. Opportunities with hybrid printing solutions where conventional technology is combined with digital printing are discussed.The first of the included papers talks about the driving forces and limiting factors in the customisation of information on packaging and focuses on marketing aspects and consumer value. The second paper investigates the logistical aspects of using digital printing to add information on pre-printed packaging, with the primary focus on the opportunities to reduce changeover time and printing form costs. The third paper investigates how digital printing can be integrated into a packaging line and identifies critical productivity related parameters. These three papers are analysed together in this report, giving input to conclusions about the driving forces and limiting factors in the customisation of information on packaging and how the customisation task should be performed to obtain high productivity and efficient logistics. Hence, this thesis work does not originate solely in one discipline. Digital printing technology, logistics and marketing aspects are all considered to draw conclusions.

It is shown that it is possible to obtain marketing advantages, fulfill market demands better, get increased consumer value and reduced costs by using a hybrid printing solution. There exists at the same time a number of limiting factors, such as print quality demands, additional costs and reliability issues that are crucial to consider before concluding whether or not customisation of information on packaging would be successful in any given business scenario.

Different scenarios for where the customisation task can be inserted into a value chain are defined and discussed. Explicit studies of one of the scenarios are made. This scenario is defined as having a customisation task inline in a packaging line. The other scenarios, customisation at the packaging producer and customisation at the wholesaler/retailer, are not explicitly investigated, but it has been possible to discuss these scenarios as well through the research results obtained. The results show that there are factors that point towards the scenario where digital printing is performed at the producer as being the most beneficial. A number of critical productivity related factors for this scenario are identified in paper III, which gives guidelines on how to obtain high productivity when a digital printing task is integrated into a packaging line. It is finally shown that it is possible to obtain high delivery service and efficient logistics by using a hybrid printing solution. It is, however, of crucial importance that possible drawbacks be considered in order to accurately conclude whether a hybrid printing solution will be successful or not.

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This report presents the internationalization process of Logoplaste to Nigeria. To enter into this market, the company would have to adopt the flexible packaging technology, as the low income of the population limits the success of rigid containers. The aim of this report is to understand what resources can be transferred from the rigid packaging business to flexible packaging, to provide a careful analysis of the Nigerian market and to suggest an implementation plan.

Kraftvärmeverket vid SCA Packaging Munksund AB är ett samarbete mellan SCA och Vattenfall och det består av en ångpanna av typen cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd som togs i drift 2001. Man vill nu genomföra en undersökning om CFBpannans prestanda har förändrats sedan starten, samt en undersökning av pannans maximala kapacitet. Examensarbetet har då bestått av att utföra ett prestandaprov samt ett prov för maximal kapacitet. Arbetet har även innefattat att utarbeta en algoritm för att fiktivt beräkna ingående bränslets fukthalt via rökgasparametrar.

CFB-pannan är dimensionerad mot en termisk effekt på 98MW, vid en bränslekvalitet på 55 % fukthalt och värmevärdet 7,3 MJ/kg. Vid denna driftpunkt garanterar panntillverkaren Foster Wheeler en verkningsgrad på minst 90,57 %. Prestandaprovet från 2002 visade på en verkningsgrad på 91,1 %. Resultatet från dessa observationer visade på en verkningsgrad på 92,07 %, att notera är att bränslekvaliteten legat på fukthalten 50 % och värmevärdet 8,48 MJ/kg.

Vid framtida produktionsökningar i pappersbruket kommer man samtidigt behöva öka produktionen av processånga. Man har sedan tidigare drifterfarenheter påpekat att man har haft problem med pannans luft/rökgassytem vid höga laster. Resultatet från maxkapacitetstesterna var att pannan primärt begränsas av kvaliteten på bränslet, då detta sätter en begränsning på hur mycket energi som finns tillgängligt. Processmässigt så blev resultatet att motorn till rökgasfläkten samt sandåterföringen var de begränsande enheterna. Vid testet var bränslefukthalten 45 % och man uppnådde då ett ångflöde på 146 ton/h. Det kom även fram att sekundärfläkten inte körts enligt panntillverkarens rekommenderade motorhastighet på 1765 varv/min, den aktuella inställningen har ett synkront varvtal på 1500 varv/min.

Att utreda hur mycket effekt som dessa begränsningar låser fast har varit oerhört svårt att ge svar på, och vad gäller tidsramen för arbetet så har det inte kunnat grävas djupare i denna problemställning. En teoretisk analys har däremot utförts på maximal kapacitet vid olika bränslefukthalter, se Figur 33 och Figur 34 på sidan 78. Dessa figurer belyser hur viktig kvaliteten på bränslet är för att pannan skall kunna ha en möjlighet att leverera en hög last. Då hanteringen av bränslet för att minimera kvalitetsförluster är något man kan påverka med enklare metoder, är rekommendationen att man startar en projektgrupp som ser över bränslehanteringen för att minimera kvalitetsförluster vid egen kortvarig lagring.

The combined heat and power plant at SCA Packaging Munksund AB is a collaboration between SCA and Vattenfall and it consists of a steam boiler with a circulating fluidized bed which was taken in to service in 2001. Today the company wants to make an evaluation about if there is any changes in the CFPboilers performance since the start, they would also like an evaluation about the maximum capacity. The examination work has then been about executing a performance test and a maximum capacity test. The work has also included the construction of an algorithm that would fictively calculate the content of moisture for the in fed biofuel through the fluegas parameters.

The CFB-boiler is dimensioned to have a thermal effect of 98 MW, with the quality of the biofuel having a content of moisture at 55 % and the heating value of 7,3 MJ/kg. At this operation point the boiler constructor guarantees an efficiency of 90,57 %. Evaluations made in 2002 concluded an efficiency at 91,1 %. The results from this report showed an efficiency at 92,07 %, one should then note that the biofuel quality then had a content of moisture at 50,05 % and a heating value at 8,48 MJ/kg.

Future increases in the mills production will mean that they also need to increase the steam production as well. From earlier experiences with the boilers capacity, operators have countered problems with the air/fluegas-system at high loads. The primary result from the maximum capacity test is that the quality of the biofuel sets the limit for how well the boiler can perform. The secondary results indicate that the motor for the fluegasfan and that the bedmaterialreentrysystem are the narrow sections. For the test the contest of moisture was 45 % and the produced steam reached 146 ton/h. Something else that surfaced during the report was that the motor for the secondary air fan was not running at the boiler manufacturer dimensioned speed at 1765 rpm, the actual settings had a maximum synchronous speed at 1500 rpm.

To investigate how much production capacity that is tied up in the narrow sections is extremely difficult to answer, the timeframe for the report limited the digging for an answer for this question. Instead a theoretical analysis was made on the maximum capacity from a perspective of different contests of moisture for the biofuel, watch Figur 33 and Figur 34 on page 78. These figures cast a light on the importance on the quality of the biofuel, so that the boiler has the ability to deliver high loads. Handling of the biofuel to minimize the loss of quality is something that can be affected with relatively simple methods, the recommendation is that a project group is started that looks over the handling of the biofuel to minimize the quality losses during short time storage.

This research aims to propose an integrated method, which combines all the aspects required to reduce environmental impact from waste packaging and to increase knowledge on the best way to enhance reusable packaging. Through a review of the extant literature, a conceptual framework was designed of the most important dimensions to enhance reusable packaging amongst society and industries The main contributions in the research are the development of a Social Behaviour Aspect Model (SBAM) and the creation of reusable packaging attributes checklist. The SBAM can help industries focus on having high knowledge about reuse of packaging and to cooperate with communities to develop personal and social values and norms during the designing of reusable packaging. SBAM is the output from the first phase, which showed the importance of making an effort to develop packaging for consumers to reuse. The reusable packaging attributes checklist can provide a guideline for manufacturers/designers who intend to develop packaging sustainability performance through designing reusable packaging, and contribute to meet and interpret the reuse of packaging requirements and procedures. It also determines the environmental impact of reusable packaging attributes, which many industries are concerned about. The reusable packaging attributes checklist is the output from the second and third phases. The System Dynamic (SD) method was the approach used to determinate the interaction between social aspects and reusable packaging. The Normal Average, Codes and Coding and factor analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approaches were used to determine the reusable packaging attributes checklist. The last phase of the research was the conduction of a case study of a real company which needs to increase the amount of reusable packaging it uses and which seeks to reduce its environmental impact. All methods used in this research have both a quantitative and a qualitative nature. Data was collected by evaluation of consumers' responses and experts' experiences, as provided in the questionnaires. This research opens up opportunities for improving packaging and meeting sustainable profits and provides valuable information based on social, economic and environmental benefits of reusable packaging. The novelty of this research can help industries to investigate the most important areas for development within communities to enhance the use of reusable packaging and also facilitate the process-based change from one-way packaging to reusable packaging effectively with reduction of environmental impact.

Society has become more aware of the negative environmental impact of the petroleum-based packaging materials (e.g. plastics) used in the food industry. Therefore, cleaner and more sustainable packaging with ecological zero-impact is in demand. One of the solutions for this problem could be the use of natural wax-impregnated paper. It has been recently demonstrated that wax obtained from arctic berries may be a good candidate for this application. This project is intended to define the properties of this wax which are essential for the food-packaging application and evaluate if berry wax can fulfil those requirements. For this reason, physical characterization of different natural waxes has been conducted and compared. On the one hand, it has been concluded that pure arctic berry wax presents similar thermal parameters to commercially available natural waxes. In addition, mechanical testing and barrier properties of paper substrates coated with beeswax and lingonberry have been successfully carried out. During the testing, wax-coated samples showed interesting results in terms of good barrier properties, which is the key factor to be a promising alternative for food packaging applications. Nevertheless, further research should be conducted in order to study other barrier properties and mechanical performance of these natural wax-impregnated papers. In addition, it would be of great interest to investigate more precise coating procedures in order to obtain the optimum way for coating paper substrates with natural waxes.

Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Cressler, John; Committee Member: Laskar, Joy; Committee Member: Papapolymerou, John. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Powder blasting technology is proposed in this thesis as a new structuring tool for Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC). The process, consisting of mechanical abrasion through high speed particles, is mostly used on brittle material but was successfully adapted for the patterning of microstructures onto the fragile green tape substrate, through the manufacturing of novel stencil masks. These masks are based on high resolution patterned nickel sheet produced using UV-LIGA process or laser cutting coated with a thin layer of photopolymer which prevents efficiently the metal sheet deformations under particles bombardment. The magnetic properties of the metal allowed magnetic clamping to be used to maintain the mask down onto the substrate. The etching rate of the metal was shown to be low enough at a pressure of 50 psi (344kPa) at a distance nozzle-substrate (N-S) of 20mm and 50mm so that the mask could be re-used several times and ensured good pattern transfer quality from the mask to the substrate. The process was systematically characterised on DuPont 951 P2 (~165μm thick) green tapes. The erosion of the green tape ceramic was then characterised with the micro-patterned electroplated masks. It showed that the powder blasted structures had U shape walls and verticality of the walls closed to 90o can be obtained with increasing the number of passes. The structures have smooth edges and do not have any melting parts. Smoother structures were obtained with distance nozzle-substrate of 50mm favouring lower under etching of about 15-20μm at the expense of a three times increase in process duration. Vias as small as 62μm in entry diameter and 20μm exit diameter were produced along with beams 25μm top width and 54μm bottom width were produced. Following the green tape characterisation, a LTCC package for an optical encoder featuring 16 layers with the glass cavity was manufactured. 45x45mm nickel masks coated with LF55gn flexopolymer were produced featuring stacking pins, fiducials, cavities and circular apertures ranging from 100μm to 400μm diameters for interconnections. Each mask was powder blasted at 50 psi for a flow rate of about 0.1g/s, a distance N-S of 20mm and a speed of 5mm/s. The optical encoder was successfully attached on the package and tested.

This study is about finding methods for reusing of packaging from Elekta's product "Leksell Gamma Knife ICON" with Circular Economy as the focus. There is no process for this today. The important thing is the analysis of the entire supply chain from Suppliers to customer and then back to Suppliers to get general ideas about what the problems are and then to draw conclusions for the opportunities that exists. The methods used are analyzes if it is cost-effective and environmentally efficient to transport back packaging to the Suppliers who handle these packaging. Costs for the return process have been calculated, which is Supplier work, packaging costs, packaging costs and transport costs. Transport emission in the form of carbon dioxide equivalents have been calculated in the return process. Carbon dioxide equivalents have been calculated for the manufacturing of new packaging and transport by road and ship. The calculated values in the return process are compared with how Elekta is doing today during the process of packing LGK as well as delivering to customers to identify if it is effective to implement a new return process. A solution proposal that fulfils the requirements from an environmental and economic perspective is reported. Environmentally, it is reduced by 459 CO2eq number of carbon dioxide equivalents with transport from the US, 457 CO2eq from China and 1185 CO2eq from Europe. Financially, the company saves 17 190 SEK with transport from the USA, 19327 SEK from China and 18 126 SEK from Europe.
Denna studie handlar att om att hitta metoder för återanvändning av emballagen från Elektasprodukt ”Leksell Gamma Knife ICON” med Cirkulär ekonomi som fokus. Det finns ingen process för detta i dagsläget. Den viktiga är analysen av hela försörjningskedjan från leverantör till kund och sedan tillbaka till leverantörer för att få generella uppfattningar om vad problemen befinner sig och där ifrån dra slutsatser för möjligheterna som finns. De metoder som används är analyser om det är kostnads- och miljöeffektivt att transportera tillbaka emballage till de leverantörer som hanterar dessa emballage. Kostnader för returprocessen har beräknats vilket är leverantörsarbete, emballagekostnader, arbetskostnader och transportkostnader. Transportutsläpp i form av koldioxidekvivalenter har beräknats i returprocessen. Koldioxidekvivalenter har beräknats för tillverkning av nya emballage samt transport med lastbil och fartyg. De beräknade värden i returprocessen jämförs med hur Elekta gör idag under processen att packa LGK samt leverera till kund för att identifiera om det är effektivt att implementera en ny returprocess. Ett lösningsförslag där kraven uppfylls ur ett miljömässigt och ekonomisk perspektiv redovisas. Miljömässigt minskas det med 459 CO2eq antal koldioxidekvivalenter med transport från USA, 457 CO2eq från Kina och 1185 CO2eq från Europa. Ekonomiskt sparar företaget på 17 190 SEK med transport från USA, 19327 SEK från Kina och 18 126 SEK från Europa.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-132). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Packaging for food products has impacts on the environment. In particular, single-use packaging have been criticized for the environmental and social impact created along recycling supply-chains in Asia. As a result, reusable packaging for food products started to reappear in Europe. This paper evaluates the environmental impacts of reusable packaging for Unwrapped’s business model using the organisational lifecycle assessment framework. The overall impacts of the organisation and hotspots of reusable packa ging are identified and compared with a reference retail activity using single-use packaging. The upstream processes of production of food products resulted in being the most significant impacts. However, reusable packaging performed worse and better than single-use packaging depending on the number of uses. The identified improvements for reusable packaging materials are proposed by increasing the number of uses. Changes in the upstream mode of transportation are other adopted improvement options for Unwra pped’s business model. The organisational lifecycle assessment framework highlighted issues in the current supply chain system that affect the niche business model in achieving the positive environmental benefits of reusable packaging. However, the reusable packaging business model shows promising aspects in a move towards sustainable businesses.
Matförpackningar påverkar miljön. Särskilt blev engångsförpackningar kritiserad för dessa miljö och sociala påverkan i återvinningsbranschen i Asien. och möjligheter. Återanvändbara förpackningar reintroducerades till marknaden i Europa. Den här avhandlingen kommer att granska och diskutera användning av återvinningsbara förpackningar i Unwrappeds affärsmodell med hjälp av organisationens livscykelanalys. Unwrappeds miljöpåverkan fastställs och jämförs med liknande affärsmodeller för engångsförpackning. Matproduktion innan förpackningen har den mest betydande påverkan. Återvinningsbara förpackningar visade sig vara bättre eller sämre beroende på antal gånger dem används. De fastställda förbättringarna för återanvändbara förpackningsmaterial är att återanvända dem så många gånger som möjligt. Förändringar i transportering är en annan förbättringsalternativ för Unwrappeds affärsmodell. Ramen för organisationens livscykelanalys påpekade problemen i nuvarande försörjningskedjans system som påverkar nischverksamhet för att uppnå miljövänligare återvinnin gsbara förpackningar. Dock, återvinningsbara förpackningars affärsmodeller visar lovande perspektiv på steg mot hållbara affären.

Precis som det finns dialekter i det talade språket kan symboler och färger ha olika betydelser i olika delar av ett land. Dessa visuella dialekter är en del av den ideologi som finns på en plats och påverkar hur text och bild uppfattas och tolkas av befolkningen. Den som designar visuell kommunikation bör därför vara bekant med den ideologi som råder där slutprodukten ska finnas; detta gäller inte minst för förpackningsdesign. Mejeribranschen har traditionellt varit starkt geografiskt indelad i Sverige, men nya förpacknings-, produktions- och logistikmöjligheter har bidragit till att 1960-talets 420 mejerier minskat till 50. De flesta av Sveriges mejerier har dock fortfarande en tydlig geografiskt bunden marknad, något som syns hos tre av de största mejerierna: Norrmejerier, Gefleortens och Skånemejerier. Arla finns i stort sett i hela landet, och är Sveriges största mejeri. Tidigare undersökningar redogör för hur olika grafiska element påverkar kunders val av varumärke i butiker. Det finns dock ingen tidigare studie som behandlar just mjölkförpackningar och den visuella kommunikationens skillnader inom ett land. Denna studie undersöker den visuella kommunikationen på mjölkförpackningar för mellanmjölk (fetthalt 1,5 %) från ovan nämnda mejeriaktörer. Studien behandlar även konsumenters påverkan på den visuella kommunikationen. Teorier som använts för att tolka den empiri som samlats in analyserar bland annat förpackningar och kulturer, men även visuell kommunikation. Exempel på den visuella kommunikationens byggstenar är typografi, färg och designprinciper som hierarki. Semiotiken används för att tyda teckens betydelse. En stor del av datan för denna kvalitativa studie har samlats in under intervjuer av företagsrepresentanter från Norrmejerier, Gefleortens, Skånemejerier och Arla. Datan från intervjuerna visar således varumärkesägarnas tankar kring förpacknings- och  varumärkeskommunikationen. Studiens författare har kompletterat data med hjälp av en analys av förpackningens visuella element. Slutsatser som dras är att Norrmejerier, Gefleortens och Skånemejeriers förpackningar har visuella element som konnoterar lokalt och personligt. Förpackningarna visar också upp situationer där mjölk används eller använts. Arla har inte samma lokala marknad som de övriga, vilket även syns i förpackningens mer abstrakta grafik. Framtagningen av den visuella kommunikationen fungerar som så att mejerierna först tar fram en grunddesign. Sedan samlar de in konsumenters åsikter om denna för att sedan bitvis justera den efter konsumenternas tycke. De grafiska elementen anpassas på så sätt för de lokala konsumenterna och används för att kommunicera varumärkenas identitet. Förändringarna sker evolutionellt, för att konsumenterna ska känna igen förpackningen. Ett exempel på detta är de ränder Arla använt på sina förpackningar sedan 90-talet som i flera omgångar justerats med varumärket. Vid den senaste designförändringen gjordes de mjukare i kanterna för att ge ett mer naturligt intryck. Vad studien visar är att de lokala konsumenterna har en påverkan för hur den visuella kommunikationen ser ut på mjölkförpackningarna i Sverige, men att det i grunden handlar om mejeriets varumärkeskommunikation. Det eftersom de inte baserat sina val om vilket budskap eller vilka beståndsdelar den visuella kommunikationen ska ha på konsumenternas åsikter. Istället har företaget tagit fram en visuell kommunikation utifrån varumärkets personlighet. Företagen har sedan anpassat denna efter feedback de fått från konsumenterna då det är de lokala konsumenterna som avgör om produkten kommer att lyckas på marknaden.
Just like there are different accents in a language, symbols and colors may be interpreted differently in different parts of a country. These visual accents are part of the ideology present at a certain place and affects how the population perceives words and images. It is therefore important for the person designing the visual communication to consider the ideology of the consumers. This is also true for packaging design, because the packaging works as an attention grabber in the store. Traditionally, the dairy market in Sweden has been geographically segmented. New technologies in packaging, production, and logistics have led to a decrease in the number of dairy companies in Sweden; the 1960’s 420 dairy companies are today only 50. The dairy companies of Sweden still have a geographically segmented market. This is also true for three of the largest dairy companies: Norrmejerier, Gefleortens, and Skånemejerier. The largest dairy company, Arla, is present in the whole country. This study aims to research the visual communication on milk packaging from the dairy companies listed above. The study examines the consumers’ effect on the design of the visual communication. Previous studies show how different visual elements on the packaging attract the customers’ attention in the store. However, no previous studies examine milk packaging and the variations of the visual communication within a country. Different theories that have been used to analyse the collected data are about packaging design, culture, and visual communication. Typography, color and design principles such as hierarchy are part of the visual communication’s toolbox. Theories about semiotics have been used to interpret the meaning of visual signs. Parts of the data of this qualitative case study have been collected through interviews with representatives from the dairy companies Norrmejerier, Gefleortens, Skånemejerier, and Arla. This data shows the brand owners thoughts about the packaging and brand communication. The authors of this study have analyzed the visual communication of milk packages for milk containing 1,5% fat from each dairy company listed above. The study concludes that the milk packages of Norrmejerier, Gefleortens, and Skånemejerier contain visual elements that stand for local and personal values. The illustrations and photographs also picture situations where milk is or has been used. Arla does not have the same local market as the others, which can be seen in the more abstract design of their packaging. The dairy companies create a design and then asks for feedback from the consumers. The companies later use this information to adjust the packaging after the consumers’ opinions. The visual elements are adapted to the local market and used to communicate the brand identity. The changes in the visual communication are done evolutionary, to keep the packaging recognizable for the consumers. Arla has, for example, changed the appearance of the stripes they have used on the packages since 90’s several times. The latest version of the design softened the corners of the stripes to convey a more natural look - in line with their brand identity. What the study shows is that the local consumers have an impact on the visual communication of the milk packages in Sweden, but fundamentally it is all about the brand communication of the dairy company. This can be seen in the fact that the dairy companies do not choose their design elements after the consumers’ opinions. Instead, they create a design based on the brand identity and adjust it based on the feedback they get from the local consumers to make it more attractive for the consumers.

This paper presents the challenges faced by the retailers during the adoption of smart packaging in food packaging industry. The paper introduces three largest food retailers in Sweden, and the problems they faced during the introduction of the adoption of smart packaging technologies packaging. Introduction- The authors present the paper with complete background of the food packaging industry in general, as well as each types of smart packaging techniques. In addition, the paper introduces the adoption process for the smart packaging. The research question of this paper is: What are the hinders of adopting smart packaging technology in food packaging industry and why? • What challenges do they face during the adoption process? • What are the hinders in this adoption process? • What are the new hinders in this adoption process? Purpose- The main purpose of this paper is to find the challenges that occur during the adoption of smart packaging in food packaging industry faced by the retailers. Knowing the basic knowledge of the food packaging industry and giving importance to the challenges may lead to achieve our aim. Methodology- This research paper uses the research onion model as a methodology to analyse the gathered data. The authors performed interviews with retailers and end-users of food packaging industry to analyse their challenges during the adoption of smart packaging. The collected data are further discussed in the analysis and discussion part. Conclusion- This paper concludes the adoption in the new technology and concentrates on how each retailer has their own perspective to see the quality and use it to overcome the adoption process. This paper describes the common and unique challenges faced by the retailers during the adoption process. The main common challenges faced by all the retailers in common was to create awareness and to make end-user understand the adoption process but also the benefits of adoption. The most important challenges faced by the retailers of ICA is they consider that adopting to new technology in smart packaging is a challenge for them, because they must create an understanding about the new technology to the end-users which requires a lot of time for the adoption process. According to Coop the open to new smart packaging technologies because since they use only localize products and resources, the overall cost of the product increases which again becomes a barrier for end-user adoption. The interviewee from Willys state that they offer affordable smart packaging technologies without creating barrier for customer adoption, at the same time they are not willing to adopt new technologies without testing its feasibility with the customers. Omar, Uma Thesis in Industrial Innovation Management (IN7001) iii Limitation- The aim of this study is focused on only one element of smart packaging i.e. “Adoption”. Moreover, this study is limited to adoption of smart packaging done in three companies (Coop, Willys & ICA Maxi) in the retail sector in Halmstad, Sweden. This study is conducted from the retailer perspective, by analysing the challenges faced by the retailers during the adoption process.

Paper-based materials, such as paperboard, are commonly used as packaging materials. Inaddition to the advantage that wood as a raw material is renewable, there are also many otherbenefits of paperboard. From a mechanical point of view, paperboard has a high bendingstiffness compared to its relatively low weight and has a high foldability, which both areproperties of significance in the design of packages. However, a distinct drawback withpaperboard is its significant sensitivity to moisture. The moisture reduces the mechanicalproperties of the paperboard and consequently reduces the performance of the package. Thisthesis is starting with an investigation of the relation between moisture and differentmechanical properties on a continuum material level, and then these relations are applied onthe packaging design level through experimental testing and simulations. In Paper A, a material characterization was performed on a series of five paperboards withdifferent grammages from the same producer. Five types of mechanical tests to characterizethe paperboards’ material properties were performed: • In-plane tensile test, • Out-of-plane tensile test, • Short-span Compression Test (SCT), • Bending stiffness test, • Double-notch shear test. All tests were performed at several levels of relative humidity (RH). Linear relations betweenthe mechanical properties normalized with their respective value at 50 % RH and moistureratio were found. Paper B examined whether the linear relationships discovered in Paper A are true also forother paperboard series as well. Therefore, 15 paperboards from four producers wereinvestigated in this study, at the same levels of RH as before. Here, the in-plane stiffnessesand strengths and SCT-values were evaluated as a function of moisture. When also themoisture ratios in the investigated paperboards were normalized, it turned out that allpaperboards followed the same linear relationship between normalized mechanical propertyand normalized moisture ratio. Additionally, a bilinear elastic-plastic in-plane model wasdeveloped, that can predict the stress-strain relation of an arbitrary paperboard at an arbitrarymoisture level, and without requiring any mechanical testing except at standard condition(50% RH, 23 °C). In Paper C, this relation was used to estimate input material parameters for simulating a BoxCompression Test (BCT) at different moisture levels. The result showed that it was possibleto accurately predict the load-compression curve of a BCT when moisture was accountedfor.
Som förpackningsmaterial betraktat är pappersbaserade material, som exempelvis kartong,väldigt intressanta material. Utöver att råvaran trä är förnyelsebar finns även många andrafördelar med kartong. Ur ett mekaniskt perspektiv är kartong exempelvis väldigt styv iförhållande till sin vikt och har generellt väldigt hög vikbarhet, vilket båda är egenskaper somlämpar sig väl för en förpackning. En klar nackdel med kartong är dess känslighet för fukt.Fukten reducerar kartongens mekaniska egenskaper, vilket följaktligen leder till attförpackningens prestanda försämras. I den här licentiatavhandlingen undersöktes initialtsambanden mellan fukt och mekaniska egenskaper på materialnivå, för att sedan överförasambanden till förpackningsnivå genom experimentell provning och simuleringar. I Artikel A utfördes en materialkaraktärisering på en kartongserie innehållande femkartonger med varierande ytvikter från samma tillverkare. Fem typer av mekaniska provgenomfördes för att karaktärisera kartongernas respektive materialegenskaper: • Dragprov (i planet), • Dragprov (ut ur planet), • Korta kompressionsprov (SCT), • Böjstyvhetsprov, • Skjuvprofilsprov. Samtliga prov utfördes vid flera olika nivåer av relativ fuktighet (RH). Linjära relationermellan mekanisk egenskap normerad med motsvarande värde vid 50 % RH och fuktnoterades. I Artikel B undersöktes huruvida de linjära sambanden som upptäcktes i Artikel A stämmeräven för andra kartongserier. 15 kartonger från fyra producenter undersöktes därför i dennastudie vid samma fukthalter som tidigare. I den här studien undersöktes endast dragprov iplanet, samt SCT. När även fuktkvoterna i de undersökta kartongerna normerades visade detsig att alla kartonger följde samma linjära relation mellan normerad mekanisk egenskap ochnormerat fuktinnehåll. Utöver detta utvecklades en bilinjär elastisk-plastisk i-planet-modellsom kan prediktera en godtycklig kartongs spännings-töjningsförhållande för godtyckligfuktnivå, utan att någon mekanisk provning utöver standardklimat (50 % RH, 23 °C) behöver genomföras. I Artikel C utnyttjades det linjära sambandet mellan mekanisk egenskap och fuktkvot genomatt prediktera de ingående materialegenskaperna som användes vid simuleringar avboxkompressionsprovning vid olika fuktnivåer. Simuleringarna jämfördes med experimentellprovning och visade sig kunna prediktera experimentella resultat vid olika fukthalter bra.

Power electronics is a constantly growing and demanding technical field. Consumer demand and developing technologies have made the improvement of power density a primary emphasis of research for this area. Power semiconductors present some of the major challenges for increasing system level power density due to high loss density and interconnection requirements. Advanced cooling schemes, such as double-sided, forced liquid convection or multi-phase flow, can be implemented with non-wire bond packaging to improve thermal management while maintaining proper electrical performance. Embedded power is one such packaging technology, which provides a compact structure for interface of power semiconductor to fluid flow.

The objective of this work was to identify the potential of implementing embedded power packaging with double-sided forced liquid convection. Physics based, electro-thermal models were first used to predict the improvement in heat transfer of double-sided, forced liquid convection with embedded power packaging over single-sided liquid cooled wire bond based packaging. A liquid module test bed was designed and constructed based on the electro-thermal models, which could be interfaced with high power MOSFET based samples implementing various packaging technologies. Experiments were used to verify the model predictions and identify practical limitations of high flow rate, double-sided liquid cooling with embedded power. An improvement of 45% to 60% in total junction to case thermal resistance is shown for embedded power packaging with double-sided liquid cooling for water flow rates between 0.25 and 4.5 gal/min.
Master of Science

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.

Les convertisseurs électroniques de puissance sont aujourd’hui très largement utilisés dans tous les domaines de la conversion d’énergie. Ils sont des outils désormais incontournables de tout processus de gestion des transferts de l’énergie électriques depuis les puissances les plus faibles (quelques mW) jusqu’à plusieurs dizaines voire centaines de MW. Le domaine de l’électronique de puissance subit actuellement une double mutation liée aux possibilités offertes par les technologies d’intégration d’une part et l’arrivée de nouveaux composants à semi-conducteur de puissance de type grand-Gap d’autre part.Dans cette thèse supportée par l’ANR, nous avons étudié et évalué les potentialités associées à l’intégration de composants de puissance traditionnels (Silicium) et à base de matériaux grands Gap (GaN). Nous avons, pour cela, développé des procédés de fabrication destinés à l’intégration de composants GaN à structure latérale et de composants Silicium à structure verticale. Le contexte applicatif de cette thèse est celui de l’accroissement du niveau d’électrification dans les avions de nouvelle génération.Pour les composants grand Gap de type GaN à structure latérale (basse tension), nous avons proposé un nouveau procédé de report sur substrat céramique (DBC) et nous avons démontré que cette solution permettait d’améliorer considérablement la gestion thermique de ces composants. Sur la base de ces structures, nous avons également présenté et évalué des méthodes de modélisation permettant la conception de ces dispositifs. Cette modélisation, utilisant des méthodes numériques de type éléments finis ou des méthodes analytiques, traite de deux aspects de la conception : la prédétermination du comportement thermique et la prédétermination du comportement électrique et CEM (en ce qui concerne les aspects conduits)Pour les composants à structures verticales (haute tension), nous avons démontré la faisabilité technologique d’une solution alternative aux packagings traditionnels (assemblage sur DBC et connexion par fils de Bonding). Le process proposé permet, par enterrement des puces dans le PCB, de réaliser une interconnexion 3D permettant de réduire les inductances parasites de boucle très largement dues aux inductances parasites des fils de Bonding. Ceci a pu être démontré sur un prototype de convertisseur complet. Ce procédé d’enterrement des puces s’avère donc particulièrement adapté dans le cas de composants à commutation très rapide
Power Electronic converters are now widely used in all areas of energy conversion. They are tools that cannot be ignored in any process of managing electrical energy transfers from the lowest powers levels (a few mW) to several tens or even hundreds of MW. Power electronics technologies are currently undergoing a double mutation linked to the possibilities offered by integration technologies on the one hand and the arrival of new Wide-Band-Gap power semiconductor components on the other hand.In this thesis supported by the French ANR, we studied and evaluated the potentialities associated with the integration of traditional power components (Silicon) as well as those based on Wide-Band-Gap materials (GaN). We have developed new technological processes for the integration of GaN components with a lateral structure and silicon components with a vertical structure. The application context of this thesis is linked to the problematic of increasing the level of electrification in new generation of aircrafts.For Wide-Band Gap GaN type power devices with a lateral structure (low voltage), we proposed a new method of device-attachment to a metalized ceramic substrate (DBC) and we demonstrated that this solution made it possible to considerably improve the thermal management of these components. On the basis of these structures, we also presented and evaluated modeling methods allowing the design of the whole packaging. This modeling, using numerical tools based on finite element method or analytical equations, deals with two aspects of the design: the predetermination of the thermal behavior and the predetermination of the electrical and electromagnetic behavior (with regard to the conducted aspects)For components with vertical structures (high voltage), we have demonstrated the technological feasibility of an alternative solution to traditional packaging (assembly on a DBC substrate and electrical connection by wire bonding process). The proposed process allows, by embedding the power dies in the PCB, to carry out a 3D interconnection making it possible to reduce the parasitic loop inductances mainly linked to the parasitic inductances of the bondwires. This has been demonstrated on a converter prototype. Embedding power devices is thus particularly suitable in the case of components with very fast switching capabilities

The main goal for a packaging is to protect the product inside. Typical packaging nowadays is made of layers of paper and barriers consisting of plastics or aluminum foil. A problem with the barrier used today is the environmental thinking. Xylophane® is an environmental friendly and biodegradable alternative to the current barrier material used in packaging. It consists of the natural carbohydrate xylan and additives. Xylophane® is an efficient barrier to oxygen, grease and aroma and can prolong the shelf life of sensitive food.

The raw material xylan is water soluble and Xylophane® can be coated on paper, board and plastics without using other solvents. A problem with the drying process is the amount of energy needed and the consumption needs to be decreased. Also, the drying capacity of the equipment to be used is often limited and the amount of water to be dried off is critical for the success of the coating process. By increasing the dry content of Xylophane® without increasing the viscosity too much, the drying process can be more effective. In this thesis, studies were made of using a filler as an additive to increase the dry content without destroying the barrier properties.

With an experimental design, a suitable relationship between the ingredients xylan (X), plasticizer (P) and filler (F) was found. Xylan is the main component and is needed to get a good oxygen barrier. The plasticizer decreases the oxygen barrier properties but is needed to make the material more flexible. The filler is positive for the barrier properties. The chosen composition was X:P = 7:3 and X:F = 1:1. Some extra experiments were made to find a reasonable value of the dry content. Dry contents around 18 % work well with temperatures at and above 45°C, but to manage to perform coating at room temperature the dry content needs to be lower.

Denna rapport undersöker hur läkemedelsförpackningar, genom sin grafiska utformning, kan bli tydligare i sin kommunikationsförmåga. Detta grundar sig i det problem som idag finns kring felmedicinering på grund av läkemedelsförväxlingar. Målet har varit att ta fram riktlinjer för designen av läkemedelsförpackningar för att bidra till en ökad patientsäkerhet.

Thesis (M. S.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Tummala, Rao; Committee Member: Iyer, Mahadevan; Committee Member: Saxena, Ashok; Committee Member: Swaminathan, Madhavan; Committee Member: Wong, Chingping.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.

The e-commerce is an area that has grown considerably in recent years and continues to grow at a rapid pace. It is thereby becoming more and more important for com-panies to distinguish themselves amongst others, not least when it comes to getting customers to return for a second purchase. A good way to do this is to create a posi-tive experience for consumers. As the interaction with the customers has shifted from physical meetings to a computer screen through the spread of online retail, it is im-portant to nourish the few encounters that remain. An important point of interaction is the receiving of purchased goods. The packaging in which the goods are shipped, is thus an important source of communication to the customer, and a perfect means of displaying the company values. This thesis project aims at examining how an optimal packaging for this area can be created, and this was done in collaboration with Arcwise, a SCA business unit, who works with a special type of corrugated cardboard that allows for the production of rounded shaped packages. During the contextual work of this project, where a basic analysis of the market was made, a number of needs could be established. To be able to create a positive user experience and thus a competitive edge in the market, these needs must be fulfilled by packages made for shipping online-bought items. Following these needs, the project’s design phase was carried out with the aim of creating a packaging solution by using the corrugated board developed by Arcwise. This work was done by using creative methods such as brainstorming, workshop and prototyping. To evaluate the ideas, a weighting against criteria was done, and tests were made when the packaging concepts were shipped from Sundsvall to Luleå, to test their durability. Six concepts were narrowed down to a final package, which clearly exhibits the prop-erties of the material. It was designed with the aim for easy folding and packing, and to create a positive unboxing experience for the end customer.

The basic problem that this thesis addresses was to compare different packaging materials for Volvo Logistics Corporation (VLC) from a cost perspective. Since this thesis was conducted for VLC only, their main packaging solutions were defined and categorized by size. With this, various materials in each size category were studied, analyzed and compared from different aspects. These aspects ranged from volume efficiency to ergonomics and cleanliness. Some of these aspects were easy to quantify and calculate while others, such as ergonomics and cleanliness, had to be evaluated qualitatively. The outcome of this research was a financial/comparative model, which allows users to choose the packaging solution with the lowest possible cost or the packaging solution that best meets their requirements. The conclusion is that technically the best packaging solution is not necessarily the cheapest because of the indirect logistical costs in addition to the packaging price.
Uppsatsnivå: D

Trends and demands towards sustainability are increasing globally with no exception for the fiber-based packaging industry. New concepts and solutions need to be explored and circular economy becoming a focal point of a lot of research. One of the enablers with the most potential to help accelerate the transition from a linear economy to a circular one is collaboration and contemporary research focusing on a specific industry with regards to this is lacking. The purpose of this research is therefore to investigate how collaboration act as an enabler for circular economy in the fiber-based packaging industry with regards to collaboration types, the business model, and the adoption of strategies such as closing, slowing and narrowing resource flows. The study also focuses on exploring a possible connection between the level of circularity and the level of collaboration. The work is exploratory and the main method for data gathering is semi-structured interviews. The results show that the main circular business model used in the industry is extending resource value. And, that new collaborations can help companies in the industry climb the waste hierarchy by extending the resource value while finding new opportunities for waste. The study further reveals that legislations towards sustainability act as a driver for circular focused projects in the industry and that large companies can by collaborating with startups accelerate the transition towards a circular economy. Regarding collaboration types and levels of collaboration, the findings also exhibit that the types vary depending on if the partners are acting in the same industry or not. However, we did not find any obvious pattern between the level of collaboration and the level of circularity.
Trender och krav på hållbarhet ökar globalt utan undantag för den fiberbaserade förpackningsindustrin. Nya koncept och lösningar måste utforskas och cirkulär ekonomi har blivit en stor del av nutida forskning. En av de faktorer som har störst potential att påskynda övergången från en linjär till en cirkulär ekonomi är samarbete, och vi har sett att forskning som fokuserar på en specifik bransch med avseende på detta saknas. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur samarbete fungerar som en möjliggörare för cirkulär ekonomi i den fiberbaserade förpackningsindustrin när det gäller samarbetstyper, affärsmodeller och strategier. Studien fokuserar också på att utforska en möjlig koppling mellan den cirkulära nivån och nivå på samarbete. Arbetet är utforskande och den huvudsakliga metoden för datainsamling är halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att den huvudsakliga cirkulära affärsmodellen som används i branschen är att utvidga resursvärdet samt att nya samarbeten kan hjälpa företag att klättra upp i avfallshierarkin genom att utvidga resursvärdet och hitta nya affärsmöjligheter för avfall. Studien visar också att lagstiftning mot hållbarhet fungerar som en drivkraft för cirkulärfokuserade projekt i branschen och att stora företag genom samarbete med nystartade företag kan påskynda övergången mot cirkulär ekonomi. När det gäller samarbetstyper och samarbetsnivåer visar resultaten också att typerna skiljer sig beroende på om partnerskapet ligger inom branschgränser eller inte. Dock så hittade vi inget uppenbart samband mellan nivån på samarbete och nivån på cirkuläritet.

Nästan alla stora företag ger kunderna möjlighet att handla genom elektronisk handel, så kallad e-handel. E-handeln har ökat kraftigt senaste åren och under 2013 ökade den svenska detaljhandelns försäljning över internet med 17 procent. I takt med den ökande e-handeln ökar även konkurrensen, vilket leder till att e-handelsföretagen måste särskilja och positionera sig för att skapa ett starkt och konkurrenskraftigt varumärke. E-handelns fraktförpackningar kan användas som en kanal för att kommunicera företagets varumärke. En fraktförpackning bör även utformas på ett sådant sätt att den underlättar för kunden vid returer. Dock är det inte många företag som tar hänsyn till varumärkesbyggande och returanpassning i utformandet utav sina fraktförpackningar. Därför ämnar denna studie att ta fram riktlinjer för hur e-handelsföretagens fraktförpackningar bör designas. Detta för att en ge förpackningarna en ökad konkurrenskraft genom tillämpning av varumärkesstrategi och en anpassning för höga returgrader. Riktlinjerna som tas fram i denna studie är avgränsade till produktsegmentet kläder och skor inom e-handel. Som grund för intervjuguide och analys har teorier om e-handelns returer, förpackningar, varumärke kopplat till förpackningar, kärnvärden och kundbaserat varumärkesvärde använts. Intervjuer hölls med personer som jobbade på e-handelsföretag. Detta gav studien data om hur e-handelsföretagen i nuläget designar sina fraktförpackningar och hur de tror att fraktförpackningar bör designas när de måste ta hänsyn till stora returgrader och när varumärkesstrategin blir en allt viktigare del. Utifrån studiens analys drogs slutsatser som sedan resulterade i riktlinjer. Studien visar att fraktförpackningar bör utformas så de är lätta att öppna och återförsluta. Genom att utforma förpackningar på detta sätt tillfredsställer e-handelsföretagen konsumenternas önskan eftersom de värderar smidiga returer högt. Samtidigt speglar e-handelsföretagen då även sitt varumärke eftersom samtliga respondenter ansåg att det skulle vara lätt för kunder att returnera. Fraktförpackningar bör också kommunicera varumärket tydligt, samt utformas så de skapar uppmärksamhet. Detta för att ge e-handelsföretagen en ökad kännedom och medvetenhet om deras varumärke, vilket i sin tur leder till ett positiv varumärkesvärde och ökad konkurrenskraft. E-handelföretagen bör också visa hur de skiljer sig mot sina konkurrenter. Särskiljningen måste också visualiseras på förpackningen. Det räcker inte att vara annorlunda, det måste även visas utåt mot konsumenterna. Dessa riktlinjer exemplifieras i rapporten genom en referensdesign.